Guideline for Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 To Pets

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GuidelineForPreventionof TransmissionofHuman COVID-19 toPets

Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

Editors

Professor Dr Siti Suri Arshad

Professor Dr Latiffah Hassan

Dr Farina Mustaffa Kamal

i

Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19

to Pets

Published by:

NATIONALCOORDINATINGOFFICE(NCO) MALAYSIAONEHEALTHUNIVERSITYNETWORK (MyOHUN)

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine UniversitiPutraMalaysia

43400Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia

Phone:+603-97693476/3477/3478

E-Mail:nco@myohun.com

Website:https://www.myohun.com

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in a review written for inclusion in a magazine or newspaper.

This guideline is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United e the responsi Health Workfor or the United S e right to repro k for Governm

ii

Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

Contributors

Universiti Putra Malaysia

DrFarinaMustaffaKamal

DepartmentofVeterinaryPathology&Microbiology

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine

AssociateProfessorDrGayathriTheviSelvarajah

DepartmentofVeterinaryClinicalStudies

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine

DrIntanNurFatihaShafie

DepartmentofVeterinaryClinicalStudies

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine

DrKhorKuanHua

DepartmentofVeterinaryClinicalStudies

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine

DrNurIndahAhmad

DepartmentofVeterinaryPathology&Microbiology

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine

MsNurKarmilaZainundin

DepartmentofVeterinaryPathology&Microbiology

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine

ProfessorDrSyafinazAminNordin

DepartmentofMedicalMicrobiology

FacultyofMedicineandHealthSciences

DrSyamiraSyazuanaZaini

DepartmentofVeterinaryClinicalStudies

FacultyofVeterinaryMedicine

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Associate Professor Dr Azimatun Noor Aizuddin

Department of Community Health

Faculty of Medicine

Ministry of Health, Malaysia

Dr Rohani Jahis

Disease Control Division

Ministry of Health Headquarters

Department of Veterinary Services Malaysia

Dr Rohaiza Yahaya

Veterinary Biosecurity and Disease Control Division

Department of Veterinary Services Headquarter Malaysia

iii
iv Introduction Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets Table of Contents 1 Background 2 I. Information of Transmission of COVID-19 from Humans to Pets 4 II. Hygiene practices of COVID-19positive owners when handling their pets 5 III. Management of Pets with Suspected COVID-19 by owners and veterinarians 7 For the Veterinarians 9

Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

Introduction

A novel coronavirus officially named as severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 and to date, it has caused an unprecedented coronavirus pandemic of the 21st century. Many countries have now moved into an endemic phase. The virus can spread from an infected person ’ s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or breathe These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to smaller aerosols. It is important to practice respiratory etiquette, for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow and to stay home and self-isolate until you recover if you feel unwell Most vaccinated people infected with the virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory and/or gastrointestinal illnesses and recover without requiring further treatment However, some will become seriously ill and require medical attention. Older people and those with underlying medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more likely to develop serious illness

1

Background

Reports of COVID-19 in animals, and in pets globally

There have been reports that humans who are infected with COVID-19 may transmit the causative agent (SARS-CoV-2) to their pets. Information on transmission of the virus in different animal species is still limited Positive findings by PCR testing in dogs, cats, farmed mink, and wild animals in zoos have raised concerns about the possible role animals could play in the amplification and spread of the virus Reptiles and birds have not been affected by this virus. The risk of animals spreading the virus to people is VERY LOW, but people with coronavirus disease 2019

Cats and dogs are the companion animals in which the virus has been detected and they can become clinically ill following experimental infection. Experimentally infected animals can seroconvert but do not show clinical signs The infectious virus can be recovered from the upper and lower respiratory tracts for up to 10 days, and viral RNA can be detected in nasal washes for up to nine days Cats appear to develop robust immunity as they produce virus-neutralizing antibodies and are resistant to re-infection upon subsequent challenge

2
Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

CasesofCOVID-19inpetsinMalaysia

A surveillance study conducted between March to September 2021 in Malaysia revealed that 15 2% (42/278) of sampled cats owned by COVID-19positive individuals were found to be positive of SARS-CoV-2 either by PCR or antibody testing Direct interaction of owners with their cats during the period of COVID-19 infection either by feeding, hugging, kissing, sleeping in the same bed together, or cleaning their litters; these are among the common factors that may cause transmission of the virus from humans to their cats. In addition, from this study, there was no evidence that catto-human nor cat-to-cat transmission had occurred. In addition, there have been no reports on animals dying due to COVID-19 in Malaysia.

Objective:

To provide guidance to pet owners and veterinarians in the prevention of COVID-19 transmission to pets and handling of pets suspected of COVID-19

Scopes of COVID-19 Guideline

I Information of transmission of COVID-19 from humans to pets;

II. Hygiene practices of COVID-19positive owners when handling their pets; and

III Management of pets suspected of COVID-19 by pet owners and veterinarians.

3
Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets
Therefore, it can be concluded that pets can get infected with COVID-19 but with low chance and it can be mitigated by minimizing contact with pets during COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this guideline serves to provide the public, especially pet owners, with relevant information in the aim to reduce the risk of animals contracting SARS-CoV-2.

I.InformationofTransmissionof COVID-19fromHumanstoPets

To date, there are limited evidence of transmission of the virus from pet to humans and pets to pets transmission, nevertheless this occurrence is very rare(1-3) The virus may be transmitted via close and prolonged contact related to handling the pets by the owners. On the other hand, even though SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in non-domestic animals, they pose little risk to humans when appropriate personal protective equipment is used.

The study in Malaysia also investigated the characteristics of the pets with SARS-CoV-2. Indoor and semi-roamer pets seem to have a higher risk of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to outdoor pets On this note, neutered pets will usually prefer to be indoor. Do take precautions in cleaning your pet's litter and food bowl Lastly, it is best to keep your pet's health in check to protect against any diseases.

Pets infected with SARS-CoV-2 may appear healthy or become unwell, sometimes with respiratory-related symptoms and *depression. Findings from a study in Malaysia indicated the following activities increases the likelihood of pets to acquire the virus:

Kissing; Hugging; Playing; Patting; Owners and pets sleeping together; and Contact with pets’ environment such as when cleaning pet litter/tray.

*Depression here is indicated as less active.

4 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

II.

Hygiene practices

of COVID-19positive owners when handling their pets

Definition of hygiene

Hygiene is defined by World Health Organization (WHO) as a condition or practice that helps to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases(4) Among those practices are proper handwashing, body washing, and using personal protective equipment accordingly.

Definition of close contact

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defined close contact as a person who is less than two meters away from someone with confirmed or suspected COVID19 with time spent more than 15 minutes starting two days before the infected person developed symptoms, or the date they were tested if they do not have symptoms, until they started isolation(5) The assumption makes that same definition of close contact for humans and pets.

Spreading of virus between humans and pets

According to American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), under natural conditions, pets may become infected with SARS-CoV-2 after closed and prolonged contact with a COVID19-positive person. A person with COVID-19 might transmit the virus that causes this disease to a pet in the same way we might transmit to another person(6)

The close contact between humans and pets is important in virus transmission from humans to pets and vice versa These can be:

Direct contact via saliva, blood, urine, mucous, feces, or other body fluids include petting or touching animals, and bites or scratches Indirect contact in areas where pets live and roam, or objects or surfaces that have been contaminated include bedding, toys, litter box, food, and water bowl

5 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

II. Hygiene practices of COVID-19positive owners when handling their pets

Common activities in handling pets under close contact

Activities that are commonly performed by pet owners when managing their pets include handling of excrement, bedding, toys, food and water bowl/tray. Feeding, snuggling, kissing, petting, playing, feeding table

Hygiene measures

Hygiene practices are essential in preventing transmission of any infectious diseases such as COVID19 When humans are positive for COVID-19, they should apply suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) such as wearing a face mask, glove, using scoop or cleaning equipment and practicing hand washing when handling animals during activities that stated above within 14 days of confirmed disease infection Cleaning and disinfection of premises and surfaces that pets are kept with water and detergent or disinfectant such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach) or alcohol-based solution However, do not put masks and wipe or bathe the pet with chemical disinfectants, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, or other products, such as hand sanitizer, counter-cleaning wipes, or other industrial or surface cleaners.

6 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

III. Management of pets with suspected COVID-19

by owners and veterinarians

Case definition

In humans, respiratory-like illness refers to a spectrum of clinical signs associated with upper respiratory tract infections. The definition of “respiratory-like illness” has not been specified in companion animals, hence the definition from human literature will be adopted for this guideline C i i l in this guidelin cats

Dogs and cats to SARS-CoV infection foll ancestral stra SARS-CoV-2 f Animals expo can be symptomatic. present with gastrointestina sneezing, c diarrhea, nas discharge, and There is lim clinical signs different varia however, it i clinical signs m

Definition of asymptomatic and symptomatic pets

An asymptomatic animal is a healthy pet that comes into close contact with individual(s) who tested positive (selftest or medically supervised) for COVID-19

A symptomatic animal is a sick pet with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms that come into close contact with individual(s) who tested positive (self-test or medically supervised) for COVID-19. Please refer to the case definition above for clinical signs of affected animals

7 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

What advice needs to be given to pet owners infected with COVID-19 or those in selfisolation?

For the pet owners

Infected owners or owners that are highly suspected of COVID-19 or at risk of infection should plan for their pets’ health care.

For asymptomatic pets:

Boarding is recommended if the owner is hospitalized due to COVID19, suffers from severe clinical signs and/or when a reliable pet-sitter is unavailable. The infected owner should strictly stay in quarantine and seek help from other personnel to send the pet to the boarding facility. The pet can be quarantined in the same house as the owner on selfisolation or home quarantine It is recommended that the owner seek help from other personnel to take care of the pet. If a pet sitter is not available, the owner should minimize contact and wear a mask during handling Apply good hygiene practice, handwashing and sanitization before and after pet handling, food, and water (Refer to the section on hygiene practice) Avoid direct contact activities, including hugging, kissing and sleeping with your pet.

For symptomatic pets:

The pet can be quarantined in the same house as the owner on selfisolation or home quarantine It is recommended that the owner seek help from cat-sitter, relatives or friend to take care of the pet. If a pet sitter is not available, the owner should minimize contact and wear a mask during handling. Apply good hygiene practice, handwashing and sanitization before and after pet handling, food, and water (Refer to the section on hygiene practice). Disinfect bowls, toys, and other animal care items with an environmentally-safe disinfectant and rinse thoroughly with clean water afterwards Disinfect contaminated surfaces with disinfectants (e.g.: Clorox, alcohol sanitizer) within one minute.

Cats/dogs suspected of COVID-19 should be kept indoors and isolated from other pets for 14 days Owner should consider not allowing cats to roam outside. Provide clean bedding, bowls or containers, treats, and toys separate from those used by other people or animals in the household

If the pet’s clinical signs worsen, seek/contact your veterinarian for advice via phone or email If urgent medical attention is required, get help from other personnel to send the pet to the nearest veterinary clinic.

If the pet requires hospitalization, avoid visitation and seek updates through phone or email Only one healthy adult is allowed to visit if the pet is in critical condition.

8 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets
*Do not be tempted to wipe pets with antiseptic wipes because they will groom chemicals off their coat that may be toxic and may make them sick.

Fortheveterinarians

Perform a risk assessment of your clients/owners before proceed to veterinary consultation.

(Refer to https://Covid19.moh.gov.my/garis-panduan/garispanduan-kkm)

Category Description

Individuals tested positive for COVID-19 that is hospitalized or under mandatory quarantine (home isolation).

Individual with respiratory symptoms but not tested for COVID-19 but has a history of contact with household members(s) positive COVID-19 patients

Individual with respiratory symptoms but not tested for COVID-19 and no history of contact with positive COVID-19 patients

Owner/household of recovered COVID-19 patient having completed the required days of quarantine

Owners with no symptoms of COVID-19 but have COVID-19 positive persons identified in the workplace.

Healthy owner with no history of contact with COVID-19 positive persons.

risk No identifiable risk 9 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to
High risk Medium risk Low
Pets

For the veterinarians

Veterinary consultations through appointment are recommended to limit crowds at veterinary practices.

Face-to-face consult

Identify specific entrance and/or exit doors where clients safely enter and leave your premises (i e , provide instructions or directions).

a. Apply standard preventive measures in veterinary pract including frequent sanitization and handwashing, approp ventilation, social and physical distancing (at least one m apart).

b. Maintain physical distancing during handling and restraining.

c. The area must be labelled accordingly. Limit chairs to ensure safe physical distance

d Clear all unnecessary items in the waiting area

e. Only one healthy adult is allowed to accompany the pet.

f. Provide an appointment proof through letter or email.

g. Face masks are compulsory for clients and practice staff insid and outside the premises

h Perform only necessary procedures for the case

i. Hand sanitizers should be provided, and clients should be reminded to disinfect their hands each time they touch any area/surfaces (e g , prompt/ cue at the entrance of the practice/ consultation room)

j Maintain hygiene at all times, disinfect work surfaces between patients. Please refer to page 6 for recommended hygiene practices

Dispensed medication and pets must be handed over to the client by staff

Online payment is preferred over a cash transaction. If the pet requires hospitalization, visitation of pets is discouraged Only one healthy adult is allowed to visit if the pet is in critical condition

Routine testing of animals for SARS-CoV-2 is NOT recommended. Veterinarians are strongly encouraged to rule out other, more common causes of illness in animals before considering testing for SARS-CoV-2

10 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

For the veterinarians

Risk Assessment for considering COVIDtesting in pets (asymptomatic or ha clinical signs suspic SARS-CoV-2 infectio

● Animal with a history of exposure to a person or animal suspected or confirmed to be infected with SARS-CoV-2.

*NOTE: Veterinarians are encouraged to consider other, more common, causes of illness in animals and use their clinical judgement when deciding whether or not to test animals for SARS-CoV-2 All decisions to test an animal should be made in coordination with relevant public health and animal health officials (DVS).

Veterinarians should consult the nearest State Department of Veterinary Services for any suspected cases. Any positive cases need to be reported to State Department of Veterinary Services and/or Crisis Management Center at DVS Putrajaya at: Hotline tel no: 03-8870 2041; Email: adic@dvs.gov.my; Fax no: 03-8888 6472

1 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets 11 Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

Guideline For Prevention of Transmission of Human COVID-19 to Pets

References

1 Dróżdż, M, Krzyżek, P, Dudek, B, Makuch, S, Janczura, A, & Paluch, E (2021) Current State of Knowledge about Role of Pets in Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Viruses, 13(6), 1149

2. Gonzales, J. L., de Jong, M. C. M., Gerhards, N. M., & van der Poel, W. H. M. (2021). The SARS-CoV-2 Reproduction Number R0 in Cats Viruses, 13(12), 2480

3 Sila T, Sunghan J, Laochareonsuk W, et al Suspected Cat-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Thailand, July-September 2021 Emerg Infect Dis 2022;28(7)

4 World Health Organization (WHO) "Hygiene: Overview" https://wwwcdcgov/hygiene/fast-factshtml

5 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) How to Determine a Close Contact for Covid19 https://wwwcdcgov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/if-you-were-exposedhtml

6 American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) SARS-CoV-2 in animals https://wwwavmaorg/resourcestools/one-health/covid-19/sars-cov-2-animals-including-pets

7 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) What You Should Know about Covid19 and Pets https://wwwcdcgov/healthypets/covid-19/petshtml

8 Virginia Department of Health Testing and Management of an Animal Positive for SARS-CoV-2 in VA https://wwwvdhvirginiagov/coronavirus/get-the-latest-guidance/health-professionals/veterinarians/testingand-management-of-an-animal-positive-for-sars-cov-2-in-va/

9 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Recommendations for the epidemiological investigation of SARSCoV-2 in exposed animals – SARS-CoV-2 detection in farmed and companion animals FAO Animal Health Risk Analysis – Management, No 2 Rome https://doiorg/104060/cb7140en

10 British Small Animal Veterinary Association Dog and cat triage guidance for use during Covid19 pandemic in the United Kingdom https://wwwbsavacom/Portals/0/education/documents/triage-guidancepdf?ver=202003-27-171545-433&timestamp=1585329349520

11 World Animal Health Organization Infection with SARS-CoV2 in animals

https://wwwwoahorg/app/uploads/2021/11/en-factsheet-sars-cov-2-20211025pdf

12 World Small Animal Veterinary Association WSAVA Advice for Pet Owners during the COVID-19 Pandemic https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Pet-Owners WSAVA-Animal-Welfare-Advice-duringCOVID-19pdf

12
GarisPanduanPencegahan PenularanCOVID-19 DaripadaManusiaKepada HaiwanKesayangan

Garis Panduan Pencegahan

Penularan COVID-19

Daripada Manusia Kepada

Haiwan Kesayangan

Penyunting

Profesor Dr Siti Suri Arshad

Profesor Dr Latiffah Hassan

Dr Farina Mustaffa Kamal

i

Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19

Daripada

Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Published by:

NATIONALCOORDINATINGOFFICE(NCO)

MALAYSIAONEHEALTHUNIVERSITYNETWORK (MyOHUN)

FacultiPerubatanVeterinar

UniversitiPutraMalaysia

43400Serdang,Selangor,Malaysia

Phone:+603-97693476/3477/3478

E-Mail:nco@myohun.com

Website:https://www.myohun.com

Hak cipta terpelihara Tiada bahagian buku ini boleh diterbitkan semula dalam apa jua bentuk tanpa kebenaran bertulis daripada penerbit kecuali oleh pengulas yang ingin memetik petikan ringkas dalam ulasan yang ditulis untuk dimasukkan ke dalam majalah atau akhbar

Buku garis panduan ini diwujudkan dengan sokongan dari rakyat Amerika melalui Agensi Pembangunan Antarabangsa Amerika Syarikat (USAID) Kandungannya adalah tanggungjawab Malaysia One Health University Network (MyOHUN) di bawah One Health Workforce - Next Generation Project dan tidak semestinya mencerminkan pandangan USAID atau Kerajaan Amerika Syarikat USAID mempunyai hak eksklusif tanpa royalti untuk menghasilkan semula, menerbitkan, atau sebaliknya menggunakan dan memberi kuasa kepada orang lain untuk menggunakan karya tersebut untuk tujuan kerajaan Amerika Syarikat

ii

Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Penyumbang

Universiti Putra Malaysia

DrFarinaMustaffaKamal

JabatanPatologi&MikrobiologiVeterinar

FakultiPerubatanVeterinar

ProfesorMadyaDrGayathriTheviSelvarajah

JabatanPengajianKlinikalVeterinar FakultiPerubatanVeterinar

DrIntanNurFatihaShafie

JabatanPengajianKlinikalVeterinar FakultiPerubatanVeterinar

DrKhorKuanHua

JabatanPengajianKlinikalVeterinar FakultiPerubatanVeterinar

DrNurIndahAhmad

JabatanPatologi&MikrobiologiVeterinar FakultiPerubatanVeterinar

MsNurKarmilaZainundin

JabatanPatologi&MikrobiologiVeterinar FakultiPerubatanVeterinar

ProfesorDrSyafinazAminNordin

JabatanMikrobiologiPerubatan FakultiPerubatandanSainsKesihatan

DrSyamiraSyazuanaZaini

JabatanPengajianKlinikalVeterinar FakultiPerubatanVeterinar

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Profesor Madya Dr Azimatun Noor Aizuddin

Jabatan Kesihatan Masyarakat

Fakulti Perubatan

Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia

Dr Rohani Jahis

Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit

Ibu Pejabat Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia

Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Malaysia

Dr Rohaiza Yahaya

Bahagian Kawalan Penyakit dan Biosekuriti Veterinar

Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar Malaysia

iii
iv Isi Kandungan Pengenalan 1 Latar Belakang 2 I. Maklumat penularan COVID-19 daripada Manusia kepada Haiwan Kesayangan 4 II. Amalan kebersihan pemilik yang positif COVID-19 semasa mengendalikan haiwan kesayangan mereka 5 III. Pengurusan haiwan kesayangan yang disyaki dijangkiti COVID-19 bagi pemilik dan doktor veterinar 7 Untuk doktor veterinar 9
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Pengenalan

Koronavirus novel yang dinamakan secara rasmi sebagai koronavirus sindrom pernafasan akut teruk 2 (SARS-CoV-2) muncul pada akhir 2019, dan sehingga kini virus ini telah menyebabkan pandemik koronavirus yang belum pernah berlaku pada abad ke-21 Banyak negara kini telah beralih ke fasa endemik Virus ini boleh merebak daripada mulut atau hidung individu yang dijangkiti melalui zarah cecair kecil apabila mereka batuk, bersin, bercakap, menyanyi, atau bernafas Zarah ini terdiri daripada titisan pernafasan yang lebih besar sehingga cecair aerosol yang lebih kecil Amalan etika pernafasan yang betul adalah sangat penting, sebagai contoh, batuk pada pelipat lengan dan duduk di rumah serta mengasingkan diri sehingga pulih jika anda berasa tidak sihat. Kebanyakan individu yang telah divaksin dan dijangkiti virus akan mengalami penyakit pernafasan dan/atau penyakit gastrousus pada tahap yang ringan hingga sederhana, serta akan pulih tanpa memerlukan rawatan lanjut Namun, segelintir individu akan sakit teruk dan memerlukan perhatian perubatan. Orang yang lebih tua dan mereka yang mempunyai masalah kesihatan, seperti penyakit kardiovaskular, diabetes, penyakit pernafasan kronik atau kanser mungkin akan mengalami penyakit yang lebih serius

1
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Latar Belakang

Laporan

jangkitan COVID-19 pada haiwan, dan haiwan

kesayangan pada peringkat global

Terdapat laporan bahawa manusia

yang dijangkiti COVID-19 boleh

menyebarkan agen penyebab (SARSCoV-2) kepada haiwan kesayangan

mereka. Maklumat mengenai

penularan virus dalam pelbagai spesies

haiwan yang berbeza masih terhad

Penemuan positif melalui ujian PCR

pada anjing, kucing, mink ternak dan

haiwan liar di zoo telah menimbulkan

kebimbangan bahawa haiwan juga

mungkin berperanan dalam

meningkatkan dan menularkan virus

tersebut. Reptilia dan burung tidak

dijangkiti oleh virus ini Risiko penularan virus oleh haiwan kepada manusia

adalah AMAT RENDAH, namun begitu, manusia yang dijangkiti penyakit koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) boleh

Anjing dan kucing mempunyai risiko yang rendah menghadapi

jangkitan SARS-CoV-2, namun begitu mereka boleh jatuh sakit di dalam kajian eksperimen. Haiwan yang dijangkiti melalui ujian eksperimen boleh menghasilkan antibodi (seroconvert) tetapi tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda klinikal. Virus berjangkit ini boleh ditemui pada saluran pernafasan atas dan bawah dalam tempoh sehingga 10 hari, dan RNA virus boleh dikesan pada cucian hidung sehingga sembilan hari Kucing didapati mampu membina imuniti yang kuat kerana haiwan ini menghasilkan antibodi yang meneutralkan virus dan berdaya tahan terhadap a

m s
2
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Kes COVID-19 pada haiwan kesayangan di Malaysia

Kajian pemantauan yang dilaksanakan antara Mac hingga September 2021 di Malaysia menunjukkan bahawa 15 2%

(42/278) sampel kucing milik individu yang positif COVID-19 turut didapati positif SARS-CoV-2, sama ada melalui ujian PCR atau antibodi Interaksi langsung antara pemilik dengan kucing mereka semasa tempoh

jangkitan COVID-19 sama ada dengan memberi makan, memeluk, mencium, tidur di katil bersama, atau

membersihkan najis haiwan; merupakan antara faktor lazim yang

mungkin menyebabkan penularan

virus daripada manusia kepada kucing

mereka Selain itu, melalui kajian ini, tiada bukti bahawa jangkitan daripada

kucing kepada manusia ataupun

kucing kepada kucing telah berlaku. Di samping itu, belum ada laporan tentang haiwan yang mati akibat COVID-19 di Malaysia.

Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahawa

haiwan kesayangan boleh dijangkiti

dengan COVID-19 tetapi dengan

kemungkinan yang rendah, dan

ianya dapat dihindari dengan

mengurangkan sentuhan dengan

haiwan kesayangan sewaktu tempoh

jangkitan COVID-19. Oleh itu, garis

panduan ini bertujuan

menyampaikan maklumat yang

berkaitan kepada orang awam, khususnya kepada pemilik haiwan

kesayangan, dengan matlamat

mengurangkan risiko haiwan

daripada dijangkiti SARS-CoV-2.

Objektif:

Menyediakan panduan kepada pemilik haiwan kesayangan dan doktor veterinar dalam pencegahan jangkitan COVID-19 kepada haiwan kesayangan dan pengendalian haiwan kesayangan yang disyaki dijangkiti COVID-19

Skop Garis Panduan COVID-19

I Maklumat penularan COVID-19 daripada manusia kepada haiwan kesayangan;

II. Amalan kebersihan pemilik yang positif COVID-19 semasa mengendalikan haiwan kesayangan mereka; dan

III. Pengurusan haiwan kesayangan yang disyaki dijangkiti COVID-19 oleh pemilik haiwan kesayangan dan doktor veterinar

3
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

I.MaklumatpenularanCOVID-19 daripadaManusiakepadaHaiwan Kesayangan

Sehingga kini, bukti jangkitan virus

daripada haiwan kesayangan kepada

manusia dan jangkitan sesama

haiwan kesayangan adalah terhad, namun kejadian ini amat jarang

berlaku. Virus ini mungkin menular

menerusi hubungan rapat dalam

tempoh berpanjangan yang dikaitkan

dengan pengendalian haiwan

kesayangan oleh pemiliknya.

Sebaliknya, walaupun SARS-CoV-2

telah dikesan dalam haiwan bukan

domestik, risiko jangkitan kepada

manusia adalah kecil apabila

kelengkapan perlindungan diri yang

sesuai digunakan.

Kajian di Malaysia juga menyiasat ciriciri haiwan kesayangan yang dijangkiti SARS-CoV-2 Haiwan kesayangan yang tinggal di dalam rumah atau kurang merayau didapati mempunyai risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk dijangkiti SARS-CoV-2 berbanding dengan haiwan kesayangan yang bebas merayau di luar. Hakikatnya, haiwan kesayangan yang dikembiri kebiasaanya lebih suka berada di dalam rumah. Sila ambil langkah berjaga-jaga apabila membersihkan najis dan bekas makanan haiwan kesayangan anda. Akhir sekali, anda perlu sentiasa memastikan tahap kesihatan haiwan kesayangan untuk melindunginya daripada sebarang penyakit

Haiwan kesayangan yang dijangkiti SARS-CoV-2 mungkin kelihatan sihat atau menjadi tidak sihat, kadangkala dengan gejala berkaitan pernafasan dan *kemurungan. Dapatan daripada kajian di Malaysia menunjukkan bahawa aktiviti berikut meningkatkan kemungkinan haiwan kesayangan dijangkiti oleh virus:

Mencium;

Memeluk:

Bermain;

Membelai;

Pemilik dan haiwan kesayangan tidur bersama; dan Menyentuh persekitaran haiwan kesayangan seperti apabila membersihkan najis/ takungan najis haiwan kesayangan.

*Kemurungan di sini merujuk kepada kurang aktif

4 Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

II. Amalan kebersihan pemilik yang positif COVID-19 semasa mengendalikan haiwan kesayangan

mereka

Takrif kebersihan

Kebersihan ditakrifkan oleh Organisasi

Kesihatan Sedunia (WHO) sebagai

keadaan atau amalan yang membantu mengekalkan kesihatan dan mengelakkan penyebaran penyakit

Antara amalan ini adalah membasuh

tangan, membersihkan diri dengan betul, dan menggunakan kelengkapan perlindungan peribadi dengan

sewajarnya

Takrif kontak rapat

Pusat Kawalan dan Pencegahan Penyakit (CDC) mentakrifkan kontak rapat sebagai individu yang berada kurang daripada dua meter selama lebih 15 minit dengan

individu lain yang disahkan atau disyaki dijangkiti COVID19, sejak dua hari

sebelum individu yang dijangkiti mula

bergejala, atau pada hari mereka diuji

sekiranya mereka tidak bergejala, sehingga mereka mula berada dalam

pengasingan Anggapan tersebut

menjadi takrif yang sama bagi kontak rapat antara manusia dengan haiwan k

Penyebaran virus antara manusia dan haiwan

kesayangan

Menurut Persatuan Perubatan Veterinar Amerika (AVMA), dalam keadaan semula

jadi, haiwan kesayangan mungkin

dijangkiti dengan SARS-CoV-2 selepas

menjadi kontak rapat dan secara berterusan dengan individu yang positif

COVID-19 Individu yang mempunyai

COVID-19 mungkin menyebarkan virus yang menyebabkan penyakit ini kepada haiwan kesayangan dengan cara yang sama manusia mungkin menjangkiti individu lain

Kontak rapat antara manusia dengan

haiwan kesayangan menjadi faktor penting dalam penularan virus daripada manusia kepada haiwan kesayangan dan sebaliknya Ini merangkumi:

Kontak langsung melalui air liur, darah, urin, mukus, tinja, atau

bendalir tubuh lain termasuk membelai atau menyentuh haiwan, serta melalui gigitan atau cakaran

Kontak tak langsung pada kawasan haiwan kesayangan tinggal atau

merayau, atau objek atau permukaan yang telah tercemar termasuk tempat tidur, mainan, takung najis, makanan dan mangkuk air.

5 Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

II. Amalan kebersihan pemilik yang positif COVID-19 semasa mengendalikan haiwan kesayangan mereka

Kegiatan lazim yang

melibatkan kontak rapat

semasa mengendalikan

haiwan kesayangan

Kegiatan yang biasanya dilakukan oleh pemilik haiwan kesayangan apabila

mengurus haiwan kesayangan mereka

termasuk mengendalikan najis

kumuhan, tempat tidur, mainan, bekas makanan dan air. Memberi makan, memeluk, mencium, membelai, bermain, memberi sisa makanan, dan tidur bersama adalah antara contoh cara manusia boleh menjadi kontak rapat dengan haiwan kesayangan mereka.

Langkah-langkah kebersihan

Amalan kebersihan adalah penting bagi mencegah penularan sebarang penyakit berjangkit seperti COVID-19. Apabila manusia positif COVID-19, mereka sepatutnya menggunakan kelengkapan perlindungan diri (PPE) yang sesuai seperti memakai pelitup muka, sarung tangan, menggunakan penyodok atau alat pembersihan dan mengamalkan mencuci tangan semasa mengendalikan haiwan sewaktu melakukan kegiatan yang dinyatakan di atas dalam tempoh 14 hari sejak jangkitan penyakit disahkan. Pembersihan dan penyahjangkitan kawasan dan permukaan tempat tinggal haiwan kesayangan dengan air dan detergen atau bahan penyahjangkit seperti natrium hipoklorit (peluntur) atau larutan berasaskan alkohol Walau bagaimanapun, jangan pakaikan pelitup muka dan mengelap atau memandikan haiwan kesayangan dengan bahan penyahjangkit kimia, alkohol, hidrogen peroksida atau produk lain, seperti pensanitasi tangan, tisu lap pembersih, atau lain-lain pembersih industri atau pembersih permukaan.

6
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

IIII. Pengurusan haiwan kesayangan yang disyaki dijangkiti COVID-19

bagi pemilik dan doktor veterinar

Takrif kes

Bagi manusia, gejala penyakit pernafasan merujuk kepada spektrum tanda-tanda klinikal yang berkaitan dengan jangkitan saluran pernafasan atas. Takrif "gejala

penyakit pernafasan” belum ditetapkan untuk haiwan teman, maka takrif daripada kepustakaan tentang manusia akan digunakan untuk garis panduan ini.

Haiwan teman dalam garis panduan ini merujuk kepada anjing dan

Anjing dan kucing mem mendapat jangkitan SARS

jangkitan semula jadi sus strain asal atau varian la daripada manusia yang di yang terdedah kepada

boleh menjadi asimp

bergejala) atau simptoma

Haiwan yang dijang

mempunyai gejala pe gastrousus, termasuk

muntah, cirit-birit, lelehan

okulus dan sukar berna

mengenai petanda klinika

dengan varian SARS

berlainan adalah sedikit; dipercayai bahawa pe mungkin berbeza.

Haiwan asimptomatik (tidak bergejala)

ialah haiwan kesayangan yang sihat yang menjadi kontak rapat dengan individu yang diuji positif COVID-19 (melalui ujian kendiri atau bawah seliaan perubatan).

Haiwan simptomatik (bergejala) ialah haiwan kesayangan yang sakit dengan gejala pernafasan dan gastrousus yang menjadi kontak rapat dengan individu yang diuji positif COVID-19 (melalui ujian kendiri atau bawah seliaan perubatan).

Sila rujuk kepada takrif kes di atas untuk tanda-tanda klinikal pada haiwan yang terjejas.

asimptomatik dan simptomatik 7
Takrif haiwan kesayangan
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Apakah nasihat yang perlu diberikan kepada pemilik haiwan kesayangan yang dijangkiti

COVID-19 atau mereka yang menjalani pengasingan kendiri?

Bagi pemilik haiwan kesayangan

Pemilik yang dijangkiti atau pemilik yang amat disyaki dijangkiti COVID-19 atau berisiko mendapat jangkitan hendaklah merancang penjagaan kesihatan haiwan kesayangan mereka.

Bagi haiwan kesayangan asimptomatik:

Penginapan luar disyorkan jika pemilik dimasukkan ke hospital akibat COVID-19, mengalami tanda-tanda klinikal yang teruk dan/atau apabila penjaga haiwan kesayangan yang boleh dipercayai tidak tersedia Pemilik yang dijangkiti mesti sentiasa berada dalam kuarantin dan meminta bantuan daripada orang lain untuk menghantar haiwan

kesayangan ke kemudahan penginapan luar

Haiwan kesayangan boleh dikuarantin di rumah yang sama dengan pemilik yang menjalani

pengasingan kendiri atau kuarantin di rumah

Pemilik disarankan meminta bantuan daripada orang lain untuk menjaga haiwan kesayangan

mereka Jika penjaga haiwan kesayangan tidak

tersedia, pemilik harus mengurangkan

sentuhan dan memakai pelitup muka semasa

mengendalikan haiwan Amalkan tatacara kebersihan yang baik, mencuci tangan dan sanitasi sebelum dan selepas mengendalikan haiwan kesayangan, makanan dan air (Rujuk bahagian mengenai amalan kebersihan)

Elakkan kegiatan yang melibatkan kontak langsung, termasuk memeluk, mencium dan tidur dengan haiwan kesayangan anda

*Jangan cuba mengelap badan haiwan kesayangan dengan tisu pengelap antiseptik kerana haiwan akan menjilat bahan kimia yang mungkin beracun daripada bulunya dan boleh menyebabkan haiwan sakit.

Bagi haiwan kesayangan simptomatik:

Haiwan kesayangan boleh dikuarantin di rumah yang sama dengan pemilik yang menjalani pengasingan kendiri atau kuarantin di rumah

Pemilik disarankan meminta bantuan daripada penjaga haiwan, saudara-mara atau rakan untuk menjaga haiwan kesayangan Jika penjaga haiwan kesayangan tidak tersedia, pemiliknya harus mengurangkan sentuhan dan memakai pelitup muka semasa pengendalian

Amalkan tatacara kebersihan yang baik, mencuci tangan dan sanitasi sebelum dan selepas mengendalikan haiwan kesayangan, makanan dan air (Rujuk bahagian mengenai amalan kebersihan) Nyahjangkit mangkuk, mainan dan lain-lain barang penjagaan haiwan dengan bahan penyahjangkit yang mesra alam dan bilas betul-betul dengan air bersih selepas itu Nyahjangkit permukaan tercemar dengan bahan penyahjangkit (e g : Clorox, alkohol) selama seminit

Kucing/anjing yang disyaki dijangkiti COVID-19 perlu dikurung di dalam rumah dan diasingkan daripada haiwan kesayangan lain selama 14 hari Pemilik hendaklah mempertimbangkan agar menghalang kucing merayau di luar Sediakan tempat tidur yang bersih, mangkuk atau bekas, ganjaran dan mainan yang berasingan daripada yang digunakan oleh individu atau haiwan lain di dalam rumah

Jika tanda-tanda klinikal semakin teruk, hubungi doktor veterinar anda dan dapatkan nasihat melalui telefon atau e-mel Jika rawatan perubatan segera diperlukan, dapatkan bantuan daripada orang lain untuk menghantar haiwan

kesayangan ke klinik haiwan terdekat

Jika haiwan kesayangan perlu dimasukkan ke hospital, elakkan daripada melawat dan dapatkan maklumat terkini melalui telefon atau

e-mel Hanya seorang dewasa yang sihat

dibenarkan untuk melawat jika haiwan

kesayangan berada dalam keadaan kritikal

8
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Untuk Doktor Veterinar

Buat penilaian risiko terhadap pelanggan anda/pemilik haiwan sebelum meneruskan perundingan veterinar.

(Rujuk https://Covid19.moh.gov.my/garis-panduan/garis-panduan-kkm)

Kategori

Risiko tinggi

Risiko Sederhana

Penerangan

Individu yang diuji positif COVID-19 yang dimasukkan ke hospital atau sedang kuarantin wajib (pengasingan di rumah)

Individu dengan gejala pernafasan tetapi tidak diuji untuk COVID-19 dan mempunyai sejarah kontak rapat dengan ahli keluarga atau pesakit yang positif COVID-19

Individu dengan gejala pernafasan tetapi tidak diuji untuk COVID-19 dan tiada sejarah kontak rapat dengan pesakit yang positif COVID-19

Risiko rendah

Tiada risiko yang

dapat dikenal pasti

Pemilik/isi rumah yang mempunyai pesakit COVID-19 yang sudah pulih dan lengkap hari kuarantin yang diperlukan

Pemilik tanpa gejala COVID-19 tetapi terdapat individu yang positif COVID-19 dikenal pasti di tempat kerja

Pemilik yang sihat tanpa sejarah kontak rapat dengan individu yang positif COVID-19

9 Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Untuk Doktor Veterinar

Perundingan veterinar melalui janji temu disyorkan

untuk mengurangkan kesesakan di klinik veterinar.

Perundingan secara bersemuka

Kenal pasti pintu masuk dan/atau keluar yang khusus supaya pelanggan boleh masuk dan meninggalkan premis anda dengan selamat (iaitu sediakan arahan yang jelas atau tunjuk arah)

a. Amalkan langkah pencegahan piawai dalam amalan veterinar, term sanitasi dan mencuci tangan dengan kerap, pengudaraan sewajarnya, penjarakan sosial dan fizikal (sekurang-kurangnya de jarak satu meter)

b. Kekalkan penjarakan fizikal semasa pengendalian dan pengekanga

c Kawasan mesti dilabelkan dengan sewajarnya Hadkan bilangan untuk memastikan jarak fizikal yang selamat

d Keluarkan semua barangan yang tidak diperlukan di kawasan menunggu.

e Hanya seorang dewasa yang sihat dibenarkan untuk mengiringi haiw kesayangan

f Sediakan bukti janji temu melalui surat atau e-mel

g. Pelanggan dan kakitangan klinik diwajibkan memakai pelitup muka dalam dan di luar premis

h Jalankan prosedur yang diperlukan sahaja untuk kes tersebut

i Pensanitasi tangan hendaklah disediakan, dan pelanggan perlu diingatkan agar menyahjangkit tangan mereka setiap kali mereka menyentuh sebarang kawasan/permukaan (cth , peringatan/tanda di pintu masuk klinik/bilik perundingan)

j Kekalkan kebersihan pada setiap masa, nyahjangkit permukaan kerja antara setiap pesakit. Sila rujuk mukasurat 6 untuk amalan kesihatan yang disyorkan

Bekalan ubat dan haiwan kesayangan mesti diserahkan kepada pelanggan oleh kakitangan.

Bayaran secara dalam talian diutamakan berbanding dengan urus

niaga tunai

Jika haiwan kesayangan perlu dimasukkan ke hospital, pemilik tidak digalakkan melawat. Hanya seorang dewasa yang sihat dibenarkan

untuk melawat jika haiwan kesayangan berada dalam keadaan kritikal

Ujian SARS-CoV-2 secara rutin terhadap haiwan TIDAK disyorkan

Doktor veterinar amat digalakkan untuk menyingkir punca penyakit lain yang lebih lazim berlaku pada haiwan sebelum mempertimbangkan ujian untuk SARS-CoV-2

10
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Bagi Doktor Veterinar

Penilaian Risiko bagi

mempertimbangkan

COVID-19 terhadap h

kesayangan (asimpt atau mempunyai tan

tanda klinikal jangkit

SARS-CoV-2 yang mencurigakan*)

●Haiwan yang mempunyai sejarah pendedahan dengan individu atau haiwan yang disyaki atau disahkan dijangkiti SARS-CoV-2

*PERHATIAN: Doktor veterinar digalakkan untuk mempertimbangkan punca penyakit lain yang lebih lazim berlaku pada haiwan dan menilai secara klinikal apabila memutuskan sama ada untuk menguji SARS-CoV-2 pada haiwan. Semua keputusan untuk menguji haiwan hendaklah dijalankan dengan penyelarasan bersama pegawai kesihatan awam dan kesihatan haiwan (DVS) yang berkaitan

Doktor veterinar hendaklah berunding dengan Jabatan

Perkhidmatan Veterinar Negeri yang terdekat bagi sebarang kes yang disyaki. Sebarang kes positif perlu

dilaporkan kepada Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar

Negeri dan/atau Pusat Pengurusan Krisis di DVS

Putrajaya melalui nombor telefon:

Hotline tel no: 03-8870 2041;

Email: adic@dvs.gov.my;

Fax no: 03-8888 6472

111 Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

Rujukan

1 Dróżdż, M, Krzyżek, P, Dudek, B, Makuch, S, Janczura, A, & Paluch, E (2021) Current State of Knowledge about Role of Pets in Zoonotic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Viruses, 13(6), 1149

2. Gonzales, J. L., de Jong, M. C. M., Gerhards, N. M., & van der Poel, W. H. M. (2021). The SARS-CoV-2 Reproduction Number R0 in Cats Viruses, 13(12), 2480

3 Sila T, Sunghan J, Laochareonsuk W, et al Suspected Cat-to-Human Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, Thailand, July-September 2021 Emerg Infect Dis 2022;28(7)

4 World Health Organization (WHO) "Hygiene: Overview" https://wwwcdcgov/hygiene/fast-factshtml

5 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) How to Determine a Close Contact for Covid19 https://wwwcdcgov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/if-you-were-exposedhtml

6 American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) SARS-CoV-2 in animals https://wwwavmaorg/resourcestools/one-health/covid-19/sars-cov-2-animals-including-pets

7 Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) What You Should Know about Covid19 and Pets https://wwwcdcgov/healthypets/covid-19/petshtml

8 Virginia Department of Health Testing and Management of an Animal Positive for SARS-CoV-2 in VA https://wwwvdhvirginiagov/coronavirus/get-the-latest-guidance/health-professionals/veterinarians/testingand-management-of-an-animal-positive-for-sars-cov-2-in-va/

9 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Recommendations for the epidemiological investigation of SARSCoV-2 in exposed animals – SARS-CoV-2 detection in farmed and companion animals FAO Animal Health Risk Analysis –Management, No 2 Rome https://doiorg/104060/cb7140en

10 British Small Animal Veterinary Association Dog and cat triage guidance for use during Covid19 pandemic in the United Kingdom https://wwwbsavacom/Portals/0/education/documents/triage-guidancepdf?ver=202003-27-171545-433&timestamp=1585329349520

11 World Animal Health Organization Infection with SARS-CoV2 in animals https://wwwwoahorg/app/uploads/2021/11/en-factsheet-sars-cov-2-20211025pdf

12 World Small Animal Veterinary Association WSAVA Advice for Pet Owners during the COVID-19 Pandemic https://wsava.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Pet-Owners WSAVA-Animal-Welfare-Advice-during-COVID19pdf

12
Garis Panduan Pencegahan Penularan COVID-19 Daripada Manusia Kepada Haiwan Kesayangan

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