Searching GOD

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vlwUkd \ bk&m;&SmazGjcif;c&D; rmuk ('贸e)

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trSmpum; bk&m;taMumif; pOf;pm;&SmazGMuonfh 'óeynm&Sif wdkif;u ]]bk&m; (odkU) teEÅtjzpfawmf&Sift,ltq[m pdwfaumif;ESvHk;aumif;&dSolwdkif;\ tawG;xJrSm &dSaepNrJyg/ tJ'Dt,ltqudk b,f,Ofaus;rI? b,f"avhxHk;wrf;pOfvm urS wm;qD;rxm;Edik yf g}}[k qdyk gonf/ rSeyf gonf/ vl[o l nf bk&m;udktoGiftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh r&SmazGbJraeEdkifaom ADZ"gwfcH ygvmonfhowÅ0gyDyD bmoma&;rSm toGiftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh csO;f uyfwwfMuygonf/ xdUk aMumifh ]]vlwUkd \ bk&m; &SmazGjcif; c&D;}}onf 'óeaA'udk tajccHjyD; teEÅtjzpfawmf&SifESifh &Sifawmfjrwf\wefcdk;£'¨dyg'ftaMumif;udk &SmazGMunfhjcif; oufouf jzpfygonf/ bmoma&; ordkif;wpfck r[kwfyg/ bmomrsm;rS t,ltqtqifhqifh ay:aygufvmyHkudk &dk;&dk; awG;Munfhjcif;om jzpfygonf/ 0goemt&if;wnfjy;D vufvrS ;f rSo D avmuf jyKpx k m; ygonf/ c&D;vrf;nTew f pfcjk zpfvUkd c&D;qH;k wpfck r[kwaf o;yg/ onft h jyif ]]vlwUkd \ bk&m;&SmazGjcif;c&D;}}rS pmrsuEf mS wdkif;onf rnfolwpfOD;wpfa,mufudkrS xdcdkufvdkpdwfryg 0ifyg/ rnfonfb h momudrk S a0zefvpkd w d rf sm; tvsi;f ryg0ifyg/

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Ed I i f ; ,S O f j cif ; oabmrsd K ; vH k ; 0 (vH k ; 0) ryg0if y g/ ,HkMunfouf0if &mbmomrsm;tcsif;csif;EdIif;,SOfjcif;udku pufpkwfzG,f&m jzpfaevdkUyJjzpfygonf/ rdrdem;vnfjcif;udk AGif;AGif;a&;csjcif; oufoufom jzpfygonf/ pmrsufESmwcsdKUwGif oHo,yGm;p&mrsm;? tjiif;yGm; zG,f&mrsm;eJU Za0Z0gjzpfzG,f&mrsm; yg0ifygu uRefawmf\ jynfhpHkrIr&dSjcif;ESifh tm;enf;csufaMumifhom jzpfygw,f/ tJonftwGuf uReaf wmfrh mS om wm0ef&ySd gonf[k MuKd wifum 0efcHygonf/ 'óeaA'udk tajccHa&;om;jcif;jzpfwmaMumifh wcsKd UpmrsuEf mS rsm;rSm em;vnf&cufEikd yf gw,f/ wcsKd Upum;vH;k rsm;onf wpdrf;qefEdkifyg\/ wcsdKUpmykd'frsm;onfvnf; pdwÅZqefEdkifygonf/ zwf&if; nnf;aiGUcsifnnf;aiGUvmEdkif ygonf/ odUk ayonfh jznf;jznf;zwf&if; aphaphvnf;awG;Munfh MuygvQif zwf&if;aysmfvmrSmjzpfygonf/ rnfoUkd yifjzpfap avmukw&Å mtusKd ; arQmu f ;kd Muolrsm; tm;vH;k twGuf þpmtkyif ,fav;onf rSed rf edS af o;ao; qDr;D tdrfav;wpfckjzpfEdkif&ifyJ auseyfvSygjyD/ rmuk ('óe)

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tcef; (1) ,kHMunf&m bmom (1) ,kHMunf&m bmom vl t aygif ; ,k H M unf & m bmomord k i f ; (story of religion)onf urÇmha½S;tusqkH;aom &mZ0ifwpfyk'fjzpf\/ vlwt Ykd av;xm;½SmazGaeaom obm0avmuBu;D ESihf ouf½iS f vIyf½Sm;oGm;vmaeMuaom owå0grsm;tm;vkH;\ t"dyÜg,fudk ½SmazGaeaom rSww f rf;wpfcv k nf;jzpf\/ ode;f oef;cspD mtkyyf Hk rsm;ü a[mif;EGr;f ? NyKd ysu?f zk;H tkyef pfjrKyv f su½f adS om NrKd Ua[mif; rsm;\ tkyfykHausmufykHrsm;ü bmomordkif;tm; rD;armif;xdk;jy aeaom oufaoom"ursm;udk acwftqufqufvw l o Ykd nf pdwf½Snfvuf½Snf rarmEdkifryef;Edkif ½SmazGaeMu\/ olwdkY½SmazGawGU½Sdaom t&mrsm;ü rnfolrQ rjiif; ry,f? oHo,ryGm;Edkifaom tcsufwpfcsufudk rSwfwrf;jyK xm;Mu\/ xdrk w S w f rf;um; ]]acwftqufquf? ae&mtquf qufü ouf½SifaexdkifcJhaomvlom;rsm;wGif ,kHMunfouf0if

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&m bmomwpfck tNrJ½Sdjcif;yif}} jzpfavonf/ urÇmay:½Sd vlrsKd ;wdik ;f wGif rnfrQa½S;usaom vlrsKd ;pktEG,yf ifjzpfonfw h ikd f ,kMH unfu;kd uG,rf w I pfc½k w dS wfaMumif; rEkóaA' ynm½Sirf sm; u ajymEdkifygrnf/ ,kMH unfouf0if&mbmomudk t"dygÜ ,fziG q hf &kd ef ordik ;f okawoDrsm;ESifh bmomygarmu©rsm;tm;vkH; BudK;pm;Mu\/ odaYk omf ,kMH unfrEI iS hf cH,cl surf sm; rwlnrD ?I a&;om;ajymqd&k m pum;vkH;rsm;jcm;em;rI? "avhxkH;wrf;ESifh ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI uGJjym;jcif;rsm;aMumihf bmom\t"dyÜg,fudk wpfrsdK;wnf; zGifhqdk&ef tvGefcufcJavonf/ owfyHkowfxHk; t"dyÜg,ft& bmom (Religion) onf ]]ydrk rkd w S &f &kS efEiS Yf teD;uyfavYvm&ef}}[k t"dygÜ ,f&aSd om vmwif;pmvHk; a&av;a*sa& (relegere)rS qif;oufvm onf[k wcsdKUu qdkMuavonf/ tu,fíom bmomac: (Religion)onf þpmvHk;rS qif;oufvmonf[k vufcHyg vQif bmomqdkonfrSm ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifudk &SmazGjcif;? ud, k af wmf&iS u f kd jym;0wfnw G w f mG ; &dcS ;kd ud;k uG,jf cif;ESiq Yf ikd af om taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aoaocsmcsm? *&kwpdkuf? *CeP avYvmoifMum;jcif;}}[k ac:ygonf/ wcsKdUurl ]]rdrdudk,fudk aygif;pyfjcif;}} (odkY) ]]pGJjrJpGm csnfaESmifjcif;}} t"dyÜg,f&dSaom a&vD*g;a& (religare) pum;vHk;rS qif;oufvmaomaMumifY ]]rdrdudk,fudk jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifü pGJjrJpGmqnf;uyfjcif;}}[k

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t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkMuavonf/ wcsdKUuvnf; ]]vlonf vdkcsif wyfrufrw I PSmESiYf t0dZmÆ tarSmifvrT ;f rd;k rIaMumifY trSm;jyKum jyK&if; olYb0rS aysmufoGm;aom bk&m;ESifYw&m;odkY jyefvSnfY vmjcif;}}[k t"dyÜg,fzGifYqdkEdkifaom a&atvda*sa& (reelige re) pum;vHk;rS bmom (odkY) religion pum;vHk; qif; oufvmygonf[k qdkMujyefygonf/1 xdkYtjyif bmomonf aygif;pyfjcif;? qufoG,fjcif; t"dygÜ ,f&aom a&vd*st D kd (Religio) pum;vk;H rSqif;vmonf [kvnf; qdkMu\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifudk MunfndKo'¨gyGg;jcif;? qnf;uyf½dkusdK; ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfudk;uG,fjcif;? tusihfp&P aqmuf wnfjcif;rsm; yg0ifavonf/ þodkYjzifh bmomqdkonfrSm vlonf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ w&m;"r®tm; ,kHMunfo'¨gyGm;vsuf? tusiphf &Paqmufjcif;tm;jzifh aygif;pyfjcif; (od)Yk qufo, G f jcif; (Religion)[k ½Sif;qdkavonf/2 þvlom;ESifY bk&m; qufoG,frSkonf avmu pMu 0VmMuD;\ jzpf&dS&yfwnfrSKtwGuf vlubk&m;udk rSDcdkaeaom (ontological) qufo, G rf UI rsKd ;udk rqdv k ykd gay/ odaYk omf bmom qdo k nfrmS usi0Yf wfou d g© w&m;ESin Yf aD om qufo, G rf t I m;jzifY 1/ G. Van Noort, ''The True Religion", in Dogmatic Theology, Vol. I, The Newman Press, Westminster, 1955, pp. 5-6.

2/ S. Th., IIa - IIae, q. 82, a. 1.

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todOmPf&dSaom vlom;onf bk&m;udkrSDcdkol jzpfaMumif;ESifY xdkqufoG,frSKUrS &&dSaom wm0ef0wÅ&m;rsm;udk od&dS0efcHum jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfo'¨gyGg;jcif;ESiYf p&PtusifY aqmufwnfjcif;wdkUjzifY MunfndK&dkusdK;jcif;[k ac:ygonf/ ,HkMunfo'¨gyGg;jcif;ESiYf p&PtusifYaqmufwnfjcif;wdkYonf ppfrSefaom &dScdk;udk;uG,fjcif;[k ac:aomaMumifY bmom (Religion) qdkonfrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf teaEåm teEåoefY&Sif;jrifYjrwfawmfrlí &dScdk;ylaZmfxdkufaomaMumifY vlom;wdkY udk;uG,fjcif;*kPft*Fg[k qdk&ayrnf/ trSefwGif bk&m;taMumif;ajymjy&ef t<uif;r½Sd cufcJyg\/ eufeJyg\/ xdkYaMumifhyif bmomudk ]]rodem; rvnfEikd af omoltm; vlwpfO;D taejzifh jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk ajymrjy Edkifaom taMumif;t&mwpfckudk vlUpum;ESifh ½Sif;jyaejcif;}} jzpfonf[kyif qdk&ayvdrfhrnf/ wzef jrwfpGmbk&m;udkA[kdrjyKyJ vlESifhvlUtuRwf w&m;udkom A[dkjyKusihfaqmufwnfMuaom olrsm;twGuf bmomudk b0Zmwfodrf;? 'ku©csKyfNidrf;&m tuRwfw&m;usifh pOf[k t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkMuavonf/ &Hzef&Hcg bmomokawoDrsm;tcsif;csif;wGif rdrdwdkY ,kMH unf&mESihf tjrifuo kd m vufqyk v f ufuikd f pHcsed rf al oxm; um? w,loefqefqefjzifh rdrd,kHMunf&mom bmomtppfjzpf \/ wpfyg;ol\ ,kHMunf&monf bmomtppfr[kwf[k

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qdkwwfMu\/ wcsdKUuvnf; wyg;ol\ bmomwGif rdrd\ ½dk;&m,kHMunfcsufrsm;? rdrdbmom\ pum;vkH;rsm; ryg0if aomaMumihf rdrdbmomonf (Religion) r[kwf? rdrdbmom onf Religion xufjrifhjrwfonf[k ta&ma&mtaESmaESm qdw k wfMuav\/ bmomESihf ywfoufí trsKd ;rsKd ;0d0g'uJu G m? igpJGpJGoGm;wwfMuygonf/ xdkYaMumifh bmom[k jrefrmokH; jrefrmpum;vkH; ESiyhf aJ c:ac:? urÇmph um;vk;H Religion [kyJ ac:ac:? bmom (od)Yk Religion onf vlEiS hf vlU'ku?© vlU tuRww f &m;? vlUynm ES i f h tusif Y w &m;omvQif y"gexm;vsuf obm0xuf omvGefxl;uJaom? vkH;0OókHjynfhpkHvsuf tvGefYtvGef aumif;rGeaf om obm0vGeo f pömw&m;rsm; (transcendence) udk ypfy,fxm;vQif bmomqdak om (Religion) t"dygÜ ,fonf jynfhpkHEdkifygrnfvm;/ wzef vkH;0OóHkjynfhpkHvsuf tvGefYtvGefaumif; rGefaom obm0vGefopömw&m;rsm;ESifh xdkopöm½Sifrsm;om y"gexm;vsuf? vlU'ku©? vlUynmESifh vlUtusifhudk omrn xm;ygvQifvnf; bmomqdkaom (Religion)onf t"dyÜg,f &dSEdkifrnf r[kwfay/ vlESifhvlomvQif A[dkxm;MuaomaMumifh (19) &mpk tpydkif;rSpwifí urÇmYae&ma'otoD;oD;wGif bmom0g' topfrsm;rsdK;pkH ay:aygufcJh&\/ xdkbmom0g'rsm;wGif

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bmomudk vlEiS v hf cYl pH m;csu?f vlUynm\&v'ftjzpf ,lqum vl o m;ES i f h ol \ ywf 0 ef ; usif u d k o m tajccH a vawmh \ / bmomudk pD;yGg;a&;aA'ESifhvnf;aumif; (Marx)? apwoduf pdwfynmaA'ESifh4if; (Freud)? vlrIa&;aA' (Durkheim) ESifh vnf;aumif;? "r®oN*ØK[faA' (Theology, Barth) tpm;xdk; cJhMuavonf/ wzef bmomwpfcük obm0xufomvGex f ;l uJaom? vk;H 0OóHak umif;rGeaf om obm0vGew f &m; (transcendence) udo k m y"gexm;vsuf vlEiS v hf u Yl si0hf wfusiphf Ofrsm;udk omrn xm;ypfy,fygvQifvnf; bmomrjzpfEdkifay/ o'¨gaA'om jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ bmomwdik ;f wGif obm0xufveG u f aJ om tqk;H tpGef tHhzG,f&mrsm;taMumif;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh oifMum;aeMuyg\/ þtcsufudk odyÜHenf;jzifhvnf;aumif;? qifjcifwkHw&m; ESiv hf nf;aumif; prf;oyfír&Edik yf g[k qdMk uavonf/ bmom wdkif;onf rsufarSmufavmu urÇmtwGufom r[kwfay/ aemifwrvGerf S vk;H 0jynfph akH umif;rGeaf om avmukw&å mta&; twGufom jzpfonf/ xdktem*wftwGuf ,ckrsufarSmuf ypöKyeÜ üf aexdik af qmif½u G Mf ujcif;rnf\/ odaYk omf bmomrsm; tm;vkH;onf rsufarSmufumvtwGuf r&nf½G,fjcif;um; r[kwfyg/ rnfonfhbmomwGifrqdk rsufarSmufb0wGif vlYtusdK;rjyKaom vlUusifh0wfudk roifMum;yg/ xdkvlusifh0wf

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rsm;udk bmomtoD;oD;rS vlrsm; vdkufemMuygu vlUom;wdkY tzJGUtpnf; wdk;wufaumif;rGefum vlwdkY&nfpl;xm;aom tem*wfb0rsm;vnf; aumif;rGefvmayvdrfhrnf/ az:jyygtcsurf sm;aMumifh bmom (od)Yk Religionudk t*Fvdyf jrefrmtbd"gefudk Munfh½kHjzifh t"dyÜg,frzGifhqdkEdkifyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh English Oxford Dictionary ü Religion udk Belief in worship of a God. A system of faith or worship on such belief (bk&m;udk ½Sc d ;kd ud;k uG,jf cif;ü ,kMH unfjcif;?

,kHMunfjcif;pepf odkYr[kwf xdk,kHMunfjcif;ü ½Sdcdk;ylaZmfjcif;) [kqdkavonf/ xdktbd"gef\ aumufEkwfcsufonf bmom t"dyÜg,f\ wpfpdwfwpfa'oomjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh bmomudk pmwrf;wpfapmifjyKa&;om;&ef t*Fvyd -f jrefrmtbd"gef wpfck wnf;ESifh rvHkavmufay/ (2) bmom\ tajccH wnfaqmufcsufrsm; bmomwpfck\ tajccHaqmufwnfcsufrsm;rSm3 (u) tEIdif;tqr½Sd vkH;0OókHjynfhpkHaom? ravsmhenf;?

3/ Transcendence, Doctrine, Ethics, Ritual, Experience, and Social Institution: cf., Ninian Smart, "Religion", in A New Dictionary of Christian Theology, ed., by Alan Richardson, John Bowden, SCM Press, London,1989, P. 496.

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rqdwo f Ok ;f ? rjy,fraysmufEikd af om obm0vGeo f abmwpfck ½Sdjcif; (c) ,kHMunf&m t,ltq (o'¨g) (*) tusifhw&m; (p&P) (C) bmoma&;yJGESifY tcrf;tem;rsm; (i) bmomw&m;ü tm&HkcHpm;rSkrsm; (p) bmom0iftoif;tzJGUrsm;[líjzpfavonf/ (u) ravsmhenf;? rqdwfokOf;? rjy,fraysmufEdkifaom tEIdif; tqr½S?d vk;H 00OóH OóHjk ynfph aHk om obm0vGeo f abm wpfc½k jdS cif; vlwdkif; rdrdrdwfaqG\ tdrfOD;cef;u bk&m;½Sdcdk;cef;odkY 0ifrdygvQif (odkY) bk&m;ausmif;uefa&mufvQif (odkY) Oykof oDwif;aqmufwnf&m w&m;Z&yfodkYoGm;avaomf ]]pum; rajym&}}? ]]OD;xkycf Rwyf g}}? ]]zdeyfcRwyf g}}? ]]aq;vdyrf aomuf&}} ponfhpmwrf;rsm; awGU&wwfygonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf xdkae&mxkdt&yfonf jrifhjrwfjcif;? oefY½Sif;jcif;? pifMu,fjcif; wdkYESifh qufpyfaeaomaMumifh jzpf\/ xdkodkY oefY½Sif;jcif;onf oefUY½Sif;jrifhjrwfaom oabmwpfck (odkY) yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;OD;ESifh ywfoufaeaomaMumifh jzpf\/ oefY½Sif;jcif;qdkonfrSm wenf;tm;jzifh woD;wjcm; uJjG ym;aejcif;? woD;wjcm; cJjG cm;xm;jcif;[k qd&k ayrnf/ aeYpOf vkyfaeaomt&m? jzpfaeaomt&m? jrif&aomt&mrsm;ESifh

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rwlyJ cJGxm;&m\/ xdkoefY½Sif; jrifhjrwfjcif;onf tEIdif;tq r½Sdjcif;? jynhfpkHjcif;? ravsmhenf;? rqdwfokOf;? raysmufuG,f Edkifaom oabm½Sdavonf/ xdkYaMumifh acwftqufqufrS vlom;rsm;wdkYonf xdkoefY½Sif;rIESifh ywfoufvmygvQif pdk;½HGUrdMu\/ xdkjrifYjrwf aom oabmESifhywfoufvmvQif wkefvIyfrdMu\/ xkdt&m? xkyd *k Kd¾ vo f nf rdru d t kd EÅ&m,fjyKrnfp;kd í aMumuf½UHG wkev f yI jf cif; um;r[kwfay/ odkYaomf xkdt&monf jrifhjrwfí vlxuf omvGefjynfhpkHjyD; tEIdif;rJhjrifhjrwfawmfrlaomaMumihf rxdkuf wefí wkefvIyfrdjcif;omvQifjzpf\/ rdrd\ tm;enf;csdKUwJh csufaMumihf ½Suf½GHUwkefvIyfjcif;vnf;jzpf\/ urÇ m h b momwd k i f ; u vl o m;\tjzpf t ajconf auseyftm;&zG,f? vdkvm;awmifhwzG,fr½Sdyg[k wnDwñGwf wnf; 0efcMH uygonf/ bmomwdik ;f uyif tEIid ;f tqr½Sd tqk;H tpGefvkH;0jynfhpkHaomobm0vGefoabmwpfck (transcendence) ½SdaMumif;udk ykHo@meftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ,kHMunfvufcHMu avonf/ þtcsufrsm;udk odyÜHenf;jzifhvnf; oufaojy&ef rrSDedkif? qifjcifwkHw&m;rsm;ESifhvnf; ½Sif;rjyEdkif[k qdkMu\/ xdkoabmudk bmomrsm;tm;vkH;u avmuDtouf? avmuDobm0udk ausmfvGefaom avmukwå&mrS opömw&m; tjzpf vufcH\/ þonfum; ,kHMunf&mbmom\ tESpf om&ESihf tjrifq h ;Hk yef;wkid yf if jzpf\/ odaYk omf xdak vmukw&å mrS

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xdo k pömw&m;udk bmomtoD;oD;wdYk oifMum;½Si;f jyaomtcg? rdrdwdkYbmom\ ½dk;&m,Ofaus;rI "avhxkH;wrf;jzifYaomf vnf;aumif;? pum;vkH;rsm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif; #DumzGifh t"dyÜg,fjyKMuavonf/ xdkaomtcg ñTef;qdkMuaom pum; vkH;tokH;tEIef;rsm;? Oyar,srsm;? EdIif;,SOfajymqdkMuykHrsm; uGmjcm;aewwfMuayonf/ odkYaomf tqkH;wGif olwdkY\ &nf½G,fcsufonf xdkavmukwå&mrS opömw&m;omvQif jzpfavonf/ bk&m;udv k ufcaH om bmomrsm;ESihf bk&m;udk vufrcH aom bmomwdkY\ obm0vGefw&m;rsm;onf 0d0g'uGJEdkif avonf/ 0daoojcm;em;Edkifygonf/ bk&m;udk vufrcHaom bmomrsm;twG u f xd k a emif w rvG e f r S opö m w&m;onf tvGew f &mjrifjh rwf\/ zsuq f ;D ír&/ qif;&Jru I kd ausmv f eG \ f / qif;&Jjcif;\tqkH; jzpf\/ wPSg? Oyg'gef paomw&m;rsm;udk jzpfyGg;apaom a0'emrS uif;pifonfh tjrifhqkH;aom csrf;om okcjzpf\/ jzpfjcif;? ysufjcif;w&m;wdkY csKyfNidrf;ukef\/ cE¨m ig;yg;rS vGwfajrmuf&mjzpf\/ ypöKyÜef? wrvGefavmuvnf; r½Sd/ tydkif;tjcm;r½Sd/ ae? v? Mu,f paomobm0ed,mr wdkYvnf; uif;pif\/ 0#fqif;&JwdkU\ ukefqHk;&mvnf;jzpf\/ raoEdkifaomae&mjzpf\/ wnfae&monfvnf;r&Sd/ tm&HkjyK rSkvnf;r&[k qdk\/ bk&m;udk ,HkMunfvufcHí bk&m;udk A[dkjyKaom

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onfhaemufwGif rnfodkUjzpfoGm;oenf;/ aemifb0qdkonfrSm trSe½f ydS govm;/ avmupMu0Vmonftb,fenf;/ rnfuo hJ Ykd jzpfay:vm&oenf;/ iwfrw G jf cif;? rESpNf rKd UzG,&f m tedXm½krH sm;? ppfyJGrsm;onf rnfuJhodkYjzpfvm&oenf;/ tkdjcif;? emjcif;? aojcif;ESifh vlU'ku©rsm;onf tb,fhaMumihf okcESifh qefYusif aeMuoenf ; / tb,f u J h o d k Y vl o nf þ'k u © t aygif ; rS uRwfvGwfEdkifygrnfenf;/ rnfuJhodkY xm0&okcrSefudk &½SdEdkif ygoenf;/ vlonfrnfuJhodkY aumif;&mrsm;udk usifhMuHaexdkif Edkifygoenf;/ teEÅtjzpfawmf½Sif (odkY) bk&m; ½Sdygovm;/ ...ponfh tajccHusaom ar;cGe;f rsm;udk vlwikd ;f ar;rdMu\/ tajzudk vlwdkif; rdrdwdkY\ bmomtoD;oD;ü &SmMuav\/ trSew f u,fyif þar;cGe;f wd\ Yk tajzrsm;onf bmomw&m; wdkY\ oGefoif&mESifh ,kHMunfcsufrsm;om jzpfMuygonf/ þ,kHMunf&mrsm;wdkYonf bmomtvdkuf uGJwwfMu jyefavonf/ rnfodkYyifqdkap ,kHMunf&mtcsufrsm;onf vlYrsufpdESifh jrifEdkifaomt&mrsm; r[kwfay/ odyÜHynmESifh oufaojy ½Sif;vif;jyEdkifaomtcsufrsm;vnf; r[kwfMuacs/ odaYk omf vlwikd ;f onf bmom\ oGeo f if&m,kMH unfcsurf sm;udk vufcH,kHMunfzdkY vkdtyfavonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ,kMH unfo'¨gyGm;&mrS tusiphf &PwnfaqmufEikd af omaMumifh aywnf;/ wrvGerf S jynf0h pkv H ifaom okcrSe&f Edik zf EYkd iS hf avmu urÇmrSm jynfhpkHpGmaeEdkifzdkY? vlwdkif; þopömw&m;rsm;udk

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,kHMunfzdkY vkdavonf/ þopömw&m;rsm;onfum; vl\ pOf;pm;qifjcifEdkiftm;ESifh xdodudkifwG,f jrifawGUEdkifaom vlUpGr;f tm;tvGerf S trSew f &m;rsm;om jzpf\/ r[mbkwBf u;D av;yg;wdkYtvGefrS oabmw&m;rsm;omjzpf\/ xkdYaMumihf vlonf ykxpk Ofobm0 jrifawGU? cHpm;? xdo?d Mum;em? pOf;pm; ÓPfwdkY\ pHñTef;tvGefrS jynfh0pkHvifaom yef;wdkifa&mufzdkY ,kHMunfjcif;½SdzdkY vkdtyfavonf/ ,kHMunfrIo'¨gonf todÓPf (ynm) ay:rSmvnf; tajccHygonf/ vl\ todÓPf (ynm) onf twdkif;twm wpfckxd pOf;pm;awG;ac: qifjcifEdkifygonf/ oif,lwwf ajrmufxm;aom todynmESihf yifu, kd af rG;&mygADZ\ xd;k xGi;f ÓPfwdkY\ uGm[rIaMumihf wpfOD;\todÓPf (ynm) onf tjcm;wpfOD;ESifh wlcsifrSwlayrnf/ wpfOD;\ todynmESifh pOf;pm;awG;ac:rSef;qÓPfpGrf;onf tjcm;olwpfOD;xuf ydkvQif ydkayrnf/ avsmhvQifavsmhayrnf/ rnfrQyif xufjrufaomÓPfynmxl;udk &,lyikd q f ikd f xm;apumrll vl\todÓPfonf vltqifhom ½Sdayrnf/ vlUtawG;tac:jzifh pOf;pm;írrSDEdkifaom? rrSef;qEdkifaom t&mrsm; 'kESifha';½Sdayao;\/ tdrfrS cvkyfESdyfvQif xGufay: vmaom a&'D,kdtoHvIdif;udk v,form;wpfa,muf em; rvnfEdkifaomfvnf; odyÜHynmoif,lwwfajrmufxm;aom ausmif;om;tzkdY pOf;pm;&rcufay/ a&'D,kdESifh ½kyfjrifoHMum;

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pufjzKwfwwfjyifwwfaom todynm½SifwpfOD;tzdkY v,f orm;wpfOD; odxm;aom pyg;pdkufysdK;a&;ynmudk aojcm rodEdkifay/ rnfrQyif ½dk;pif;aom t&mjzpfygap/ xkdt&m\ todw&m; ynmr½Sdygu vlonf b,frQyif avmuynm wwfygap em;rvnfEdkifygacs/ avmu"gwf y nmud k o m wwf a jrmuf x m;aom rnfonfh vlom;rqdk olrod? rwwf? rpOf;pm;Edkif? rawG; awmEdkif? ½Sif;rjyEdkif? ajymrjyEdkifaom t&mrsm; þavmurSm ½Sad eygao;vQif wrvGeb f 0rS opömw&m;rsm;udk pHv k ifatmif rnfuJhodkY pOf;pm;awG;ac: Edkifygrnfenf;/ omrefvlom;\ tawGUtMuHKESifhomruyJ? odyÜHynmvnf; rcsOf;uyfEdkif? r½Sif;jyEdkif? r½Sif;jy0HYaom txl;tvGef jrifhrm;vSaom oabmw&m;rsm;ukd ½Sif;jyvrf;ñTefEdkifaom yk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u ½Sif;jyvmaomtcg vlom;onf ,kHMunfvufcH&ayrnf/ xk d Y a Mumih f ausmif ; q&mwpf a ,muf u ausmif ; om;wpf a,mufudk oifMum;jyo ouJhodkY ½Sif;jyvrf;ñTefa[majym oifjyrnfhol vdkaeygonf/ bk&m;udk tajccHaom bmomrsm;wGif ,HkMunfrSI o'¨gonf odrfarGU\/ eufeJ\/ omrefvlom;wdkY\ÓPf? omrefodwwfaom ynmjzifh rjrifEdkif? rodEdkifacs/ vlwdkY rodem;rvnfEdkifaom xdkt&mrsm;udk teEÅÓPfawmf½Sif jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifu vltm; Asm'dwfjy? zGifh[avonf/

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xdkYaMumihf a½TÓPfawmf½Sifbk&m;\ Asm'dwfpum;awmfonf ,kHMunfjcif;ESif hqufpyf\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\ Asm'dwf awmfonf rvTJrrSm;? razgufjyef? rajymif;vJ? raysmufysuf aomaMumifh vlonf ,kHMunfav\/ ,kHMunfo'¨g\ t"du taMumif ; &if ; onf tm;vk H ; pk H u d k od j rif E d k i f a wmf r l a om oAÁnKwÓPfawmf½Sif jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifom jzpf\/ xdaYk Mumihf ,kMH unfo'¨gqdo k nfyif jrwfpmG bk&m;ocif a[mawmf r l a om trS e f w &m; Asm'd w f p um;awmf r sm;ud k ,kHMunfvufcHjcif;wnf;/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf xdktrSef w&m;awmfukd vl\ pOf;pm;ÓPf rSED ikd af pzdYk zGi[ hf awmfro l nf/ þodkYjzifh csdKUwJhvSaom pOf;pm;ÓPfonf xdkw&m;awmfudk em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifawmh\/ jrwfpGmbk&m;ocif\ Asm'dwfawmfwGif vl\ qifjcif wHw k &m;udk jiif;y,fí tuef;,H?k t&rf;,Hak pjcif; r[kwyf gay/ vl \ pOf ; pm;OmPf u d k csKyf a ES m if r xm;yg/ vl w d k i f ; onf vGwfvyf\/ rdrdrrSDEdkif&mrsm;udk oabmaygufí rSDEkdifaom oltm; ,HkMunfjcif;uyif o'¨g\tpjzpfavonf/ bmomwdkif;wGif ,kHMunfjcif;o'¨gonf ta&;BuD; ygonf/ Oyrm - vlemonf olUudkaq;ukay;aeaom aq; q&mudk ,kH&ouJhodkUyif jzpf\/ þ,kHMunfrIuom vludk tuRwf w &m;&apavonf / ,k H M unf o '¨ g üom vl o nf arQmfvifhEkdif\/ ,kHMunfo'¨güom vlonf a0'emuif;pif

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onfh tjrifhqkH;csrf;omokcrSefudk arQmfvifh\/ ,kHMunfo'¨g üom vlonf avmuwPSmOyg'gefrS uif;pifapí? qif;&Jjcif; ukefqkH;apaomaMumifh tedpöaojcif; NyD;qkH;ap\/ MunfndK o'¨gtm;jzifhom vlonf tuRwfw&m;vrf;xJodkY pwif ajcvSrf;rdjcif;om jzpfayonf/ ,kHMunfo'¨gr½SdvQif rnfonfh vlom;wpfOD;wavrQ qif;&JrI\ tqkH;udkra&mufEdkifay/ tqkH;tpGefaom csrf;om okcrSefudk r&Edkifay/ o'¨gyGm;í MunfndKrSom jrpfudk jzwfí wzufurf;odkY a&mufEdkifawmhayrnf/ ,kHMunf½kHESifh okcppf r&Edik /f ,kMH unfjcif;onf vrf;oufoufomjzpf\/ xdv k rf;udk avQmufvSrf;&aytkH;rnf/ ,kHMunfo'¨gonf vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmMuHpnf pOf;pm;a0zefjcif;wdkYudk pGefYvTwfjcif;rsdK; r[kwfyg/ rdrd\ tod ÓPfay:rSm tajccHí pOf;pm;awG;awmvsuf em;vnfEikd \ f / pOf;pm;awG;awmvsuf vufcH&efvnf; vlwdkif;wm0efjzpf\/ þodkYjzifh ,kHMunfrIo'¨gonf t&rf;tuef; ,kHMunfrIrsm; pkpnf;xm;aom a'oemrsm; rjzpfawmhay/ odkYaomf xdka0zef pOf;pm;qifjcif awG;ac:ÓPf tm;jzifhomvQif vlom;onf rdrdrod? rwwf? em;rvnfaom t&mrsm;½Sdygao;wum;[k em;vnfav\/ rdrd\ ro?d rwwfaom ½kyfemrfw&m;tpkpkudkomru ½kyfemrftvGefrS cufcJeufeJodrfarGUaom w&m;tpkpkukd wpfckruseft<uif;rJh

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odjrifEdkifawmfrlaom oAÁnKwa½TÓPfawmf½Sifu ½Sif;vif; xkwaf z: a[majymawmfral omtcg xdv k o l m;onf em;axmif &ayrnf/ vufcH&ygrnf/ ,kHMunf&ayrnf/ xdkodkYr[kwfyJ vlUynmudkom OD;pm;ay;vsuf t&m &mtm; pOf;pm;ÓPfudk tajccHNyD; pOf;pm;EdkifygvQif qifuef; awmwk;d ESihf wlayrnf/ Adt Yk m;jyif;pGmpD;aeaom eef;BuKd ;wGi;f rS vQyfppfudk vlwpfOD;u olrpOf;pm;Edkif? rqifjcif rawG; awmEdkifjzpfum r,kHí vufESifhqkyfudkifygvQif wpfcsufwnf; "gwfvdkufíaoEdkif\/ xdkaMumifh ,kHMunfrIo'¨gqdk&mwGif trSefwu,fü vl\ pOf;pm;awG;ac:ÓPf ynm<u,f0jcif;aMumihfom jzpf avonf/ t&rf;tuef;r[kwfyJ ynmowd½Sd½Sdjzifh vGwf vyfpGm awG;awmMuHpnf pOf;pm;a0zefjcif;\ &v'fyif jzpfonf/ ppf½IH;í vufeufcs t½IH;ay;tnHhcHvdkufjcif;rsdK; r[kwyf ?J atmifyt GJ qifq h ihf yefqifvu kd jf cif;om jzpfawmh\/ a0zef pOf;pm;ÓPf (ynm)udk pGefYvGwfjcif;rsdK; r[kwfyJ? or®m'd|d todÓPf &,lvu kd jf cif; jzpfonf/ rodrI (tnmP) uG,faysmufí 0dZÆmÓPf xGef;awmufjcif; jzpfawmh\/ xdkYaMumihf þ,kHMunfjcif;o'¨gonf orÜHom'evu©g½Sdaom o'¨gjzpf\/ aumif;pGmMunfvifjywfom; ½Sif;vif;aom? xufjrufpl;½Saom? Munfvifaom o'¨g,kHMunfjcif;yif jzpfygawmYonf/

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(*) tusifhw&m; (p&P) ,kMH unfro I '¨gonf qif;&J'u k t © aygif;rS vGwaf jrmuf &efESifY ppfrSefaom okc&&ef jynfhpkHaomvrf;wpfck r[kwf ao;yg/ bmom\ oGeo f ifcsurf sm;udk ,kMH unf½o Hk ufoufjzihf csrf;omokcrSefudk r&Edkifay/ vufawGUusihfaqmufwnfrI rygaom ,kHMunfrIonf taoomjzpfrnf/ ,kHMunfrIonf vlom;tm; xdkusihfaqmufwnf&modkY ydkYay;avonf/ xufoefaom ,kHMunfrIo'¨gonf vlom;tm; rdrd a&mufae&mt&yfrSm &yfraeapyJ okcrSefodkY a½SU½Ia½GUvsm; aponf/ ,kHMunfrIonf avmukwå&modkY tm½kHjyKapaom cGeftm;jzpf\/ avmukwå&modkY oGm;&mvrf;wpfoG,fom jzpf\/ tuRwfw&m;twGuf vlonf xdkvrf;udk avQmuf& ayOD;rnf/ okccsrf;omrSefonf ,kHMunfrI\ tqkH;üom½Sd\/ ,kHMunfae½kHESifh rNyD;yg/ o'¨gyGm;½kHESifh 'ku©qif;&Jjcif;rS rvGwf ajrmufEikd af y/ ,kMH unfo'¨gyGm;&mü tusiphf &P aqmufwnf Mu&ayrnf/ csrf ; omok c ud k cH , l E d k i f z d k Y <u,f 0 xuf o ef a om ,HkMunfrIonf ta&;MuD;ygonf/ odkYaomf þo'¨gonf jynhf0aom toufwmwpfckwGuf vSrf;avQmuf&m vrf;wpf ckom jzpfonfudk rarhtyfay/ vlwdkif; xdkvrf;udk ausmfjzwf &ayOD;rnf/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf okcppfonf tm;vk;H aom

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o'¨ g wzuf ü ½S d a eao;\/ csrf ; omjcif ; tppf o nf tm;vkH;aom oif½dk;nTef;wrf;rsm; tvGefüom½Sd\/4 xdkYaMumifh tyifay:rStoD;udk pm;csifolonf xdk tyifrS toD;\ csdKNrdefaomt&omudk ,kHMunfae,kHouf oufESifh xdkt&omudk rcHpm;Edkifay/ 0rf;rjynfhEdkifay/ xdk toD;\ t&omxl;uJrIudk ,kHMunfum tyifay:rwufyJ toD;udk rpm;&ay/ toD;u jrifhaevQif wkH;ckumcl;vQif cl;&rnf/ wHcsLjzihf csLoifhvQifcsL&ayrnf/ ynmESifh 0d&d, t&if;jyK&ayrnf/ þzufurf;rSjzwfí [kzd ufurf;odYk a&mufvkd olonf jrpfa&udk vufypfu;l &ayrnf/ avS½v dS Qif avSavSmí f jzwful;&rnf/ [kdzufurf;udk tm½kHjyKrIoufoufjzifh ra&muf Edik af y/ odjYk zpfí okccsr;f omudk &vdv k Qif bmom\ oGeo f if&m rsm;udk ESvkH;pGJ,l&rnf/ 'kp½dkufudka½Smifí okp½dkufudk usifh& ayrnf/ þonfrSm bmomrsm;tm;vkH; wnDwñGwfwnf; oifMum;jyoaom ,kHMunfrIo'¨grS tusifhp&Pjzpf\/ (C) bmoma&;yGJESifh tcrf;tem;rsm; udk;uG,frIbmomw&m;wkdif;ü bmoma&;yJGawmfrsm; ½Sdwwfygonf/ wpfOD;jcif;jzpfap? toif;tzJGUjzifhjzpfap 4/ H. Dumoulin, Christianity Meets Buddhism, trans. by John C. Maraldo, Open Court Publishing, La Salle, Illinois, 1974, P. 95.

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jyKvkyfavh½Sdaom bmom\ xkH;pHwpfckvnf;jzpf\/ tcrf; tem;rsm;usif ; yyk H o nf bmomrsm; tcsif ; csif ; wl o nf rsm;vnf; ½Sdonf/ Oyrm - vufxyfaomaeY? aooludk oN*KØ vcf sed ?f ESpu f ;l yJG ponfwUkd jzpfMuonf/ bmoma&;tcrf; tem;rsm;wGif qkawmif;jcif;? 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;? aus;Zl; awmfqyfwifjcif;? Oyk'foDwif; aqmufwnfjcif;? tvSLay; ylaZmfjcif; ponfjzifhvnf;yg0ifavonf/ þbmoma&;yJGrsm;ESifh tcrf;tem;rsm;onf vlrI a&;e,fy,frsm;ü aygif;oif;qufqHa&;udk taxmuftul jyKonf/ bmoma&;e,fy,fürl avmuDESifhavmukwå&m b0ESpcf u k kd qufay;aom aygif;ul;wHwm;wpfck jzpfavonf/ vlom;ESifh bk&m;aygif;qkHaponf/ wpf c gwpf & H uG J j ym;vS a om bmoma&;yJ G t crf ; tem;rsm;udkMunfhí wyg;olonf em;rvnfEdkif jzpfzG,f½Sd\/ yJ G a wmf t crf ; tem;rsm;ü jyKvk y f v d k u f a om yl a Zmf j cif ; ? qkawmif;jcif;? ud;k uG,jf cif;ESihf ukov kd rf sm;onf avmukw&å m b0wGuf rD;ravmif? a&rvTrf;? olcdk;ra&muf? ydk;razguf Edkifaom wefzdk;BuD;&wemppfrsm; jzpfMu\/ ,kHMunfoltzdkY þtcrf;tem;rsm;ü pdwfat;csrf;rIudk&\/ ESvkH;Nidrf;csrf; jcif;udk jrnf;prf;rd\/ bk&m;&dyfü cdkvIHap\/ "r®&dyfü jrL;aysmf ap\/ ,kHMunfo'¨g yGm;aponf/ pdk;&drfrIrsm; uG,faysmuf aponf/ aMumuf½GHUrIrsm; tqkH;owfaponf/

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bmoma&;tcrf ; tem;rsm;onf ouf q k d i f o l \ ,kHMunfrIudk az:jyjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;? vufawGUü rdrdbmom w&m;udk ydkrdkod½Sdem;vnfaponf/ rdrdbmom\ ,kHMunf&m rsm;udk cdik rf map\/ xdaYk Mumifh bmoma&; tcrf;tem;rsm;jzifh ,kHMunfolrsm;udk bmoma&; ydkrdkoifMum;ay;\/ jrifawGU Muaom wyg;olrsm;tm;vJ rdrdbmomw&m;ü pdwfyg0ifpm; apavonf/ (i) bmomw&m;ü tm½kHcHpm;rIrsm; obm0t& vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf todkif;t0kdif;? tzJUG tpnf;? ,Ofaus;rI? vlraI &;wd\ Yk aumif;jcif;tjzmjzmudk cHpm;EdkifMu\/ em;0ifcsKdomvSaom aw;oHü oDqdkola&m em;axmifolyg aw;oHom\ t&omudk cHpm;Edkif\/ pdwf0if pm;zG,faumif;aom 0w¬Kwpfyk'fü pmzwfolonf pdrfh0ifoGm; Edik o f nf/ rsu&f nfusz, G f taqG;½ky½f iS Mf unhf y&dwo f wfvnf; Zmwfvrf;rSm arsmygoGm;Edkifonf/ 0g;vkH;uGJ&,fp&m [mo wpfy'k üf zwfov l nf; &,frad yrnf/ ykaH jymaumif;ol\ [efyef trlt&mü em;axmifot l m;vk;H arhajrmoGm;ygrnf/ xdaYk Mumihf omreftm;jzihf cHpm;csufqdkonfrSm ywf0ef;usif\ vIHUaqmfrI rsm;aMumihf ajymif;vJoGm;aom pdwf0ifpm;rI tajctaeyif jzpfygonf/ bmomw&m;ü cHpm;csufonf þomrefobm0

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cHpm;csufrsm;udk rqdkvdkyg/ bmomw&m;ü cHpm;csufrsm;onf obm0 xufausmfvGef\/ t"dyÜg,frSm ½dk;½dk;omreftaMumif; t&mrsm;xuf ausmfvGefonf/ obm0vGef taMumif;t&m rsm;aMumihf cHpm;&aom vlYpdwftajctae (odkY) tm½kHcHpm; csuf u d k a c:ygonf / vQyf w pf j yuf c H p m;&½S d o nf j zpf a p MudKwifjyifqifvsuf aemufrScHpm;&onfjzpfap þtm½kH cHpm;jcif;onf ½Sif;rjyEdkifaom obm0vGefoabmw&m;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh bmom\ tm½kHcHpm;csufonf bmomw&m;\ txGwftxdyfyif jzpfygonf/ bmom\ tm½k H c H p m;csuf o nf qd w f N id r f & mwG i f vlwpfOD;pDü jzpfay:Edkifonf/ vltrsm;tpkta0;üvnf; jzpfEdkif\/ Oyrm - w&m;"r®udk tm½kHjyKvsuf OykofoDv aqmufow l pfO;D onf xdt k ajctaeudk cHpm;Edik \ f / qkawmif; arwåmudk tm½kHjyK½Gwfqdkqkawmif;olvnf; xdkodkYtm½kHcHpm; Edik \ f / ½Si;f rjyEdik af om bmoma&;tjzpftysux f ;l rsm;aMumihf vnf; tm½kHcHpm;Edkif\/ Oyrm - awmxJü wpfa,mufwnf; w&m;usifhaeolwpfOD;u awmufavmifaeaom csKHykwfwpfck udk awGU&Y \/ rD;vQ[ H ek ;f [ke;f atmufrmS csKyH w k o f nf jymusroGm; bJ t½Gut f cuf pdr;f pkad ejyef\/ þtjzpftysuo f nf omref obm0xuf vGeu f yJ g\/ xdUk jyif xdrk ;D vQaH wmufaom csKyH w k f xJrS olYemrnfudk ac:oHMum;&ygu olUtwGuf xdkxl;qef; tHhzG,f&mü tm½kHcHpm;rdayrnf/

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tu,fíom vlwpfa,mufonf bmomwpfck\ ,kMH unforl sm;udk qefu Y siu f m xdb k momudk wdu k cf u kd af ecJUonf qdkygpdkY/ wpfaeYwGif jrif;udkpD;um xdkbmom0ifrsm;&dS&modkU 'kua© y;&ef oGm;onfqykd gpd/Yk vrf;ckvyfrmS jrif;ay:rS atmufoYkd jyKwfusoGm;\/ csufcsif;rsufpdtvif;rjrif&awmhyJ oDwif; wpfywfaerS jyefjrif&ygvQif þvltwGuf tHhzG,f&mwpfckudk trSefcHpm;rdayrnf/ pOf;pm;a0zefjcif;uyif olYpdwfrsm; ajymif;um xkdbmomudk pdwf0ifpm;rdayrnf/ ydik q f ikd &f mrsm;udk tukepf eG í Yf tvSLBu;D ay;ol wpfO;D zdYk ESvkH;om;ü vGwfvyfrIwpfrsdK; cHpm;Edkif\/ vrf;ab;ü 'ku© twda&mufolwpfOD;tm; wwftm;orQ ulnDay;jcif;jzihf MunfE;l rIwpfrsKd ; cHpm;rdrnf/ rSm;,Gi;f rItjypfBu;D wpfcu k sL;vGef oludk wpfOD;wpfa,mufu rif;tjypfvTwfygNyD[k qkdygu olpY w d üf yDww d pfck cHpm;&ayrnf/ qk;H ½I;H rIwpfct k wGuf idak uR; ae&oltzdYk w&m;"r®Mum;em&ygu ESpo f rd rhf w I pfcu k kd cHpm;&ay rnf/ pdwfnpfnL; av;vHaeaom eHeuf,Hwpfckü bk&m;\ w&m;udk ur®Xgef;½IolwpfOD;onfvnf; MunfEl;rI yDwdwpfck trSefcHpm;rdayrnf/ tdrfrI0wå&m;rsm;vkyfudkif&if; ½lyg½kH wpfckudk jrifrdolwpfOD;twGufvnf; r,kHEdkifp&m 0rf;omjcif; wpfrsdK; cHpm;rdayrnf/ þt&mrsm;rSm bmom\ obm0vGef wpfckrS tm½kHcHpm;rIrsm; jzpfonf/

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(p) bmom0iftoif;tzJGUrsm; trsKd ;wlaom tarT;tawmifrsm;onf wpfae&mxJü pkaewwf\/ bmom0ifrsm;onf toif;omoemwpfct k jzpf zGJUpnf;wwfMuygonf/ bmom\ w&m;rsm;onfyif wpfOD;pD twGufESifh tzJGUtpnf;twGuf oGefoifrIrsm; tNrJyg\/ wpfOD;pDonf rdrdtwGufusifhMuHaexkdif&ef ta&;BuD;ouJhodkU? rdrdonf vlrsm;twGufvnf; aewwf&ayrnf/ bmomwlol toif; tzJGU½Sda&;onfvnf; bmomwpfckjzpfzdkY ta&;BuD; vSayonf/ bmomwlot l oif;tzJUG rsm;onf ae&ma'otvdu k f ta&twGuftm;jzifh tenf;trsm;uGmwwfygonf/ xdktzGJU tpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfavhjzpfx&dSaom EkdifiHa&;ESifh bmoma&; a&maxG;jcif;rjzpfzdkU owdcsyfoifhayonf/ ta&;BuD;aom wjcm;tcsufrSm bmoma&;t,loD; vsuf wzufpGef; ra&muf&ef txl;vkdtyfonf/ rdrdbmom toif;tzJGUomvQif rSef\[kqdkum wjcm;bmomrsm;udk &Skwfcsjcif; rjyKtyfay/ tjcm;toif;tzJGUrsm;udkvnf; vufcH wwfzv Ykd ydk gonf/ rnfoyYkd ifqakd p bmom0iftoif;tzJUG onf bmomwlolrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; bmomrwlolrsm;udkvnf; rdrdbmom\ qkH;rw&m;wdkYESifhtnD aygif;oif;qufqH& ayrnf/ 0 0 0 0 0

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tcef; (2) bmomtp rnfonft h csed u f bmompcJyh goenf;/ rnfuo hJ Ykd pcJh ygoenf;/ rnfonhf a'oü pcJyh goenf;/ þar;cGe;f rsm;onf bmomordkif; okawoDrsm;omru vlwdkif; pdwf0ifpm;aom ar;cGef;rsm; jzpf\/ vlwdkif; odvdkMu\/ avhvmcsifMuonf/ od k Y a omf txuf y gar;cG e f ; rsm;ud k wd w d u sustajzray; Edik af o;ay/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf vlUordik ;f rSww f rf;rsm;wGif ordkif;OD;acwfrS taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rSwfausmufwifxm; aom pmaypmwrf;rsm; r½Sad omaMumifjh zpf\/ xdak cwfor,rS vlrsm; ud, k w f ikd af &;om;xm;cJah om pmrsm;vnf; r½Scd ahJ o;ay/ xdkYaMumihf xdkacwftcgrS olwdkUbmudk,HkMunfcJhMuonfudk ajrBuD;wGif; NydKusepfjrKyf zkH;tkyfaeaom NrdKUysuf? ae&mysuf? ausmufwGif;? ausmufacgif;ta[mif;rsm;rS olwdkYokH;pJGcJhaom td;k cGu?f vufeufu&d , d m wefqmyvmrsm;udk avhvmMu&\/ olwdkY ukwfjcpfa&;qJGxm;cJhaom oauFwESifh ½kyfykH? aumuf

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aMumif;rsm;ü avhvmMu&\/ ordik ;f OD;vlom;wdo Yk nf t0wfr0wfMuay/ toif;zJUG tk y f p k z J G U aeMu\/ ausmuf * l ? ausmuf a cgif ; ES i f h o pf & d y f 0g;&dyfonfom olwdkYtdrf,m jzpf\/ t"dutvkyfrSm tpm pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh trJvdkufjcif;jzpfí ae&mtwnfwus raeMuacs/ a&Munf&m? jrufEk&m? tom;ig;ayg<u,f&m ae&mrsm;odUk ½SmazGa½GUajymif;aeMu\/ þvlom;wdYk rnfonfh t&mudk ,kHMunfMuonfudk twdtusrajymEdkifaomfvnf; olwdkY okH;pJGcJhaom ypönf;rsm;ESifh ausmuf*leH&HrS aumufjcpf&m rsm;udk avhvmMunfhjcif;jzifh olwdkYaeYpOf awGUjrifMuHKBudKuf ae&aom obm0avmuBuD;udk em;rvnfouJhodkY xl;qef; pdwf0ifpm;aMumif; awGUEdkif\/ vlom;uav;i,fwpfOD; arG;zGm;&jcif;onf qef; Mu,f\/ vlwaYkd oqk;H &jcif;udk aMumuf½UHG Mu\/ cspcf spaf wmuf yljyif;aom aevk;H Bu;D udv k nf;aumif;? yde;f ydwaf tmif arSmifvS aom neufoef;acgifudkvnf;aumif; olwdkY pdk;&drfMu\/ jyif;xefvSaom avrkefwdkif;onfvnf;aumif;? 0if;0if;xdef atmifvufaom vQypf ;D ESihf em;uJaG tmif us,af vmifvaS om rdk;jcdrf;oHESifh rdk;BudK;oHudk aMumuf½GHUrdMu\/ ra&rwGufEdkif atmifrsm;jym;vSaom aumif;uifMu,feu©wfwm&mwdkYudk jrifjyefaomtcg? 0if;xdeaf t;jronfh vjynf0h ef;udk awGUaom tcg tHhMordMujyef\/ tm;tifjynfhNzdK;vSaom awm½dkif;

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wd&dpämefBuD;rsm;ESifh rmaMumvSaom ausmufwkH;BuD;rsm;udk tm;usrdMuayrnf/ t½GufxlvSaomopfyif? a0qmvSaom opfo;D opfOopfzEk iS hf arT;BuKd iv f aS om yef;rmefrsm;udk pdw0f if pm;Mu\/ jriforQ? awGUorQudk ½SdpkrJhpkpOf;pm;ÓPfav;jzifh awG;ac:pOf;pm;rdMujcif;uyif olwdkY\ ,kHMunf&mbmom tpjyKjcif;[k qdk&ayrnf/ em;rvnfx;l qef;jcif;aMumifh thMH ojcif;? tm;usrjd cif;? pdwf0ifpm;Mujcif;? aMumuf½GHUrdMujcif;aMumifh þt&mrsm;? tjzpftysufrsm;udk pGrf;tif&Sif[k xifrSwfMuygw,f/ wpfcg wpf&H olwUkd aemufu, G üf pGr;f tif½iS w f pfO;D &d&S rnf[k ,kMH unf vmcJ h M uavonf / xk d v l o m;rsm;tzd k Y avmu pMu0Vm wpf c k v k H ; onf xd k w ef c d k ; awmf ½ S i f taMumif ; ajymjyaom pmtkyfBuD;wpftkyf jzpfvmcJh&\/ xdkpGrf;tif½Sifonf vlxuf ydkrdkcdkifrmoefpGrf;&rnf[k xGm;BudKif;wkwfcdkifvSaom olwdkY\ cE¨mudk,fESifh EdIif;ípOf;pm;Mu\/ jynfhjynfhpkHpkH em;rvnf Muaomfvnf; xdkt½Sifonfom olwkdYtwGuf vkHjcHK&mtjzpf cH,v l mMu\/ xdaYk Mumifh wcsKd Uu ausmufw;Hk udk ud;k uG,Mf u\/ wcsdKUu tudkif;tcuf a0qmaomopfyifudk OD;ñTwfMu\/ wcsdKUu ae? v? Mu,fwdkYudk ½Sdcdk;Mu\/ olwdkY pdwfrSef;xif&m twkdif; xdkwefcdk;awmft½Siftjzpf oauFwrsm;? aumuf aMumif;rsm;udk ausmuf*leH&Hrsm;ü a&;jcpfMuavonf/

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tHhMop&mrsm;ESifh aMumuf½HGUp&mrsm;awGU&avav xdkvlwdkYonf xdkwefcdk;awmf½Sifudk rSDcdkvdkMu\/ rdrdwdkY tajc taeonf bmrSrwwfEdki?f auseyfzG,f&mrsm;r½Sd[k cHpm; rdcJh\/ þuJhodkY cHpm;rdvmavav xdkwefcdk;awmf½Sifudk rSDcdk tm;ud;k avyifjzpfonf/ xdw k efc;kd awmf½iS rf sm;uJo h Ykd jynfph aHk om oabmwpfck? oefpGrf;aomcGeftm;wpfck? pGrf;tifwpfck &vdkMu\/ olwdkYjyKvkyfykH? aexdkifMuykHudkMunfhjcif;jzifh þ tcsufudk awGUEdkif\/ Oyrm - ordkif;OD;vlrsdK;wpfpk aexdkifcJhaom *la[mif; wpfckudk yDuif;NrdKUteD; ]]e*g;½dk;}} trnf½Sd awmifay:ü ordkif; okawoDwdkY wl;az:awGU½Sd&\/ olwdkY avhvmawGU½Sdcsuft& þvlrsdK;pkonf aoNyD;aemuf toufqufvuf½SifvdkMu aMumif;? ,kMH uaMumif; okawoDwYkd wnDwñGww f nf; rSwcf suf csMu\/ wzef taemuf O a&myü vG e f c J h a omES p f a ygif ; 200000 (ESpfodef;)cefYu vlwdkYonf olwdkY\ vlaorsm;udk oN*KØ [&f mü wcsKd Uaom xl;xl;qef;qef;0denf;rsm; jyKvyk af vh&Sd MuaMumif; awGU½Sd&\/ ESpfaygif; 70000 (ckESpfaomif;) cefY[k cefYrSef;&aom vlrsdK;wpfpk\ tavmif;rsm;udk jyifopfjynf ajrmufydkif;ü awGU½Sd&\/ xdkae&mü vlaorsm;\ udk,fay:ü teDa&mif ½THUrsm;vdrf;íxm;aMumif;awGUojzifh xkdacwfrS vlrsdK;pkonf toufquf½SifaMumif; ,kHMunfonf[k cefY

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rSef;&\/1 wjznf;jznf;ESifh ESpfaygif; 20000ESifh 10000Mum;rS vlwdkY\ ,kHMunf&mudk tenf;i,fxifxif½Sm;½Sm; awGUEkdif\/ olwdkYonf awmrS qGwfcl;&aom opfoD;? opfyGifh? opfO? opfzkrsm;udk xdkpGrf;tif½Sif? wefcdk;½Sifrsm;udk ylaZmfMu\/ trJvdkuf&mü om;aumifrsm; vG,fulpGm&zkdY qkawmif;Mu\/ trJvdkuf&mrS jyefvmaomtcg om;aumif\ t½dk;? acgif;? tNr;D ponfwu Ykd kd csw d q f í GJ ylaZmfaMumif; avhvmawGU½SMd u\/ þtcsufuyif xdkordkif;OD;rS vlwdkYonf olwdkYb0 vkHjcHKa&; tumtuG,f&a&;? atmifjrifa&;twGuf pGrf;tif½Sifrsm;udk tm;ud k ; aMumif ; od & \/ xd k o d k Y ,k H M unf j cif ; aMumif h y if udk;uG,fjcif;? yojcif;? ylaZmfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMu\/ xdkwefcdk; awmf½SifuJhodkY rdrdonfvnf; wlygapaMumif; vludkyif ylaZmf Muavonf/ xdkYaMumihf orkdif;OD;vlwdkY\ ,kHMunf&mü pkd;½GHU aMumufvefYjcif;xuf tm;udk;jcif;? tm;usjcif;? &vdkjcif;? taMumif;wpfckckaMumifh wefcdk;awmf½Sifudk udk;uG,faMumif;? ½Sdckd;aMumif; xif½Sm;ygonf/ xdkvlwdkYonf rdrdwdkY pdwfrSef;xif&m oauFwrsm;? aumufjcpfyef;csD? yef;yk½kyfwkrsm;xkí xkdwefcdk;awmf½Sif\ 1/ Cf., A. Zorzi, P. Ferrero, Tu sei il Cristo: Alle origini del falto Cristiano, PIEMME, Sasale Monfferrato (AL) , 1990, PP. 11-12.

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uk d , f p m;tjzpf xd k w ef c d k ; awmf ½ S i f \ ud k , f x if ½ S m ;jy&m oauFwrsm;tjzpf jyKvyk Mf u\/ xdt Yk jyif tcsKd Uaom vlwo Ydk nf ausmufw;Hk udk ud;k uG,Mf u\/ wcsKd UrSm tudik ;f tcufxal jymí toD;t½GuftyGifY a0qmaomopfyifudk udk;uG,fMu\/ wpfcsdKUrSm ae (okdYr[kwf) vudk ylaZmfyoMu\/ trSefpifppf ürl þ ae? v? Mu,f? ausmufawmif? opfyifwdkYonf wefcdk; awmf½Sif\ udk,fpm;tjzpf udk;uG,fjcif; jzpf\/ þvlwdkYonf ausmufwkH;udk udk;uG,fjcif;um; r[kwfwef&m/ rmaMumaom ausmufwkH;\ pGrf;tifxuf tqrwefydkaom t½Sifudkom udk;uG,fjcif; jzpfayrnf/ Ak'¨bmom0ifwpfOD;onf a½Tcsxm; aom Ak'½¨ yk yf mG ;awmfa½SUü ysy0f yfu;kd uG,af omtcg? c&pf,mef wpfOD;onf opfom;um;wkdifawmfudk 'l;axmufudk;uG,faom tcg þvlrsm;onf a½T½kyfyGm;awmfudkaomfvnf;aumif;? opfom;um;wdik af wmfuv kd nf;aumif;? ud;k uG,jf cif;jzpfonf[k rqdEk ikd af y/ xd½k yk yf mG ;awmfyikd ½f iS ?f um;wdik af wmfrS t½Sio f cif udkom &nfpl;udk;uG,fjcif;jzpf\/ odkYaomf þt&mrsm;onf xdkt½SifESifh qufpyfaeí oefY½Sif;ouJYodkY vlESifht½SiftMum; qufoG,fMum;0ifaeaom t&mrsm;om jzpf\/ xk d Y a Mumif h aeud k ud k ; uG , f o l o nf v nf ; aumif ; ? awmawmifopfyifudk udk;uG,folonfvnf;aumif;? apwD ykxdk;udk OD;csolonfvnf;aumif;? um;wdkifawmfudk OD;csol onfvnf;aumif;? tm;vkH;aomvlwdkYonf olwdkYjrifaom

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t&mrsm;onf olwkdY½dkusKd;ukd;uG,fOD;ñTwfjcif;\ &nf½G,fcsuf r[kwfbJ þt&mrsm;onf olwdkY,kHMunfaom teEÅwefcdk; awmf½Sif (odkYr[kwf) bk&m;\ eufeJjrifhjrwfawmfrljcif;\ om"u? &nfñTef;csufrsm;? bkef;xif½Sm;&mrsm;tjzpf jrifawGU Mu\/ Oyrmtm;jzif h ]]Mu,f a &mif x G e f ; awmuf a om aumif;uif}}udk bmomwcsKUd wGif bk&m;\bke;f awmf xif½mS ;&m tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;? bk&m;½Sifpdk;pHawmfrl&m tjzpfaomf vnf;aumif; ajymqdkMu\/ xdkYaMumifh aumif;uifbkHudk bk&m;pHjref;&mtjzpf ajymqdkMu\/ vlonf aoqkH;NyD;aemuf aumif;uifbo Hk mG ;\[k ajymqdak omtcg xdMk u,feu©ww f m&m xGef;awmufaom av[mjyif aumif;uifjyifudk oGm;onf[k rqdkvdkay/ odkYaomf xdkMu,fwm&mxGef;vsuf azmufjyefysuf okOf;jcif;uif;pGm wnf&Sdvsuf? tHYMozG,f&m? wkrEdIif;zG,f&m? csD;rGrf;rukef&m? ajymrqkH;Edkif&m? rcefYrSef;? rrSef;qEdkif&m? em;rvnfEdkif&m? ra&rwGufEdkif&m? rwkyEdkifzG,f&m? xdk aumif;uifudk teEÅwefcdk;awmf&Sif bk&m;ocif\ bkef;tmEk abmfawmf\ om"u&nfñeT ;f zG,t f jzpf ajymqdv k ufcjH cif;om jzpf\/ jrefrmEdkifiHü rdk;OD;usptcsdefonf rdk;onf;xefpGm ½Gmvsuf vQyfpD;tvGefvufaomtcsdef jzpfavonf/ wpfcg wpf&H rdk;BudK;ypfoHrsm;onf us,favmifpGm jrnf[D;wwfí

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em;uGJrwwfcHpm;&avonf/ ydef;ydwfatmif arSmifaom tcsed üf 0if;vufatmifvufaom vQypf ;D onf thrH cef;jzpf\/ xdt k csed üf wcsKUd toufBu;D olrsm;onf ]]tdk jrwfpmG bk&m;}}? ]]tdk bk&m;odMum;}}? ponfjzifh bk&m;udk wMu\/ tDwvDjynfü aEG&moDonf jrefrmjynf\ rdk;&moDjzpfaom Zlvdkif? Mo*kwfv jzpf\/ wpfESpfvkH;qD;ESif;usvsuf at;csrf;cJhorQ aEG&moD a&mufjyefawmh tawmfyl\/ xdkyljyif;vSaom aEG&moD\ wcsKdU&ufrsm;wGif rdk;t&rf;jcdrf;jyD; vQyfpD;t&rf;vufaom tcgrsm; ½Sdwwf\/ wpfacwfwpfcgu wcsdKU&Gmav;rsm;rSm xdt k csed w f iG f bk&m;ausmif;rS acgif;avmif;xk;d vsuf qkawmif; MuzdkY zdwfac:avh&dS\/ Mum;rdaom odyÜHynmwwf ausmif;om;tzdkUawmh vQyfpD;vufjcif;? rdk;jcdrf;jcif;onf vQyfppftzdkESifhtrwdkY aygif;pD;jcif;jzpf\[k em;vnfaomfvnf; omrefvltzdkY xdkvQyfpD;vufjcif;onf bk&m;\bkef;awmfxif½Sm;&mtjzpf jrifr\ d / odaYk omf bk&m;wjcif;onfvnf;aumif;? qkawmif;jcif; onfvnf;aumif;? acgif;avmif;xdk;jcif;onfvnf;aumif; xdv k Qypf ;D ESihf rd;k BuKd ;wdu Yk kd bk&m;tjzpfEiS hf ac:wjcif;r[kwaf y/ vQyfpD;0if;vufouJhodkU bkef;awmfonf 0if;vuf&rnfudk olwdkY,kH\/ þvQyfpD;ESifh rdk;BudK;onf bk&m;\ bkef;awmf xif½mS ;&m (odUk r[kw)f bke;f awmf\om"utjzpf vufcjH cif; jzpf\/

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a½S;acwftcgrSm ausmufudkudk;uG,faom vlwdkY &SMd u\/ xdak usmufaqmif? ausmufw;Hk onf rmaMumcdik cf ef\ Y / av'Pf? rdk;'Pfudk wkefvIyfjcif;tvsif;r&Sd/ vlawGom acwftqufquf aoausoGm;Mu\/ xdkausmufaqmifum; a½GUvsm; aysmufqkH;jcif;r½Sdacs/ ½SdpkrJhpk pOf;pm;OmPfESihf pOf;pm;rdaomtcg xdkvlwdkYonf xdkausmufaqmifudk wefcdk; awmf½Siftjzpf jrifav\/ trSefrSm xdkausmufaqmifü olrpOf;pm;? rwky Edkifaom pGrf;tm;rsm;aMumihf wefcdk;awmf½SifESihfEIdif;,SOf rdav onf/ wcsdKUbmomwGif bk&m;udk ausmufaqmif? ausmufwkH; ESihf cdik ;f EdiI ;f ajymqdMk u\/ trSew f iG f ausmufaqmif udk bk&m;ESifh cdkif;EIdif;jcif;r[kwfay/ ausmufaqmif\ pGrf;tifudk bk&m;\ bkef;wefcdk;awmf\ om"utjzpf &nfñTef;jcif;om jzpfav onf/ xdkYaMumihf pMu0Vm? aumifuifjymonfvnf;aumif;? awmawmif? ausmufwkH; ausmufaqmifonfvnf;aumif;? vQyfpD;rdk;BudK;onfvnf;aumif;? bkef;awmf½Sif? wefcdk;awmf ½Sib f &k m;\ om"ursm;tjzpf? bke;f awmf xif&mS ;&mrsm;tjzpf ,kHMunfMujcif; jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh ausmufacwfrSvlwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? wpfcgwpf&H rsufarSmufacwfrS wcsKdUaomvlrsdK;pkwdkYonf vnf;aumif;? thHrcef;aom opfyif? ausmufawmifausmuf aqmif? ae? v? Mu,fudk ylaZmfyoudk;uG,faomtcg olwdkYü

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teEÅwefc;kd awmft½Siu f kd ,kMH unfjcif;omjzpfaMumif; rSwcf suf cs&ayrnf/ xdkolwdkYonf bk&m;xdra&mufao;aomfvnf; xdkbk&m;½Sif wefcdk;awmf½Sifudk vufcHaeMuavNyDwnf;/ olwdkYonf aemifwrvGefb0udkaomfvnf;aumif;? aumif;uifbkHaomfvnf;aumif;? okcbkHaomfvnf;aumif;? edAÁmef[líaomfvnf;aumif; trnfuifyGef; rwyfMuacs/ vlaorsm;udk jr§yfESH&mü aemifb0ü olwdkYtokH;jyK&ef&nfpl;NyD; aoolydkifaom ypönf;rsm;udka&mí jrSKyfESHMu\/ bk&m;rsm;udk ylaZmf&mü uckefjcif;? wD;rIwfjcif;? [pfatmfjcif; ponfwdkY jyKMu\/ vlrsdK;pkrsm;rS cGeftm;BuD;ol? wkduf&nfcdkuf&nf pGrf;&nfBuD;olrsm;udk olwdkY\ bk&if (odkUr[kwf) acgif;aqmif tjzpf wifajr§mufí wpfcgwpf&H vlwdkY\ bk&m;rsm;tjzpf OD;ñTwfMuavonf/2 ESpfaygif; 5000 ausmfcefYu vlrsm;wdkYonf wjznf; jznf;ESihf xGe, f ufpu kd yf sKd ; vmMu\/ wd&pd mä efrsm; ,Ofyg;atmif arG;jrLvmMu\/ wd&dpämefwdkY\ tom;? om;a&? tarT; ponfwdkYudk tokH;jyKwwf vmMuavNyD/ NrdKUrsm;? ½Gmrsm; aqmufvkyf aexdkifvmMu\/ jrif;wdkYudk okH;pGJvmMu\/ wcsdKU vlrsdK;pkrsm;ü pmvkH;oauFwrsm; a&;qGJMuavNyD/ þvlrsdK;pk rsm;udk txl;ojzifh ,lza&;wufpfESifh wdkif;u&ufpf jrpfESpfck 2/ Ibid.

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tMum; a½S;a[mif;rufqdkydkaw;rD;,m;vGifjyifü awGUY&\/ (xdka'oonf ,cktcg tD&wfEdkifiHjzpf\/) þa'oonf txl;ojzifh ajrMoZmayg<u,f0um xGef,ufpdkufysdK;í jzpfxeG ;f &m jzpfavonf/ xdak e&mü plar;&D;,ef; (Sumerians) ac: vlrsdK;wpfpkonf ydkí,Ofaus;rI xGef;um;cJhaMumif; awGU&\/ olwdkYonf pmayrsm;a&;wwfí t½kyfaumuf aMumif;rsm; a&;wwfMu\/ xdkolwdkYonf wefcdk;awmf½Sif? pGrf; tif½Sifudk bk&m;tjzpfESifh udk;uG,fMuaMumif; avhvmawGU ½Sd&\/ ESpfaygif; (3500)xd xdkbk&m;udk wyg;wnf; tjzpf udk;uG,fMu\/ aemufydkif;ü bk&m;udk trnftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh aebk&m;? vbk&m;? bk&m;r? bk&m;txD; ponfjzifh udk;uG,f Mu\/ bk&m;rsm;\ jrifhjrwfjcif;udk ,kHMunfaMumif; bk&m;ESifh vltMum;qufoG,fay;aom bkef;BuD;? rsufvSnfhq&m? aA'if rEÅ&m;q&mrsm; cefYxm;aMumif; awGU&\/ þodkYjzifh acwftqufquf ajymif;vJvmaomtcg vlwdkYonf ydkrdk,Ofaus;vmí wdk;wufvmonfESifhtnD a½S;acwftD*spf? abbDvkHeD;,m;? *&dESifh a&mrbmomrsm; ay:aygufvmcJh&\/ xdkbmomrsm;wdkYonf rsufarSmufacwf tcgü aysmufuG,foGm;MuavNyD/ odkYaomf xdkbmom,kHMunf &mrsm;onf vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;uom udk;uG,faom bmomrsm; jzpfcMYJ uavonf/ wjznf;jznf;ESihf urÇmyx0D ajrtaetxm;

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t&vnf;aumif;? ,kHMunf,lqcsufrsm; uGm[rIaMumihf vnf;aumif;? obm0t& jzpfay:vmaombmom? Asm'dw&f aombmom ponfjzifh bmomrsm; uJGjym;vmcJhavonf/ ,if;wdw Yk iG f *sL;bmomESihf [dEL´ bmomrsm;wdo Yk nf a½S;tusq;Hk bmomrsm;jzpfcJh\/ aemufydkif;wGif *sL;bmomudk tajccHí c&pf,mefbmomESihf tpövmrfbmomrsm; pwifvmcJNh y;D ? [dEL´ rS Ak'¨bmom pwifvmcJhMuavonf/ rsufarSmuftcsdefwGif Ak'¨bmom? c&pf,mefbmom? tpövmrfbmomESifY [dE´Lbmomtjzpf bmomBuD; (4)ckonf tjcm;bmomrsm;xuf xif½Sm;avonf/ xdkbmomBuD; (4)ckwGif [dE´Lbmomonf rnfonfhckESp?f rnfonfh tcsdefü pcJo h nf[k rod&ay/ odaYk omf Ak'b ¨ mom? c&pf,mefbmomESihf tpövmrfbmomwdkYonf tcsdefumvtm;jzifh wpfbmomESifh wpfbmom ESpaf ygif; (500) pDumG jcm;onf[k tMurf;tm;jzifh ajymqdkEkdifygonf/ Ak'¨avmif;vsmod'¨w¬rif;om;udk bDpD (567)ckESpfcefUwGif zGm;jrifawmfrlí? a,½Ic&pfawmfudk bDpD (2)wGif zGm;jrifcJh\/ rdk[mrufonf c&pfouú&mZf (571) ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifcJhonf/ bmomw&m;rsm;udk ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm; cJGjcm;Edkifao;\/ xm0&wnfawmfrlaom bk&m;&dSaMumif; ,HkMunfvufcHaom bmomESifh bk&m;udk r,HkMunfvufrcHaom bmom[lí jzpf\/ Ak'¨bmomrSvGJí tjcm;aombmomtm;vkH;wdkYonf

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urÇmavmuBu;D ESiw hf uG ouf½o dS ufrhJ t&mowå0gtm;vk;H udk zefqif;aom teEÅwefcdk;awmf½Sif? teEÅarwåmawmf½Sif? tm;vkH;pkHudkodawmfrlaom t½Sifbk&m; (odkY) jrwfpGmbk&m;udk vufcHaom bmomrsm; jzpfMu\/ xdkt½Sifonf pMu0Vm teEÅumvrSpí teEÅduumvwdkifatmif tpOfxm0& wnfawmfrl\/ jzpfjcif;? ysufjcif;oabmwdkYonf xdkt½Sifü r½Sday/ Akk'¨bmomwGif xm0&wnfawmfrlaom bk&m;udk r,k H a y/ txl ; ojziY f ax&0g'Ak ' ¨ b momonf pwif xGef;um;csdefrSpí ,aeYwkdifatmif xdkbk&m;t,ltqrsdK;udk vufrcHay/ r[m,meAk'b ¨ momonfomvQif xdb k &k m;t,l tqrsm;udk vufcHvmMuavonf/ tcsKyfqdk&ygrl ordkif;OD;vlom;rsm;rStp rsufarSmuf acwf vlwdkYtqkH; teEÅwefcdk;awmf½Sif (odkY) bk&m;udk ,kHMunf ouf0if vufcH&mrSm xdkwefcdk;awmf½Sifudk aMumuf½GHUí udk;uG,fjcif; r[kwfyg/ wefcdk;awmf½Sifonf vltm; ab;jzpf aprS m pd k ; &d r f í ol U ud k j ym;jym;0yf O D ; ñG w f j cif ; r[k w f a y/ xdw k efc;kd awmf½iS u f kd ½du k sKd ;o'¨gyGm;jcif;onf aMumufpw d af Mumifh r[kwyf gay/ vlom;onf avmu obm0awmawmifa&ajr? ae? Mu,?f v? eu©wfwm&m? &moDOwkwdkY\ pGrf;tifudk jrif& avav? om;&J w d & d p ä m ef w d k Y \ ab;tEÅ & m,f t aygif ; ES i f h &ifqidk &f avav? vlt Y ouf\ NyKd ysuq f ;Hk ½I;H vG,?f aovG,w f m awGU&avav? aMomf - vlYb0qdkwm tm;&auseyfzG,f r½Sd

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ygvm;/ vlonf olUtoufudk rydkifqkdifEdkifygvm;/ ighcGeftm; onf obm0awmawmif? a&? ajr? Owk&moD? wd&pd mä efavmuf rS rpGrf;ygvm; ... ponfjzifh odvm\/ þuJhodkYodvmav? xdkpGrf;tifrsdK;udk ydkifvdkMu\/ &vdkMu\/ þenf;jzifhom olwdkY,lqaom xdkwefcdk;½Sifrsm;udk tm;udk;? ,kHMunf? ysyf0yf? ñGwfwGm;jcif;om jzpfawmh\/ aMumuf½GHUaomtaMumif; wpfaMumif;wnf;aMumihf rjzpfEdkifay/

l

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tcef; (3) jrefrmpmvkH; ]]bk&m;}} qdkonfrSm ]]bk & m;wnf ½ S d a wmf r l j cif ; }}taMumif ; ud k pOf ; pm; ½SmazGol 'óeduynm½Sifwdkif;u tqkH;tpGefjynfhpkHaom oabmwpfck (od)Yk twdw?f tem*wf? ypöKyeÜ q f o kd nfh umvoH;k yg;rSvGwfuif;aom? ocFg&w&m;r½Sdaom? tptqkH;r½Sdonfh tem'd? teEÅtjzpfawmf½Sift,ltqonf vlYtawG;ü tNrJ oaE¨wnfygonf[k wnDwñGww f nf; rSwcf sucf sMuygonf/ xdkt,ltqudk rnfonfh,Ofaus;rIurS csnfaESmifrxm;Edkif yg/ rnfonfh,kHMunf&mbmomurS uefYowfrxm;Edkifyg/ rnfonfah cwftcg? urÇmaY &ajrawmawmifobm0 jcm;em;rI urS vspfvsL½Irxm;EdkifMuyg/ xdkavmukwå&mrS txl;tvGefjynfhpkH<u,f0awmfrl jcif; tjzpfawmfudk prf;oyfEdkif&ef odyÜHenf;ynmonf rpGrf; ygay/ qifjcifwkHw&m;oufoufjzifh jynfhjynfhpkHpkH rayguf

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ra&mufEdkifygacs/ xkdobm0vGefoabmw&m;udk acwftqufqufrS vlwo Ykd nf bmompmrsK;d pkjH zifh #DumzGiq hf Mkd u\/ pum;rsKd ;pkjH zifh uAÁnf;wyfrSnfhac:Mu\/ ykHo@meftaxGaxGjzifh ½Sif;qdk Muavonf/ xdkaomtcg vlwdkY\,kHMunfrI? bmompum;? ,Ofaus;rIEiS hf ½d;k &m"avhwo Ykd nf xdak vmukw&å mrS opömw&m; udk ñTef;qdkrIrsm;ü vTrf;rdk;wwfjyefygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkY\ bk&m;½SmykHawmfc&D;tpü bmom pum;vkH;rsm;udkavhvm&ygrnf/ jrefrmpum;vkH; ]]bk&m;}} \ a0g[m&Zpfjrpfudk OD;OD;jzm;jzm; avhvm&ygrnf/ *&dvrl sKd ;'óeynm½Sif t&pfww kd v J f (Aristotal) u vlpY um;onf oauFwwpfct k jzpf &yfwnfygonf/ pum;vk;H onf ypönf;wpfckck (odkY) taMumif;t&mwpfckckudk xkwfaz: jyygonf/ vlajymvdkufaompum;vkH;rsm;onf vlYtwGif;pdwf cHpm;rI\oauFwrsm;jzpf\/ vla&;om;vdkufaom bmom pmvHk;rsm;onf olajymaom pum;vkH;rsm;\ oauFwrsm; jzpf\/ vlrsdK;wdkif;ü ajymenf;wpfrsdK;? a&;enf;wpfrsdK; ½Sdwwf ygonf/ odaYk omf pum;vk;H rsm;onf vlt Y wGi;f pdw\ f oauFw ESifho½kyfrsm;jzpfí xdkoauFwESifh o½kyfykHrsm;onf vlom; tm;vkH;twGuf twlwlyifjzpfaeygonf[k qdkavonf/1 1/ Aristotle, De interpretazione, 16a.

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xdkYaMumifh vlwdkYajymaom pum;vkH;rsm;onf olpOf;pm; aompdwful; (odkY) tawG;tjrif\ oauFw jzpfí olYpdwful; (odkY) tawG;tjrifonfyif vufawGYü tjyifrSwu,fht&m 0w¬Kypönf;ESifh qifwlaeavonf/ 'óeynm½Sif qdkc&maw; (Socrate) u vnf; ]]trnfrsm;ESihf trnfay;cH&aom t&m0w¬Krsm; tMum;wGifvnf; pdwful;ESifhtjyif½Sd0w¬KrSm qifouJhodkY qifwlMuavonf/ xdkYaMumifh emrnfqdkonfrSm emrnfay; vdkaom t&m0w¬Kypönf;wpfckckudk toHjzifYwlatmifjyK jcif;jzpf\}} [k qkdavonf/2 t"dyÜg,frSm pum;vkH;rsm;ESifh emrnfrf sm;onf t&m0w¬Kypön;f wpfcck u k kd vlpY Of;pm;awG;ac: ÓPfpdwful;jzifh zGifhqdkxm;aomt"dyÜg,fESifh qufpyfae\/ Oyrm ]]þpmtkyfonfzwfíaumif;onf}} qdk&mü pmtkyf\ aumif ; jcif ; onf vl Y p Of ; pm;awG ; ac:ÓPf j zif h t"d y Ü g ,f zGifhqdkxm;aom pmtkyftaMumif;yif jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh ]]aumif;jcif;}}onf pmtkyfESifh qufpyfae\/ ]]þoDcsif;onf em;0ifcsdK\}} qdk&mwGif aw;oDcsif;[kac:aom pum;wpfpk onf jrL;aphtwuftus? tedrhf? tjrifhjzifhwD;cwfoDqdknnf; vsux f u G af y:vmaom toHjzpf\/ aw;oDcsi;f onf vlY ÓPf 2/ Platone, I dialoghi, tradizione italiana di Enrico Turolla, vols.

3, 423 b, Milano, Roma, 1953.

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jzifh pOf;pm;t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkxm;aom oHpOfESifhpmom;wdkY\ t"dyÜg,fjzpf\/ xd k Y a Mumif h vl o nf ol p Of ; pm;awG ; ac:Ed k i f a om rnfonhft&mudkrqdk emrnfay;Edkif\/ Oyrm - arG;uif;p uav;i,fonf tawmftwefESifhridkwwfvQif rdbrsm;u olu Y kd armifausmufcaJ v; (od)Yk armiforJ m[k ac:wwfMu\/ tcsdefra½G;idkcRJwwfaomuav;udkawmh ]]zdk;qdk;}} [kac:Mu ayrnf/ pdwfxm;aumif;í vlwdkif;tm; arwåma½SUxm;ulnD wwfoludk ]]udkarwåm}} [kac:Mu\/ O,smOfü pdkufxm;aom yef;yifuav;\ jzL? eD? 0g? jym a&mifpkHtyGifhav;rsm;onf tNrD;aumhaumh? awmifyHum;um;ESifhem;aeaom pmuav; ESifhwlí pmuav;yef;[k jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; em;vnfMu\/ þonf r sm;rS m vl o nf ol \ pOf ; pm;awG ; ac:ÓPf j zif h t&m&mwdkif;udk trnfemray;íac:Mujcif; Oyrmrsm;jzpf ygonf/ þodkYjzifh vlom;onf obm0vGefoabmw&m; wpfckudk rdrd\pdwful;ÓPfjzifh trnfemray;jcif; jzpfay: vm&ygonf/ ordkif;OD;vlwdkYrSonf rsufarSmufodyÜHacwffwdkif tqkH; tpGefjynfhpkHaom xdkobm0vGefw&m; (odkY) yk*¾dKvfawmfjrwf taMumif;udk þavmutoufwmü jynfh0pGmem;rvnf Edkifyg/ xkdyk*¾dKvfawmfjrwftaMumif;udk olwdkY awGY? jrif? xd? od? qkyu f ikd Ef ikd af om? pOf;pm;csichf sed Ef ikd af om t&m0w¬K? ypön;f ?

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om"ursm;jzifh ñTef;qdkMu\/ tHhrcef; pepfrSefrSef enf;rSefrSef jzpfay:aeaom Owk&moDobm0w&m;MuD;udk Munfhum xd k t ½S i f u d k obm0w&m;\t½S i f o cif [ k ac:Mu\/ rdrdudk,fwdkifrSpí avmu? a&? ajr? awm? awmif? owå0g?

Opömypönf;rsm;onf azgufjyefysufokOf;aeonfudkawGYí xdyk *k Kd¾ vjf rwfonf xm0&wnfawmfral om t½Si[ f ak c:Mu\/ vlom;rsm;tcsif;csif; arwåmw&m; acgif;;yg;um avmb? a'go? arm[zk H ; vT r f ; aerI a Mumif Y xd k y k * ¾ d K vf a wmf j rwf u d k arwåmawmf½iS ?f u,fwifawmfral om t½Si?f avmutvif;½Sif ponfjzifhac:Mujyefygonf/ q&mrdkufauG&D; (Macquarrie) ajymavh½Sdovkd ]]tu,fíom vlonf þpMu0VmBuD;udk teEÅtjzpfawmf½Sif\ thHzG,f&mrsm;tjzpf rjrifyJarhxm; cJhygvQif bmomaA' ynm½Sifrsm;twGuf bmomw&m;ESifh bk&m;taMumif; avhvmajymqdkzdkY tcufa&mufayawmh ygrnf}}3 xdkenf;twl Oa&myESifh tm½Staemufydkif;EdkifiHrsm; wGiaf jymqdo k nfh bmompum;&yfww Ykd iG f xdyk *k Kd¾ vaf wmfjrwfukd Zeus (aZ;tkYpf)? θeos (aoatmhpf)? Deus (a'tkYpf)? God (a*gwf)[kac:Muavonf/ a½S;a[mif;*&dbmomESifh '@m&D 3/ J. Macquarrie, Ha senso parlare di Dio? Studio sul linguagio e sulla logica della teologia, Torino, 1969, p. 22.

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rsm;wGif Zeus (aZ;tkpf)onf 'D (di) qdkonfh pum;vkH;rS qif;oufvmNyD; ]]tvif;ay;onf[k}} t"dyÜg,f&avonf/ xdaYk Mumifh wefc;kd awmf½iS jf rwfukd aumif;uifMu,feu©ww f m&m ESifh us,fajymvSaom tmumoBuD;\t½Sifbk&m;[k ac:Mu \/ aoatmhpf (θeos) pum;vkH;onf rnfonhfpmvkH;rS qif;vmonf[k twdtusrajymEdkifaomfvnf; teEÅb0½Sif udk ac:jcif;jzpf\/ t"dygÜ ,frmS pMu0VmavmuBu;D ESihf obm0 w&m;rsm;wdkYudk zefqif;tkyfcsKyfol? aumif;uifbkHt½Sif ponfjzif ht"dyÜg,f&\/ vmwif;pum;vkH; a'tlYpf (Deus, Dio, Dios, Dieu)onf Mu,feu©wfwm&mtpkHtvifESifh us,fajym vSaomaumif;uif,H? rsm;jym;vSaom *gvmpDrsm;ESifhvSy aomaumif;uif[k t"dyÜg,f&aom 'DAGef (divum) rSqif;ouf vm\/ a*gxf (God) pum;vkH;onf rlvtm;jzifh vmwif; pum;vk;H (numen thMH orde;f armjcif;)ESihf qufpyf\/ t"dygÜ ,frmS ]]½Sdcdk;OD;ñTwf udk;uG,fcH&aom tjrifhjrwfqkH;}} ol[k t"dyÜg,f ½Sdygonf/4 *&d'óeynm½Sif yavwdk (Plato) twGufrl divine (odkY) teEÅwefcdk;awmf½Sifonf rESdKif;,SOftyfawmfrljcif; (tyÜar,s)? pOf;pm;rrSED ikd af om (tpdaEÅ,s)? twkvt H wk r½Sd 4/ Cf., L. J. Elders, The Philosophical Theology of St. Thomas Aquinas, New York, 1990, P. 26; cf., The Oxford English Dictionary.

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jcif; t"dyÜg,f½Sdygonf[k0efcH\/ t½Sifjrwfonf taumif;rS tqdk;odkY tqkH;r½Sd ysufpD;,dk,Gif;ajymif;vJaeaom þjrif& orQ avmuBu;D xufomvGeaf om xm0&tjzpfawmft½Si[ f k vufcH\/5 t&pfwdkw,f (Aristotle) twGufrl xdkteEÅwefcdk; awmf½Sifudk xm0&wnfawmfrlí wjcm;t&mrsm;jzpfay:ap aom yxrqkH;aomzefqif;½Sif (The First Unmoved Mover)[k ac:\/6 þemrnfrsm;tm;jzifh avhvmod&dS&onfrSm a½S;OD; vlwdkYonf teEÅwefcdk;awmf½Sif (odkY) bk&m;udk yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; tjzpf ,lqac:a0:Mujcif;tjyif trnfemrrsm;onf tHhMo p&mrsm;? csD;rGrf;zG,f&mrsm;ESifh qufpyfaeaom emrrsm;tjzpf avhvm&ygonf/ jrefrmpmü ]]bk&m;}} qdkonfhpum;vkH;udk tpdaEÅ,s? tyÜar,s? twkvH? twkrJh? txGwftxdyfü½Sdaom tjrifYqHk; aomteEÅbek ;f awmfjrwf½iS ?f tptqk;H r½Sad om tem'd? teEÅ tjzpfawmf½Sifudkac:ygonf/ ]]bk&m;}} qdkonfh pum;vkH; oufoufonf ylaZmfxdkufjcif;? *kPftoa&ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;? bkef;awmfBuD;jrwfjcif;? jrifhjrwfjcif; (excellent, noble, exalted) qdkonfh t"dyÜg,f½Sdygonf/ 5/ Plato, Tim., 29e.

6/ Cf., L. J. Elders, Aristotle's Theology, Assen, 1972.

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urÇmYbmompum;wdkif;onf acwfa&pD;aMumif; twdik ;f ajymif;oGm;wwfMupjrjJ zpfaomaMumifY jrefrmbmompm onf v nf ; acwf t cgtvd k u f a&;oG m ;wwf M uygonf / xdkYaMumifY ]]bk&m;}} pum;vHk;onff acwfudkvdkufí owfyHk owfxHk; ajymif;vJvmcJhonfudk awGUEdkifygonf/ xdak Mumifh yk*jH rKd Uawmifzuf jrif;uyg&Gm&dS usepf pfom; rif;\om;awmf &mZmukrm&frif;om;\ at'D 1113ckESpfu a&;xd;k cJah om jrapwDausmufpm (od)Yk *lajymufMu;D ausmufpm pmaMumif;a& 1-16-18-20 wdkYwGif ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]yk&Sm}}[k a&;xdk;xm;ygonf/7 xdkYtwl at'D 1388 ckESpfcefYwGif a&;xdk;xm;aom ppfudkif;wdkif; ajrmifjrdKU e,f ausmuf&pf&Gm a&Taygifavmifbk&m; ausmufpmwGifvnf; ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]yk&Sm}} [lía&;xdk;avonf/ yk*jH rUkd av;axmifu Y eft&yf wk&if;ykx;kd wHwikd ;f twGi;f awmifzuf tkwjf ymom'fausmif;wGi&f aSd om oHysiv f ufaqmif ausmif; ausmufpmaMumif;a& 12 wGif ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]zk&Sm;}}[k a&;om;aMumif; awGY&onf/8 wzefjrefrmouú&mZf 527xdk; yk*HjrdkY "r®m&HMuD; 7/ jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyefpmaytoif;/ &efukef/ 1964/ twGJ 9/ pmrsufESm 371-375/ 8/ [Hom0wDOD;b&if/ jrefrmpm tajcjyusrf;/ at;at;pmaywdkuf/ &efukef/ 1967/ pmrsufESm 57-63/

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ausmufpmESifU ebJbk&m;ausmufpm yk*Hjywdkuf ausmufwdkif trSwf 116 wGif ]]bk&m;}} udk ]]ykM[m}} [ka&;xdk;xm;onfudk awGY&jyefygonf/9 jrefrmouú&mZf 656ckESpfxdk; yk*HjrdKU wk&ifykxdk; ausmufpmESifU rEåav;jrdKU eef;&Hkausmufwdkif trSwf 28? pmaMumif;a& - 3 wGifrl ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]zk&m}} [k a&;avonf/ ppfudkif;wdkif; tedrfYawmausmif; a&TulausmufpmwGifvnf; ]]zk&mr’wpf mG awmfwrl...}}[lía&;xd;k aMumif;awGUEdik af vonf/ jrefrmouú&mZf 564ckESpfxdk; yk*HjrdKU oHysif&ifaumif bk&m;ausmufpmwGifrl ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]zk&Sm}}[k a&;xdk;\/10 jrefrmouú&mZf 501ckESpfxdk; yk*HjrdKU wdkif;cRwfbk&m; ausmufpmwGif ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]bk&m}}[k a&;xdk;avonf/ ppfudkif;wdkif; tjrifY&Gm rif;&Jausmif; ausmufpmwGif 9/ xD ; csd K if Y j rd K Uwnf a wmq&mawmf t*¾ r [mo'¨ r ® a Zmwd u "Z/ ,aeY Ak'¨0g'qdkif&m tar; tajzrsm;/ trSwfpOf 1/ &efukef/ 1995/ pmrsufESm 24/ OD;zdk;vwf/ jrefrmpum;tzGifYusrf;?/ ynmeE´myHkEdSyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1963/ pmrsufESm 133-134/ 10/ OD;zdk;vwf/ jrefrmpum;tzGifYusrf;/ pmrsufESm 133/ 11/ a'gufwm oef;xGef;/ topfjrif Armordkif;/ okc0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf/ rEåav;/ 1975/ pmrsufESm 300 ESifY 315/ usrf;nTef;xyf/ tedrfYawmausmif; a&Tul ausmuf 5^2 / ausmuf&pf a&T a ygif a vmif ta&S U rsuf E S m 3-17/ tjrif Y rif ; &J a usmif ; 2-rsuf E S m ausmufi,frsuEf mS ^5-13/

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]]bk&mr’wfpGm...}}[k a&;om;aMumif; rSwfom;&ygonf/11 þwGif jrefrmpmacwfO;D a&;xH;k rsm;jzpfonfY a&S;acwf ausmufpmrsm;t& ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]yk&Sm}} omru ]]yk½[m? ykM[m? zk&m? zk&Sm? zk&Sm;? yk&Sm? bk&m}} ponfjzifYa&;xdk;aMumif; awGYEdkifygonf/ xdkYtjyif jrefrmpmacwfOD;umv jzpfonfY tavsmuf jrefrmpum;oHrsm;udk tu©&mjzifY o&kyaf z:&onf rSm vG,fulrIr&dSaMumif; odomvSayonf/ xdkodkY a&SUoGm; a&;xH;k tjzpf a&;om;aepOf a&;xH;k rsm;rSe&f avatmif prf;oyf ae[efrsm; awGYEdkifayonf/ xdkUaMumifY pum;oHwpf&yfwnf; udkyif pHcsdefwpfckwnf;r[kwfbJ rwnfrjidrfa&;ae[efrsm;udk jrifawGUMu&ayonf/ þonfrmS a&;xH;k rsm;wpfae&mESiYf wpf ae&m rnDrnGwfjzpfae&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;jzpfygonf/12 12/ þa&S;pum;vHk;rsm;udk avYvmaomf ]]yk½[m}}? ESifY ]]yk&Sm}} a&;enf;rsm;udk yk*aH cwfwiG f ra&S;raESmif;awGU&onf/ odUk aomf ]]yk½[m}}a&;enf;onf ydrk akd &S;usjy;D ? ]]yk&Sm}}onf ]]yk½[m}}rS ajymif;vJvmaom aemufjyifa&;enf; jzpfonfudk awGU& ygonf/ 4if;a&;enf;rsm;udk yk*HacwfwGifawGU&ygaomfvnf; yk*Hacwf ukeaf omtcg rawGU&awmYacs/ yk*aH cwf 'kw, d ydik ;f avmufwiG f ]]yk&mS }}rS ]]zk&mS }}odYk ajymif;a&;aMumif;awGY&\/ ]]zk&Sm}}onf yk*Hacwf'kwd,ydkif;ESifY jrifpdkif;acwf? yif;,acwfwkdifatmifomwnfjyD; tif;0acwfwGifrl ]]zk&Sm}}rS ]]zk&m}}odkY ajymif;vmavonf/ tif;0acwfausmjf yefaomf ]]bk&m}}odUk ajymif;a&;avonf/ ]]bk & m od k Y r [k w f bk & m;}}[l a omta&;onf uk e f ; abmif a cwf w G i f twG i f u s,f q H k ; jzpf j yD ; rsuf a rS m uf a cwf w d k i f w nf a vonf / OD ; zd k ; vwf / jrefrmpum;tzGifYusrf;/ pmrsufESm 137-138/

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aemufydkif;acwfrsm;wGif ]]bk&m;}} [k a&;om;vmMu avonf/ Oyrm- r[mZeuysKdUwGif ]]i,fvifoufxm;? wdkYbk&m;wnfU? ...}}[kvnf;aumif;? a&T[oFmysdKU 68wGif ]]ewfvltrsm;? aemifbk&m;ü?...}}[ka&;om;Muygonf/ rsuaf rSmufacwfwiG v f nf; ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]buke;f wpfacsmif;iif}} ESifYaygif;um ]]bk&m;}} (Bhura)[k a&;om;Muavonf/ ]]bk&m;}} pum;vkH;udk ]]zwfawmhtoH? a&;awmhtrSef}} qdkxkH; twdkif; ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]bukef;oH}} rxGufyJ ]]zOD;xkyf}}udk wpfacsmif;iifoH (-k )jzKwu f m ]]z,m;}}[k toHxu G Mf uygonf/ xD ; csd K if Y j rd K Uwnf a wmq&mawmf t*¾ r [mo'¨ r ® aZmwdu"Z\ tqdkt& ]]yk&Sm}} (yk&[m) pum;vHk;onf yl Z m&[yk ' f & if ; u ysuf v mwmaMumif h yl Z m&[yk ' f o nf oAÁnKwbk&m;udck sn;f r&nf&, G b f ?J twwfynmjzifY jrifjY rwf jcif;aMumifh ylaZmfxdkufol? AdkvfygcGeftm;MuD;rm;jcif;aMumifY ylaZmfxu kd o f ?l Opömpyg;aygrsm;jcif;aMumifY ylaZmfxu kd o f ?l &[ef;? ykPÖm;? rif;ESifh trsm;MuD;yGm;wdk;wufa&;? trsm;tudsK; o,fydk;qnf;uyfwwfjcif;aMumifY ylaZmfxdkufol tm;vHk;udk &nf&, G o f ;kH ESek ;f ;avonf/13 xdaYk MumifyY if a½S;tcgrSpí ]]yk&mS ?

13/ xD ; csd K if Y j rd K Uwnf a wmq&mawmf t*¾ r [mo'¨ r ® a Zmwd u "Z/ ,aeYA'k 0¨ g'qdik &f m tar; tajzrsm;/ trSwpf Of 1/ &efuek /f 1995/ pmrsuEf mS 26-27/

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ykM[m? bk&m;}} qdkonfh pum;vkH;rsm;onf ylaZmf½Sdcdk;OD;ñTwf xdkufaomyk*¾dKvfESifY udk;uG,fxdkufaom t&m0x¬Kwdkif;udk ac:aomaMumifh teEÅbkef;awmf½Sifudkvnf; ]]bk&m;}}? apwD udkvnf; ]]bk&m;}} [k okH;EIef;cJhMuonf/ &[ef;oHCmwdkYESifh pum;ajymqdk&mü wzufvlonf ]]bk&m;}} wyfíajym&onf/ ]]bk&m;}} wyfíxl;Mu&avonf/ odkYaomf yk*Hausmufpmrsm;ü avmukwå&mtwGuf ylaZmf½Sdcdk;OD;ñTwfxdkufaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifY bkef;awmf½Sifrsm; (Oyrm- bk&m;? &[ef;oHCm)udkavmuü ylaZmf½Sdcdk;OD;ñTwf xdkufaom yk*¾dKvfrsm;ESifY bkef;awmf½Sifrsm;rS (Oyrm-bk&if) cJ G j cm;a&;om;avY & d S o nf u d k v nf ; awG Y & ygonf / OyrmtpdaEå,s? tyÜar,s? twkvH twkrJhbk&m;udk ]]r’wfpGmaom zk&m;}} (jrwfpGmaom bk&m;) [ka&;jyD;? bk&ifudk&nf½G,faom tcg ]]zk&m;½Sif}}? ]]zk&m;avmif;}} [k a&;avh&Sdygonf/14 xdkYaMumifY a½S;jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;wGif ]]bk&m;}}udk ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;}}[k vnf;aumif;? bk&ifudk ]]b0½Sifrif; w&m;Bu;D ? ½Sib f &k if? bke;f awmf½iS ?f t½Sirf if;bk&m;? rif;bk&m;? bk&m;½Sif? rif;bk&m;BuD;}} ponfjzifh okH;EIef;NyD;? wdkif;ol jynfom;rsm;u bk&m;uReaf wmf? bk&m;wynfah wmf? uReaf wmf 14/ Cf., Dr. Than Tun, History of Buddhism in Burma, (Ph.D. Thesis), University of London, 1956, pp. 63-64.

OD;zdk;vwf/ jrefrmpum;tzGifYusrf;/ pmrsufESm 139/

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rsdK;[k okH;EIef;wwfavonf/ bk&ifu rdrdemrnfudkac:vQif ]]bk&m;}} [kxl;&onf/ rSefvQif ]]rSefyghbk&m;}}? rSm;vQif ]]rSm;yghbk&m;}} [kajym&\/ rsuf a rS m uf a cwf t a&;tom;wG i f ]]bk & m;}}ud k &nfñeT ;f vdak omf ]]b}}uke;f ESiahf ygif;í bk&if\ rde;f rudk zOD;xkyf ESiaYf &;um a½SUrS ]]rd (od)Yk trd}} xyfaygif;íNy;D ]]rdz&k m;}} [kom ac:qdka&;om;aMumif; awGY&ygonf/ þodkYjzifh bk&m;ESifhvl? a,mufsm;ESifhrdef;rudk&nf&G,fjyD; ajymvdkaomtcg pum;vkH; tqifhqifhokH;ykHudk rSwfom;&ygonf/15 xd k Y a Mumif h jref r mh A k ' ¨ b momord k i f ; ü a'guf w m oef;xGe;f rSwcf sucf souJo h Ykd bk&m; (od)Yk zk&m; ( purha, bhura) qdkonfY pum;vkH;onf csD;jr§ifhxkdufaom? ½dkaoxkdufaom yk*¾dKvfwdkY\ bJGYwHqdyf? &mxl; ( a title for all exalted persons) tjzpf okH;vmonfudkawGY&ygonf/16 þae&mü jrefrmpum;vkH; ]]bk&m;}} ESifh ,dk;',m; 15/ xD;csdKifYjrdKUwnfawmq&mawmf t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z\ tqdkt& rdzk&m;udk zOD;xkyfESifYaygif;&jcif;rSm rdzk&m;qdkonfrSm tawGYtxdaumif;jcif; qdkonfY zkoeyk'fteufudk &nf&G,faomaMumifYjzpf\[k qdkygonf/ odkYaomf tjzpfEikd q f ;kH rSm ausupf mua&GUvmaom owfx;kH jzpfaMumif; odomavonf/ tnTef;xyf- xD;csdKifYjrdKUwnfawmq&mawmf t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z/ ,aeYAk'¨0g'qdkif&m tar; tajzrsm;/ pmrsufESm 26/ 16/ Dr. Than Tun, History of Buddhism in Burma, op. cit., P. 63.

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wd k Y \ bk & m;ud k a c:aom pum;vk H ; rsm; qif w l a eonf u d k awGU&ygonf/ ,dk;',m;bmompum;ü bk&m;ESifhbkef;BuD;udk ]]A&m;}}[ka&;í ]]z&m;}} (Prah) [kzwfavonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm ]]aumif;aom? jrifhjrwfaom? BuD;jrwfaom? ½Spfcdk;udk;uG,f xdkufaom}} [kt"dyÜg,f&\/ þt"dyÜg,fjzifh &[ef;oHCm wdkYudkvnf;ac:\/ þt"dyÜg,fonf ykdrdkí avmukwå&m qefygonf/ bk&ifESifhrdzk&m;udkvnf; a½SUü ]]z&m;}} wyfí ac:jcif;jzifh avmuDa&;&mü ]]tqifh? odu©mjrifhrm;jcif;? ½dak oxku d jf cif;}} oabmjzpfavonf/ bm; (od)Yk tqift h wef; udk az:jyae\/ xdaYk Mumifh &JEiS hf ykvyd w f Ykd ykc;Hk rS bm;udk ]]zk&m;}} [kvnf;ac:avonf/ toHqifouJUodUk t"dygÜ ,ftifrwefrS qifvSaom pum;vkH;rsm;ygay/17 ]]bk&m;}} qdo k nfph um;vk;H rnfonfph um;rS qif;ouf vmonf u d k ½S i f ; jy&mü awmf a wmf 0 d 0 g'uJ G a eygonf / u0drsufrSefowfyHkusrf; -249 wGif ]]bk&m;[k jrefrmvdk ac: a0:a&;om;jcif;um; ]]bl&d}} [laom r*"yk'fysufpum;jzpf onf/ ]]bl&d}} ü £o& (tpdk;&ol)udktm;jyKí ]]bk&m;}}[k 1 7/ bef a umuf N rd K U? bef a umuf uuf o vd c f o moemrS omoem h0efaqmifOuúX Fr. Peter Vidhaya Kaewwaen ESifh rEÅav;NrdKUwGif 11^02 ^1998 aeYü awGYqkHaqG;aEG;jcif;rS/ OD;zdk;vwf/ jrefrmpum;tzGifUusrf;/ pmrsufESm 148/

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ac:a0:a&;om; tyfonf}}[kqdkygonf/ wcsd K Uynm&S i f r sm;\tqd k t & ]]bk & m;}} tac: a&S;jrefrmpum;vHk; ]]yk&Sm}} (yk&[m)onf ]]ylaZmfjcif;udk cHxdkufol}}[k t"dyÜg,f&dSaom ygVdpmvHk; ]]ylZm&[}} yk'f&if;u ysuv f mjcif;jzpfonf[k qdyk gonf/18 xdUk aMumifY yxrydik ;f wGif ]]ylZm&[}}rS áyl&[á yk&[á yk&Sáyk&Smá zk&Smá zk&má zk&m;á bk&m; jzpfvmonf[k qdkMu\/ wcsKd Uuvnf; (Oyrm - OD;zd;k vwf) ]]bk&m;}}pmvH;k onf wdAuf-jrefrm pum;vHk; ]]yk½[m}}rSqif;oufvmonf[k qdkMu\/ þwGif]]yk}}\ teuf&if;rSm ]]OD;acgif;? jrifYjrwfaom? jrwfaom? Mu;D aom? uJaom}}jzpf\/ ]]½[m}}rSm wdAuf-jrefrm rsm; Ak'¨0g'DrjzpfrDu udk;uG,faom]]ewf}}[k t"dyÜg,f&dS avonf/ xdkaMumifY ]]jrifYjrwfaomewf? ewftMuD;}}[k t"dyÜg,f&aom pum;vHk; ]]yk½[m}}rS yk½[máyk&Smá zk&Smá zk&mázk&m;á bk&m; jzpfvmygonf[kvnf;qdkMu\/19 wcsdKUynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; ]]MuD;aom? jrwfaom? tzdk;wefaom? xif&Sm;aom}}[k t"dyÜg,f&aom ygVdESifY 18/ xD ; csd K if Y j rd K Uwnf a wmq&mawmf t*¾ r [m o'¨ r ® a Zmwd u "Z/ ,aeYAk'¨0g'qdkif&m tar; tajzrsm;/ pmrsufESm 26-27/ 19/ OD;zdk;vwf/ jrefrmpum;tzGifUusrf;/ pmrsufESm 141? 151/

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ouúw pum;vHk; ]]0&}}rS a&;xHk;ajymif;vmum ]]bk&m;}} [k a&;aMumif;qdkMuavonf/20 wcsdKUynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; ]]bk&m;}}a&;xHk;onf ]]a&SU? a&SUaqmif? vrf;nTef? tMuD;tuJ? a&SUaqmifol}} t"dyÜg,f&dS aom ygVdpum;vH;k ]]yk&}}rS oHpOf;ajymif;vmcJjY cif; jzpfygonf[k qdkMujyefygonf/ wcsdKUuvnf; ]]ynm&Sd? ynmMuD;ol? ynm&dSol}} [k t"dygÜ ,f&aSd om ygVdEiS Yf ouúw pum;vH;k ]]bl&}D }rS ]]bk&m;}}a&; xHk;jzpfay:vmcJUygonf[k vufcHMuavonf/21 wcsKd Uynm&Sirf sm; (Oyrm - rpöwmawmfped u f kd Mr. Taw Sein Ko) tqdt k & ]]bk&m;}} pum;vk;H wGif ]],m; (od)Yk a,;}}onf ]]tz? jrwfaom? &dkaoxdkufaom}} ESifY? ]]zk}}onf ]]Ak'¨}}udk &nf&G,faom w½kwfpum;vkH; ]]zk,m;}} (Fu-ya) (odkYr[kwf) zdka,; (Fo-yeh) rSqif;oufcJhonf[kqdk\/22 odkYaomf pD? tdk?

20/ þtqdu k kd tb,m&mr q&mawmf? ygVdygarmu©EiS Uf ausmufpm0efa[mif;

rpöwm 'l&dkZ,f? &mZ0ifygarmu© a'gufwmvkpfESifY tjcm;aomynm&Sifrsm;u vufcHMuavonf/ OD;zdk;vwf/ jrefrmpum; tzGifYusrf;/ pmrsufESm 147/ 21/ ynma&;0efMuD;Xme? tqifjrifYynmOD;pD;Xme/ jrefrmtu©&myHk jrefrm ausmuf p m yd k Y c scsuf (wwd , ES p f 0 d Z Æ m oif w ef ; ? jref r mpmtxl ; jyK? ta0;oifwuúov kd )f / wuúov kd b f momjyefEiS Yf pmtkyx f w k af 0a&;Xme/ 1996/ pmrsufESm 14-16/ 22/ Taw Sein Ko, Burmese Sketches, Vols. 2, vol. I, Rangoon, 1913, P. 3. OD;zdk;vwf/ jrefrmpum;tzGifYusrf;/ pmrsufESm 149/

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bvm'ifurl w½kwfpum;vHk; ]]zk,m;}} rS ]],}} yufvufoH onf jrefrmhpum;vkH; ]]bk&m;}}rS ]]&}}aumufoHESifh oHae oHxm;uJGaeonf[k rSwfcsufcsygonf/ odkYaomfvnf; jrefrm pum;vkH;onf ]]bk&m;}} wGif a&;om;&mü ]] & }}aumufoHESifh a&;aomfvnf; zwf&mü ]]&}}udk vQmrvdyyf J ]],}} yufvufoEH iS hf ]]z,m;}} [ktoHxGufaomaMumifh wdAufpum;? rm½kESifh vd k v d k p um;rsm;uJ h o d k Y oH w l a Mumif ; uJ G jzpf E d k i f z G , f v nf ; ½Sdyg\[kqdkavonf/23 pD ? td k ? Avm'if t qd k t & xd k ] ]bk & m;}} qd k o nY f pum;vHk;\ a0g[m&Zpfjrpftaetxm;t& ]]*kPfodu©m Bu;D jrifah om?}} ]]tvGeb f ek ;f awmfBu;D jrwfaom? ]]jrifjh rwfaom?}} (excellant, noble, exalted) [k t"d y Ü g ,f ½ S d a om ouú w (od k Y ) ooFu½dkuf (Sanskrit) ESifh ygVd (Pali) pum;vkH; ]]Am;&m (Vara)}} rSqif;ouf vmygonf[kqdkavonf/ þtqdkonf trsm;pk vufcHaom tqkdvnf;jzpf\/ oluqufíajymonfrSm þ ]]Am;&m}} pum;vk H ; rS oH p Of a jymif ; pum;vk H ; rsm;tjzpf ta½SUawmiftm½SEiS hf *smAm; (tif'ekd ;D ½Sm;) bmompum;rsm;ü 23/ C. O. Blagden, Epigraphia Birmanica, vol . I, vols . 4, Rangoon, 1929 - 34, pp. 26 - 27.

usr;f nTe;f xyf - q&maomif;vGi/f jrefrmtu©&maA'/ a';vDa*ZufyEkH ydS w f u kd /f &efukef/ pmrsufESm 64-65/

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vnf;awGY Ekdif\/ ]]Am;&m}} pum;vkH;onf a½S;tusqkH;jzpfNyD; av,lavodrf; oHpOfajymif;um ]]ykM[m? yk½[m? yk&[m? yk&m? yk&Sm? zk&Sm? yk&Sm;? zk&m;}}ponfjzifhajymif;vm&m aemufqkH;wGif ]]bk&m;}} jzpfvmonf[k qdkygonf/24 wzef jrefrmpum;vk;H ]]bk&m;}} (Purha)onf ]]Am;&m (Vara)}}rS qif;vmonf qdkygvQifvnf; ]]wpfacsmif;iif ( -k ) - Oyrm - bk (odkY) zk}} toHonf ]]Am;&m (Vara)}} toHxGufü qifrwlygacs/ tb,fYaMumifYqdkaomf ]]Am;&m}}udk toHxGuf &mü wpfacsmif;iiftoHrygaomaMumifY jzpfygonf/ odkYaomf jrefrm pum;vkH;rsm;wGif 0qJG? towf? a&;csrygaom EIwf zsm;o H(labial) rsm;wGif ]]wpfacsmif;iif(- k)}}toH rxGufyJ ½d;k ½d;k ]]b (od)Yk z }} oHuo kd mxGuaf vh½ydS gonf/ Oyrm- bk&if*s?D bk&if? bk&ifr? bk&m;ausmif;? ykqdk;? ykqpfwkyf? ykvif;? ykqdef? yk*H? ykvJ? ykxdk;? ykcuf? ykpOf;? ykpGef? yk&pf ponfjzifh ajrmufrsm;pGm½SdaMumif; awGY&jyefygonf/ 24/ C. O. Blagden, Epigraphia Birmanica, vol . I, vols . 4, pp.

26 - 27.

usrf;nTef;xyf/ [Hom0wDOD;b&if/ jrefrmpm tajcjyusrf;/ pmrsufESm 63/ oD&dysHcsD OD;omjrwf/ ayg&mPpum; tbd"mef/ [Hom0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1961/ pmrsufESm 160/ aiGa'gif;jzl/ jrefrmpmoHuGJaMumif;wl a0g[m&rsm;/ a';vDa*ZufyHkESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1958/ pmrsufESm 36/

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uG s Ek f y f w d k Y t wG u f j ref r mpum;vk H ; ]]bk & m;}}onf jrefrmpum;ppfppf r[kwfEdkifrSef; cefYrSef;Edkifygonf/ odkYaomf rnfonfYpum;rS qif;oufvmygonfudkvnf; wdwdusus qHk;jzwfcsufcs ajym&efcufcJygonf/ odkYaomf q&maZmf*sD\tqdkt& jrefrmpmayonf Ak'¨pmayudk taMumif;jyKí jzpfxGef;pnfum;vmcJhygonf/25 armifcifrif ("EkjzL)uvnf; Ak'¨bmomonf jrefrmpm[lí ray:ayguf r D u yif jref r mEd k i f i H ü ysLvl r sd K ;? rG e f v l r sd K ;wd k Y aexdkif&ma'owGif tajcpdkufrdaeNyD; jzpfygonf/ ouú&mZf 1044-1073 taemf&xmrif;vufxufwGif ax&0g'Ak'¨ bmomESifh yd#duwfpmayrsm; yk*HodkYa&mufvmNyD;onfhaemuf ra½S;raESmif;wGif jrefrmpmpwifay:aygufonf[k qdkEdkif ygonf/26 yk*H usefppfom;rif; ewf½GmpHNyD;aemuf jrefrm ouú&mZf 475 ck (c&pfESpf 1113) cefYwGif a&;xdk;aom &mZukrm&fausmufpmonf ,aeYxad wGU&orQ ouú&mZftcdik f trmygaom tapmqkH;jrefrmpmjzpfygonf[k jrefrmynm 25/ aZmf*sD/ &opmaytzGifh/ &opmay/ &efukef/ 1966/ pmrsufESm 190/ 26/ armifcifrif ("EkjzL)/ a½S;acwfjrefrmh *EÅ0ifpmay (*EÅ0ifpmay pmwrf;rsm;)/ pmayAdrmefxkwfjynfolYvufpJGpmpOf?/ &efukef/ 1992/ pmrsufESm - 464/ 27/ Ba Shin, The Lokahteik Pan. Early Burmese Culture in a Pagan Temple, The Burma Historical Commission, Rangoon, 1952,

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½SifwdkYuqdkygonf/27 xdkausmufpmudk ygV?d ysL? rGef? jrefrm [laom bmompum;av;rsdK;jzifh a&;xdk;xm;aMumif; awGY& ygonf/ xdkYtjyif armifcifrif("EkjzL)\ a½S;acwfjrefrmh *EÅ0ifpmaypmwrf;ü jrefrmpmta&;tom;wGif ygVdpmay tokH;wGifus,fpGmvTrf;rdk;ykHudk ,ckuJhodkYwifjyygonf/ ]]jrefrmpmta&;tom; ray:aygufru D mvwGif yk*üH ygV?d ouúw? ysLESifY rGef bmomwdkYonf pmay ta&;tom;½S d a eNyD j zpf a om bmompum;rsm; jzpfygonf/ xdkumvwGif xdkbmompum;rsm;udk jrefrmwdkY tokH;jyKaeaMumif;udk a½Tpmay? tkwfcGuf pm? pOf h u G i f ; pm? ausmuf p m ponf h t axmuf txm;rsm;t& od&onf/ &mZukrm&fausmufpmudk yifvQif ygV?d ysL? rGef? jrefrm [laom bmompum; av;rsd K ;jzif h a&;xd k ; xm;aMumif ; txif t ½S m ; awGEY ikd yf gonf/ xdk bmompum;wdrYk S pum;vk;H rsm;udk arG;pm;okH;EIef;jcif;? bmomjyef okH;EIef;jcif;wdkYjzifh jrefrmpum;zHjYG zKd ; <u,f0vm&onft h wGuf xdb k mom pum;wdkYu jrefrmbmompum;udk rsm;pGmaus;Zl;jyK ygonf/ txl;ojzifh ygVdbmomESifh rGefbmomwdkY onf jrefrmpmay:aygufNyD;csdeftxd tokH;wGif

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us,faeqJ jzpfygonf/ ygVdpmayESifY rGefpmayta&; tzJGUrsm;onf ay:aygufvmrnfh jrefrmpmay ta&; tzJGUrsm;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;aom a½SUajy;ozG,fjzpf ygonf/}}28 xdaYk Mumifh jrefrmpmvk;H ]]bk&m;}}onf ygVdpmvk;H ]]Am;&m (Vara)}}rS aomfvnf;aumif;? a&S;usaomrkva&;enf; ]]yk½[m}}rSaomf vnf;aumif;? ]]ylZm&[}}pmvHk;rSaomfvnf;aumif;? arG;pm; ok;H EIe;f jcif;? qif;oufvmjcif; jzpfrnf[o k m cefrY eS ;f tajzay; Edkifygonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm ta½SUawmiftm½SrS Ak'¨bmomESifh ygVdpmvTr;f rd;k aom bmompmrsm;wGif (Vara) pum;vk;H ta&;ygcJh onf[k rSwfcsufcsEdkifygonf/ Oyrm - jrefrmpmvkH; ]]bk&m;}}? ,dk;',m;pmvkH; ]]z&mh}}? uarÇm'D,m;pmvkH; ]]z&m; (Prah)}}? w½kwfpmvkH; ]]zk,m; (Fuya)}}wdkYonf ylaZmfcHxdkufol? udk;uG,f OD;ñGwfxdkufol? jrifhjrwfol? txGwftxdyfü½Sdol? ponfjzifh t"dyÜg,fjzpfapygonf/29 tcsKyf q d k & ygvQif ]]bk & m;}} Asnf ; tu© & mowf y H k P. 23.

28/ armifcifrif ("EkjzL)/ a½S;acwfjrefrm h*EÅ0ifpmay/ pmrsufESm 467/ tñTef;xyf - OD;0ef/ wuúodkvfjrefrmowfñTef;usrf;/ &efukefwuúodkvf pmtkyfxkwfa0jzefYcsDa&; aumfrwD/ &efukef/ 1963/

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owfx;kH onf rnfonfpY um;vH;k uyif qif;oufvmcJaY pumrl xd k A snf ; tu© & mud k ud k ; uG , f j cif ; r[k w f y gacs/ rnf o nf Y Asnf;tu©&mu qif;oufvmonfudkvnf; twdtusod&ef rvkdygay/ ta&;MuD;onfrSm xdkAnf;tu©&monf rnfonfY teuft"dyÜg,fudk &nfnTef;onfudk odygvQif vHkavmuf ygonf/ xdkYaMumifY yk½[mjzpfap? yk&Smjzpfap? ykM[mjzpfap? zk&mjzpfap? Am;&mjzpfap? yk&mS ;jzpfap? zk&m;jzpfap? bk&m;jzpfap owfyHkudkt"dutav;rxm;yJ xkdpum;vHk;onf oAÁnKw OmPfawmf&Sif? teEåwefcdk;awmf&Sif? jrwfpGmbk&m;ocifudk &nf&G,fygonf[k odcJhygvQif vHkavmufygonf/ at'D 2 &mpktpydkif;avmufurl ]]bk&m;}} onf txl;tvGejf rifjh rwfawmfrv l aS omaMumifh xdt k ½Siu f kd vlpY um; vk;H rsm;jzifh ac:qdEk ikd pf rG ;f r½Syd g[k qdv k mcJMY ujyefygonf/ trSef wGifrnfonfYbmompum;\ 0daooESifhrQjynfhpkHpGm rñTef; qdEk ikd yf g/ tb,faMumifq Y akd omf bk&m;onf aumif;jcif;vnf; r[kwf/ qdk;jcif;vnf;r[kwf/ ]]bk&m;}} udk tjzpfawmftppf trSefü vlonfrodEdkifpGrf;yg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf bk&m; onf vlwdkY&nfñTef;ajymqdk a&;om;aompm? pum;rsm;xuf ausmfvGefaomaMumifhjzpf\/30 29/ C. O. Balgden, Epigraphia Birmanica, pp. 27.

30/ L. J. Elder, The Philosophical Theology of St. Thomas Aquinas, pp. 32 - 33.

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rSm tpkHvifqkH;? tjynfhpkHqkH;? tjrifhjrwfqkH;? toefY&Sif;qkH;? tjrifYqHk;jzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh bmomtm;vkH;wdkYonf xdkteEÅ wefcdk;awmf½SifudkñTefjyMuygonf/ vlwdkif; xdkt½SifudkawGY atmif½SmazG&ayrnf/ rnfonfht&m? rnfonfhyk*¾dKvfürqdk tqHk;tpGef? tjrifhjrwfqkH;? txGwftzsm;r[kwfao;vQif xdkt½Sifudk awGYatmif½Sm&ayrnf/ tu,fíom ordkif;OD;rS vl o m;bmom ,aeY x d ½ S d y gaeygao;vQif ]]bk & m;}}ud k awGYatmif½Sm&ygrnf/ tu,fí ae\pGrf;tifudk thHMordef; armvsuf aeud k b k & m;tjzpf ½ S d c d k ; aeao;vQif xd k a e\ pGrf;tif½Sif? zefqif;½Sifonf aexufjrifhjrwfí ]]bk&m;}} jzpf&rnf[k vufcH&ayrnf/ ½SmazG&ygrnf/

t t t t t t

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tcef; (4) ]]bk&m;}} t,ltq tm;vkH;aom ,HkMunfudk;uG,frIbmomtoD;oD;u avmuvlom;ESihf pMu0VmBu;D wckv;Hk onf auseyfz, G rf ½Szd ;l [k 0efcHMuygonf/ xdkbmomrsm;tm;vkH;u tqkH;tpGefjynfhpkH onhfoabmwpfck½SdaMumif; ykHo@meftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh vufcHMu ygonf/ xdo k abmudk vlUraemrSm xifay:apjcif;onf tvGef ta&;BuD ; vS y g\/ tb,f a Mumif Y q d k a omf rS m ;,G i f ; pG m ay:vmaom oabmrsm;aMumifh vlom;wdo Yk nf aemufq;Hk yef; wdkifrS vJGacsmfoGm;Edkifavonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif bmomESifh 'óeaA'wdo Yk nf enf;ESprf sKd ;? pepfEpS rf sKd ;jzifh vrf;cif;ay;um vlrsm;pGmwdkYudk vrf;rSefay:a&mufapavonf/ 'óeaA'onf awG;awmMuHqEdkifaom todÓPf jzifh obm0opömw&m;rsm;udk usdK;aMumif;qifjcifNyD; vlwdkY\ ]]bk&m;}} ½SmazGjcif;c½D;rSm tultnDjyK\/ bmomonf vlwu Ykd dk o'¨gyGm;apí rodrIoHo,rS a0;apavonf/

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'óeonf vlYtodÓPfjzifh tajccHoabmw&m; rsm;rS tpjyK\/ bmomonf Ó Pf ½ S d o l w d k Y od t yf a om tajccHor®moabmw&m;rS tpjyK\/ xdÓ k Pfonf oAÁñKw ÓPffawmf½Sifudk tajccHaom o'¨gw&m;rS tpjyKavonf/ xdo k '¨gü (tnmP) rodrEI iS hf (oHo,) ,krH mS ;rI? (rdpmä nmP) todrSm;rI uif;\/ 'óewGif tusifhrygaom todÓPfom jzpfapí bmomü p&Pygaomo'¨gjzpf apavonf/ 'óeaA'onf vlt Y m½kiH g;yg;\ cHpm;awGUxdrI ed,mrrSpí? bmomwGif y@dw a0'ed,mudk tajccHaom aAm"dÓPfrpS \/ 'óeESihf bmom wdkYonf wpfckESifhwpfck rqefYusifMuyg/ odkYaomf 'óeaA' onf o'¨gw&m;rsm;ESihf rudu k n f ED ikd ?f vdu k rf rDEikd o f nfrsm;awmY ½SdEdkifyg\/ 'óeaA'ynm½Sio f nf bk&m;qdw k m wnf½adS wmfryl g onf[o k m0efcEH ikd \ f / olxad wGUEkid af om tm½kiH g;yg;ESiq hf ikd &f m t&m0w¬Kypön;f tpkpu k rkd jDS irf;í bk&m;\tjzpfawmf jynfjh ynfh pkHpkHudk wdwdusus awG;ac:pOf;pm;&ef rrDEdkifygacs/ odkYaomf 'óeaA'\ tokH;jyKypönf;rsm; (Oyrm - urÇmrdk;ajr? vl? owå0g? rdk;aumif;uif? pMu0Vmrsm;)ESifh usdK;aMumif;qifjcif Edkifaom vlYÓPfudk oAÁñkwt½Sifawmfjrwf\ EIwfawmf jrGufqkH;roGefoif&mü oaE¨wnfaom bmomjzifhaygif;pyf vdu k yf grl trSew f &m;wpfco k Ykd a&muf&ygrnf/ opömw&m;wpfck

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udkawGU&rSm {uefrkcsjzpfygonf/ xdkYaMumifh vlwdkY\ bk&m;½SmazGjcif;c&D;rSwfwrf;udk 'óeaA'udk tajccHíavhvmMuygrnf/ xdkYtjyif þ acgif;pOfonf bmomordik ;f ppfppf r[kwyf g/ bk&m;t,ltq tqifhqifhjzpfay:vmykHudk twdkcsKHUum avhvmjcif;om jzpf ygonf/ bk&m;0g'onf urÇm, Y Ofaus;rIEiS t hf wl tm½kw H ufí wGufay:vmcJhonf[k qdkprSwfjyKMuygonf/1 odkYjzpfygvQif ]]þt,ltqonf rnfuo hJ x Ykd u G af y:vm&ygoenf;}}[k tp csD í ar;&ygrnf / a½S ; OD ; *&d ' óeynm½S i f t&pf w d k w J (Aristotle)u (1) vlYtm½kHig;yg;ü xif[yfvmonfh avmu urÇmESifh pMu0VmBuD;qdkif&m taMumif;t&mrsm; (cosmic phenomena)ESi?hf (2) vlUtwGi;f pdwc f pH m;rIrsm; (Oyrm - rnfol urS ajymrjybJ MowypdwfrSm trSm;ESifh trSefudk cGJjcm;odEdkif pGr;f jcif; voice of conscience with regard to what is right and wrong)rS xGufay:vmcJhygonf[k ajzcJhavonf/2 AD [ if ; ½S r pf w f ( Wilhem Schmidt) ajymouJ Y o d k Y vlYorkdif;tprS bk&m;0g'udk½Sif;jy&ef olwdkY jrifawGUMuaom pMu0Vmavmu urÇmBuD;\ tHhzG,f&mrsm;rygvQif rjzpfEdkif 1/ toQifOuúX/ urÇmY tbd"r®mvufpJG (Hand Book of Philosophy) jynfawmfMuufoa& ykHESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1959/ 1967/ pmrsufESm 471/ 2/ The Philosofia fr. 10 R.

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ygacs/3 rSefygonf/ aeYpOftoufwmü vlonf avmuurÇm BuD;ESifh xdawGUae&\/ avmupMu0VmBuD;\ tjzpfftysuf rsm;onf vlYpGrf;yum;udk ausmfvGefaeaMumif; &dyfpm;rd\/ tcsdefrSefrSef? pnf;rSefrSef ajymif;vJvnfywfaeaom aEG? rdk;? aqmif;Owk&moDokH;yg;onfvnf;aumif;? opfyifyef;rmefESifh ouf½Sdowå0gBuD;i,fra½G;wdkY\ aygufzGm;vm&jcif;onf vnf;aumif;? tHhrcef;onfhaumif;uifrS Mu,feu©wm&mrsm;? us,fajymvSaom *gvmqDtzJGUtpnf;BuD;rsm;? avrkefwdkif;? rd;k BuKd ;ESihf vQypf ;D vufjcif;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? urÇmwckv;Hk odro hf rd w hf ek af tmif vIyEf ikd pf rG ;f onYaf wmfvnf;oHEiS hf ajrivsif onfvnf;aumif;? avmuwcGiu f akd t;jrapí ouf½t dS aygif; udk oufa&wdkufauR;wwfaom rdk;½Gmjcif;onfvnf;aumif; vlom;rsm;twGuf thHrukefjzpf&avonf/ þtjzpftysuf taMumif;t&mrsm;onf vludktrSD rjyKaomfvnf; vlYtouftwGuf tajccHusaom taMumif; t&mrsm; jzpfMuavonf/ tHMh ojcif;ESihf cs;D rGr;f zG,&f mrsm;onf vlom;udk tawG;wpfcktpjyKaponf/ xdktawG;rSm]]þt&m rsm;jzpfay:vm&jcif; (Effect)\ taMumif;w&m; (Cause) (odkY) þtaMumif;t&mrsm;\ rlvZpfjrpf (odkY) jyKvkyfol 3/ W. Schmidt, "Der Ursprung der Gottesideee. Eine weiter führende Ueberschau", in Anthropos , 16 / 17 (1921, 1922), pp.

1006-1051.

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t½Sifocif½Sd^r½Sdyifjzpf\/ t&pfwdkwJ(Arisrotle)qdkouJhodkY 'óeaA'\ ypfrSwfonf taMumif;[laomoabmESifh tusdK;[laom oabmjzpf\/ þodkYjzifh yxrOD;qkH;taMumif; w&m; (od)Yk yxrqk;H jyKvyk o f l (First Mover) xHoYkd qdu k q f u kd f a&muf&avonf/ þyxrqkH;jyKvkyfoludk awGUjcif;omvQif avmupMu0VmBu;D twGi;f rS trSew f &m;\ tajccHtaMumif; t&mjzpfavonf/4 vlonf tay:,Hr[kwfyJ or®m'óeusus pOf;pm; ygvQif obm0tbd"r®mudk awGU&ayrnf/ Oyrm- ]]opfyifBu;D onf opfwkH;wpfwkH;xuf omvGefyg\}} qdk&mwGif opfyifü touf½Sdjcif;? wnfwHhcdkifNrJjcif;? a½GU½Sm;rIr½Sdjcif;? rlvt&if;cH jzpfjcif;? pGr;f yum;ponfh opömw&m;rsm;aMumifjh zpf\/ xdo k jYkd zifh opfyifqo kd nfh ½ky0f w¬KtvGerf S oabmw&m;wpfcu k kd awGUvm &\/ tqkH;wGif ½kyftvGefrS xdkoabmw&m;onf opfyif\ tjrpf? yifpnf? tudkif;? tcuf? t½Guf? tzl;? tikH? tyGifh? toD;? taphwdkYü az:jyaeavNyDwnf;/ þtawG;ESifh cH,l csuf r sm;aMumif h y if vl w d k Y o nf obm0tbd " r® m xJ w G i f jyKvyk o f ?l pDro H w l pfO;D ½S&d rnf[k rSwcf sucf scMhJ u\/ xdyk *k K¾d vu f kd pGrf;tif½Sif? zefqif;½Sif[kac:Mu\/ 4/ Cf., S. E. Stunpf, Philosophy: History & Problem, 4th ed, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1989-1971, P. 181.

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wzef a&S;ya0oPDrS bk&m;0g'rsm;wGif aumif;uif pMum0VmBuD;onf oefY½Sif;yg\ t,ltqrsm;vnf;½SdcJhyg onf/5 xdkvlwdkYtwGuf]] obm0w&m;BuD;}}udk ]]obm0"r®}} (natural) ppfppftjzpf rjrifEdkifpGrf;Muao;yg/ olwdkYjrif& onfrSm pMu0VmBuD;\ tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;r½Sdjcif;(teEÅ)? vufawGU (oddkY) todÓPfudk ausmfvGefaejcif; (transcendent)? pGrf;yum;oauFwtjzpfjrifí t&mtm;vkH;xuf omvGefaMumif; rSwfxif\/ jrifhrm;jcif;? tptqkH;r½Sdjcif; rsm;udv k nf; owdjyKrMd u\/ xdaYk Mumifh aumif;uif (sky) onf bk&m;rsm;\ ae&momjzpf&rnf/ wcsdKUaom tcGifhxl;cHvlrsm; onfvnf; aoNyD;ygu xdkaumif;uifodkYoGm;Mu\[k qdkMu avonf/ xdkpMu0VmBuD;\ tm;vkH;aomobm0w&m;BuD; onf rukefrqkH;Edkifaom bk&m;\ bkef;awmfxif½Sm;&mjzpf\/ Mu,feu©wfwm&m? avrkefwdkif;? rdk;jcdrf;oH? vQyfpD;vufjcif;? oufwefY? rdk;½Gmjcif;tm;vkH;onf bk&m;bkef;awmfxif½Sm;jy&m rsm;omjzpf\[k ,kHMunfMu\/6 bDpD (4)&mpkavmufxd þrdk;aumif;uifudk udk;uG,f Muaom t,ltqonf *&djynfESifh 4if;tkyfpdk;&m wdkif;jynf 5/ Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, Sheed and Ward, London, 1958, 1993, P. 38.

6/ lbid., pp. 39 - 40.

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ae&ma'orsm;ü xGef;um;aecJhao;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ þtcsdeftcgwGif aebk&m;? vbk&m;? Mu,fbk&m; ponf jzifhvnf; vufcHaecJh\/ ]]eu©wfaA'ynmonf vlwdkYtm; bk&m;Munfñdkjcif;udk vIHYaqmfay;ovdk aumif;uifudk avhvm rSwfom;jcif;rS vludk csrf;ajrUjcif;jzpfap\}}[kyif *&dtawG; tac:ynm½Sif yavwdk (Plato)u qdak v\/7 t&pfwdkwJvf (Aristotle)url ½IrNiD;? tHhrukefonfh pMu0VmBuD;udk Munfhrd olwdkif; xdkpMu0VmBuD;rS Mu,feu©wfwm&mrsm;? N*dK[fBuD; N*dK[fi,frsm;udk bk&m;rsm; (odkY) bk&m;\ vuf&mrsm;[k wGufqMuayvdrfhrnf}} [kqdkavonf/ aemufydkif;wGif ol\ ]]bk&m;t,ltqü olu ]]bk&m;qdo k nfrmS wpfyg;wnf;teEÅ jzpfí avmupMu0VmBuD;\ cdkifNrJaomxm0& zefqif;½Sif (The First Unmoved Mover)}}[k qdkav\/8 vlwdkYonf olwdkYb0twGuf ta&;ygt&ma&muf aom yk*¾dKvf (odkY) t&m0w¬Krsm;udk bk&m;tjzpfjzifh OD;xdyfxm; udk;uG,fMuonfrsm;vnf;½Sd\/ ausmufaqmifonf rmausm \/ cdkifcefY\/ av'Pf? rdk;'Pf? ae'PfudkwkefvIyfjcif;r½Sd/ a½GUvsm;ajymif;vJjcif;r½S/d xdak usmufaqmifukd wefc;kd ½Sif (od)Yk bk&m;tjzpfjrifvm\/ xdkYaMumifhyif a½S;tcgrSm ]]ausmufudk 7/ Laws, 967a.

8/ toQif OuúX/ urÇmYtbd"r®mvufpJG/ pmrsufESm 52 - 53 /

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bk&m;tjzpf}} udk;uG,folrsm; ½SdcJhavonf/ wcsd K Uaomtqd k r sm;t&rl bk & m;t,l t qonf obm0"r®\ tjzpftysuftaMumif;t&mrsm;udk awGUí aMumuf½GHUxdwfvefYum vl\tm;xm;&mrJhrIaMumifh tpjyK ygonf[k qdkMu\/9 xdkYaMumifh vMuwfjcif;? aeMuwfjcif;? Mu,fa<ujcif;? awmfvnf;jcif;? ivsifvIyfjcif;? rdk;jcdrf;jcif;? vQyfpD;vufjcif; ESifh wjcm;xl;qef;aom pdwfvufrcsrf;ajrUzG,f&mrsm;aMumifh a½S;acwfvw l o Ykd nf 'l;qwfqwfwek u f m aMumuf½UHG Muuke\ f / xdkodkYjzifh 'l;axmuf½dkusdK;vufpkHrdk;um ½Sdcdk;OD;ñGwfMu\/ ylaZmfouúmtrsdK;rsdK;? wHpdk;vufaqmiftoG,foG,fjzifh ylaZmf yoMuukef\/ taMumufESifhtarQmfpJGrsm;aMumifhom jzpf\/ þtm;xm;&mrJhrIrSpNyD; ywf0ef;usif urÇmavmuü taumif ; tqd k ; ud k j zpf a pEd k i f a om pG r f ; tif ½ S i f , k H M unf r I trsdK;rsdK;udk vlYpdwfwGif;ü jzpfay:apcJh\/ vlom;&mZ0if acwfO;D avmufwiG f vlom;wdik ;f obm0qdik &f m tiftm;pkrsm; udk vkH;0tavQmhay;&jcif;rsm;aMumifY olwdkY\ ,kHMunf&mrsm; tpjyKap\/ þodkYjzifh aMumufpdwfrS ay:xGufvmaom 9/ L. J. Elders, The Philosophical Theology of St.Thomas Aquinas, op. cit, p. 29; usrf;nTef;xyf - toQifOuúX/ urÇmY tbd"r®m/ pmrsufESm 404/

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tm;ud k ; &m½S m azG v d k o nf h q E´ j zif h awmrsm;? awmif r sm;? opfyifrsm;? O,smOfrsm;? a&? rD;? wd&dpämefrsdK;p?kH xdkrSwqifh ewftrsdK;rsdK;? bDvl; ponfjzifh udk;uG,fvmMuavonf/10 bmomordkif;rsm;wGif ]]bk&m;}} qdkonfY ,kHMunf&m ay:aygufvmykH tjcm;wpfrsdK;vJ½Sdygao;onf/ vltoD;oD; wdkY\ xifjrifcsufrSm ywf0ef;usifavmuBuD; wpfckvkH;onf um,rsm;ESifhomruyJ emrfum, (odkU) 0dnmOfrsm;jzifhvnf; jynfhvsuf½Sd\/ 4if;emrf (odkY) 0dnmOfrsm;onf ½kyftajccHrS uif;uGmvsufaomfvnf;aumif; wnf½Sd\/ xdkaomtcg obm0"r® \ qef Y u sif b uf j zpf a om tif t m;pk r sm;ES i f h rsufESmcsif;qdkifvm&aomtcg xdkemrfum,rsm;udk udk;uG,f aom (Animism) bmomwpfcktaejzifh jzpfxGef;vmonf/ xdkodkYjzifh bk&m;udk 0dnmOfemrfoufouftjzpf ,kHMunfcJhMu onf / 11 xd k Y a emuf y d k i f ; wG i f obm0tif t m;pk r sm; (od k Y ) wef c d k ; awmf ½ S i f (od k Y ) bk & m;ud k vl o m;\yk H o @mef E S i f h *kPt f *FgwdjYk zifh tpm;xd;k vmMujyefavonf (Anthropomorphism: Anthropos = vl? Morphe = ykHo@mef)/ 10/ oJukef;t½SifÓPdó&/ Ak'¨0g' tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;? rdk;yGifhpmay/ &efukef/ 1985 / pmrsufESm 65 - 72/ 11/ Cf., N. Soderblom, Das Werden des Gottdsglaubens, Untersuchunger über die Anfange der Religion, 1916.

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tm? atmhw\ kd tqdt k & bk&m;ESihf bmomt,ltq onf tHYzG,f&mrsm;ESifh csD;rGrf;zG,f&mrsm;? aoolrsm;udk udk;uG,fjcif;? rdpOfzqufbdk;bGm;0dnmOfrsm;tygt0if tjcm; aom emrfqdkif&m? 0dnmOfqdkif&m wefcdk;yg0gudk obm0jzpf&yf rsm;wGif tpm;xdk;,kHMunfrI? vlom;ykHo@mef *kPft*Fgjzifh jynfah om bk&m;tjzpf,MHk unfr?I ½kyx f u k ;kd uG,jf cif; ponfjzifh tqifhqifh jzpfay:ajymif;vJvmygonf/ wjznf;jznf;ESifh ]]bk&m;}}qdkonfudk ]]bk&m;rsm;}} taeESihf vufcv H mMu\/ vlrsKd ;wpfpEk iS w hf pfpk rwlMujcif;onf bk&m;rsm;pGm½Sdjcif; t&dyft>rufyifjzpf\[k qdkavonf/ tawG;tac:ynm½Sif atyDu½k k (Epiurus)twGurf l avmu urÇmBuD;\ azgufjyefrIuif;rJhjcif;onf ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;vSonf ysupf ;D ,d, k iG ;f wwfaomt&mrsm; udk rysupf ;D r,dk,Gif;rukefqkH;Edkifaom t&mrsm;rS nDnDrQrQxdef;csKyf xm;jcif;jzpf\[k qdkavonf/12 bDpD (8) &mpkESpf 3() &mpkESpfrsm;wGif urÇmhtaemuf jcrf;rSmuJhodkY urÇmhta½SUjcrf;üvnf;]]bk&m;}}ESifh ]]vlU'ku©}} taMumif;&if;wdkYudk ½SmazG&efpdwfoefcJhMu\/ tdE´d,EdkifiHwGif; odkY 0ifa&mufvmaom tm&rfvlrsdK;pkrsm;onf (Second millenium, bDpD 'kwd,axmifpkESpfcefY) olwdkYESiYftwl bk&m; 12/ De natura deorum, I, 19, 50.

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trsm;udk;uG,fjcif; (Polytheism) o,fvmcJhMu\/ þonf um; [dE´Lbmom\ tpvnf;jzpf\/ avmuobm0"r®\ qefu Y sib f ufjzpfaom pGr;f tifrsm;ESihf &ifqikd af e&aom xdv k w l Ykd onf xdktiftm;pkrsm;udk bk&m;rsm;tjzpf udk;uG,faecJhMu\/ wpfO;D pD\ vdt k yfcsuaf y:rlwnfí bk&m;rsm;udak ½G;um OD;ñGwf Mu\/ qkawmif;Mu\/13 wcsdKU\tqdk&rl xdkvlwdkYonf a'0[kac:aom ewf (odkU) bk&m; (33)yg;udk udk;uG,fMu\/ olwdkYxJwGif tMuD;qHk;bk&m;rSm (Indra) £jE´jzpfí olYudk av? rd;k ? rd;k MuKd ;? vQypf ;D ? rkew f ikd ;f wdEYk iS Yf wifpm;ac:a0:Muavonf/ 'D,kydwm (Dyauth Pita)onf pMu0#m\bk&m;[kvnf; aumif;? tmpk&m (Asura)udk aumif;uifbk&m;? t*éd (Agni)? tmw®ef (Atman)ESifY AdóEdk; (AdoQEl;? Vishnu)bk&m;rsm; udkvnf; udk;uG,fMu\/ aemufydkif;wGif u&d&Sem; (Krisna) onf tMuD;qHk;aombk&m;tjzpf ,HkMunfMuavonf/14 xdkrSwqifY ajymif;vJvmaomtcg bk&m;udk wpfql wnf;tjzpf? oefY&Sif;awmfrlaomt&Sif? zefqif;&Sif? xm0& bk&m;? tpdaEå,s? tyÜar,s? twkrJY? twkvHbk&m;tjzpf 13/ T. Berry, Religions in India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism, The Bruce Pub., New York, 1971, P. 113.

14/ G. N. Marshall, Buddha, the Quest for Serenity, Beacom Press, Boston, 1987, pp. 8-9; P. Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, p. 10.

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,HkMunfMuavonf/ ed*kH;csKyfqdk&ygrl a&S;ya0oPDrS tpjyKcJYaom bk&m; 0g'udk vl&dkif;bmom[kvnf; txifrao;tyfay/ q&m &Srpfxf u ]]ya0oPDrS vlom;onf bk&m;qdkonfY teEå wefcdk;awmf&Sifudk &kyfrJY? cE¨mrJY? emrfoufouftjzpf ,HkMunfcJh Muygonf/ xdUk tjyif xdv k o l m;wdu Yk kd ,kwrdÅ &Sad om? aMumif;usKd ; qufpyfqifjcifrSkY rpGrf;aom acwfa[mif;tawG;tac:&Sif rsm;? arSmufrSm;aom? w,loeftpGJtvrf;MuD;rm;olrsm; [k vnf; rac:tyfyg}}[k qdkavonf/ oluyifqufí ]]pdwf0if pm;p&maumif;aom a&S;bmomrsm;rS tcsurf sm;udk xdv k o l m; wd\ Yk obm0"r®Mu;D rS tYzH , G &f mrsm;rSwqifY awGUjrifcMYJ uaom cH,lcsufrsm;tjzpf vufrcHvQif &Sif;jy&ef tvGefcufcJay vdrrYf nf/ wdwu d susajym&ygrl xdak &S;ya0oPDrS bmomt,l tq tm;vHk;eD;yg;vdkyif teEåtjzpfawmf&Sifudk ,HkMunf ouf0ifí OD;nTwf&dScdk;udk;uG,fcJYMu\/ rMumcPqdkovdkyif xdkteEåtjzpfawmf&Sifudk bk&m; (odkY) zefqif;&Sif[k tod trSwfjyKMuygonf}}[k qdk\/15 bk&m;,HkMunfrSk t,ltqonf acwftqufquf ajymif;vJw;kd wufvmcJyY g\/ odaYk omf wd;k wufjcif;rsm;ESit Yf wl 15/ W. Schmidt, Der Ursprung der Gottesideee, IV, (1935), p. 494.

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tpOftquf woa0rwdr;f vufcv H mcJaY om ,HMk unf&mrsm; wdkYonf ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;ESifY tjrJtwl&dSaeonfrSmawmY tHYMop&mygay/ acwfopftawG;tac:[kqdkaomfvnf; xdkacwfopftawG;xJüyif a&S;acwfu oaE¨wnfcJYaom taMumif;t&mrsm;pGm ygaewwfjyefygonf/ xdk]]oaE¨]] onf um; ]]bk&m;}} t,ltqyif jzpfavonf/ F

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tcef; (5) ]]bk&m;rJh}} t,ltq bk&m;rJt h ,ltq (Atheism)onf bk&m;ESiYf w&m;udk r,kHMunfaom 0g'wpfckjzpf\/ a½S;*&dbmompum;vkH; ]]αθεος (Atheos, tmhaoatmhpf)}}onf omreftm;jzifh ]]bk&m;rJhjcif;}} (not theos = no god) (odkY) ]]bk&m;rsm;\ pGefYypfjcif;cH&jcif;}} [kt"dyÜg,f&avonf/ yavwdk (Plato) twGurf l ]]tmhaoatmhp}f }onf ]]bk&m;½Sad Mumif; vufrcHo}l }? ]]bk&m; r,kHol}}[k qdkavonf/ bk&m;rJt h ,ltqudk oDt&kd yD ikd ;f ESihf vufawGUydik ;f [lí ESpfrsdK;awGUEdkifygonf/ oDtdk&Dorm;rsm;u bk&m;r½SdaMumif; twdtvif;? jywfjywfom;om; jiif;qdkMuav\/ vufawGU orm;rsm;onf jywfjywfom;om; rqdkaomfvnf; bk&m;udk r,kHMunfbdouJhodkY bmudkrQ*½krpdkufyJ bk&m;rJhqefqef jyKrl? aexdkif? vkyfudkifaeMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ bk&m;rJht,ltqonf bk&m;t,ltquJhodkY a½S;us

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aom t,l t qwpf c k v nf ; jzpf \ / a½S ; acwf * &d j ynf atoifNrdKU awmfBuD;wGif EdkifiHjynfY½Siftifyg,mbk&ifonf bk & m;rJ h t ,l tqrsm;ud k 'Pf c wf a Mumif ; awG U &\/ bk & m;rJ h t ,l t qonf tif y g,mBuD ; wpf c k v k H ; twG u f tEÅ&m,ft&dyfrJBuD;jzpf\[k qdkavonf/ yavwdkuvnf; ]]bk & m;rJ h t ,l t qonf trsm; jynf o l w d k Y \ "eo[m,twG u f tqd y f t awmuf j zpf \ / od k Y a omf avsmuf y wf a omynmay;jcif ; ? rS e f u ef a om avh v m oifMum;jcif;? udk,fusifhodu©maumif;rsm;ESifh txl;ojzifh oufBuD;pum; oufi,fMum;qdkouJhodkY oufBuD;olrsm;u toufi,f½G,fEke,folrsm;udk qkH;ryJhjyifvrf;ñTefay;jcif;jzifh bk&m;½Sd\? r½Sd\? qdkonfhtjiif;yGm;aejcif;udk rSefrSefuefuef ajz½Sif;Edkifygvdrfhrnf[k}} qdkavonf/ bk & m;rJ h t ,l t qrsm; ay:ayguf v m&jcif ; \ taMumif;&if;rsm;pGm½Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYtxJrS wpfckonf qif j cif j cif ; t"d u 0g'D r sm; (rationalist) \ usd K ;aMumif ; qifjcifrIudk tajcrjyKyJ pdwftm½kHudkomtajccHjyD;? ÓPfrrD aom t&mrsm; (transcendental)udk jiif;y,fjcif;aMumifY jzpf\/1 xdkolwdkYonf rjzwfawmufEdkifaom taMumif;ESifh 1/ Cf., J. H. Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, p. 357.

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tusdK;uGif;qufobm0jzpfpOfudkom vufcHí obm0xuf ausmfvGefaom "r®ed,mrtpOfudk vspfvsL½IMu\/ bk&m;\ Asm'dwfpum;? Asm'dwfw&m;awmfwkdYudk olwdkY\ qifjcif awG;ac:ykH 'óersm;jzifh tpm;xdk;Mu\/ bmoma&; t,l tqrsm; txl;ojzifh wefc;kd awmf½iS b f &k m; t,ltqrsm;onf taMumufw&m;rS tajccH\[k ,lqMuavonf/ ]]wefcdk;½Sif bk&m;t,ltqonf taMumufw&m;ESifh qif;&J'ku©tay: wkjYH yefcsujf zpfí vlcY pH m;csuo f mjzpf\/ bmoma&;onf vlukd rIdif;wdkufaejcif;omjzpf\}}[k qdkMuavonf/2 wcsdKUwdkYonf i,fpOftcgu avhvmrIenf;aom bmoma&;aMumifh (odkY) rSm;,Gif;pGm oifMum;rI &½Sdjcif;aMumifh bmom (odkY) wefcdk;awmf½Sifbk&m;ocifudk w&m;olBuD; (odkY) rdrdrSm;,Gif;rdkufrJrIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhaeoltjzpf jrifav\/ rdrdtrSm;rsm;udk vkH;0rysufEdkifaom rSifwHjzifh pmtkyfBuD;ü a&;rSwfxm;\/ aemufqkH;aocsdefü xdkpmtkyfBuD;udkzGifhum rdrdwdkY\ rdkufjypfrsm;tavsmuf rD;[kef;[kef;awmufavmif&m ty,fi&JodkY wGef;csavrnf/ xdkae&mrSm b,faomtcgrS uRwfvrf;r½SdyJ tNrJcH&rnf[k ,kHav\/ xdkolrsm;wdkYonf wjznf;jznf;ESifh bmomESifh bk&m;t,ltqrsm;udk pufqkwf 2/ csrf ; ajrU&d y f o mq&mawmf / Ed k i f i H j cm;om; bk e f ; awmf B uD ; wyg;\ Ak'b ¨ momtjrif tar; tajzrsm;/ jr0wDyEHk ydS w f u kd /f &efuek /f 1993/ pmrsuEf mS 45-47/

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vmMuavonf/ wcsdKUtwGufrl vl\vGwfvyfjcif;udk vdkonfxuf a½SUwef;wifum bmomESifh bmomusifh0wfrsm;onf vl\ vGwv f yfjcif;udk t[eft Y wm;jzpfaponfqí kd bk&m;0g'rsm;udk qefYusifMu\/ um;rwf (Karl Marx 1818-1883)onf touf(24) ESpf t½G,fuyif bk&m;rJh0g'Dwpfa,muf jzpfvm ap&rnf[k oH"|d gefcsxm;olwOD;jzpf\/ bk&m;0g'udk ½ky0f g'ESifh tpm;xdk;cJholvnf;jzpf\/ eD;a½S (Nietzsche 1844-1900)qdkolu bk&m;0g' onf taMumufw&m;rS jzpfay:vmaom vlUxGiv f ;Hk ? vlUrkom; 0g'? vl Y t rS m ;omjzpf \ [k qd k a vonf / bk & m;0g'onf vdktyfjcif;qdkonfh vlUYb0rjynfhpkHjcif;\ &v'fqE´om jzpf onf/ þtpJGudk vkH;0qdwfokOf;aprSom vlonf atmifjrif ayrnf/ vlonf avmuurÇmBuD;udkom rSDcdk&ayrnf/ bk&m; 0g'? bk&m;t,ltqonf vYlatmifjrifjcif;\ cvkwfuoif; jzpf\/ vlb0udk ppfaMunmaejcif;omjzpf\/ bk&m;0g'udk pGefYvTwfzdkY tcsdefusavNyD/ ]]bk&m;aojcif;}} (The death of God)onfom ordkif;\ acwfopftpjzpf\[kqdkavonf/3 wcsKd Uwdo Yk nf vlomvQiyf "ge0g'jzifh bk&m;,kMH unfrI udk bmomrS y,fzsufMu\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf vlonf 3/ Nietzsche, Der Wille zur Macht, Schlechta III , pp. 748 ff.

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tzdk;wefí ta&;yg\/ vlonfudk,fhavSukd udk,fwdkifxdk;zdkY BudK;pm;vmMujcif;jzpf\/ um;,Gef; (Karl Jung)qdkolonf bk&m;t,ltqudk pHñeT ;f ? ykpH w H pfct k jzpfom vufc\ H / t"dygÜ ,frmS ]]bk&m;}} onf vlYtwGif;pdwfapwodwf\ ykHpH? pHñTef;jzpfí xdkpHñTef;jzihf udkufn§djcif;onfom vlYudk,fpdwfESvkH; usef;rma&;jzpfonf/ þt,ltqudk jiif;y,fpGefYvTwfygu pdwfapwoduf\ rdkuf rSm;rIjzpfaprnf/ vltwGuf bk&m;ESifhbmom rvdkygqdkonf ESifhwNydKifeuf trSm;odkYOD;wnfaeawmh\[k qdkavonf/ bk&m;0g'udk wdkuf½dkufjiif;qdkjcif;r½Sdaomfvnf; bmomESifh bk&m;t,ltqudk pdwaf pwodu\ f tusKd ;wpfcw k nf;twGuf jzpfaMumif; vly"ge0g'ESifh tawmftwefqifwlaom t,l tqom jzpfavonf/4 bk&m;t,ltqrS bk&m;rJt h ,ltqtjzpf ul;ajymif; apaomtaMumif;aemufwpfcrk mS vsijf refpmG wd;k wufvmaom odyÜHynmESifh acwfopfpufrIenf;ynmopfrsm; jzpfavonf/ "r®ed,mrrsm;udk odyÜHed,mrrsm;jzifh tpm;xdk;Muavonf/ obm0\"r®ed,mrrsm;udk ocsFmaz:jrLvmrsm;jzifh udkufn§d &efBuKd ;pm;Mu\/ taMumif;w&m;aMumifh tusKd ;w&m; jzpfay: 4/ Karl Jung, Modern Man in Search of a Soul, New York, 1933; Victor White, God and the Unconscious, London, 1952.

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vm&ykHudk qifjcifawG;ac:Edkifaomfvnf; obm0\ed,mr xuf ausmfvGefaom "r®ed,mrrS tpueOD;taMumif;w&m; wpf c k \ oabmud k od y Ü H e nf ; rus? ocsF m enf ; r&[k jiif ; qk d M u\/ tH h z G , f o &J topf t opf w d k Y ½SmazGawGU½Sjd cif;c&D;xJü urÇmESihf rd;k aumif;uifpMu0VmBu;D \ crf;em;BuD;us,fykHudk jrifawGUí rdef;armawGa0 jzpfae&um; rjrif E d k i f a om tbd " r® m w&m;ud k pd w f r 0if p m;Ek d i f jzpf & acsonf / usrf ; "r® r sm;rS qk H ; rpmrsm;ud k odyÜHynm½SifwcsdKUu 'PÖm&Drsm;tjzpf owfrSwfMuavonf/ urÇmajrESihf pMu0VmBu;D onf obm0w&m;Bu;D \ tqifq h ifh aNymif;vJvmjcif; oufoufomjzpf\[k odyÜHynm\ &v'f wcsdKUESifh ajymif;vJí ½Sif;qdkMu\/5 aESmif;csed rf sm;wGif "r®oN*KØ [yf nm&yfonf todynm ½S m rS D ; ol r sm;ES i f h b momw&m;rS D c d k v d k o l r sm;\ A[d k t csuf tcsmjzpfcJh\/ vlom;taygif; pdwf0ifwpm;&SmazGaeaom b0tajccHar;cGef;rsm;? txl;ojzifh urÇmajrpMu0VmBuD;\ tp? aemifwrvGefb0? vlYt"dyÜg,f ponfwdkY\ tajzrsm;udk oifMum;ay;aecJh\/ odkYaomf ,cktcg vlwdkYonf þar;cGef; rsm;\tajzudk odyÜHenf;ynmrsm;üom ½SmazGMuukef\/ odyÜHq&mwdkY\ tajzvTmrsm;onfvnf; tjrifhrm;qkH;aom 5/ S. Jaki, The Road of Science and the Ways to God, Chicago, 1978.

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vlpOf;pm;rrDEdkifaom tbd"r®mwdkYudk &nfnTef;rIr&dSawmhacs/ ½kyf0w¬KwdkY\ t&nftaoG;xuf? ta&twGufESifh rSef;q wdkif;wmEdkifaom ½lyoGifjyifvu©Pmrsm;odkYom olwdkY\ ypfrSwftjzpf vSnfhajymif;Muukefavonf/ þtodynmrsm; aeYpOfvufawGUb0ü wGifus,fvmapjcif;aMumifh ½kyf0g'D orm;rsm; vsifjrefpGmwdk;yGm;vmayonf/ acwf o pf o d y Ü H y nmppf p pf j zif h csOf ; uyf j cif ; onf vlwdkYtm; "r®"d|gefusaom todynmrsm;udk ay;pGrf;Edkifyg\/ odkYaomf odyÜHynmwpfckwnf;ESifh jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk t<uif;rJh wdusaom? vk;H 0OóHjk ynfph aHk om todw&m;wpfco k Ykd ra&muf Edik yf gay/ acwfopfoyd yHÜ nm\ pl;prf;½SmazG awGU½Scd surf sm;ESihf bk&m;t,ltqwdkYonf rqefYMuifMuyg[k ajrmufrsm; vSpGm aom odyÜH½SifwdkYu 0efcHMuavonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf todynmtwwfynmwdkif;onf olYae&mESifhol tH0if*Gifus ½SdMuygonf (because each type of knowledge is at a different level)/ odkYaomf tcsdKUwdkYtwGufrl odyÜHenf;ynm\ az:jrLvmrsm;ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;onfom tjzpfrSef (reality)odkY a&mufEikd af om wpfcw k nf;aom w&m;0ifcsO;f uyf&m enf;vrf; jzpf\[k qdMk uavonf/ wpfcak om twdik ;f twmxd t<uif;rJh rSeu f efygonf/ odaYk omf tjrifq h ;Hk aom tbd"r®mrsm;twGurf l rMumcPqdkovdk ½kyf0g'uvTrf;rdk; oGm;Muavonf/ ESpq f ,f&mpktwGi;f wGif ]]odyeHÜ nf;ynm? oDt&kd rD sm;ESihf

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az:jrLvmrsm;wdkYonf tuefYtowfrJh "r®"d|gefrsm; r[kwf Edik yf g}}[k tqdw k pfck acwfpm;vmcJjh yefygonf/ odyyHÜ nmonf obm0w&m;BuD; (nature)udk rSefrSefuefuef t"dyÜg,fzGifh qdk&eftwGuf wcsdKUaom tawG;tac:t,ltqrsm;\ zJUG pnf;rItajccHabmifwpfcu k kd a½G;cs,&f rnf/ odaYk yaomfvnf; þenf;onfyif uefYowfcsuf½Sdaom csOf;uyfenf;wpfckom jzpf\/ vkH;0OókHrjynfhpkHEdkifao;yg/ txl;ojzifh odyÜHtwwf ynm½SifBuD;rsm;xJwGif ajrmufjrm;vSpGmaom ynm½Sifrsm; wdo Yk nf olw\ Ykd oDt&dk rD sm;ESihf az:jrLvmrsm;\ tueft Y owf ½Srd I (od)Yk rjynfph rHk w I u Ykd kd owdjyK0efcv H mMu avonf/ þodjYk zifh wudaú A' (oabmw&m;oufouf-metaphysics)ESifhqdkif&m jyóemwcsdKUtay:ü tjiif;yGm;aejcif;rsm;rS qkwfcGmoGm;Mu avonf/6 odkYaomf vufawGUtajctaewGif þt,ltqrsm; udk xifxif½Sm;½Sm; rawGU&acs/ txl;ojzifh acwfpm;vSaom pmayrsm;? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;ESifh ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;ü þavmu pMu0Vm? vlom;tpESihf b0t"dygÜ ,fziG q Yf ckd surf sm;ü ]]bk&m;}} qdo k nfh ]]rlvtpzefqif;½Si}f }udk yxkwjf iif;y,fcsurf sm;udo k m wG i f w G i f u s,f u s,f zwf ½ I a eMu&ayonf / þenf ; jzif h odyÜHenf;ynmopfrsm;onf vlwdkYudk wdrfaumusOf;ajrmif; 6/ Cf., R. Harre', The Philosophies of Science. An Introductory Survey, Oxford, 1972.

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vSaom tawG;tac:ESifh bk&m;rJh0g'rsm;odkYom wGef;ydkYae avonf/ vlYb0udk avmuDa&;&moufoufjzifY tpm;xdk;vm &jcif;wGif w&dyf&dyfwdk;wufvmaom pufrIenf;ynmopf rsm;vnf; yg0ifavonf/ vlwdkYonf wpfaeYxufwpfaeY BuD;rm;vSaom vQyfppfyg0grsm;? EsL;uvd,m;pGrf;tifrsm;udk xdef;csKyfEdkiftm;? udkifwG,fEdkiftm;wdk;vm&um; ]]þavmu pMu0VmBuD;wGif vlESifh vlrSvJGí rnfonfhq&m? rnfonhf wefcdk;½SifrSr½Sd}}[k txif½SdvmcJhMu\/ xdkYjyif avmuOpöm ypönf;rsm;udkvnf; ]]tokH;0ifrI}} ESifh ]]tokH;cs}} zdkYavmufom jrifNyD; avmurdk;ukwfpuf0dkif;udk xdk;azgufum avmukwå&m tjriYfzsm;udk tjrifrSm;Muavonf/ pufrIenf;ynmopfrsm; onf ypöKyÜefESifh tem*wftwGuf avmu\ eufeJ&mrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfaeMuavonf/ pufrIenf;ynmrsm;onf bmomESifh bk&m;t,l tqudk ae0ifap½kHr[kwfonfhtjyif vlwdkYudk vltqifhrS wdrjf rKyaf pavonf/ pufraI cwfopfBu;D twGuf bmomonf t"dyÜg,frJhvm&\/ ]]bk&m;}} t,ltqrsm;vnf; vlwdkY\ aeYpOfb0rS qkwfcGgpjyK\/ pufrIxkwfukef enf;pepfrsm;onf vlwu Ykd kd acwfrv D aS om puf½?Hk tvky½f rHk sm;ü tNraJ eap&um;? puf½t Hk jyifrS vlraI &;? vlpY m&dw?å vlu Y si0hf wf? vlu Y , kd u f siw hf &m; rsm;udv k nf; pufreI nf;pepf az:jrLvmrsm;jzifo h m wGuq f ukef

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Muavonf/ þonfrSmwdk;wufvmaom pufrIvufrIrsm;rS qdk;½Gm;vSaom vltqifh wdrfjrKyfjcif;ygay/ vlaerIrsm; jrifhvmonfum; jiif;p&mr½Sdygacs/ tdrfxJü ZdrfcHypönf; tjynfh? oGm;vm&mü vsifjrefrItjynfh vdkw&aeygonf/ odkYaomf trSefpifppf vl*kPfjrifhaponfh pufrIZkHtvGefrS pm&dwåZkHrsm;um; wdrfjrKyfaeavNyDwnf;/ tusdK;tjrwfonfum; ]]avmu Opömypönf;rsm;\ [mvm[if;vif;jzpfrI}}udk &ifESifhtrQ&if;í vlwdkYcHpm;ae& Mu\/ aysmpf &mtppfum; ½Smrrdjzpf&\/ a&miY&f aJ useyfjcif;udk a½SmifvaTJ erd&if; ae&if;jzpfaeMu\/ aysmpf &m? csr;f ajrUp&mudk awGUEd;k Ed;k jzifh t½Sed w f ;kd ½SmaeMu\/ wpfcak wGUjyefawmh [kwEf ;kd Ed;k ESihf Mumvmawmhr[kwaf wmhreS ;f odvmMujyef\/ xdak omtcg aemufwpfck... aemufwpfck... tqkH;r½Sdaom 0uFygrSm a&mifjcmjcmvnfaeMuawmh\/ w&m;cHtppfum; vlEiS v hf o l m jzpfavonf/ bk&m;rJh0g'udk usm;uefaxmufcHay;aom tjcm; taMumif;t&mwpfckrSm avmuurÇmay:rSm taMumif; aMumif;aom 'kur© sm;&daS eaomaMumifh jzpf\/ b0\ t"dygÜ ,f onf vl Y ' k u © t ajzay:ü wnf ½ S d a eouJ h o d k Y x if a e\/ qif;&Jjcif;? rw&m;rI? a&m*ga0'em? ½SHL;edrfhjcif;? zsm;emudkufcJ xkHusOfjcif;? ppfrufjzpfygG;jcif;? aojcif;? cJGcGg&jcif;? vdkcsifwm r&jcif;ESihf ajrmufrsm;vSpmG aom 'kua© 0'emrsm;onf vlb Y 0ü

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jzif h tpm;xd k ; ap\/ tarS m if x k B uD ; pd k ; rI r S tvif;a&mifjcnfwef; odkY OD;aqmifap\/ xdkaomtcg tmPm½S i f w d k Y t wG u f tcuf MuH K &avNyD / bmomES i f h bk&m;a½SUaersm;r½SdygrS rdrd*kPf½Sdefxdef awmhrnfwnf;/ þuJhodkY tusOf;csKHUavhvmjcif;rSyif bk&m;rJht,l tqonf taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;ESifh ½IwfaxG;ayGvDvGef;rSef; odomvSygonf/ taMumif;trsKd ;rsKd ;vnf;awGUEdik \ f / xdaYk Mumifh ta&;BuD;onfhar;cGef;wcsdKUrSm rsufarSmufacwf vlom; wdkYonf trSefwu,fyif bk&m;qdkonfh cH,lcsuf vkH;0r½dSjcif; ayavm/ vlwo Ykd nf trSew f u,f olwu Ykd , kd o f w l q Ykd o D Ykd OD;wnf aeMuNyaD vm/ a½S;ya0oPDro S nf rsuaf rSmufacwfwikd f vlwYkd tqifhqifhvufqifhurf;vmcJhMuaom bk&m;t,ltqESifh bmoma&;oGeo f if&mrsm;onf trSm;rsm;ayavm/ bk&m;t,l tqonfvnf; uav;b0u vomomnrSm ]]zdk;vrif;a& xrif;qDqrf; a½Tvifyef;eJY ay;ygawmha[h}}[k tartkd qdkavh½Sdonfh uav;acsmhaw;wpfyk'fuJhodkU jzpfaeygovm;/ tajzwpfckuawmh trSefwu,f½Sd&ayrnf/ tajz ½Sm&rSmonf vlwdkif;\wm0efwpfck jzpf\/ wpfckawmh½Sd ygonf/ rdrdudk,fudkom tm;udk;ír&acs/ tb,faMumifh qdkaomf rdrdrod? rwwf? em;rvnfonfrsm; ½Sdaeao;onf/ olwpfyg;udkom tm;udk;aeyguvnf; tajz&Edkifrnf r[kwf ay/ tm;rudk;Edkifay/ wjcm;vlrsm;vnf; rSm;wwfMuayonf/ tpGe;f wpfcu k akd &mufaeorQ trSew f &m;odYk ra&mufEikd yf gacs/

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tcef; (6) bk&m;½Sdawmfrljcif;onf xif½Sm;ygovm; NyD;cJhonfhacgif;pOfrsm;ü bk&m;,kHMunfjcif;ESifh r,kH Munfjcif;udk tusO;f csKH UNy;D ajymcJMh uygNy/D ajrmufjrm;vSpmG aom taMumif;wdaYk Mumifh wcsKd Uaomvlwo Ykd nf ]]bk&m;}} udk r,kMH unf Muacs/ bk&m;t,ltqudk axmufco H nYf oufaotaxmuf txm;½SdykHr&yg[k qdkMu\/1 wcsKd Uuvnf; ]]bk&m;}}udk ,kMH unfzYkd rvdyk g[k qdMk u\/ vlb Y 0wGuf bk&m;½So d nfjzpfap? r½So d nfjzpfap ta&;rBu;D yg/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf vlonfolYudk,fol ,kHzdkYom½Sdonf/ vlom;wdkif;onf tzdk;wef\/ ta&;yg\/ olYrSm olukd,fwdkif tm;xm;EdkifNyD;? wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,faeaom pGrf;&nfowådrsm; ½Sdae\f[k qdkMuygonf/2 wcsdKUurl uav;b0rSpí bk&m;qdkwmudk ,kHMu\/ 1/ csrf ; ajrU&d y f o mq&mawmf / Ed k i f i H j cm;om; bk e f ; awmf B uD ; wpf y g;\ Ak'¨bmomtjrif/ jr0wDykHESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1993/ pmrsufESm 54 - 55/ 2/ csrf ; ajrU&d y f o mq&mawmf / Ed k i f i H j cm;om; bk e f ; awmf B uD ; wpf y g;\ Ak'b ¨ momtjrif/

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bmrQrpOf;pm;awmhyJ csufjcif;vufcHMuavonf/ odkYaomf bk&m;½Sdawmfrlonfudk oufaoeJY xifxif ½S m ;½S m ;rjyEd k i f y g[k q d k o l w d k i f ; yif tqk H ; tpG e f j ynf h p k H a om oabmwpfckESifh avmukwå&mw&m;tpkpkudk ,kHMunfMu\/ wrvGefb0rsm;½SdaMumif;udk vufcHMuavonf/ rjzpfaom? rjzpfay:aom? jyKvkyfrxm;aom? jyKvkyfrxm;tyfaom? taMumif;w&m;tpkpkrS vGwfajrmufaom oabmwpfckudk vufcHMu\/ xdkopömw&m;udk oufaojyzdkY BudK;pm;Muaom acwfopfodyÜHynmwdkYonfvnf; tajzra&mufyJ tqkH;owf Mu&ukefonf/ *smreftawG;tac:ynm½Sif tm? bkY (wf) rmefu ]]vlwdkif;ESvkH;om;ü bk&m;wnf½Sdawmfrljcif;udk vlYb0\ t"dyÜg,fESifh ywfoufaomar;cGef;rsm;\ tajz½SmazGjcif;rsm; tjzpf½adS eygonf}}[k qdak vonf/3 þtajccHusaom vlb0 t"dyÜg,frS bk&m;wnf½Sdawmfrljcif;twGuf ,lqcsufrsm;? tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;? oufaojycsufrsm; ½SmazGaeygvQif vlonf olu Y , kd o f l bk&m;qdo k nfrS a0;uGmapvdrrYf nf/ tb,fah Mumifh qdkaomf xdkuhJodkYvkyfjcif;jzifh ]]bk&m;}}udk olY,lqcsuf\ ½kyfypönf;jzpfvmapvdrfhrnf/ trSefwu,fürl ]]bk&m;}} xHodkY 3/ R. Bultman, Glauben und Verstehen, Tubingen, 1965, P. 231ff.

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vlonf ,kMH unfo'¨gyGm;jcif; twdik ;f twmtavsmuf csO;f uyf Edkifavonf/4 um;bwfof uvnf; ]]tu,fí vlwo Ykd nf bk&m;udk t"dyÜg,fowfrSwfvsuf t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkygu bk&m;udk ½kyfxk wpfct k jzpf xkvyk af eonfEiS hf wlygvdrrhf nf/ vlo Y bm0 tod w&m;onfvnf; qE´pdwful;tm½kHESifh xifjrifcsufwdkY\ ykH½dyf xuf rydkyg[k}} qdk\/5 bk&m;½Sdawmfrlonfqdkonfh todw&m;onf vlü½Sdyg onf/ xdkUaMumifh wjcm;aom oufaojycsufrsm; rvdkyg [kvnf; wcsdKUuqdkMu\/ pdefMo*kwfpwif;url ]]½kyf0w¬¬K ypön;f rsm;udo k ad om todw&m;ESihf ½ky0f w¬KrhJ emrfoufoufukd odaom todw&m;wdkYonf wpfckESifhwpfck rwlMuay/ yxr todw&m;onf vlY\tMum;? tjrif? txd? t&om? teHY\ yif&if;jzpfaom t*Fgig;yg;jzifh cH,l&½Sdí? 'kwd, todw&m; onf vlYpdwfudk todÓPfyGifhapjcif;jzifhom &Edkif\/}}6 [k qdkavonf/ 4/ lbid, IV. 5/ K. Bath, Credo, 1935, pp. 14 -15.

6/ St. Augustine, De Trinitate, 1X, 3, 3. "mens ipsa, sicut corporearum notitias per sensus corporis colligit, sic incorporearum per semetipsam novit, quia est incorporea ".

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onf E S i f h w pf N yd K if e uf vl o nf bk & m;½S d a wmf r l j cif ; ud k odaeavNy/D xdaYk Mumifh ]]bk&m;½So d nf}}tqdo k nf yifu, kd u f yif odom xif½Sm;aeygNyD[k qdk\/ trSefwGif bk&m;½Sdawmfrljcif;onf yifudk,fu odom xiff½Sm;raeygacs/ tu,fí xif½Sm;ygu ½Sif;jyzdkY rvdkygay/ rnfolrQ 2+2= 4 jzpfonfudk oufaoNyzdkY BudK;pm;rnf r[kwaf y/ rnfonfu h pd &ö yfrqdk yifu, kd u f yif ,kw, då w k må ½Sí d xif½Sm;jcif;jzpfzdkY xdkudpöESifhywfaomt&mwdkY\ y"geusaom t&mrsm;udk odxm;&ayrnf/ Oyrm - ]]vlonfowÅ0gjzpf\}} qkd&mü owÅ0gjzpfjcif;onf vlYoabmw&m;ü yg0ifaeavNyD wnf;/ xdkYaMumifh ]]vludka&m? owÅ0g}}udkyg vlwdkif;odaeyg aomaMumihf ]]vlonfowÅ0gjzpf\}} qdk&mwGif ,kwåd&dSí ½Sif;p&mrvdkaom udpöwpf&yfjzpfygonf/ xdktwl ]]wpfckvkH;}} ESifh ]]wpf0uf}}wGif ]]wpf0uf}}\oabmonf ]]wpfckvkH;}}\ oabmü yg0ifaeNyD;jzpfouJhodkY vlwdkif;odxm;aom t&m vnf; jzpfaeayonf/ odkYaomf wpfcgwpf&H taMumif;udpöwpfckü y"ge usaomt&mrsm;\ oabmudk odrxm;olrsm;twGuf olYyif ud, k rf mS ,kw&dÅ x Sd if&mS ;aeaomfvnf; xdo k rl sm;tzdYk ,kwrdÅ &dí S rodom rxif&Sm;acs/ Oyrm - ]]bk&m;&dSawmfrlonf}} qdk&mü bk&m;onf ]]teEåb0&Si}f } jzpf\/ ]]teEåb0&Si}f }onf ]]&djS cif;}} (Existence)jzpf \ / tpjyKjcif ; ? ajymif ; vJ j cif ; ? uk e f q H k ;

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yif xdkvmaeolonf armifarmif pifppfyifjzpfvifYupm; rwlMuyg/ xdt Yk wl vlwiG f arG;&mygADZjzpfaom aysm&f iT jf cif;onf trsdK;rsdK;jzpfEdkif\/ wcsdKUrSm aiGydkifqdkifvdk\/ wcsdKUrSm &mxl; *kPyf umoeydik q f ikd jf cif;端 ol\aysm&f iT jf cif; &d\ S / wcsKd UrSm tdr?f wcsKd UrSm tpm;taomuf? ...ponfjzifY olw\ Ykd aysm&f iT jf cif; udk &SmMuavonf/ xdaYk MumifY vlww Ykd rf;w&monf rwlouJo Y Ykd ]]bk&m;}}udk odawmfrljcif;onfvnf; rwlnDEdkifMuygacs/ tm;vH;k twGuf odomxif&mS ;rSK r&dES ikd Mf uacs/ &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; rodEdkifMuygacs/ q

q

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tcef; (7) bk&m;½Sdawmfrljcif;udk oufaojyEdkifygovm;/ txuf y gpmrsuf E S m rsm;ü bk & m;\bk e f ; awmf ? *kPfawmf? tjzpfawmfudk vlonf rodxdkuf? rjrifxkdufaom aMumifh ]]bk&m;½Sdawmfrlygonf}}vdkUajymayonfh vlonf wdwdusus? &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; rodEdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m; ½SdaMumif;udk vlYtwGuf ydkxif½Sm;aom? jrif? Mum;? xd? awGU Edkifaom ½kyf0w¬Krsm;tm;jzifhom csOf;uyfEdkifavonf[k qdkcJhygjyD/1 a[;rS tvufZE´g;u ]]þavmu,urÇmü Mum;cH ½kyf0w¬Krsm;tm;jzihfom bk&m;udk odEdkif\}}[k qdkavonf/2 csrf ; ajrU&d y f o mq&mawmf M uD ; \ Ed k i f i H j cm;om; bkef;awmfMuD;wpfyg;\ Ak'¨bmomtjrif tar;tajz pmtkyf wGifvnf; ]]uGsEkfyfwdkY aexdkif&murÇmavmuMuD;[m tcsdef 1/ S. Th., I, q. 2, a. 2.

2/ Alexander of Hales, Summa theologica, tract. intro., q. 2, m. 3, c. 1 (31a).

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umvae&m|meawGeJY ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfvdkY&wJY obm0&Sd&if tcsed u f mv ae&mXmeawGrS tvGwjf zpfwYJ ydik ;f jcm;owfrw S v f Ykd r&wJY obm0vnf;&Sw d ,fvYkd qifjcifawG;q,lEikd yf gw,f}} [k qdkavonf/3 uREykf w f o Ykd nf tjzpftysuw f pfcu k kd ('óeduuspmG ) ½Sif;jy&ef enf;ESpfrsdK; jzpfEdkifygonf/ yxrenf;rSm taMumif; w&m;rS tusKd ;w&m;odYk qifjcifenf; (Propter quid) jzpfonf/ þenf;onf t&if? tp? tOD;jzpfaom t&if;cHtaMumif;rS pwifjcif;jzpf\/ 'kwd,enf;rSm tu,fí taMumif;w&m; xuf tusdK;w&m;onf ydkrdkodomxif½Sm;ygu? tusdK;w&m;rS taMumif;w&m;odYk (quia) qifjcifenf;jzpf\/ jzpfay:vmaom tusdK;udk Munfhí t&if;cHtaMumif;udkodatmif qifjcifjcif; jzpf\/4 ]]tusdK;w&m;onf taMumif;w&m;tay: xm0pOf rlwnfaeaomaMumihf tu,fí tusdK;w&m;wpfck½SdvQif taMumif;w&m;wpfckonf tusdK;w&m;\ t&iftOD; rkcs {uef½Sd&ayrnf/}} ]](tb,fhaMumifh jzpfay:vm&oenf;/ tb,fuo hJ Ykd jzpfay:vm&oenf;)}}/ odaYk omf jzpfay:vmaom 3/ csrf ; ajrU&d y f o mq&mawmf / Ed k i f i H j cm;om; bk e f ; awmf M uD ; wpf y g;\ Ak'b ¨ momtjriftar;tajz/ jr0wDyEkH ydS w f u kd /f &efuek /f 1993/ pmrsuEf mS 43/ 4/ S. Th., I, q. 2, a. 2.

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tusKd ;w&m;onf jzpfay:apaom taMumif;w&m;tavsmuf jzpfapaomfvnf; ½kyf0w¬KyrmPtwdkif;tqudk rqdkvdkyg/ tusdK;w&m;rS taMumif;w&m;½SdaMumif; oufao xl&mwGif tcsufBuD;ESpfcsufudkaxmufí aumufcsufwpf&yf udk xkw, f al om Bw, d w k q då ifajc (Syllogism) yg0if\/ xdjYk yif þBwd,kwådqifajcü tv,frSbkHtcsuf (a middle term) vdktyf\/ Oyrm todÓPf½Sdaom owå0gwdkYonf aorsdK;jzpf\/ OD;bonf todÓPf½Sdaom owå0g jzpf\/ - xdkYaMumifh OD;bonf aorsdK;jzpf\/ aorsdK; todÓPf½dSaomowå0g OD;b

þOyrmrS ]]todÓPf½adS omowå0g}}onf (the middle term)

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tv,frb S t Hk csuf jzpfouJo h Ykd OD;bqdo k nhyf *k Kd¾ v\ f t"dygÜ ,f wpfydkif;wpfp tESpfom&wcsdKUwpf0uf jzpf\/ xdkYjyif ]]OD;b}} ]]aorsdK;}} jzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;jzpf\/ Oyrm (2) owå0grsm;tm;vkH;onf aorsdK;jzpfMu\/ vltm;vkH;wdkYonf owå0grsm;jzpfMu\/ - xdkYaMumifh vltm;vkH;wdkYonf aorsdK;jzpfMu\/ owå0gqdo k nfrmS ]]vl}}\t"dygÜ ,fwpfyikd ;f wpfpjzpf\/ xdkYtjyif vlonf ]]aorsdK;}} jzpf&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; jzpf avonf/ Oyrm (3) ]]bk&m;}}onf teEÅtjzpfawmf½Sif jzpf\/ teEÅtjzpfawmf½Sif ½Sdawmfrl\/ - xdkYaMumifh bk&m;½Sdawmfrlygonf/ þuJ h o d k Y tusd K ;w&m;rS tpjyKqif j cif & mwG i f taMumif;w&m;½Sad Mumif; oufaojyjcif;oufoufom jzpf\/ þtcsufonf tusdK;w&m;rsm;pGmrSwqifh ]]bk&m;½Sdawmf rlaMumif;}} jy&mwGif txl;rSefuefygonf/ rnfonhft&mrqdk

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wnf½adS Mumif;jy&ef ]]tv,frb S t Hk csu}f } (Middle term)onf pum;vkH;\ t"dyÜg,fomjzpf\/ xdkoufaojyrnfht&m\ tESpo f m&oabmw&m;rsKd ; r[kwaf y/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf þBwd,kwådqifajcü taMumif;w&m;wnf½SdaMumif; oufao jy&efomjzpfNyD; xdktaMumif;w&m;\ tESSpfom&udk az:xkwf &ef r[kwfaomaMumihf jzpf\/ Oyrm ajc&mrsm;½Sdaomae&mü ajcaxmufrsm;½Sd\/ þyifv,furf;aomifay:wGif ajc&mrsm;½Sd\/ - xdkYaMumifh þyifv,furf;aomifay:wGif ajcaxmufrsm;½Sd\/ qk&d mwGif ]]ajc&mrsm;}} onftv,frb S t Hk csu(f Middle term) jzpfouJhodkY ]]ajcaxmufrsm;}}\ tusdK;&v'fvnf; jzpf\/ ]]ajc&mrsm;}}udk Munfhí rnfonfh]]ajcaxmufrsm;}} jzpfonf ajymEdkif&ef ]]ajc&mrsm;}}\ tESpfom&oabmw&m;rsm;? &nfñTef;csufrsm; od½SdzdkYrvdkygacs/ odkYaomf ]]ajc&mrsm;}}\ t"dygÜ ,fuo kd modzv Ykd o kd nf/ qdv k o kd nfrmS ]]ajc&m}}\ t"dygÜ ,f onf ]]ajcaxmuf}}\ vu©Pm? ajcaxmuf\t&m? ajc axmuf\oauFw? ajcaxmufrsm;\ &v'ftusdK;oabm w&m;om jzpf\/ þ ]]ajc&m}}\ t"dyÜg,fudkodjcif;jzifhom wjcm;t&mr[kwf? ajcaxmuf&mjzpf\[k odayrnf/ xdk ]]ajc&m}}onfacG;ajc&mr[kw?f arsmufajc&mvnf;r[kw?f 0uf

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ajc&m? Muufajc&mr[kwf? vlajc&mom jzpfaMumif;od\/ xdaYk Mumifh ]]þaomifjyifü vlrsm;½S\ d }} [kqEkd ikd jf cif; jzpfygonf/ wzef ]]bk&m;½SdaMumif;}} udk þ,kwådqifajcü tusdK; w&m;ESifh taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf nDñGwfítcsdK;tpm; udu k n f rD rI ½Syd g[k qdEk ikd zf , G f ½Sad vonf/ t"dygÜ ,frmS bk&m;onf teEÅb0½Sijf zpf\/ avmu½ky0f w¬Kt&mypön;f tm;vk;H wdo Yk nf tEÅ d u ,b0½S i f r sm;jzpf \ / þtEÅ d u ,b0½S i f r sm;tm;jzif h teEÅb0½Six f o H Ykd ra&mufEikd yf g/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf teEÅ b0ESifh tEÅdu,b0 (zefqif;cH&mrsm;) rsm;onf tcsdK;tpm; udkufnDrIr½Sdyg[k qdkzG,f&m\/ þtjiif;yGm;csuo f nf acwftqufqufü ay:ayguf cJhzl;ygonf/ tJvfbufBuD;u]] tusdK;w&m;udk taMumif; w&m;ESihf nDrQrv I v J , S &f ef rjzpforQumvywfv;Hk tusKd ;w&m; rStaMumif;w&m;odkY qifjcifjcif;onf ,kwådr½Sdyg/ bk&m; ½Sad Mumif;jyzkYd wpfcw k nf;aom wdusonfh oufaojyjcif;onf a&j'yf½Sif; (reduction) ac: ]]csKHU,ljcif;}}? ]]avQmhcsjcif;}} (þt&mr&dScJhaomf xdkt&mr½SdEdkif)omjzpf\/ t"dyÜg,frSm tu,fí tazr½Scd ahJ omf om;vJr½SEd ikd /f tu,fíom bk&m; r½SdcJhaomf...qdkonfhqifjcifjcif;rsdK; jzpf\}}[kqdkavonf/5 5/ See: St. Albert the Great, Summa theologica, I, tract. 3, q. 15 (Borgnet , vol. 31).

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]]rdrdbmom xm0pOf½Sdawmfrlaom? ajymif;vJazguf jyefysufokef;jcif;uif;aom teEÅb0½Sif½SdaMumif; oufao jy&mwGif ay:aygufvma&;twGuf wpfyg;olukd rSDcdkae&aom t&mrsm; (odkY) taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:vmaomt&m rsm;udk tajccHNyD; qifjcif&ef rjzpfEdkifyg/ rnfolrQ ausmufcJykH ay:ü tdrfraqmufEdkifyg/}}[k *smref'óeduaA'ynm½Sif uefYuqdkavonf/6 aygvfwv d spu f vnf; ]]bk&m;½Sad wmfral Mumif;udk urÇm avmuBu;D tm; wjznf;jznf;csKUH ,l pOf;pm;jcif;jzifh rjzpfEikd yf g/ tu,fí þuJo h q Ykd ifjcifygu ]]bk&m;}}onf urÇmavmuBu;D xuf tqkH;tpGef? twdkif;tqrJh? twkrJ?h twkvHb0½Sif jzpfaprnft h pm; qifu h q J ifu h q J ufxm;aom oHBuKd ;rS oHuiG ;f wpfckxuf ydkrvmyg}} [kqdk\/7 atmfpwifzJ&m;uvnf; ]]bk&m;onf tjcm;t&mtm;vkH;ESifh bmrQrwlyg/ uREfkyfwdkY udk,fawmf½SiftaMumif; ajymorQonf zefqif;cHt&mrsm;udk &nfñTef;Edkifaomfvnf; udk,fawmfudk r&nfñTef;Edkifyg/ usdK; aMumif;qifjcifwkHw&m;onf uREkfyfwdkUtm; avmu½kyf0w¬K urÇmudk ausmfvGefí ra&mufoGm;apEdkifyg}}[kqdkjyefygonf/8 6/ Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft, B 631/ A 603 ff.

7/ Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, I, 243.

8/ Austin Farrer, Finite and Infinite, Wertminster, 1943, pp. 7 ff.

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txufygtjiif;yGm;csufrsm;udk ruefUuGufvdkyg/ odkYaomf ]]tusdK;w&m;wpfckESifh taMumif;w&m;wpfckwdkYonf tcsKd ;tpm;ususr½Syd gu tusKd ;w&m;xuf omvGejf ynf0h aom taMumif;w&m;udk vkH;0OóHkrodEdkifyg/ ...tusdK;w&m; wpfckjzpfay:vm&jcif;twGuf taMumif;w&m;wpfck ½Sd&rnf qdkonfudkawmhjzifh ajrBuD;vufcwfrvJG odEdkifyg\/ xdktwl zefqif;cHt&mrsm;tm;jzifh zefqif;½Si½f adS Mumif; oufaojyEdik f ygonf/ zefqif;cHt&mrsm;tm;jzifh bk&m;\ tjzpfawmf? bkef;awmf? ÓPfawmf? wefcdk;awmfudk udk,fawmf½Sifjrwf\ t½Sdtwkdif; wdwdususrodEdkifpGrf;yg/ odkYaomf xdkt&mrsm;udk Munhfjcif;tm;jzifh zefqif;½Sifbk&m; ½SdawmfrlaMumif;udkjzifh wdwdusus? bGif;bGif;vif;vif; oufaojyEdkifygonf/9 Oyrm - uREykf üf atmfwrkd pfwpfem&D wpfv;Hk ½Syd gonf/ þem&DudkMunfhjcif;jzifh þem&Dudkvkyfol wpfOD;½Sd&rnf/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf em&Donf urÇmtpuwnf;u r½Scd b hJ ;l yg/ aemufrS ay:vmjcif;omjzpf\/ xdkYtjyif em&Donf xm0pOfvnf; rysufraysmufbJ raeEdkifyg/ tpu,r½SdyJ aemufrSay:vmvQif þem&Dukd vkyfolwpfOD;? xGifolwpfOD; ½Sd&ayrnf/ em&Dtm;jzifh em&Dvkyfol½SdaMumif; oufaojyEdkif yg\/ em&Dtm;jzifh jyKvkyfol\ t&nftcsif;? *kPfj'yfudk 9/ S.Th., I, q. 2, a. 2.

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oufaojyjcif;r[kwfyg/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh þem&Dtm;jzifh jyKvkyfolonf awmfol? wwfol? vkyfEdkifpGrf;oljzpfrSef;awmh odEdkif\/ odkYaomf þem&Dudk Munhfvsuf em&Dvkyfolonf rnfrQawmfol? rnfrQÓPfaumif;ol? rnfonhfbJGU&xm;ol? b,fESpfwef;atmifxm;ol? rnfrQcsrf;om<u,f0ol? tom; jzLol? rJo?l 0ol? ydeo f ?l yko?l toufi,fvm;? Bu;D vm;? aoNy;D NyDvm;? touf½SifwkH;vm; paomol\ tESpfoabm? t&nf tcsif;oabm (odkY) em&DjyKvkyfol\ taMumif;udk jynfhjynfh pkHpkHwdwdusus t½Sdtwdkif; rodEdkifyg/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf em&Dwnf;[laom tusdK;w&m;ESifY ynm½Sifwnf;[laom (jyKvkyfol) taMumif;w&m;wdkYonf tcsdK;tpm;usus r½Sdyg/ em&DEiS v hf o l nf xyfwrl nDrQMuyg/ jyKvyk o f v l o l nf em&Dxuf tqaygif; uka#uk#mru ydkygonf/ onfhtjyif em&Dtm;jzifh jyKvkyfol vltaMumif; jynfhpkHpGm ½SmazGaejcif;r[kwfyg/ þem&Dudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh em&DjyKvyk o f w l pfO;D wnf½&dS rnf[k qifjcifjcif;om jzpfygonf/ xdkYtwl yifv,faomifurf;jyifrS ajc&mrsm;udk MunfYjcif; tm;jzifh ajcaxmufrsm; xkdurf;ajcü½SdaMumif; ajymEdkif\/ odkYaomf xdkajc&mrsm;tm;jzifh ajcaxmufrsm;\taMumif;? rnfol\ajcaxmuf? xdkajcaxmufrsm;\ ta&mif? t&G,f tpm;? tMuD;? tao;? t&nftaoG; wdwdususudk ½SmazG aejcif; r[kwfygay/

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xdkYaMumifh tEÅdub0½Sifrsm;udk Munfhjcif;jzifh teEÅ b0½Sif½SdaMumif; qifjcifum? oufaorjyEdkifyg[laomtqdk onf vkH;0rrSefygacs/ tEÅdu,b0½Sifrsm;onf teEÅb0½Sif ½Sad Mumif; odEikd &f ef tajccHtw k jf rpfrsm; jzpfMu\/ teEÅb0½Sif jrwfpGmbk&m;ociftaMumif;odapaom yHhydk;&mrsm;vnf; jzpfygonf/

m m m m m m m

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tcef; (8) bk&m;wnf½SdaMumif; bmoufaoawG jyEdkifrvJ/ (u) taMumif;ESifY tusdK;wdkY\ tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; jzpfay:vmaomt&mwdik ;f wGif taMumif;w&m;wpfck jzpfap? trsm;jzpfap tNr½J ydS gonf/ taMumif;[laom oabm w&m;wpfckaMumifh? tusdK;[laom oabmw&m;wpfckonf tpOf jzpfay:NryJ if/ þavmu þurÇmü taMumif;rJjh zpfaom t&m Avmewåw d nf;/ þonfrmS ½kyyf pön;f wdt Yk Mum;ü½Sad om ta&;BuD;onfh tquftoG,f oabmw&m;wpfck jzpfav onf/ aeYpOf tjzpftysufwpfckckudkawGY&ygu vlom; wdkYonf taMumif;&if;udk csufjcif;pDppfwwfMu\/ taMumif; tm;avsmfpGm jzpfay:vmaom t&mudpöwdkif;wGif taMumif; w&m;udk odvdkMu\/ a0zefcsifhcsdef pOf;pm;jcif;ESifh tpjyKMu av\/ *&dvlrsdK; 'óeynm½Sif tm&pfwdkwJvfu ]]½kyfypönf;

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wpfcu k kd vlwpfa,mufu odygonfqakd omfvnf;]]bmaMumif}h } qdo k nfh ar;cGe;f jzihf tJ'yD pön;f \ taMumif;w&m;udk rodoa½GU olonfxdkypönf;udk rodao;yg}}1 [k qdkavonf/ trSew f iG f taMumif;ESit hf usKd ; qufo, G af erIoabm w&m;onf ½Sif;jyp&m rvdkonfY avmued,mrwpfckyif jzpfaeavonf/ uefa&jyifoYkd cJwpfv;Hk ypfcsvu kd o f nf qdyk gpd/Yk usonfhcJonf a&yGufxapí vIdif;uav;rsm;jzpfapum urf;pyfoYkd a½GUvsm;oGm;ap\/ aea&mifxrJ S ypön;f wpfco k nf tpuat;aeaomfvnf; ylaEG;vm\/ vlwv Ykd uf&mypön;f rsm; tm;vkH;wdkYonf taMumif;w&m;oabmwpfckudk jyñTefMu avonf/ vlw\ Ykd aumif;aom? raumif;aom trltusirhf sm; wdkYonfyif taMumif;&if;wpfckrS tpjyKMuavownf;/ bmompum;toD;oD;rS ]]bmaMumifh}}? ]]b,fu}} ? ]]b,fv}kd } ponfah r;cGe;f rsm;ESi?hf ]]jyKvyk o f nf}}? ]]jzpfaponf}}? ]]&onf}}? ]]ay;onf}} ponfhBud,myk'frsm;tm;vkH;onfvnf; aMumif;usdK;oabmw&m;rsm;udk az:jyaeavonf/ taMumif ; ( Cause)[l a om oabmw&m;onf tusdK; (Effect)[laom oabmw&m;udk jzpfay:apaom t"dujyKvkyfoljzpf\/ taMumif;w&m;udk taMumif;w&m; [líac:&jcif;rSm tusdK;w&m;oabmobm0jzpfay:ap 1/ Aristotle, Physics, II, 3, 134b 18-20.

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aomaMumifhyifjzpf\/ Oyrm - tdrfwpfaqmifudkMunhfyg/ tdrfonf trdk;? tum? tkwf? wkdif? jywif;ayguf? wHcg;ayguf tp½Sdonfh tdrfaqmufypönf;rsm; rygvQif tdrftjzpfjzifh &yfwnfraeEdkifyg/ trdk;? tum? jywif;? wHcg;vkyfzdkY oGyf? oufu,f? opfom;? oH? bdvyfajr? oJ? tkwf? xkH;? ausmuf ½Sdaomfjim;vnf; aqmufvkyfol r½SdvQif rjzpfEdkifygacs/ aqmufEdkifol½Sdaomfjim;vnf; vSycefYjim;xnf0gaom tdrf wpfaqmifjzpfapzdkY uRrf;usifaom tif*sifeD,m? uRrf;usif aomyef;&Hq&m? uRrf;usifaom vuform;q&mrsm; r½Sdygu vnf; rjzpfEdkifyg/ taMumif;ESifhtusdK;onf wpfckESifhwpfck oHMudK; uGi;f cuf tjrq J ufvsu&f MSd uyg\/ ½kyyf pön;f rsm; wpfcEk iS w hf pfck uGmjcm;jcif;uyif xif½mS ;aeavonf/ aMumif;usKd ;qufo, G rf I oabmw&m;onf tNrJ w nf ½ S d \ / taMumif ; w&m;ud k tudsK;w&m;rScJGí r&ay/ tusdK;w&m;½SdygvQif taMumif; w&m;½S&d rnf/ taMumif;w&m;wpfc½k v dS Qif tusKd ;w&m;wpfck jzpfay:vm&pNryJ if/ xdaYk Mumihf ]]jzpfay:vmaom ½kyyf pön;f wdik ;f onf tjcm;t&mwpfckudk rSDcdkae\/ pMu0VmBuD;wpfckvkH; tay:rS t&mtm;vkH;wdkYonf taMumif;w&m; (odkYr[kwf) tusdK;w&m;wpfckjzpfae\/2 2/ C. G., III, c. 107.

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wzef taMumif;w&m;onf tusdK;w&m;\a½SUü jzpfay:aom oabmobm0½Sd\/ taMumif;onfom tusdK; \ t½Sifocifjzpf\/ tusdK;wpfckwGif taMumif;wpfck vdkaejcif;onf tajccHobm0"r®wmyifjzpfavonf/ tusdK; w&m;ESin hf rD Qaom taMumif;w&m;wpfco k nf tpueOD;üyif ½Sdae&ayrnf/ xdkYaMumifh om;orD;rsm;t&iftOD; rdbrsm; ½Sd &\/ yef;yk½yk x f t k &iftOD;ü yef;ykq&m½S\ d / em;0ifcsKd omonhf aw;oHomt&iftOD;wGif oDcsif;oDukH;olESifh oDqdkolwdkY ½SdaecJh\/ (c) odomxif½Sm;aom taMumif;w&m;rsm; tm½kHig;yg;\ oGifjyifvu©©Pmrsm;udk tajccHí avhvmaomolwcsKd U (Oyrm- Hume and Stuart Mill ) wdu Yk ]]vlonf olYtm½kHig;yg;jzifh cHpm;xdawGYEkdifaom ½kyfj'yfrsm; udkom em;vnfod½SdEdkifonf/ vlYtm½kHig;yg;onf aMumif;usdK; qufpyfru I kd rjrifrawGUEdik yf g/ xdaYk Mumifh vlt Y m½kiH g;yg;jzifh rjrif rxd rodpGrf;onfh taMumif;w&m;qdkonfh a0g[m&onf vlYpdwful;oufoufomjzpf\}}[kqdkavonf/3 vlYudk,fvuf 3/ Cf., H. J. Koren, Introduction to the Science of Metaphysics, B. Herder Book, London, 1964, p. 232.

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t*Fgig;yg;onf tay:,H½kyfj'yfoGifjyif vu©Pmrsm;udkom udkifxdawGY½SdMum;emjrnf;prf; ½SL½dIufjcif;jzifhom odEdkifonfudk rjiif;qdkvdkyg/ xdkYtwl vlü pOf;pm;awG;ac: rSwfom;Edkifaom todÓPfonf ukd,fvuft*Fgig;jzmjzifh rodEdkifaom (abstract) ½kyfrJhemrfoufoufrsm;udkvnf; pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkif ygonf/ Oyrm- i,fpOfuav;b0u awGMuHKcJhzl;aom tjzpf tysufwpfckudk MuD;vmpOfwGif jyefvnfowd&pOf;pm; ae Edkifonf/ wzef tqkH;tydkif;jcm;½Sdaom tEÅdub0rsm;wGif a&wGufjcif;iSg rpGrf;aom? A[d'¨ykHo@mefwdkY\ y"geusaom twGif;rS tESpfoabmw&m; (essence)onf ]]jzpfjcif; (to be)}} ESifh rwlvQif xdkjzpfay:apjcif;onf tjyifrStaMumif; wpfckckaMumifhom jzpfayrnf/ xdkYaMumifh wpfpkHwpfckudk jzpfay:apjcif; (od)Yk ]]jzpfjcif;}} ay;vdu k jf cif;onf aMumif;usKd ; obm0ed , mryif j zpf \ / xd k Y a Mumif h taMumif ; w&m;ud k aocsmpGm odEdkifygonf/ tusd K ;w&m;ud k jzpf a y:ap&mwG i f wu,f w ef ; rjzpfraewdwdusus? vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;yg0ifjzpfay:apaom taMumif;w&m; (per se cause)ESifh vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;wdwd ususryg0ifaom taMumif;w&m; (per accidens cause or Accidental cause) tjzpf ESpfrsdK;ESpfpm;awGYEdkifavonf/ yxrtaMumif;w&m;wGif tusdK;w&m;jzpfay:a&;twGuf

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t"durlwnfae\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf tusdK;w&m;onf &v'f? yef;wdik f (od)Yk &nf½, G cf sujf zpfNy;D ? xdt k usKd ;w&m;twGuf t"duusaom taMumif;w&m;tjzpf &yfwnf\/ 'kw, d wpfck wGif xdkodkYr[kwfyJ tusdK;w&m; jzpfay:apa&;twGuf t"du rusyJ taMumif;w&m;udk taxmuftulom jzpfaponf/ Oyrm (1) - pmusuf j cif ; onf ynm½S d j cif ; tusdK;jzpfay:apzdkY t"duusNyD; wu,fwef;yg0if ywfouf aeaom taMumif; (per se cause) jzpfaomfvnf; bJGYvuf rSwfonf ynm½Sdjcif;\ t"du,taMumif;w&m; r[kwfay/ ynm½Sdjzpfjcif;qdkonfh oufaotjzpf yg0ifaeaomfvnf; ynm&dSjcif;wGif vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; rywfoufaom taMumif; w&m; (accidental cause)omvQif jzpf\/ xdkbJGUvufrSwf onf vludkynm½Sd jzpfapjcif; r[kwfyJ? pmusufjcif;uom vludk ynm½Sdjzpfapjcif;twGuf t"du,taMumif;w&m; jzpf avonf/ xdaYk Mumifh (per accidens cause) t"dutaMumif; w&m;vkH;0r[kwfyJ tusdK;jzpfay:apa&;twGuf tultnD ay;aom? jzpfay:apzdkY vrf;cif;ay;aomtaMumif;w&m; omvQifjzpf\/ Oyrm (2) - vufrSmudkifxm;aomykvif; vGwfus oGm;jcif;wGif ykvif;udv k ufrmS udik v f suf tvkyv f yk af ejcif;onf taxmuftuljyKtaMumif;w&m; (per accidens cause) jzpfNyD;? urÇmajrBuD;qJGtm;onf ykvif;vGwfusjcif;twGuf

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t"dutaMumif;&if; (per se cause)jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh ykvif;udkifxm;vsuf tvkyfvkyfjcif;onf vGwfusap&ef twGuf t"du,taMumif;&if;jzpfaom urÇmajrBuD;qJGtm;udk ulnDaeavonf/ tusdK;w&m;rsm;udk jzpfay:apaomtaMumif;w&m; rsm;pGmwdt Yk euf trsKd ;tpm; (4) rsKd ;tjzpfcjGJ cm;Edik yf gonf/ (1) ½kyfj'yf0w¬KtaMumif;w&m; (Material Cause)? (2) twGif; tESpfoabmjzpfonfh taMumif;w&m; (Formal cause)?

(3) trSew f u,fvyk af qmifEikd pf rG ;f onfh taMumif;w&m; (od)Yk jyKvyk o f l (Efficient Cause)? (4) aemufq;Hk tNy;D owfyef;wdik f y"getaMumif;w&m; (Final Cause) wdkYjzpfMu\/ (1)/ omreftm;jzifh tusKd ;w&m;wpfct k jzpf xGuaf y: vm&ef ½kyf0w¬Kt"duuspGmyg0ifaom taMumif;w&m;udk ½kyjf 'yf0w¬KtaMumif;w&m;[k ac:onf/ wenf;tm;jzifh t&m wpfckrS tjcm;wpfckjzpfay:vm&ef jyKvkyfjcif;jzpf\/ Oyrm vl w pf a ,muf o nf ausmuf w k H ; wpf w k H ; ud k , l í ½k y f x k xkvkyfonfqdkMuygpdkY/ ausmufwkH;onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ykHaomfvnf;aumif;? 'dkif,memrif;orD;ykHaomfvnf;aumif;? bk&m;ykHawmfaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfvmEdkif\/ xdkausmufwkH; onf jzpfvmaomyef;yk½kyftwGuf ½kyf0w¬KtaMumif;w&m; (Material Cause)wpfck jzpfavonf/ yef;yk½kyftwGuf

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t"durusaom taMumif;w&m; (per accidens cause)yif jzpf\/ trsdK;rsdK;aom 0w¬Kypönf;wdkYjzifh yef;yk½kyfvkyfEdkifaom aMumifh opfom;yef;yk&yk ?f ausmufprd ;f yef;yk½yk ?f ausmufovif; ½kyfxk? aMu;½kyfxk? a½T½kyfxk[k ac:Muygonf/ (2)/ a&wGufjcif;iSgrpGrf;aom? A[d'¨ykHo@mefwdkY\ y"geusaom twGif;om;tESpfoabmaMumifh vludkvl[k ac:\/ wd&dpämefudk wd&dpämef[kac:onf/ jrufyif? opfyif yef;rmef? yef;cs?D yef;yk...tp½So d nfjzifjh zpfay:\/ ]]OD;bonf q&m0efjzpf\}} qd&k mü q&m0efqo kd nfh OD;budk ac:tyfaom *kPft*Fgonf tay:,Hoabm r[kwfyg/ xkdtESpfoabm aMumif h tusd K ;w&m;qd k o nf h q&m0ef [ k ac:&ygonf / xd k Y a Mumif h xd k t ES p f o abmaMumif h tusd K ;w&m;qd k o nf h q&m0efjzpfvmaomaMumifh twGif;tESpfoabmjzpfonfh taMumif;w&m; (Formal Cause)[k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ (3)/ trSew f u,f vkyaf qmifEikd pf rG ;f ½So d nfh taMumif; w&m;qdkonfrSm wpfenf;tm;jzifY jyKvkyfolyif jzpfygonf/ r½Sdao;onfudk ½Sdvmatmif jyKvkyfoljzpf\/ trSefwu,f vkyaf qmifEikd pf rG ;f onfh taMumif;w&m;jzpfay\/ þtaMumif; w&m;onf tusdK;jzpfay:apaomtcg xdktusdK;w&m;onf olYrSmvnf; ½SdaeNyD;jzpf\/ Oyrm - q&monf ausmif;om;

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twGuf? tazonf om;twGuf? yef;ykq&monf yef;yk½kyf twGuf? yef;csDq&monf yef;csDum;csyftwGuf? yef;&Hq&m onf wd k u f t d r f t wG u f ? vuf o rm;onf xk d i f c k H t wG u f trSefvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;onYf taMumif;w&m; (odkY) jyKvkyfol (Efficient Cause) jzpfavonf/ yef ; yk q &mu yef ; yk ½ k y f x k v k y f a omtcg ol Y x H ü yxrOD;pGm yef;yk½kyfrxkvkyfrDuyif yef;yk½kyf\ oabmw&m; ½SdESifYNyD;om; jzpf\/ yef;yk&kyfxkEdkifpGrf; &dSESifhjyD;jzpf\/ ypönf; wpf c k u d k tyl a y;vd k y gu tyl a y;½ef o k H ; onf h 0w¬ K onf tyl½EdS iS Nhf y;D jzpf&ayrnf/ Oyrm - rD;awmufonf yifu, kd u f yif apmpD;pGmtyl&dSaejyD; jzpf&ayrnf/ xdktwl NyKvkyfolonf wpfckckNyKvkyfaomtcg tNrJwrf; olYrSm½SdonfUtwdkif; NyKvkyf \/ odkYaomf ykHo@meftm;jzifhaomfum; tusdK;ESifhtaMumif; onf wpfax&mwnf;uscsifrS usayrnf/ Oyrm - wdkuftdrf onf yef;&Hq&muJhodkY ykHwlrjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYaomf yef;&Hq&m\ pdwfxJrSwdkuftdrfESifhum; ykHwljzpfygonf/ jyKvyk o f l (Efficient Cause) qd&k mwGif tjrifq h ;Hk (od)Yk t"dutusq;Hk aom jyKvyk o f El iS hf Mum;rStaxmuftultjzpf jyKvkyfol (Principal cause and instrumental cause) [lí ESpfrsdK;½SdEdkifygonf/4 4/ jyKvkyfolonf jyKvkyfcH&olxuftNrJ omvGefBuD;jrwf\[k qdkaomfvnf; b0tawGt Y MuKw H iG f wpfcgwpf&jH yKvyk cf &H ol (tusKd ;)onf jyKvyk o f l (taMumif;)

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(4)/ aemufqkH;tNyD;owfyef;wdkify"getaMumif; w&m; (Final Cause)qdkonfrSm xdkyef;wdkiftwGuf jyKvkyf apjcif;jzpf\/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh &nf½G,fcsuf\ tqkH;rS &v'ftwGuf jyKvkyfaomtaMumif;w&m;jzpf\/ vuform; q&monf opfjym;udkvSD;jzwfaejcif;rSm pm;yJGwpfvkH; jyKvkyfzdkY jzpfonf/ zcifonf aiG&zdkYtvkyfvkyfaejcif;rSm om;orD; rsm;ESifhZeD;r,m;udk auR;arG;zdkYjzpfonf/ tNyD;owf? tqkH;? yef;wdkifonf omrefyef;wdkif jzpfouJhodkY jrifhjrwfaomyef;wdkifvnf; jzpfEdkifavonf/ avmavmq,fq,f teD;rSmjzpfouJhodkY tvSrf;a0;uGmaom ae&mrS yef;wdkifvnf;jzpfEdkifayonf/ xdkYaMumifh yef;wdkify"ge taMumif;w&m;rSwefbdk;rjzwfEkdifaom todw&m;wpfckrSm ]]tm;vk H ; aomNyKvk y f o l w d k i f ; onf &nf ½ G , f c suf y ef ; wd k i f wpfcktwGuf jzpf\}}qdkonfyif jzpffavonf/ þtcsufudk obm0w&m;Bu;D ü aoaocsmcsm awGUEdik yf gonf/ onft h jyif tm;vkH;aom taMumif;w&m;wdkif;onf tusdK;w&m;twGuf OD;wnfaeaMumif; awGU&avonf/ vGwv f yfaom vlom;rsm; tygt0if a0zefcsifhcsdefrIuif;vsuf vIHYaqmfrIwpfckxJ½Sdaom ouf½Sdowå0grsm;tygt0if tm;vkH;wdkYonf tqkH;rS yef;wdkif xuf omonfrsm;vJ½Sd\/ Oyrm - q&m0ef\ cJGpdwf"g;onf vlemudk usef;rmjcif; ay;\/ þae&mü q&m0efonf t"duusaom jyKvkyfoljzpfjyD; "g;onf taxmuftultjzpfjyKvkyfol (taMumif;w&m;) jzpfavonf/

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wpfcktwGuf jzpfaeaMumif;xif½Sm;avonf/ aemufqHk;taejzifY aMumif;usdK;w&m;udk qifjcif jcif;jzifh vlwdkYtwGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom w&m;"r®wpfckudk trS e f a wG U Y M u&ayrnf / od k Y a omf taMumif ; ES i f h t usd K ;ud k qifjcif&mwGif wpfqifNh y;D wpfqif?h ,kw½då ½dS ?dS ,xmblwusus? enf;rSefrSef? pepfrSefrSef qifjcif&ayrnf/ ,kwådr½Sd? enf;pepf rusygu "r®"d|mefusaom tajzodkY ra&mufEdkifyJ½Sdacsrnf/ xdkaomtcg t&if;r½Sd? tzsm;r½Sd? en;frus? pepfrus i,fpOfu ½Gwq f akd v ½h o dS nfh ]]aygufyif bmaMumifu Y ikd ;f &w,f/ AsdKif;em;vdkY udkif;&w,f/ AsdKif;bmaMumifh em;&w,f? ig;ay:vdkY em;&w,f/ ig;bmaMumifh ay:&w,f? uRJvl;vdkY ay:&w,f/ uRJbmaMumifh vl;&w,f? jzKwfudkufvdkY vl;&w,f/ jzKwf bmaMumifh udkuf&w,f? rdk;½GmvdkY udkuf&w,f?/ rdk;bmaMumifh ½Gm&w,f? zg;atmfvdkY ½Gm&w,f/ zg;bmaMumifY atmf&w,f? a>rudkufvdkY atmf&w,f/ a>rbmaMumifh udkuf&w,f? igh0rf; ylqmraeomvdkY udkuf&w,f}} oHNydKiftwdkif; y&rf;ywm jzpfoGm;ayrnf/ ywf0ef;usifwpfcGifvkH;udk aMumif;usdK;oabmw&m; tjrifjzifh qifjcifygu pMu0VmBuD;tygt0if? pMu0VmBuD; wGif;½Sd t&m0wåK½kyfypönf;tm;vkH;wdkYü atmufygtbd"r®m wpfckudk tNrJ½IUawGUaeMuygrnf/

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*/ bk&m;wnf½SdaMumif; oufaojycsuf /5 pBu0VmBuD;twGif;rS jrifjriforQt&mwdkYtwGuf wefcdk;awmf½Sifbk&m; t,ltqudk xnfhoGif;rpOf;pm;yJ tjcm;aom taMumif;w&m;rsm;jzifh ½Si;f jyEdik yf gonf[k wcsKd Uu qdkMuygonf/ wcsdKUuvnf; pBu0VmBuD;wGif jzpfay:ae orQaom t&mcyfodrf;onf ]]obm0,w&m;BuD;}}\ pDrHrI aMumifjh zpfNy;D ? vlUusi0hf wfe,fy,frmS jzpfay:aeaom aumif;rI raumif;rI toD;oD;wdkYonfvnf; vlUpdwfaMumifhom jzpfay: ae&onf[kqkdMuavonf/ xdkYaMumifh þpBu0VmBuD;wpfckvkH;udk ½Sif;jy&ef obm0,w&m;BuD;ESifh vlUpdwfrSvJGí tjcm;b,frSmrS tajz r½Syd g[k tqdjk yKMuavonf/ Mum;pwGif rSeo f a,mifyif xif& \/ odkYaomf tcsuftvufrSefrsm;udk aocsmpGm Munhf½I avhvmqifjcifum oufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;udk ppfaq; avhvmygu obm0w&m;ESifh vlYpdwfESpfckxJESifh pBu0VmBuD; udk ½Si;f jy&ef rvkaH vmufaMumif; awGUvm&\/ oD;jcm;jzpfaom ocFg&"r®w\ Ykd umvXmetm;jzifh tydik ;f tjcm; tueft Y owf ½SdrI? tqkH;tydkif;tjcm;½Sdaom obm0w&m;BuD;ESihf jzpfjcif;? ysujf cif;? ajymif;vJjcif; pd;k pHaom vlpY w d w f jYkd zifo h m pBu0VmBu;D 5/ S. Th., I, q. 2, a. 3 udktajccHa&;om;ygonf/

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ay:vm&onfqkdjcif;rSm rcdkifvkHEdkifacs/ tp^tqk;H tydik ;f tjcm;½Sad omobm0 (finite)\ tp jzpf a y:vmjcif ; ES i f h tqk H ; a&muf ½ S d v mjcif ; ud k ½S i f ; jy&ef tp,tqk;H tydik ;f tjcm;r½Sad omobm0 (infinite)w&m;wpfck ½SdrSjzpf ayrnf/ xkdYaMumifh tptqkH;tydkif;tjcm;r½Sdaom opömw&m; wpfck½dSaMumif; oufaoxlMu&ygrnf/ csrf;ajrU &dyo f m q&mawmfu ]]'Dvydk ikd ;f jcm; owfrw S v f &Ykd wJh obm0½S&d if tcsed u f mv? ae&ma'oawGrS tvGwjf zpfwYJ ydik ;f jcm;owfrw S f vdrYk &wJh obm0vnf;½Sw d ,fvYkd qifjcifawG;q,lEikd yf gw,f}}6 [k qdk\/ tu,fí wpfpkHwpfa,muf½SdaMumif; rawGUEdkifrjrif Edkif[k qdkMuygpdkY/ odkYaomf xdkyk*¾dKvfcsefxm;cJhaom vufpajcp (effects, tusdK;w&m;rsm;)wpfckpDudk aumuf,lum pDppf MunhEf ikd yf gu rawGUvdu k af omfvnf; xdyk *k Kd¾ vu f kd odEikd af yrnf/ vufpajcp½Sdygu vuftppfajctppf½Sd&rnf r[kwfygvm;/ tusdK;w&m;rsm; vufawGU½SdvQif taMumif;w&m;rsm; vufOD; ½Sd&rnf/ þuJhodkYaumufcsufcsEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; uREfkyfwkdY\ awGUxdcpH m;Edik af om tm½kiH g;yg;ESihf pOf;pm;awG;ac:ÓPfonf wpfpw kH pfcak omtwdik ;f twmxd odEikd af omaMumifyh if jzpfav 6/ csrf;ajrU&dyfomq&mawmf? EdkifiHjcm;om;bkef;awmfBuD; wpfyg;\ Ak'Ábmom tjrif tar;tajzrsm;/ jr0wDyHkEdSyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1993/ pmrsufESm - 43/

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onf/ xdkYaMumifh tptewpfckudkomjrif&ygap? *CeP qifjcifjcif;jzifh tpjyKonfh t&mudkawGUEdkifyg\/ yef;yGifh wpfyGifhom jzpfygap/ xdkyef;yGifhtpudk odEdkifyg\/ yef;yGifh jzpfvm&jcif; taMumif;&if;odkY qdkufqdkuf a&mufEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh uRefawmfwdkYonf rjrifEdkifaom ]]bk&m; ½Sad wmfral Mumif;}} oufaojy&ef jrifEikd af omt&mrsm;rS vQKd U0Suf aomt&mudk ½SmazGMuygrnf/ rodem;rvnfEdkifao;aom t&modkY odem;vnfaomt&mrsm;jzifh csOf;uyfMuygrnf/ vuf&majc&mrsm;tm;jzifh vufygajcygrsm;udk oufaojy ½S m azG M uygrnf / tusd K ;w&m;rsm;rS w pf q if h ½S m azG y gu taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk rkcs{ueftrSefawGUMuygrnf/ ,ck uRefaw,fwdkYavYvmMurnfY oufaojycsuf (5)csufonf ]]bk&m;½SdaMumif;oufaorsm;}}[k rqdkvdkcsifyg/ ]]bk&m;½SdaMumif;oufaojyonfh enf;edos}}[kom qdkcsif ygonf/ (u) yxrqkH;ESifh ydkrdkxif½Sm;aomenf;rSm ]]a½Gvsm;jcif;}} udk qifjcifenf;yif jzpfygonf/7 þurÇmBuD;ay:rS uREfkyfwdkYjrifawGUae&aom trsdK;rsdK;aom t&mwdkYonf a½GUvsm;ajymif;vJaeMuukef\/ a½GUvsm;ajymif; 7/ The first and more manifest way is the argument from motion.

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vJjcif; jzpfay:aeaom t&m&mwdkif;onf tjcm;aomt&m wpfckaMumifhom jzpfEdkif\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf ouf0if xufjrufvmEdkifaom? t&nftaoG; (actuality) ½Sdaom t&mwdkif;onf a½GUvsm;ajymif;vJEdkif\/ ]]a½GUvsm; ajymif;vJ jcif;}} qdo k nfrmS jzpfEikd af jc½Sad omt&mrS trSew f u,f wnf½dS jzpfay:vmapjcif;odkY a&muf½SdoGm;jcif;yifjzpf\/ jzpfEdkifacs ½Sdaom t&mwpfck (potency)onf trSefwu,f jzpfvmEdkif ap&ef (act)? trSefwu,ftajctaeü½Sdaom tjcm;t&m wpfckckrS jyKvkyfray;vQif rjzpfEdkifacs/ rdrdudk,fwdkifu trSef wu,fylaom tajctaeü½Sdaom t&mwpfckcku jyKvkyfay; rSomvQif ylEikd af jc½Sad om t&mwpfcu k kd trSew f u,f ylapEdik f ygonf/ Oyrm - rD;onf rdrdudk,füu trSefwu,fylaom tajctaeü ½Sd\/ opfom;wkH; wpfwkH;onf at;ae\/ odkYaomf ylEdkifajc½Sd\/ rD;ylay;ygu ylvmEdkif\/ xdkYaMumifh ud, k w f ikd üf u trSew f u,fyal om rD;em;rSmxm;ygu opfom; wk;H onf ylEikd af cs½&dS mrS wu,fyv l mavonf/ opfom;wk;H \ rlvylEdkifajc½Sd&mrS trSefwu,fylvmjcif;onf a½GUvsm; ajymif;vJvmjcif;yif jzpfavonf/ wzef opfom;wkH;wpfwkH; onf rlvuyif xdkifckHaomfvnf;aumif;? pm;yJGaomfvnf; aumif;? bD½kdaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfvmEdkifzG,f ½Sd\/ odkYaomf olYyifudk,fu jzpfvmEdkifacs½Sdaomfvnf; jzpfvm&ef olYukd

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vlujyKvkyfay;ygrS pm;yJG (odkY) bD½dk jzpfvmygrnf/ wzef pm;yGJ (od)Yk bD&kd jzpfvmaomtcg wNyKd ief ufxJ opfom;wk;H r[kwaf wmhyg/ tylay;vdu k í f ylvmaomopfom; wkH;onfvnf; at;aomopfom;wkH;ESifh ylaomopfom;wkH; [lí wpfNyKd ief ufrjzpfEikd yf g/ jzpfvmEdik af jc½Sjd cif;ESihf jzpfvmjcif; wNydKifeufrjzpfEdkifyg/ t"dyÜg,frSm wpfckwnf;wGif a½GUvsm; cH&olEiS hf a½GUvsm;apol wpfNyKd ief uf? wpfcsed w f nf; rjzpfEikd yf g/ tb,fah Mumifq h akd omf a½GUvsm;cH&olonf ud, k w f ikd o f Ul bmom ol ra½GUvsm;Edkifovdk opfom;wkH;onf yifudk,fu tylr½Sd aomaMumifh olUbmomylrvmEkdifyg/ opfwkH;wpfwkH;onf olUbmomol xdik cf aHk omfvnf;aumif;? pm;yJaG omfvnf;aumif;? bD½dkaomfvnf;aumif; jzpfrvmEdkifyg/ xk d Y a Mumif h jzpf v mEd k i f a jc½S d a om tajctaerS jzpfvmjcif;tajctaewpfckodkY a½GUvsm;vm&ef wjcm;t&m wpfcck rk S jyKvyk af y;rSom jzpfEikd af vonf/ tu,fí xdt k jcm; t&mwpfckckonfvnf; wjcm;t&mwpfckckrS a½GUvsm;apjcif; jzpfaejyefvQif tjcm;t&mwpfck... aemufwpfck... aemufwpfck...qifhuJqifhuJ ½Sd&ygrnf/ a½GUvsm;apaom t&mrsm;wGif rlva½GUvsm;apaomt&mudk &SmawGU&efrjzpfEdkif yg[k rqd k E d k i f y g/ tb,f h a Mumif h q d k a omf tu,f í om yxra½GUvsm;apaomol (yifu, kd u f a½GUvsm;rIr½Sb d J ud, k yf ikd f jzpfvmapol) r½SdcJhygvQif 'kwd,a½GUvsm;ol? wwd,? pwkw¬?

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a½GUvsm;olrsm; (a½GUvsm;cH&olrsm;) r½SdEdkifyg/ odkYaomf 'kw, d a½GUvsm;olrsm; ½Sad eygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh yxra½GUvsm;ol ½S&d ygrnf/ awmifa0S;onf a½GUvsm;aeygonf/ tb,fah Mumifh qdkaomf awmifa0S;udkifxm;aom vufuvIyfaejcif;aMumihf jzpf\/ wzef aMumif;usKd ;w&m;wGif tqk;H r½Sad om tusKd ;qdk onfrmS jzpfEikd \ f / odaYk omf tqk;H tpr½Sad om taMumif;w&m; r½SdEdkifacs/ yxrqkH;taMumif;½Sd&ygrnf/ a½GUvsm;cH&aom t&mrsm; tqkH;r½SdwpfckNyD;wpfck ½SdEdkifygonf/ odkYaomf a½GUvsm;apaomt&m tqkH;r½SdwpfckNyD;wpfck raeEdkifyg/ yxrqdkonfh tpr½SdvQif ,kwådrusyg/ &Sd&rnfjzpfaom xdkyxrtaMumif;w&m;udk &SmazG jcif;onf tqHk;r&dS (infinity) rjzpfEdkifyg/ odkYr[kwfvQif awmifwufaeaom rD;&xm;wGif vlpD;wJGrsm;wpfwGJNyD;wpfwJG ra&rwGuEf ikd af tmif½NdS y;D rD;&xm;pufacgif;r½Syd g[k qdo k nfEiS hf wlaeayvdrrhf nf/ avScg;wpfcw k iG f avScg;xpfaygif; ode;f oef; csaD tmif &Snyf gap/ yxravScg;xpfqw kd m r½Sv d Qif rjzpfEikd yf g/ odaYk omf ,ckajymaeaom yxravScg;xpf? yxrpufacgif;wG?J yxra½GUvsm;olajym&mwGif ]]yxr}} [k qdkaomfvnf; tcsdef em&Dtydik ;f tjcm;ESihf owfrw S x f m;aom yxr r[kwyf g/ yxr t"dygÜ ,frmS usKd ;aMumif;w&m;rS tOD;qH;k aom? yxrtaMumif; w&m;udk qdkvdkygonf/

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rnfodkYyifqdkap aMumif;usdK;qifjcif&mwGif yxr a½GUvsm;olxHa&muf&ayrnf/ xdkyxra½GUvsm;apolonf wjcm;t&mwpfckrS a½GUvsm;apol r[kwfay/ pmrwwfaom uav;onf pmwwfvmygu ol[mol pmwwfvmygonf[k rqdkEdkifay/ xdkUtwl txufwef;ynm atmifjrifjyD;aom ausmif;om;wpfO;D onf q&m0efjzpfvmygu olu Y kd vuform; q&mu oifay;ygonf[k rajymEdkifay/ ausmif;om;wpfOD; onf tif*sifeD,mtwwfynmudk wHigonfu oifay;yg onf[kajymvQif rnfolrQ vufcHrnfrxifyg/ xd k Y a Mumif Y þyxra½G U vsm;ol o nf ]]bk & m;}} yifjzpf\[k vlwdkif; em;vnfygonf/ (c) ]]bk&m;½Sad wmfral Mumif;}} oufaojyonfh 'kw, d enf;onf trSefwu,fvkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf;onhf taMumif;w&m; (odkY) jyKvkyfol (efficient cause))udk ½SmazGjcif;jzifh qifjcifokH;oyf jcif; jzpfygonf/8 þavmu,urÇmajrBuD;wGif jrifjriforQ? awGU&orQ? ½SdorQ aom t&mwdkif;wGif trSefwu,fvkyfaqmifaomol (odkY) jyKvyk o f rl sm; qifu h q J ifu h J ½Sad Mumif;awGUEdik yf gonf/ rnfonfh t&mrQ olY[mol jzpfay:vmjcif;r½Sdyg/ 8/ The second way is from the nature of the efficient cause.

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Oyrm - vuf,mvufu vrf;avQmufwkwfudk vIyf aponf/ wkwfuausmufcJudk a½GUapjyefonf/ wkwfonf vnf;aumif;? ausmufcJonfvnf;aumif;? olYbmomol rvIyfygacs/ rnfonhfudpöwGifrqdk yxrjyKvkyfol r&dSvQif rjzpfEikd yf g/ yxrjyKvyk o f o l nf Mum;rSt&m\ jyKvyk o f jl zpfNy;D Mum;rS t &monf aemuf q k H ; rS t &m\ jyKvk y f o l j zpf \ / (2) *Pef;onf (1) ESifh (3) tMum;rS*Pef;jzpf\/ (1)*Pef; aMumifh (2) jzpfay:vmí (2)aMumifh (3) ? (4) ? (5) rStpOf twdik ;f (10) jzpf\/ (10)*Pef;jzpfay:apolonf (9) jzpf\/ odkYaomf (9) *Pef;onf tpr[kwfao;ay/ oludk,fwdkifyif olYt&if (8? 7? 6? 5? 4? 3? 2?) *Pef;rsm; ½Sdao;aom aMumifhjzpf\/ xdkodkYjzifh tponf (1) *Pef;om jzpf\/ xd k Y a Mumif h jyKvk y f o l t rsm;½S d & m yxrjyKvk y f o l r½SdvQifb,fudpö? b,ft&mrS jzpfay:rvmEdkifacs/ yxr jyKvkyfol r½SdvQif tv,frSjyKvkyfolESifh aemufqkH;jyKvkyfol qdo k nfrsm; r½SEd ikd af cs/ xdaYk Mumifh tqk;H ESit hf v,frS jyKvyk o f ½l dS aeygvQif yxrjyKvyk o f rl ½Sv d Qif rjzpfEikd yf g/ tqk;H tp r½Sad om (infinity) qifhuJqifhuJjyKvkyfolrsm; rjzpfEdkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh yxrjyKvyk o f l ½S&d rnfqo kd nft h qku d kd vufc&H ygrnf/ xdyk xr jyKvkyfoludk vlwdkif;u ]]bk&m;}}[kac:Muavonf/ tu,f í jyKvk y f o l r sm;ud k qif h u J q if h u J rD ; cd k ;

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<uufavQmuf vkdufaeygaomfvnf; yxrtpu jyKvkyfol xHra&mufao;ygvQif þqifhuJqifhuJ jyKvkyfolrsm;onf yxrjyKvk y f o l \ tok H ; cH t &mrsm;? Mum;rS j yKvk y f o l r sm; (instruments)om jzpf&ygrnf/ trSefwu,fpGrf;aqmif EdkifonfY yxrjyKvkyfolr½Sdyg[k qdkacsu ]]þxdkifckH? þpm;yJG? þbD½dkonf vTuvkyfaomaMumifh jzpfvmygonf/ ]]qdwfcsdK? wlEiS hf "g;}} uvkyyf gonf/ aygufqed u f vkyí f jzpfvmygonf[k qdkae&ma&mufayrnf/ jyKvkyfol vuform;q&m r½SdyJ xdkifckHaomfvnf;aumif;? pm;yJGaomfvnf;aumif;? bD½dkaomf vnf ; aumif ; jzpf r vmEd k i f y g/ vuf o rm;q&monf o m vkyEf ikd pf rG ;f aom yxrjyKvyk o f jl zpf\/ "g;? qdwcf sKd ? wl? yJuw G ?f vTwdkYonf udk,fwdkifvkyfEdkifpGrf;aom jyKvkyfolrsm; r[kwfacs/ Mum;rS jyKvkyfolrsm; (odkY) tokH;cHt&mrsm; (instruments) rsm;om jzpfavonf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfonfhudpöwGifrqdk vkyfEdkifpGrf;p½Sdonfh yxrjyKvkyfol ½Sd&rnftqdkudk vufcH&ayrnf/ xdkvkyfEdkifpGrf; udk,fydkif½Sdaom yxrjyKvkyfoludk vlwdkif;u ]]bk&m;}} [kac: Muavonf/

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(*) wwd,enf;rSm jzpfEdkifajc½Sdjcif;ESifh tjzpftajc½Sdjcif;udk tajccHí qifjcifawG;awmjcif; jzpfygonf/9 pBu0VmBuD;wpfckvkH;ESifhwuG olUtwGif;½Sd cyfodrf;ukefaom t&mwdkYonf rdrdwdkYudk,fudk rdrdwdkYtpdk;r&MuyJ? jyifyrS taMumif;aMumif;aom w&m;wdkYaMumifh jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif; cHMu&\/ þodYk rdru d , kd rf rd d tpd;k r&Edik af omaMumifh olwo Ykd nf rNrJygay/ ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;Muukef\/ owåavmurS owå0grsm;tm;vkH;wGif tajccHus aom obm0vIaYH qmfcsuw f pfcrk mS jynf0h jcif;udk &vdak om qE´ jzpfygonf/ ywf0ef;usifrSm taotcsmavhvmygvQif þ tcsufudk rkcsawGYEdkifygonf/ tm;vkH;aomouf½SdwdkYonf olwdkY\ touf½SnfapzdkY tNrJBudK;pm;Mu\/ aoapEdkifaom tEÅ&m,frS tNrJa½SmifMu\/ ckcHEkdifpGrf;vQif twwfEdkifqkH; ckcHMuavonf/ remzdkYa½SmifMu\/ raozdkYBudK;pm;Mu\/ rnfrQyif tjyif;txef BuKd ;pm;ygaomfvnf; aemufq;Hk aoMu &onf/ aysmufuG,foGm;Mu&\/ ta[mif;wdkYcsKyfNidrf;í topfwt Ykd pm;xd;k Mu\/ Bu;D olrsm;aoí i,forl sm; aygufzmG ; vmMu\/ þjzpfay:vmjcif;ESihf aysmufu, G jf cif;wdu Yk olwo Ykd nf olwdkYudk,fwdkifvkyf,lí&aom touf? b0? r[kwfonfudk 9/ The third way is taken from possibility and necessity.

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xifxif½Sm;½Sm;jyoae\/ xdkodkYr[kwfyJ olwdkYudk,fwdkif olwdkY vkyf,lí&aomtoufESifhb0jzpfvQif aysmufuG,froGm; Edkifay/ aysmufuG,foGm;rnfudkvnf; olwdkYpdk;&drfylyefaezdkY rvdkay/ aysmufuG,froGm;atmifvnf; vkyf,layvdrfhrnf/ þopömw&m;wGif olwdkYjzpfay:vmjcif; tusdK;w&m;\ jzpfay:vmaapjcif;taMumif;w&m;onf olwdkYudk,fü rawGY &acs/ jzpfay:vm&jcif;twGuf tjcm;t&mwpfckckxHrSm rSDcdk ae&aMumif;od&\/ þt&mcyfodrf;wdkYukd tEÅdub0½Sifrsm;[k ac:& ayrnf/ tEÅdub0½Sifrsm;onf teEÅb0&Sifrsm;r[kwf MuaomaMumifh jzpfjcif;? ysufjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;? qdwfokOf; jcif;rsm; ½SMd u\/ ]]tp}} (arG;zGm;jcif;) ½Sí d ]]tqk;H }} (csKyNf ird ;f jcif;) vnf ; ½S d a yonf / taMumif ; tm;avsmf p G m jzpf a y:vmí taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm csKyfNidrf;aysmufuG,foGm;Edkifaom aMumifh ]]jzpfjcif; (to be)}}ESifh ]]rjzpfjcif; (not to be)}}rsm; wpfck (odkUr[kwf) wpfck&dS\/ þtEÅdub0rsm;onf teEÅ &yfwnfraeEdkifyg/ tu,fí ]]rjzpfjcif;}} (odkY) ]]jzpfay: rvmjcif;}} om½Scd yhJ gvQif ,ckvnf; &daS eMurnfr[kwaf y/ ,ck ]]jzpfjcif; (to be)}} &dSvmcJYygvQif xdkodkU]]jzpfjcif;}}&zdkYtwGuf ]]jzpfjcif;}}tydkif&dSaom tjcm;wpfckudk rSDcdk&ayrnf/ urÇmajrBuD;wpfckvkH;onf tEÅdujzpfvQif wpfcgu vk;H 0bmrQr½Sjd cif;½S&d ayrnf/ xdb k mrQr½Sjd cif;rS ,ck ]]½Sjd cif;rsm;}}

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jzpfvmcJhygvQif jzpfEdkifpGr;faom t&mwpfckcku jyKvkyfrSom jzpfEdkifacsonf/ xdkYaMumifY wpfcsdefwpfcgu vkH;0bmrQr½SdchJ ygu ,aeYvnf;vkH;0bmwpfckrS jzpfay:rvmEdkifygacs/ odkYaomf ,ckuREfkyfwdkY jrifawGUEdkifaom ]]jzpfjcif;rsm;}} &yfwnf aeMujcif;onf vufawGUyifjzpf\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf jzpfay:vmzdkYtwGuf jzpfay:apEdkifaom tjcm;t&mwpfck ½Sad omaMumifh jzpf\/ tu,fíom xdw k jcm;t&monfvnf; udk,fwdkifu ]]jzpfjcif;}} twGuf wjcm;t&mwpfckudk rDScdkae& ygaomf xdkt&monfvnf; tEÅdub0&Sif jzpfaejyefygonf/ udk,fwdkifu tEÅdub0&SifjzpfaevQif wpfyg;oltm;vnf; ]]jzpfjcif;}} ray;Edkifygay/ ]]jzpfjcif;}}ay;EdkifygvQifvnf; xdk]]jzpfjcif;}}&olonfvnf; tEÅdub0&Sifom jzpfayrnf/ þuJYodkYqdkaomf aemufwpfck&Sm&ayrnf/ wpfckjyD;wpfck rD;cdk; <uufavQmuf waumufaumufvu kd &f mS ygvQif wpfyg;oltm; ]]jzpfjcif;}}ay;Edkifaom teEåb0&Sifwpfckudk awGY&ayrnf/ xdkt&monf ]]jzpfjcif;}}udk,fwdkif&dSjyD; wpfyg;oltm;vnf; jzpfay:apEdkifaom pGrf;tif½Sd&ayrnf/ xdkYtjyif ouf½SdavmuBuD;udk oufrJhobm0w&m; BuD;u jzpfay:vmapjcif;iSg rvkyfEdkifygacs/ tb,fhaMumifh qdkaomf usdK;aMumif;ed,mrw&m;t& taMumif;w&m;onf tusKd ;w&m;jzpfay:apzdYk olq Y rD mS tpuyif ½Sx d m;&rnfjf zpf\/ xdkYtwl ouf½Sdowå0gjzpfapzdkY oufrJh½kyf0w¬Ku ZD0touf

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ray;Edkifygacs/ Oyrm - vl o m;uav;i,f w pf O D ; arG ; zG m ;&ef rdcif\om;OESifh zcif\om;rsdK;OwdkYonf rdcif\ om;tdrf>yef twGif; awGUqkHaygif;pyf&efvdkygonf/ rdcif\ om;rsdK;Oonf tcsif;wpfvufr\ 125 ykH cefY½SdNyD; qJvftydkif;ykHo@mef jzpf\/ zcif\om;rsdK;OrSm t½Snfwpfvufr\ ig;&mykHwpfykH ½SdaomrsdK;O tajrmuftjrm;yg0ifNyD; ,if;rsdK;OwGif acgif;ydkif;? ud, k x f nfyikd ;f ESihf tjr;Dd ydik ;f rsm; ½Sad vonf/ tNr;D ydik ;f udk vIy½f mS ; í wpfrdepfvQif wpfvufr\ wpfq,fykHwpfykHcefY a½GUvsm; Edkif\/ þodkYzcif\rsdK;Oonf vIyf½Sm;í rdcif\rsdK;OESifh awGU &\/ xdkodkYawGUí pwifajymif;vJaom tpdwftydkif;onf rdcif\ 0rf;Adkufüxm;rSom touf0ifvm\/ xdkodkYr[kwfyJ rdcif\om;OESifh zcifrsdK;OwkdYudk zef>yef twG i f ; üaygif ; pyf a y;vsuf oaE¨ a tmif a paomf v nf ; touf r ay;Ed k i f y g/ touf 0 if a pzd k Y xd k a ygif ; pyf N yD ; om; oaE¨avmif;udk rdcif\0rf;AdkuftwGif;&dS om;tdrfwGif;odkY jyefvnfxnfhay;rSom jzpfEdkifavonf/ xdkYtjyif obm0 w&m;BuD;onfvnf;aumif;? vlonfvnf;aumif;? odyÜH ynmonfvnf;aumif;? ykHo@mefta&mif? tqif;? teYH t&om wpfax&mwnf;½Sad om bJOtwkukd jyKvyk Ef ikd af umif; jyKvkyfEdkifayrnf/ odkYaomf 4if;bJOtwkBuD;rS bJuav;

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aygufvmatmif rvkyfEdkifpGrf;acs/10 odyÜH"gwfcJGcef;ü rdcifrsdK;Oudk rwDxGifEdkifyg/ vlonf 4if;? obm0w&m;BuD;onfvnf;aumif;? odyÜHynmonf vnf;aumif;? ½SdNyD;aom t&mudktokH;jyKum xl;qef;aom t&mrsm; vkyfEdkifonfum; rSef\/ odkYaomf olwdkYür½Sdaom t&mudk rvkyfEdkif? ray;Edkifyg/ xdkYaMumifh pMu0VmBuD;? avmua&ajrawmawmif r sm;? pMu0VmMuD ; twG i f ; rS t&mtm;vkH;wdkYonf obm0w&m;twdkif; tvdkvdkjzpfay: vmonfqjkd cif;rSm aMumif;usKd ;ed,mrudk qefu Y siaf e\/ ,kwdå r½Sdygacs/ rnfonfht&mrQ r½SdvQif rnfonfht&mrQ jzpffay: rvmapEdkifyg/ pMu0VmBuD;onf xm0&wnfaomt&mwpfckrjzpf aMumif; txufrSmawGYcJYMuavjyD/ &moDOwkazgufjyefjcif; ESifhtwl pMu0VmBuD;twGif; tao;? ti,f? tvwf? tBuD; ra½G ; ? ouf ½ S d ? ouf r J h r a½G ; ? tm;vk H ; wd k Y o nf ajymif ; vJ ,dk,Gif;ysufqkH;aeMuukefonf/ ,if;odkY ajymif;vJysufpD;ae jcif;uyif þpMu0VmBuD;onf tp½SdouJhodkY tqkH;½SdaMumif; az:jyaeavNyD / tpES i f h t qk H ; ½S d a om þpMu0Vmonf rdrdudk,fwdkif jzpfay:rvmEdkifyg/ jyKvkyfoltaMumif;w&m; wpfck ½Sd&rnf/ xdktaMumif;w&m;onf oludk,fwdkif þpMu 10/ vsefZmxef;/ zefqif;&Sif xm0&bk&m; &dSovm;/ rEåav;jrdKU/ 1983/ pmrsufESm 7-8/

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0Vmud k jzpf a y:apEd k i f p G r f ; &ayrnf / xd k Y a Mumif Y obm0w&m;MuD ; onf þpMu0Vmud k tvd k v d k j zpf a y:aponf [ k q d k y gvQif ,k w d å r ½S d y gacs/ vkH;0rjzpfEdkifyg/ tusdK;w&m;jzpfay:apaom taMumif;onf xd k t usd K ;ol Y r S m ½S d a e&rnf / od k Y r S o m taMumif ; w&m;rnfygrnf/ odaYk omf obm0 w&m;Bu;D onf olu, kd w f ikd f yif azgufjyefajymif;vJae&um; olür½Sdaomt&mudk jzpfay: rvmapEdkifyg/ rwwfEdkifygacs/ xdkYaMumifh þtEÅdub0rsm;tjyif teEÅb0½Sif ½Sd&ayrnf/ ]]jzpfjcif;}} udk,fwdkif&dSí ]]rjzpfjcif;}} vHk;0uif; aom? wpfyg;oltm; xdk ]]jzpfjcif;}} ay;EkdifpGrf;aomb0&Sifudk teEÅb0½Sif[k ac:ygonf/ þteEÅb0½Sifudk vlwdkif;u ]]bk&m;}} [k ac:ygonf/ (C) þpwkw¬enf;udk avmupBu0VmBuD;twGif;rS trsdK;rsdK; aom t&mwdo Yk nf wpfrsKd ;ESiw hf pfrsKd ; (od)Yk wpfqifEh iS w hf pfqifh rwlnDbJ uGmjcm;jcif;udk okH;oyfqifjcifjcif;jzpfygonf/ 11 avmu½kyfypönf;rsm;wGif wcsdKUwdkYonfaumif;í? wcsdKUrSm ydak umif;um? wcsKd UrSm taumif;qH;k jzpfaeMu\/ wcsKd UrSm rSeí f ? wcsKd UrSmydrk eS jf y;D ? wcsKd UrSm trSeq f ;kH jzpfMu\/ wcsKd Uwdo Yk nf vSí?

11/ The fourth way is taken from the gradation to be found in things.

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wcsdKUrSm ydkvSum? wcsdKUonfum; tvSqHk;jzpfaeMuavonf/ þ]]ydkaom}}ESifh ]]avsmhaom}}qdkonfh emr0daooersm;onf rwlnDaomoabmudkjyaejcif; jzpfavonf/ þEdIif;,SOfjcif; jyaom emr0daoorsm;onf tqifhqihfjzpfaom taumif; qkH;? tvSqkH;? tjrifYqHk;? tjrwfqHk;... ponfh txGwf txdyfrsm;udk ñTefjyavonf/ Oyrm - ypönf;wpfckonf ylonf/ ydkylonf/ tylqkH;jzpf\/ tylqkH;aomt&monf ylaomt&mrsm;\ taMumif;&if; jzpf\/ rD;onf tylqkH; jzpfaomaMumifh usefylaomt&mrsm;\ yljcif;taMumif;&if; jzpfavonf/ xdkYtwl tjcm;t&mrsm; tm;vkH;wGif olwdkY\ aumif;jcif;? vSjcif;? rGefjrwfjcif;ponfrsm; jzpfapaom taumif;qkH;? tvSqkH;? trGefjrwfqkH; ½Sd&ayrnf/ wzef trsdK;rsdK;aom jynfhpkH<u,f0jcif;rsm;onf ]]aumif;jcif;}}uJhodkY trsdK;rsdK;½SdEdkifonf/ ]]taumif;qkH;}} qdkonfrSm ½SdaomaMumifh odyfraumif;jcif;? ydkaumif;jcif;? onfhxufydkaumif;jcif;rsm;½Sd\/ xdkaumif;jcif;? ydkaumif;jcif; [k ajymEdik jf cif;onf ]]taumif;qk;H }} qdw k m½Sad omaMumifh om jzpfavonf/ xdkYtjyif ]]aumif;jcif;}}onf ]]½Sdjcif;}} t"dyÜg,f jzpf\ (goodness is a convertible term with being)/ xdkYaMumifh þuGmjcm;jcif;ESifh EIdif;,SOfjcif; oabm ½Sdaom emr0daooersm;aMumifh tjrifhqkH;? tjrwfqkH;? taumif;qk;H ½Sad Mumif; awGUEdik yf gonf/ xdt k &mudk ]]bk&m;}}[k

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ac:avonf/ (i) þyOörenf;udk obm0w&m;BuD;tygt0if avmupBu 0VmBu;D ESihf olt Y wGi;f rSm½Sad eaom t&mwdik ;f tm;vk;H enf;pepf usepGm xdef;csKyfxm;rI (odkY) tkyfpdk;rIudk qifjcifjcif;[kac: ygonf/12 wenf;tm;jzifh ]]'DZdkif;ykHpHrS pwifí qifjcifa0zefjcif;}}[k ac:ygonf/ ]]bk&m;½SdaMumif;}} oufaojy&m enf;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmxJwGif þenf;onftxif½Sm;qkH;ESifh emrnf tBu;D qk;H aomenf;wpfck jzpfavonf/ Oyrm - pufoyH wfay; xm;aom em&DudkMunfhum xdkodkYtcsdefrSefrSefoGm;aeapzdkY jyKvkyfol½Sd\[k ed*kH;csKyftajzxkwfjcif;rsdK; jzpf\/ yxrOD;pGm obm0w&m;BuD; enf;pepfrSefuefpGmjzifh wdwdusus a½GUvsm;ajymif;vJjzpfay:aejcif;onf tHYzG,f&m wpfcktjzpf az:jyaeygonf/ tm;vkH;aom qifhuJqifhuJ ajymif;vJcsufrsm;ESifY enf;pepfusjcif;? wdwdusus jzpfay: aejcif;rsm;u az:jyaeMuygonf/ aEG? rdk;? aqmif; Owk&moD rsm;? aeYESifhn jzpfay:jcif;rsm;? rdk;½Gmjcif;? aeyljcif; ponfh tajymif;tvJrsm;onf rSefuefwdusaom pepfwpfcktjzpf ay;tyfxm;jcif;cH&onfudkjzifh rnfolrSrjiif;qdkEdkifygay/ þavmuurÇ m ü tyl t at;rQwapzd k Y ae\ 12/ The fifth way is taken from the governance of the world.

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rsufESmjyifü tylcsdef 5500H pifwD*&dwf ykHrSef½Sdapjcif;? urÇm ajrBuD;onf rdrd0if½dk;wef;ay:ü wpfem&D 1600 uDvdk (1000rdkif)EIef;us vnfywfapjcif;jzifh aeYESifhn? aE?G rdk; ESifhaqmif; rSefrSefjzpfay:apjcif;? vonf urÇmrS 240000 rS 251875 rd k i f t uG m ü urÇ m ud k vS n f h y wf a ejcif ; aMumif h 'Da&twuftus jzpfapjcif;rsm;onf tHYzG,f&mwpfcktjzpf xkwfaz:jyoaeav\/ rnfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufrS tb,f aMumifh þuJo h Ykd wdwu d susprD x H m;&onfukd ½Si;f rjyEdik yf gacs/ wzef obm0w&m;BuD;rS rsdK;qufrsm; qifhuJqifhuJ jzpfay:apykHudk Munfhjcif;jzifhvnf; odEdkif\/ rdcifonf om;i,fuav; arG;zGm;jcif;? EGm;rBuD;onf EGm;i,fav; aygufjcif;? jrif;rBuD;onf jrif;i,fuav;aygufzGm;jcif;? opfoD;opfyifrsm;onf opfoD;yifi,f? yef;yifonf yef;yif i,f? jrufyifonf jrufyifi,faygufvmjcif;rsm;onf obm0 w&m;\ oufaoom"ursm; jzpfMuavonf/ arG;uif;puav;onf wjznf;jznf;ESihf vlBu;D jzpfvm jcif;? Ob0? ydk;wkH;vkH;b0? ydk;avmufvef;ESifh aemufqkH;ü vdyfjymav; jzpfay:vmykH? yef;0wfrIHul;&mrS zl;? ikH? yGifh? uif;? oD; tqifhqifhajymif;MuykHwdkYonf rsufjrifom"ursm; jzpf\/ xdkYtjyif obm0w&m;BuD;rS ypönf;rsm;wnfaqmuf xm;ykHudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; odEdkifygonf/ Oyrm touf½Sdowå0grsm;\ udk,fvuft*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif

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t*Fgtpdwftydkif; toD;oD;wdkYonf olYae&mESifhol &nf½G,f csuf rsm;½Sd\/ oGm;rsm;onf tpmMudwf0g;zdkY? tqkwfonf touf½o I iG ;f ½Ixw k jf cif;jzifY cE¨mud, k w f iG ;f oef&Y iS ;f apzd?Yk rsupf d onfjrifzdkY? em;onfMum;zdkY jzpf\/ toufrJhrsm;wGifvnf; xdkYtwlyif jzpfavonf/ jyKvyk o f w l pfO;D onf aemufq;Hk rS &nf½, G cf sut f wGuf vkyaf qmifaomtcg? xd&k nf½, G cf suEf iS hf nDrQaom vkyaf qmifrI vdktyf\/ xdkYtwl obm0w&m;BuD;onfvnf; &nf½G,fcsuf wpf c k t wG u f vk y f a qmif x m;\/ xd k j yKvk y f o l o nf vnf;aumif;? obm0w&m;BuD;onfvnf;aumif;? &nf½G,f csuftwdkif; jzpfay:apzdkY em;vnfwwfodol (ratio)r½SdvQif rjzpfEdkifacs/ odkYr[kwfvQif obm0w&m;BuD;udk jzpf½dk;jzpfpOf olYbmomolYtpGrf;jzifh ay:aygufvmaom obm0[k ½dk;½dk; pif;pif; qdkMuayvdrfhrnf/ Oyrm - av;udkif;rS jr §m;wHonf ypfrSwfudk xdrSef&mwGif jr§m;wHonf todÓPf½SdaomaMumifh r[kwfyJ? jr§m;wHudk ypfrSwfodkY csdef½G,fypfvTwfvdkufaom tod ÓPf½Sifav;onfawmf\ pGrf;tifaMumifhom jzpfavonf/ xdkobm0w&m;BuD;\ enf;pepfusjcif;? wdwdusus jzpfay:aejcif;rsm;? rSefuefpGmjziYf qifhuJqifhuJa½GUvsm; ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeapjcif;rsm;udk xdr;f csKyx f m;ol (odrYk [kw)f tkyfpdk;ol &dSudk&dS&ayrnf/ xdkoludk ]]bk&m;}}[k tm;vHk;u ac:Muavonf/ Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

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tcef; (9) jrefrmwdkU\ bk&m;cH,lcsuf (u) a&S;OD;jrefrmwdUk \ ud;k uG,, f MkH unfrI pma&;ol o nf ord k i f ; ok a woD w pf O D ; r[k w f y g/ xdaYk Mumifh ordik ;f qkid &f mtcsut f vufrsm;udk tajzray;vdyk g/ odkY&mwGif bmomaA'avhvmjcif;twGuf jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY\ twdwfESihf ypöKyÜeftaMumif;t&mrsm;udktenf;i,f wifjyzdkY vdv k mjyefygonf/ vlrsKd ;tEG,pf Ek iS fh orkid ;f udt k ajccHro S mvQif jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; bmudk,kHMunfcJhMuonfudk odEdkifayrnf/ xdkYaMumihf jrefrmtp b,fuyifjzpfap orkdif;twdtusudk tjiif;yGm;aejcif;r[kwb f J bmomaA'½Iaxmiht f & atmufyg jrefrmhorkdif;ESifh udk;uG,f,HkMunfrItaMumif; waphwapmif; wifjyvdkufjcif;om jzpfygonf/ jrefrmjynfodkY wdAufjynfrS vlrsdK;pkrsm; a½GUajymif; 0ifa&muf tajccsaexkdifcJhMuonf/ at'D (9) &mpkESpf tv,fyikd ;f avmufwiG f jrefrf mvlrsKd ;rsm;onf ud, k rfh if;ud, k chf si;f

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tkyfpdk;Muonf[k ajymEdkifaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfodkY xdkwdAuf vlrsKd ;pkrsm;0ifa&mufvmonhf ouú&mZfurkd l twdtus rajym Edkifay/ odkYaomf xdkouú&mZf jrefrmwdkY udk,fhrif;udk,fcsif;ESifh pwiftkyfpdk;csdefwGif jrefrmjynfü rGefvlrsdK;ESihf ysLvlrsdK;wdkYonf EdkifiHwnfaxmifvsufaeESihfMuavNyD/ pma&;q&mr a&*sDe,fav;ar\ ]]Armh,Ofaus;rI aemufco H rdik ;f }}ü ysLvlrsKd ;rsm;onf wdAufvrl sKd ;rsm;rS qif;ouf onf[k qdk\/1 ar*smpD? trf? tJef&dcfu ysLvlrsdK;rsm;udk Armjynf a&muf wdAufvlrsdK;rsm;[kvnf;aumif;? a½S;a[mif;jrefrmrsm; [kvnf;aumif;ac:\/ olwdkYonf jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif;xd tajcpdkufaexkdifcJhMu\/ at'D(5)&mpkrSpí ysLwdkYonf {&m0wD jrpfurf;ab;jynfNrKd U\ ta½SUbuf (Hmawza)arSmZf m½Gm wnf&mt&yfü oa&acwå&mtrnf½Sd jynfwnfaxmifí tkyfcsKyfaecJhMuonfudk awGU&\/ olwkdYonf pmaya&;Edkif MuaMumif; a&S;a[mif;okawoDrsm;u rSwcf sucf s\/ ysLwdo Yk nf &yf ½ G m wnf a qmuf í {&m0wD j rpf w pf a vQmuf qef p yg; pdkufjcif;jzihf toufarG;Mu\/ olwkdY\ ,Ofaus;rIrsm;onf 1/ Reginal Le May,"The Cultural Background of Burna”, in Marg di Bombay, Vol III, vols 9, June, 1956, reported by "The Guardian" Rangoon, Feb(1964), pp. 31-3; Reginal Le May, The Culture of SouthEast Asia, Georgy Allen & Un Wine, London, 1954, p. 44-45.

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ajymyavmufatmif rxGef;um;ao;ay/ olwdkYonf wjznf; jznf;ESifh {&m0wDjrpfurf;wpfavQmuf yk*NH rKd Uem;xdw;kd í aexkid f cJhMuavonf/ jrefrmjynfa½S;xkH; &mZ0ift& yk*HNrdKUopfudk ysLwdkY\bk&if ork'´&mZfuwnfaxmifcJh\/ aemufydkif;wGif jrefrmwdkYu odrf;,lcJhaMumif; qkdonf/ arSmfZm½Gmab;½Sd armif;uefa'orSwl;azmf&½Sdaom a½S;a[mif;a½Tjym;rsm;rS ygVdpmrsm;ESihf tjcm;½SmazGawGU&dS csufrsm;t& ysLvlrsdK;rsm;onf at'D(6)&mpkavmufrSpí [De,meac: ax&0g'Ak'¨bmomudk ,kHMunfMuaMumif; od&\/ 1929 ckESpfppfudkif;wkdif;? a½Tbdkc½dkif? 0ufvufNrdKUe,f twGif;½Sd a½TbdkNrdKU\ta½SUawmifbuf udk;rdkifcefYtuGmwGif ½Sdaom [Hvif;BuD;NrdKUa[mif; (,ckacwf [Hvif;BuD;½Gm\ ajrmufbuf ESpfzmvkHü) <uif;useforQaom,Ofaus;rIt*Fg a½S;a[mif; 0w¬Kypön;f rsm;udak xmufí ysL,Ofaus;rIxeG ;f um; cJhaMumif; od&avonf/ xdkae&mü tjrihfav;ay? tvsm; av;aycJG½Sdí txufydkif;ESihf atmufydkif;wdkYwGif ½kyf<ursm; xkvkyfxm;um tv,fwGifysLpma&;xdk;xm;onhf ½kyf<uausmufjym;wpfcsyf awG U &\/ xd k ½ k y f < uausmuf c syf \ txuf y d k i f ; rS m usd K ;yJ h aysmufq;Hk ae\/ a&;xm;aompmrsm;rSmvnf; zwfr&avmuf atmif arS;rSed af eacsNy/D use½f adS eaom ausmufjym;\ atmuf ydkif;wGif 'l;ay:wifí qefYwef;xm;aom vuf,mvufESihf

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tenf;i,fauG;xm;aom vuf,majcaxmufwpfbufudk awGUEdkif\/ xdkausmufcsyf\ atmufydkif;wGif vuftkyfcsDí xkid af eMuaom vl½yk rf sm;pDwef;aeonfukd awGU&\/ xdv k w l ef; aemufwiG w f ef;pDaeaom vlrsm;rSm wpfu, kd v f ;Hk jrifomatmif rwfwyf&yfvsuf vuftyk cf sx D m;Mu\/ aemufq;Hk wef;rS vlrsm; wGif wcsKd UrSm wpfu, kd v f ;Hk jrifomatmif rwfwyf&yfí wcsKd UrSm udk,fwpfydkif;omjrifomí tm;vkH;wdkYonf vuftkyfcsDxm; Mu\/ vl ½ k y f r sm;wG i f wcsd K Uonf o&zl y k H a cgif ; aqmif ; ? ykwD;vnfqJGrsm;ESifh em;awmif;rsm;qif,ifxm;onf/ usef vl½kyfykHrsm;wGif qHxkH;xkH;xm;í zJjym;ykHywfxm;Muonf/ ysLausmufpma&;xk;d xm;onfukd axmufívnf;aumif;? xdv k l ½kyrf sm;onf jrefrmrsm;ESiv fh nf;aumif;? rGerf sm;ESifh vnf;aumif; rwlí ysLvlrsdK;rsm;\ ykHo@mefxkvkyfxm;onf[k ,lq&\/ tay:ydik ;f rS vuf,mvufEiS fh vuf,majc wpfbufuMkd unhí f bk&if (odkYr[kwf) Ak'¨ykHawmfjzpfrnf[k cefYrSef;&\/2 wpfzef 1926 ckEpS f arSmZf m½GmteD; cifbü awGU&aom ESpfaygif; (1200) ausmfrS a½S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;udk awGU&\/ Ak'¨a½T½kyfwk ESpfck? ysLausmufpmrsm;? wjcm;ausmufpmrsm; 2/ R. Lay May, The Culture of South-East Asia, p. 47. OD;atmifaomf/ [ef;vif;NrdKUa[mif;/ (jrefrmYpG,fpkHusrf;? twGJ 14/pmayAdrmef ykHESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1975/ pmrsufESm 60-63)/

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awGU½Sd&onf/ xdka½S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm;udk Munfhí (7) &mpkESihf (8)&mpkwGif ysLvlrsdK;rsm;ü [De,mebmom xGef;um;aMumif; cefYrSef;&\/ xdkYtjyif þae&mESihfjrefrmjynfwpf0Sef; wl;azmf &½Sdaom ae&mwkdif;ü Ak'¨½kyfyGm;awmfrsm;tjyif A&mrmef ½kyfykH rsm;? [dEL´ bmom\jApf½ES ;l ? *½k'g? [De,me? [dEL´ ESifh A&mrmef bmomwdYk xGe;f um;cJyh &Hk \/ xdaYk emuf jrefrmrsm;ESifh ppf½;HI um wjznf;jznf;ESihf ysLvlrsdK;pkyif aysmufuG,foGm;cJh&\/3 rGefvlrsdK;rsm;onf rGef*dkvftEG,fjzpf\/ w½kwfjynf taemufyikd ;f uke;f jrifrh S awmufbufyifv,furf;ajc½Sd ok0PÖ bkrad® c:oxkjH ynfü aexkid cf MhJ uonf/ aemufyikd ;f at'D(6)&mpk avmufwGif yJcl;onfrGefwdkY\NrdKUawmfjzpfvmcJh\/ oxkHjynf ysupf ;D cJo h nhaf emuf at'D(11) &mpkwiG f Oó (ac:) yJc;l onf rGefwdkY\jynfjzpfvmcJhavonf/ rGefvlrsdK;wdkYESihfywfoufí a½S;a[mif;ypönf;rsm; wl;azmf&½SdrI tifrwefenf;yg;\/ odkYaomf rMumrDu oxkHrS (28) rkdifa0;uGmaom ½Gmi,fav;½Sd wefaqmif;bk&m;ü ½SmazG awGU½Sdcsufrsm;t& (11)&mpkxufapmaom apwDykxdk;pwkyg 3/ a'gufwmausmfouf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;/ jynfolYypönf; H rkid ;f / aumfyakd &;½Si;f / &efuek /f pmrsuEf mS 26-27/ OD;azarmifwif? jrefrmEdik if o (jrefrmpG,fpkHusrf;? twGJ (10)? &efukef/ pmrsufESm -236)/

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wpfckudk awGU&\/ xdkom"ursm;ESihf okawoDwdkY\ tqdkt& tdE´d,EdkifiHrS ukefonfwdkYonf ½GufoabFmrsm;ESihf a&mufvm wwfMu&m Ak'¨&[ef;rsm;vnf; ygvmwwfMuonf/ umv twefMumaomf rGev f rl sKd ;rsm;onf Ak'0¨ g'Drsm; jzpfvmcJMh uonf/ wcsdKUwGif r[m,me*dkPf;0if avmuemxbk&m;udkvnf; aumif;? [dEL´ bmomudv k nf;aumif; ,HMk unfouf0ifMuonf [k rSwfom;&ygonf/4 acwfopfordkif;okawoDrsm;jzpfMuaom ygarmu© *sDtdyfcsf vkcf? a'gufwmoef;xGef;? a'gufwmausmfoufESihf wjcm;ta½S U wk d i f ; ord k i f ; ok a woD r sm;u ]]jref r mtp ausmufqnfu}}[k qdMk uygonf/ xdt k qdt k & w½kwjf ynfwiG ;f ,leefe,frS eefacsmifrif;onf ouú&mZf at'D(9)&mpk (at'D 832 cef)Y wGif ysLvlrsKd ;wd\ Yk jynf oa&acwå&mudw k u kd í f ysLwdYk udk ppfokYHyef;tjzpf ac:aqmifoGm;cJhav\/ ESpfESpfcefYtMum wGif oxkjH ynfukd wku d af omfvnf; rGew f o Ykd nf eefacsmifppfonf wdk Y jyefomG ;aomtcg oxküH jyefvnf pk½;Hk aexdik Mf uavonf/ xdkodkYysLESihf rGefwdkYupOfhuvsm;jzpfaepOf xdkeefacsmifrS vlrsdK;pk 4/ OD;azarmifwif/ jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;/ (jrefrmpG,fpkHusrf;/ twGJ(10)? &efukef/ pmrsufESm -236)/ armifboef;/ ausmif;okH;jrefrm&mZ0if/ (&) Mudrfajrmuf yHkESdyfjcif;/ 1951/ pmrsufESm 108-117/ a'gufwmausmfouf/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;/ pmrsufESm 17-19/

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9/ a'gufwmausmfouf/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiHorkdif;/

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pGr;f tif½iS w f pfyg;udk olwEYdk v S ;Hk om;rSm ,kMH unfaMumif; xif½mS ; avonf/ q&mawmfBuD; bD*rf;'uf rSwfcsufcscJhonfhtwkdif; jrefrmwdkYonf olwkdY\,kHMunf&mESihf vufawGUusihfaqmuf wnf&mwdkYü wpfcgwpf&H qefYusifbufjzpfaomfvnf;? teEÅ wefcdk;awmf½Sifac:bk&m;qdkonfhcH,lcsufonf olwkdY\ pdwf ESvkH;ü½SdaeMuonf/ þbk&m;qdkonhf yk*d¾Kvfonfom avmu pMu0Vmudk zefqif;tkyfpdk;Edkifoljzpfí vlom;\ aemufqkH; yef;wdkifjzpfonfudk vufcHMu\/ þcH,lcsuf? þpdwful; pdwfoef;onf olwkdY\ ,kHMunf&mbmomrS xGufay:vmjcif; r[kwfbJ tjcm;vlrsm;enf;wl vlom;obm0 arG;&myg cHpm; csufrS xGufay:vmjcif;om jzpfavonf/10 vlom;onf ol\ rjynhfpkHrI? tm;enf;rI? avmbESifh wPSmtpOf vTrf;rdk;rIaMumihf rMumcPtrSm;jyKvsuf w&m; aysmufaeapumrl? vlonf omrmeftm;jzihf ,kHMunfwwf aom owå0gomjzpf\/ vlYb0\tpp rjynfhpkHrI? tpOf vdktyfaerI? vlUb0ESihfvlU'ku©\ tpdk;r&rI? jynfh0pkHvifaom b0wpfcEk iS fh xm0&okcudk &vdpk w d w f aYkd Mumihf oef½Y iS ;f jrihjf rwf qkH;aom tjzpfawmf½Sifbk&m;udk tNrJ½SmazGMu\/ xdkt½Sifudk 10/ Bigandet P. A, The Legend of Godama, London, 1880, vol II, C.II, P. 55.

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tm;udk;vdk\/ cdkvIHvdk\/ ½Sdcdk;udk;uG,f o'¨gyGm;vdk\/ tqkH; tpGeq f &kd ygrl xdv k Ul arG;&mygqE´onf bk&m;odYk ra&mufapum rl bk&m;xuftawmftwefedrfhaomyk*d¾Kvf? t&m? owå0gudk bk&m;trSwfESihf ,kHMunfudk;uG,fyo½Sdcdk;onfrSm obm0 usay\/ xdkYtjyif tmyavwef rSwfcsufcsouJhodkY vltrsm;pk onf obm0tm;jzihf olwdkY\twGif;pdwfESvkH;0dnmOf\ vdt k yfr?I rjynhpf rHk EI iS fh [mvm[if;vif;jzpfraI Mumifh vlUtwGi;f pdwf ESvkH;0dnmOfü bk&m;qdkonfrSm r½SdbJuif;uGmaomtcg olwkdYonf olwkdY\tjyifrS t&m0w¬K? owå0g? vlyk*¾dKvfwdkYudk twGif;pdwfESvkH;0dnmOf\ qE´udkjznfhqnf;zdkY tpm;xdk;½Sm azGwwfMu\/11 tm;vHk;aom bmomw&m;rsm;uvnf; vlom;\ vuf&dStajctaeonf auseyfzG,fr&dSyg[k 0efcHMuygonf/ xkdYtjyif vlom;xkwpfckvHk;onf avmu\rwnfjrJrIrSm wnfjrJjcif;wpfckudk &SmaeMuavonf/ odkYaomf bmomrsm; tm;vHk;u tqHk;tpGefjynfYpHkonfU oabmwpfck&dSonfqdkwm yHko@meftrsdK;rsdK;ESifY vufcHMuygonf/12 11/ G. Appleton, Buddhism in Burma, Longmans, Green & Co. 1943, P. 10.

12/ csr;f ajrU&dyo f mq&mawmf/ Edik if jH cm;om; bke;f awmfMu;D wpfyg;\ Ak'b ¨ mom tjrif/ pmrsufESm 27/

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½Sifrrsm;onf olwkdY\cifyGef;rsm;&yfa0; wae&modkYoGm;vsuf tvkyfvkyfudkifaeMuvQif tdrfrSaeí ab;roD&efrcvdk&m yef;wkdif;a&mufzdkY bk&m;udkwdkifwnfí qkawmif;wwfMu\/ awGUcgp? cspfBudKufump vli,fESihf vkHrysKdwdkYonfyif þb0ü wlESpfudk,fa&pufqkHí aygif;oif;Edkif&ygapaMumif; bk&m;udk wdkifwnfí qkawmif;Mu\/ rdwfaqGrsm;yif wpfOD;uaemuf wpfOD;tzdkY tjyeftvSefarwåmydkY qkawmif;ay;wwfMu\/ oufBuD;½G,ftdkrsm;ESifh rdbrsm;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYom;orD;ajr;jrpf rsm;tm; touf ½ S n f u mtemrJ h í ab;roD & ef r c 'k u © uif;apaMumif; qkawmif;ay;wwfMu\/ jrefrmwpfrsdK;om;vkH;\ pdwfESvkH;0dnmOfü tukodkvf rSeo f rQukd a½Smif½mS ;vdí k ukov kd rf eS o f rQukd aqmifxm;usiv fh kd Mu\/ ukodkvft00onfom teEÅwefcdk;awmf½SifjrwfpGm bk&m;ocif\w&m;awmfjzpf\[k i,fi,fuyif oifMum;ol r½Sad pumrl odxm;cHpm;wwfMu\/ þonfrsm;rSm jrefrmwd\ Yk arG;&mygcHpm;csufESihf bk&m;qdkaom t&m&mwdkY\txGwf txdyftzsm;udk ,kHMunfjcif; om"ursm;jzpfavonf/ þuJhodkY jrefrmwdkY\ bk&m;udk ,kHMunfcsufESihf ½SmazG Mujcif;udk jrefrm&mZ0ifü xifxif½mS ;½Sm;awGUEdik \ f / (18)&mpk ESpf tukefydkif;avmufu jrefrmjynfü Zdk'D (Zodi) ESihf y&rwf (Paramat) *dkPf;ESpfck ay:cJhjcif;uyif þtcsuf\ om"u jzpfygonf/ Zdk'DwdkUonf &mpkESpf (18) tukefcefUu pcJh\/

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xdo k w l o Ykd nf vl\ oHo&mvnfjcif;udjk iif;í? vlonf aovQif aoNyD;csif; xm0&qkESihf xm0&qkH;½IH;jcif; ESpfckom½Sd&rnf[k ,kHMunf vufcH\/ þavmu urÇmonf olUtvdktavsmuf obm0twdkif; jzpfay:vmjcif; r[kwfouJhodkU vlUpdwfxif aMumifh jzpfay:vmjcif;vnf; r[kwfay/ wefcdk;pGrf;tm; Bu;D rm;í touf½iS af omwefc;kd &Sirf S zefqif;xm;jcif; jzpf\[k ,kHMunfMu\/ olwkdYonf apwD? ykxdk;? ½kyfwk? qif;wkrsm;? bkef;BuD;rsm;? ausmif;uefrsm;udk vufrcHMuay/ odkYaomf yd#uwfokH;ykHrS wcsKdUaomusrf;pmawmfrsm;udk vufcHí olwdkYbmomoifhavsmfovdk t"dyÜg,fjyefqdkMuavonf/ q&mawmf refaw*g;Zm;tqdkt& jrefrmwdkYonf tpuyif wefcdk;awmfteEÅt½Sif bk&m;qdkonfudk ,kHMunfMuaom aMumihf olwdkU\ oGefoifcsufudk trsm;wdkYonfvufcHí olwdkY aemufvdkuf rsm;pGmwdk;yGm;vmMu avonf/ odkYaomf 17631776 ckwGif eef;pHaom qifjzL½Sifrif;\ acsrIef;rIudk rsm;pGm cHcJhMu&\/ tcsKdUwdkYudk axmifoGif;tusOf;csxm;\/ tcsKdU wdo Yk nf ñ§O;f yef;jcif;'PfrcHEikd í f olwYdk ,kMH unf&mudk pGev Yf w T f Mu\/ odaYk omf tcsKUd wdUk onf olw, Ykd MHk unf&mESihf oGeo f if&mudk rpGefYypfyJ taocHoGm;Mu\/ xdkolwkdYonf EkdifiHa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;Muay/ trsm;pk onf ukefonfrsm;jzpfí wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; ulnDwwfMu\/ olwkdY\,kHMunf&mudk tjcm;olrsm;tm;oGefoifvsuf olwdkY\

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toif;tzGJUxJodkY0ifvmap&ef pdwfxufoefMu\/ odkYaomf bk&ifrsm;\ ESdyfpufrI'PfudkrcHEkdfifMuí xifxif½Sm;½Sm; rusiEhf idk Mf ubJ wcsKUd onf wdww f qdwo f 0kd u S pf mG olw, Ydk MHk unf csut f wdik ;f usiahf qmufwnfMu\/13 q&m qaumh tqdt k & þ*dkPf;onf 1800 ckESpf tukefydkif;avmuftxd½SdaecJh\/ txl;ojzihf þ*dkPf;udk ½Srf;jynfe,f erf;crf;a'oü awGU& \[k qdkygonf/14 (19)&mpkESpftpydkif;ü y&rwf (Paramat)*dkPf;onf rif;w&m;[k xif½Sm;aom bkd;awmfbk&m;vufxuf (17811819)ü pcJh\/ y&rwf*dkPf;udk qifjzLuRef;rS bkef;BuD; ½Sifwaygif (Shin Tabaung) u wnfaxmifcJh\/ y&rwfwdkYonf twkvH? twkrJh? teEÅwefcdk;awmfESihf jynfhpkHaom ]] a½TÓPf awmf½iS }f }wpfyg;½S&d rnf[k ,kMH unfMu\/ xdk ]]a½TÓPfawmf½iS }f } onf tptqHk;r&dSbJ xm0&wnfawmfrl\/ vlonf xdk a½TÓPfawmfrS zefqif;xm;jcif;jzpfí aoNy;D aemuf b0onf NyD;qkH;roGm;bJ qufvuftouf½SifaMumif; ,kHMunfMu\/ olwdkYtwGuf Ak'¨qdkonfrSm ]]OmPfawmf&Sif? ynm&Sif (the wise)}}[k t"dygÜ ,f&jSd y;D ? &Siaf *gwronf ]]a½TÓPfawmf½i S }f }\ 13/ Cf., Renzo Carmignani, La Birmania, Roma, 1950, cap. ix, p. 145; Vincenzo Sangermano, Relazione del Regno Birmano, Roma, 1833, p.135.

14/ J. G. Scott, Burma, 1911, P. 378.

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y#doaE¨cHum vltjzpfarG;zGm;cHjcif; jzpf\/ xdkUaMumifhom vlwUkd rsupf Ed iS hf t&Sijf rwf\ (5)yg;aom cE¨mawmfwUkd udk awGjY rif EdkifMujcif;jzpfonf/ trSefpifppfwGifrl jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom OmPfoufoufrQomjzpf\/ y&rwfwkdUonf apwDykxkd;rsm;? qif;wk&kyfxk&kyfyGm; rsm;a&SUwGif qkawmif;udk;uG,fjcif;udk qefYusifMu\/ avmu rsufpdESifhrjrifEdkifpGrf;aom ]]a&TOmPfawmf&Sif}} xHawmfodkUom qkawmif;&efvdkonf[k oifMum;Muavonf/ (10)yg;oDv aqmufwnfMuonf/ bk&m;? w&m;? oHCmESifh £wdydaom udk &Gwq f u kd m bm0emyGm;Muonf/ odUk aomf bk&m;ausmif;uef wGif r[kwfbJ? uGif;jyifwGifjzpfap? awmxJwGifjzpfap &Gwfqdk Muavonf/ olwdkY\oGefoifcsufudk Ak'¨bkef;BuD;trsm;pku wdkuf cku d q f efu Y siMf u\/ odyYk ifaomfvnf; ,kMH unforl sm;pGm ½Scd \ hJ / jynfjrKd UwGif trsm;pk&aSd ecJah Mumif; od&ygonf/ odaYk omf olwu Ykd kd Ak'¨bmom0ifwdkYu olwkdY\bmomrS xkwfy,fxm;Muav onf/15 15/ Cf: Shwe Yoe, The Burman: His Life, His Notions, London, 1910, P. 147-149; R.Carmignani, La Birmania, op. cit, p. 146, nota I.; Yule H, A Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855, Calculata, 1857, pp. 241 - 242; J. G. Scott, Burma, London, 1911, P. 377.

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þ*dkPf;ESpfckonf jrefrmwdkY\ teaEÅm? teEÅ? tpd aEÅ&? tyÜar,s? twktEdIfif;r½Sdaom? pOf;pm;í rrSDEdkifaom? xm0&uwnfawmfral om wefc;kd awmf½iS f (odrYk [kw)f bk&m;udk ,kHMunf½SmazGMujcif;\ om"uyif jzpfavonf/ jrefrmhpum;wGif wcsdKUpum;vkH;rsm;jzihf jrefrmvlrsdK; wd\ Yk bk&m;udk ,kMH unfjcif;ESifh xdb k &k m;udk ½SmazGaeMuaMumif; xif½mS ;avonf/ Oyrm c&pf,mefw\ Ykd ,kMH unfcsujf zpfaom bk&m;onf avmu,pMu0VmESihf ½Sd½SdorQwdkYudk (Ex nihilo out of nothing) wefc;kd awmfEi S fh bmqdb k mrS r½Sjd cif;uae zefqif;awmf rl o nf q d k w mud k ol w k d Y w G u f r xl ; qef ; ay/ ,k H M unf M u\/ xdkwefcdk;awmfudk 0dokaMumifewf (Spirt Wi -Thu - Kyoung)udk &nfñTef;avh½Sd\/ jrefrmwdkY\pum;ajyrsm;üvnf;aumif;? uAsmvuFm rsm;üvnf;aumif;? aumif;uifrSMu,frsm;? zdk;a½Tvrif;ESihf eu©wfwm&mrsm;udk wefcdk;awmf&SifrS zefqif;xm;ayaMumif; &nfñTef;í a&;om;pyfqdkMu\/ þonfrsm;rSm jrefrmwdkY\ ESvHk;oJyGwfwGif oefY½Sif;jrihfjrwfqkH;aom tjzpfawmf½Si?f t&mowå0gwdkY\ zefqif;½Sif? vlwpfOD;pD\ t½Sifocif? jrwfpmG bk&m;ocifukd ,HMk unfjcif;om"ursm;yif jzpfavonf/ wpfcgwpf&H aus;vufawm½GmwGif c&D;oGm;vmygu [efaqmifrIuif;í az:a½G½dk;om;Muaom ½Gmom;rsm;onf wjcm;bmomrwlaomolrsm;udk ]]igwdb Yk &k m;onf rif;wdYk bk&m;

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vdyk J aumif;jrwfawmfryl gw,f/ aemufq;Hk rawmh bk&m;qdw k m twlwlyJ}} [k ajymqdkavh½SdMuygw,f/ wcsdKUuvnf; ]]igwdkY b,fbmomyJ ud;k uG,Mf uud;k uG,Mf u? aemufq;Hk rawmh bk&m; qdw k m wpfqw l nf;ygyJ}} [kvnf; ½d;k ½d;k om;om;yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif; ajymwwfMuygw,f/ jrefrmrsm; bk&m;udk ,kHMunfMujcif;\ 0efcHcsufrsm;ygay/ pma&;q&mr atAD;a*swdk;yvZf\ ]]ta½SUwdkif;rS cH,lcsufrsm;}}trnf½Sd pmtkyfü jrefrmwdkYtaMumif;udk ,ckvdk a&;xm;\/ ]]þolrsm;\ ,kMH unf&mAk'b ¨ momü bk&m;qdw k m r½Sd? qkawmif;arwåmonf tusdK;r½Sd[kqdkaomfvnf; rdk;onf; xefpGm½Gmí jrpfa&BuD;um NrdKU½Gmaus;vuftkwf½dk;? ½Gm½dk; usdK;aygufí pyg;usDrsm; a&arsmaomtcg? uRJ? EGm;? jrif;?

Muuf r sm; a&arsmygoG m ;aomtcgrsm;wG i f jref r mwd k Y \ toJESvkH;ü wpfOD;OD;\tultnDudkarQmfudk;rdMu\/ OykofaeY u bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm emMum;cJh&aomw&m;udk rpOf;pm; Ed k i f M uyJ aumif ; uif u d k a rmf M unh f u m vuf E S p f j zmtk y f r d k ; 'l;wkwfNyD; tBudrfBudrfqkyefrdMu\/ ,refaeYu yef;Eka&mif vTrf;aeaom ½Ir0om;&wemudk &if0,fydkufum rdwfaqGrsm; ESihf &,farm0Hh<um;cJhao;\/ ,aeYwGifrl cspfcspfawmuf yl a vmif u mtzsm;wuf v suf jzLzwf j zLa&mf j zpf a eaom om;i,fudk ESD;acgufzsmay:ü odyfxm;&if;? om;i,faxG;\

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wkefcsdtoHjzihf idk,dkoHudkMum;&if; ylaqG;aeaomrdcifonf AdaE¨mq&m\ aq;pmudv k nf;rpOf;pm;tm;? ynm½Sb d ek ;f Bu;D \ w&m;pum;udkvnf; ESvkH;roGif;EdkifyJ? aoG;qkwfaeNyDjzpfaom om;i,fudk &if0,fydkufum teD;½SdapwDodkY tajy;oGm;í om;i,fudkajray:cs&if; rsuf&nfoGef;NzdK; idk,dkqkawmif;av awmh\}}/ aeYpOfeHeufa0vDa0vif; MuufiSufrEdk;cifuyif td y f & mxum? qG r f ; awmf c suf í td r f O D ; cef ; rS b k & m;pif ü aomufawmfa&vJawmfESihf qGrf;awmfuyfjcif;onf jrefrm tdrfaxmif½Sifrrsm;\ aeYpOfav;pmzG,fMunfndK0wfjyK&m wpfckyifjzpf\/ qGrf;awmfuyfNyD;onfESihf bk&m;pifudk½Sif;&if; qDrD;ylaZmfwwffMu\/ vSLxm;&mbk&m;yef;udk a&opfvJum eHeufapmapm arwåmydkY trQa0wwfMu\/ OykofaeY&ufrsm;ü apwDykxdk;odkYoGm;um yef;? qDrD;ESihftarT;eHYomudk rD;½IdUylaZmf Mu\/ þMunfndK&mrsm;ESifY tavYtusifYrsm;udk avYvm jcif;jzifU jrefrmwdkYonf touf½Sifaombk&m;udk ,kHMunfMu aMumif; awGU&\/ touf½Sifvsuf pdk;pHawmf rlaombk&m; omvQif vlwdkYylaZmfaomqGrf;awmfudkvnf;aumif;? qDrD;? yef;awmfudkaomfvnf;aumif;? vufcHEdkifrnfh ,kHMunf&myif jzpf\/ ,dk;',m;rS bkef;BuD;Ak'¨'gqm\ tqdk& Ak'¨bmom

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0ifrsm;onfvnf; bk&m;udk ,kHMunfMu\/16 xdaYk Mumihf jrefrmjynfwiG ;f rSw D if;aexdik Mf uaom jrefrm vlrsKd ;rsm;wdo Yk nf wefc;kd awmfteEÅt½Siu f kd ,kMH unfMuygonf?? xdkwefcdk;awmf½SifjrwfpGmbk&m;ocifonf olwkdYudk ulnD rdIif;rawmfrlaMumif; arQmfvifhMuygonf?? xdkjrwfpGmt½Sifonf olwkdY\ qkawmif;oHudk em;anmif;awmfrlaMumif; vufcHMu ygonf/ xdkjrwfpGmbk&m;ocifü olwdkYonf xm0&okcawmf udk &EkdifaMumif; 0efcHMuygonf/ xkdt½Sifjrwfonfom wefc;kd awmf&iS f bk&m;ppfjzpfaMumif;udk olwEYdk v S ;Hk oJyw G üf tpOf ,kHMunf0efcHMuonf[kom qdk&ygawmhrnf/ t t t t t t t t t

God bless Myanmar.

rEÅav; 10/ 11/ 2000

16/ B. Buddhadasa I, Christianity and Buddhism, Bangkok, 1967, P. 3.

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(2) ¨ momtjrif csr;f ajrU&dyo f mq&mawmf/ Edik if jH cm;om; bke;f awmfBu;D wpfyg;\ Ak'b tar; tajzrsm;/ jr0wDykHESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1993/ oJukef;t½SifÓPdó&/ Ak'k¨0g' tajccHoabmw&m;rsm;/ atmifcsdKa|; yHkESdyf wdkuf/ &efukef/ 1985/ / Ak'¨bmomonf &Dav;*sif;ac:onfU bmoma&;rsdK; r[kwf/ &efukef/ 1983/ vsefZmxef;/ zefqif;&Sif xm0&bk&m; &dSovm;/ rEåav;jrdKU/ 1983/ G pf u Hk sr;f ? twGJ 14/ pmayAdrmef OD;atmifaomf/ [ef;vif;NrKd Ua[mif;/ (jrefrmYp, ykHESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1975)/ a'gufwmausmo f uf/ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H rkid ;f / jynfoYl ypön;f aumfyakd &;½Si;f / &efukef/ pmrsufESm 26-27/ OD;azarmifwif? jrefrmEdik if o H rkid ;f / (jrefrmpG,pf u Hk sr;f ? twGJ (10)? &efuek /f 1975)/ armifboef;/ ausmif;okH;jrefrm&mZ0if/ (&) Mudrfajrmuf yHkESdyfjcif;/ 1951/ armift/YH Ak'o ¨k moemawmf 2500 c&D;/ omoema&;OD;pD;Xme/ &efuek /f 1995/ OD;a&Tatmif/ twÅ0g'rS tewÅ0g'odkY c&D;pOf/ &mjynfYpmtkyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1998/ ndak omif;/ bmomMu;D av;ck tESpo f m&rsm;/ *spw f ;l ryHEk ydS w f u kd /f &efuek /f 1990/ Ak'k¨0g' jyóemrsm;/ a&T[oFmyHkESdyfwdkuf/ &efukef/ 1974/ jrefrmYpG,fpHkusrf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH bmomjyefpmaytoif;/ &efukef/ 1964/

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