Urban Riverfront Revitalization

AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING AMITY UNIVERSITY, NOIDA

DISSERTATION IN ARCHITECTURE BACHELORS IN ARCHITECTURE/ SEMESTER-8 BATCH-2018-23

URBAN RIVERFRONT REVITALIZATION

SUBMITTED BY:

MUSKAN JAIN (A1904018034)

GUIDED BY: AR. ANURITA BHATNAGAR AR. JINISHA JAIN

(2022)

Riverfront Revitalization

DECLARATION

This is to certify that the research titled "Urban Riverfront Revitalization", has been submitted by Muskan Jain (A1904018034) towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture. This is a bonafide work of the student and has not been submitted to any other university for award of any Degree/Diploma.

This document describes work undertaken as part of a program of study at the Amity School of Architecture and Planning, Amity University, Noida. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

______________________

_____________________

Ar. Anurita Bhatnagar

Ar. Jinisha Jain

Faculty Guide Signature

Faculty Guide Signature

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Riverfront Revitalization

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research titled "Urban Riverfront Revitalization", has been submitted by Muskan Jain (A1904015089) towards partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture. This is a bonafide work of the student and has not been submitted to any other university for award of any Degree/Diploma.

______________________

_____________________

Ar. Anurita Bhatnagar

Ar. Jinisha Jain

Faculty Guide Signature

Faculty Guide Signature

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Riverfront Revitalization

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to all the people who have helped me through the course of my journey towards this research. I sincerely thank my research guides and all the people in and around with whom I have consulted and discussed for their willingness to share their personal experience, professional knowledge and ideas. Without them, this research would not have been possible.

I am extremely grateful to my guides Ar. Anurita Bhatnagar and Ar. Jinisha Jain for their constant support. Their insightful comments and observant questions helped me tremendously in defining and analyzing the complexities of the topic and in crafting out my own thoughts. I am highly indebted to them for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my family colleagues in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

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CONTENTS DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................ii CERTIFICATE ........................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................ iv 1.

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 NEED OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................. 2 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................. 2 1.3 AIM .................................................................................................................................. 2 1.4 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................. 2 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................... 3 1.6 SCOPE & LIMITATIONS .............................................................................................. 3

2.

LITERATURE STUDY..................................................................................................... 4 2.1 WHAT IS RIVERFRONT? ............................................................................................. 4 2.2 WHAT IS A PUBLIC SPACE?....................................................................................... 4 2.3 RIVERFRONT AS PUBLIC SPACE .............................................................................. 5 2.4 HISTORY OF RIVERFRONT ........................................................................................ 5 2.5 NEED OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 7 2.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ...................................... 8 2.6.1 RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT ....................................................... 8 2.6.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT .......................... 9 2.7 CASE EXAMPLES of RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ............................................ 9 2.7.1

SABARMATI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 10

2.7.2 SINGAPORE RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ................................................ 22 2.7.3 3.

CHICAGO RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ................................................. 32

ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 KEY FINDINGS:....................................................................................................... 40 3.2 PARAMETERS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENHANCING INTERACTION ALONG RIVERFRONTS FOR CREATING A PUBLIC REALM: ............................................. 41

4.

CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 45

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 46

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: River as a living entity................................................................................................ 1 Figure 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Figure 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 4: Research Methodology Chart ..................................................................................... 3 Figure 5: Types of Waterfronts .................................................................................................. 4 Figure 6:Riverfront .................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 7: Baltimore 1960 ……………………………………………………………………..

Figure 8: Baltimore 2013 ........................................................................................................... 5 Figure 9: Evolution of waterfront development (SOURCE: Redzuan and Latip 2016) ............ 6 Figure 10: Ghats of Patna (SOURCE: WRI India) …………………………………………...

Figure 11: Ghats of Varanasi (SOURCE: Sheldon Kirshner) ................................................... 6 Figure 12: Integrating waterfront with neighborhood ............................................................... 8 Figure 13: Sabarmati Riverfront Development........................................................................ 10 Figure 14: AHMEDABAD ………………………………………………………………….

Figure 15: Land use Map ......................................................................................................... 11 Figure 16: Original condition of the river near Vadaj ............................................................. 11 Figure 17: Dry riverbed with slums along the riverbanks and lacklustre development along the riverfront ............................................................................................................................ 11 Figure 18: Images showing inaccessible and polluted riverfront ............................................ 12 Figure 19:Sabarmati riverfront land use .................................................................................. 13 Figure 20: Spaces Created and Proposed ................................................................................. 13 Figure 21: Street network......................................................................................................... 13 Figure 22: Spatial Division (Source: (SAMPATHKUMAR, 2019))....................................... 14 Figure 23 …………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 24 .................................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 25 …………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 26 .................................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 27:River Promenade ..................................................................................................... 15 Figure 28 .................................................................................................................................. 15 Figure 29: Lower-level Promenade ......................................................................................... 15 Figure 30: Pedestrians along river at lower-level promenade ................................................. 16 Figure 31: Bird eye view of upper-level promenade ............................................................... 16 Figure 32: Parks, Promenades and Ghats ................................................................................ 17 Figure 33: Parks ....................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 34: Riverfront Parks ..................................................................................................... 17 Figure 35: Street Network ........................................................................................................ 17 Figure 36: Riverfront streets .................................................................................................... 18 Figure 37: Ghats ....................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 38: Sports Facilities ...................................................................................................... 18 Figure 39: Cultural, Trade and Social Amenities .................................................................... 19 Figure 40: Riverfront Market – Service Road and Access ...................................................... 19 Figure 41: Trade Fair Complex – View from River ................................................................ 19 Figure 42:Overview of the Event Ground ............................................................................... 20

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Riverfront Revitalization Figure 43: Laundry campus (HCP Design, Planning & Management Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad ) .................................................................................................................................................. 20 Figure 44:Informal Market at “Delite-Junction” (HCP Design, Planning & Management Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad ) ................................................................................................................... 21 Figure 45: Aerial view of Singapore Riverfront Development ............................................... 22 Figure 46: Location of The Singapore River ........................................................................... 22 Figure 47: History of Singapore .............................................................................................. 23 Figure 48: Singapore Riverfront (Source: (Anjali Maniar)) .................................................... 23 Figure 49:Location and boundary of The Singapore River planning area............................... 23 Figure 50: Boundary and sub-zone plan …………………………………………………….

Figure 51: Sub-zones of Singapore River – Robertson, Clarke and Boat Quay ...................... 24 Figure 52: The Singapore River with its three quays (Boat, Clarke and Robertson) and main facilities. ................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 53: 1985 Master plan for the Singapore river planning area ........................................ 24 Figure 54: Strength and Opportunities Plan............................................................................. 25 Figure 55:Weakness and constraints plan ................................................................................ 26 Figure 56: Connectivity of Singapore river ............................................................................. 27 Figure 57: Singapore Riverfront Planning model …………………………………………...

Figure 58: Mixed use development of hotels or residential at upper floors ............................ 27 Figure 59: Zoning and Plot ratio Plan ...................................................................................... 28 Figure 60: Commercial Plan ………………………………………………………………...

Figure 61: Commercial Gross Floor Area ............................................................................... 28 Figure 62: Riverside Point shopping plaza and restaurants (Source: https://www.tilytravels.com).................................................................................................... 29 Figure 63: One of the warehouses along Merbau Road earmarked for institutional/cultural use .................................................................................................................................................. 29 Figure 64: Green and Blue Plan ............................................................................................... 30 Figure 65: More landing points are planned along the river to make river transport an attractive alternative ................................................................................................................. 30 Figure 66:Cruising past Clarke Quay Central ………………………………………………

Figure 67: Boat Quay ............................................................................................................... 30 Figure 68: Site plan for the promenades and malls.................................................................. 31 Figure 69: Pedestrian promenades such as these are planned along the entire River to make walking a pleasurable experience ............................................................................................ 31 Figure 70: Singapore River promenade section plan ………………………………………..

Figure 71:Singapore River promenade photos ........................................................................ 31 Figure 72: the Chicago Riverwalk project ............................................................................... 32 Figure 73: Chicago Riverfront ................................................................................................. 32 Figure 74: Figure 67: The Chicago Riverwalk ........................................................................ 33 Figure 75: Located between Dearborn and Clark Streets, the Cove, was inspired by beach landscapes ................................................................................................................................ 34 Figure 76: Chicago Riverfront ................................................................................................. 35 Figure 77:The Marina Plaza..................................................................................................... 35 Figure 78(left) Restaurants and outdoor seating provide views of vibrant life on the water, including passing barges, patrols, water taxis, and sightseeing boats ..................................... 35

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Riverfront Revitalization Figure 79(right) Steps descend to nearly river level in the Marina Plaza providing users direct connection to the water ............................................................................................................ 35 Figure 80: The Cove ................................................................................................................ 36 Figure 81: Kayak rentals and docking for human-powered craft provide physical connections to the water through recreation ................................................................................................ 36 Figure 82 …………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 83 .................................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 84: The fountain in the Water Plaza allows users to interact with water next to the river’s edge............................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 85: The River Theatre ................................................................................................... 37 Figure 86 …………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 87: Trees are integrated into the staircase with a custom design ................................. 38 Figure 88: The Jetty ................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 89 .................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 90 .................................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 91: Development of Socio-Interactive Space Chart (Source: Author) ......................... 40 Figure 92: Diverse public space uses along Patna Riverfront, India. Photo by NMCG. ......... 41 Figure 93: Historic building Circular quay .............................................................................. 41 Figure 94: Boat transit in Dubai waterfront ............................................................................. 42 Figure 95: Amenities at riverfront development ...................................................................... 42 Figure 96: Parrmatta's river ecological cycle track .................................................................. 43 Figure 97: Farmer's Market at riverfront ................................................................................. 43 Figure 98: Festival celebration at low level promenade at Sabarmati Riverfront Development .................................................................................................................................................. 44 Figure 99: Lighting in Sabarmati ……………………………………………………………

Figure 100: Hardscaping in Hamburg...................................................................................... 44

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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Characteristics of Riverfront Development (Yassin, 2010) ....................................... 8 Table 2: Land Use of Sabarmati Riverfront ............................................................................. 13 Table 3: Land Use before Redevelopment (Singapore Riverfront) ......................................... 25 Table 4: Land Use after Redevelopment (Singapore Riverfront) ............................................ 27

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1. INTRODUCTION History has the meaning of introductory connection among river and individuals. The principal human advancement began with the rivers as they give consistent supply of drinking water and the fundamental wellspring of transportation for explorers and products.

Over time, better method for transportation were presented. Urban areas started to divert their backs from the river and the river thus was starting to be disregarded.

River is a fundamental component in the metropolitan life-as a personality, as a visual and social asset, as a daily life existence framework, as a passageway of unending development, as a center for recreation and also as an indispensable memory, catching several imaginations along its front, providing diverse opportunities for everyday life.

Figure 1: River as a living entity

Despite its cultural importance, cities along the river in many cases have resulted in undesired human interventions along natural edges. The lands between the river and the embankments had gradually become sites for informal housing. The river has been reduced to a sluggish sewage-laden channel and there’s filth floating along the edges. In the current scenario, most significant riverfronts have become backyards, derelict of any desired activity leading to environmental issues unstoppable. Rivers are unimaginable wealth of a settlement. Healthy rivers contribute to the ecosystem of the region, natural processes, the human societies and economics. The ecosystems in turn constitute the natural infrastructure.

Figure 2

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Riverfront Revitalization

Figure 3

1.1 NEED OF THE STUDY The revitalization of riverfront and its concept of using the abandoned spaces along the edge of the river can restore and protect the rivers. The idea is to create a publicly-accessible riverfront development which will also enhance the quality of life.

1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS • How Urban Riverfront Revitalization can make the river bank in use and create recreational spaces for people?

• What can be the potential impact of revitalization of any riverfront development on the surrounding area/ neighborhood?

1.3 AIM To study the parameters of creating a public realm for riverfront revitalization as the identity of the city with respect to context.

1.4 OBJECTIVES ➢ To study the importance of riverfront as an urban space. ➢ To study how riverfronts can develop as meaningful public spaces for enhancing life in the city. ➢ To analyze the impact of urban riverfront revitalization on the surrounding area.

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Riverfront Revitalization 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Figure 4: Research Methodology Chart

1.6 SCOPE & LIMITATIONS The river would be enlivened, expressing characters and qualities by contributing a unique image to the city, as the focal point of location and identification to users. The urban riverfront would be accessible in a pleasant way and secure at all time for users besides providing tourist attractions and social activities.

Due to time limits and resources, the study will not consider ecological component of the riverfront development.

The explanations of the theories are literature based and not experimented.

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2. LITERATURE STUDY 2.1 WHAT IS RIVERFRONT? The waterfront can be classify based on the source of water in the city as Riverfront, Lakefront, Canal front, Creekfront and Seafront.

Figure 5: Types of Waterfronts

A riverfront is the zone of interaction between urban developments and the river and a riverfront area is considered as a unique indispensable asset where it is the point of interaction between land, water, air, sun and useful plants.

Figure 6:Riverfront

2.2 WHAT IS A PUBLIC SPACE? A public space is generally a place of gathering inside the public realm. It is either a part of a neighbourhood, exceptional locale, riverfront, or different regions that advances social communication and assembles a feeling of community. Riverfronts present incredible potential to create and function as open spaces.

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Riverfront Revitalization 2.3 RIVERFRONT AS PUBLIC SPACE • • • • • • • •

Develops human contact and assembles social activities.

Promotes human interaction and community participation.

Reflects neighbourhood culture or history.

Enhances river’s edge that is ceaseless and, publicly accessible.

Creates a network of public spaces that attract and invite both locals and tourists.

Creates solid connection between existing networks and arising riverfront networks and spaces.

Improves the aquatic territory and water quality along the riverfront.

Facilitates the water utilization and supporting area base to expand the economic, recreational and natural resource of the riverfront. (Paul, 2015)

2.4 HISTORY OF RIVERFRONT The earliest urban areas created along river banks and sea ports like Kolkata, Mumbai, London, Paris. In the later transformative phase, riverfront regions started as business centers, transportation center points and assembling centers, as a focal concentration for them.

However, due to complex and multiple issues for example, innovation change, the noteworthy protection development, expanded environmental awareness and metropolitan recharging, an emotional change in riverfront regions was achieved and they turned out to be huge spaces of unused property in the beyond thirty years or somewhere in the vicinity.

The first riverfront improvement projects were begun in North American urban communities, specifically Baltimore and Boston, during the 1960s.

Figure 7: Baltimore 1960

Figure 8: Baltimore 2013

While the early instances of riverfront revitalization fundamentally centered around recreation and retail, contemporary plans have a more extensive degree. Many are set up with the expect to establish alluring mixed metropolitan environments that enticement for individuals and convince them to work there, to live there, or to visit there.

• • •

1960s - Huge waterfront development started and consequently initiated the world-wide era of waterfront rejuvenation.

1970s - Urban waterfront redevelopment bloomed, 1980s - Accelerated and continued in the future. (Gupta, 2017)

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Riverfront Revitalization Urban centers in the Indian sub-continent have a long and intertwined history with river valleys and river basins. Beginning with the ancient Indus Valley civilization to later periods such as the Maurya, Chola and Mughal eras, cities have grown and flourished along the banks of rivers Architectural detailing technical aspects heritage conservation practices and in the fertile deltas of river basins. Indian tradition holds all Indian rivers sacred and considers them as the purifier, life giver, symbol of fertility and destroyer of evils. (National Mission for Clean Ganga) Since industrial times rapid urban population growth in cities across the world and in India has changed the intimate relationship cities and citizens had with urban rivers (Otto, McCormick and Leccese, 2004)

Figure 9: Evolution of waterfront development (SOURCE: Redzuan and Latip 2016)

Improved road, rail and air transport services and advancements in science and technology removed dependence on local resources like rivers. Water was sourced and transported from distant rivers and reservoirs to meet urban needs in many cities and this trend continues today (IIHS 2014) Across India, rivers continue to be revered and their cultural significance is embedded into festivals and rituals, but the deep connections engendered by daily access and use of local rivers for domestic and economic purposes has dwindled. This has in turn led to a reduction of local activities that enabled river protection and rejuvenation. (National Mission for Clean Ganga)

Figure 10: Ghats of Patna (SOURCE: WRI India)

Figure 11: Ghats of Varanasi (SOURCE: Sheldon Kirshner)

While in India river restoration still focusses on river cleaning and aesthetic appeal, the concept of clean rivers on a global level has shifted towards the creation of healthier rivers which are able to sustain a wider diversity of fish, birds, and other wildlife. An ecologically improved and healthy river draws the public to the water’s edge for various recreation 6

Riverfront Revitalization activities such as to walk, bike, boat, fish, and observe wildlife. Individuals getting back to the river and the expanded connection with water drives them to communicate a more grounded interest to secure and re-establish normal regions and untamed life natural surroundings along river and somewhere else in the catchment. (Otto, McCormick and Leccese 2004) 2.5 NEED OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT Due to increase in urbanization and industrialization, many cities/towns face minimum avenues for recreation and open spaces. A rejuvenate riverfront gives admittance to new social activities and consciousness of natural infrastructure of river life to public. This utility will attract exceptional new high standard investments, and motivate people to approach water that was once lost during the century of industrialization. Most importantly, a central and vibrant riverfront perform services to resident and visitors in shared adventures of the city. (Dipali Paneria, 2017) The advantages and benefits of revitalizing riverfront are complex going from financial advantages, ecological advantages to social benefits. With the improvement of riverfront, there would be making of occupations in fostering the front, positions as it surrenders approach to beginning of commercial activities around there and furthermore aberrant post creation related with the arrangement of activities.

Wellspring of revenue for government - government would have the option to acquire income concerning charges from the commercial affairs in the locale. The commercial affairs include shops, eateries, sport activities, transportation, sailing and so on, which can be rented out or providing for private players to work.

Advancement of the travel industry in the locale - with the improvement of waterfront the travel industry in the district can be expanded by offering an assortment of attractions like water sports, amusement fields, parks, shopping regions, and so forth.

Economic effects - ascend in the value of properties in and around the district, going about as an impetus for redevelopment and restoration of neighboring places.

Water preservation rehearses - Development of riverfront developments would guarantee an appropriate plan of tasks in saving river and their upkeeping flowing through enormous urban communities.

• • • • • •

Habitat protection and restoration.

Conservation of water in the river Human/Environmental connections Conservation and development of land Conservation of flora and fauna Maintenance of river bank.

Beautification of the riverfront with a characteristic standpoint will give the overall population an open space for relaxation and diversion. Giving job opportunities for local people and aiding being developed of district. Empowering recreational activities like walking, jogging, biking, sports activities, and so on. Improving quality of life of individuals by revitalizing the neighborhood.

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Riverfront Revitalization 2.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT Characteristics Dynamic Area Habitat Natural Defense Pollution Moderator

Description Waterfront zone is dynamic area with frequently changing biological, chemical and geological attributes.

Waterfront zone include highly productive and biologically diverse ecosystems that offer crucial nursery habitats for many species.

Waterfront zone features such as forests serves a critical natural defense against natural hazards (flooding, erosion and storms).

Water ecosystems may act to reduce the impacts of pollution originating from land such as wetlands absorbing excess nutrient sediments, human waste.

Table 1: Characteristics of Riverfront Development (Yassin, 2010)

2.6.1 RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT a. River as a main attraction of development: • As per the guideline, under any circumstance, river's job is staying as a principle fascination for the revitalization.

• River itself should be prosper sooner than any other planning development.

• Expulsion and changing river flow is not allowed. b. Beautification of river reserves: • As per the guideline, developers are expected to produce recreation and beautification plan for river.

• Maintaining river reserve as a buffer zone to control natural issue like soil disintegration.

• Use of river reserve for green region and recreational use are permitted to the developers. c. Level of river flow: As per the guideline, a development near to river areas should not increase level of river stream. Development are more than 10 ha are expected to assemble maintenance pond with maximum area between 3-5% of total project area. d. Development of permanent infrastructure: As per the guideline, the development of permanent building and infrastructure are not allowed within river and river reserves, except facilities for recreational purposes.

(Gupta, 2017)

Figure 12: Integrating waterfront with neighborhood

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Riverfront Revitalization 2.6.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT Riverfront development planning is directed by four aspects: (1) balanced land use; (2) respect for limited resources; (3) improved public access; and (4) safeguards for environmental quality.

The general standards for riverfront development are listed below: • Linear development of waterfront interconnected with broad public access ➢ As a daily consumer path and recreational convenience, the utilization of riverfront scenic route is empowered. ➢ Visualizing the connection between access, greenway development, and market interest. ➢ Creating a sensible and visually pleasing order to the river's edge.

• ➢ ➢ ➢

Protection and improvement of the natural riverfront environment To preserve biodiversity, the ecological condition of the riverfront is documented.

To prevent and eliminate improper use from river's edge.

To protect existing natural areas.

• Retrieve the identity of city as one of the most preferable water cities ➢ Raising public expectations of what the city's riverfront provides. ➢ Attracting people, investors and best aspect of urban living to the riverfront. (Gupta, 2017) 2.7 CASE EXAMPLES of RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT 1. Sabarmati Riverfront Development, Ahmedabad 2. Singapore Riverfront Development 3. Chicago Riverfront Development

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Riverfront Revitalization 2.7.1 SABARMATI RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

Figure 13: Sabarmati Riverfront Development

Stage: Completed in 2012 Development Authorities: SRFDCL project (Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited) The Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL) is laid out in 1997 for the improvement of the riverfront in the city. SRFDCL contacted various NGOs and resident gatherings for arranging and execution. The course of execution was finished by assemble, keep up with, work and move. SRFDCL named Independent Third Parties to regulate the private area workers for hire who were chosen on fixed time and rate. The asset for the task is set out by various sources that are value capital, advance asset and continues from land deals. (Dipali Paneria, 2017) The development is a mix of commercial, recreational and residential developments along both the banks of the river from Gandhi Bridge to Sardar Bridge. It is proposed to recover around 30 hectares of land, of which a section would be sold or rented for business advancement.

The significant parts of the Project incorporate dike and recovery works, development of streets and establishment of framework, for example, water, sewer organization, storm water waste, resettlement and restoration work, development of promenades and gardens and upkeep of public spaces.

Aim of the project: SRFD Project has been conceptualized as an urban project to significantly improve the habitat, structure and conditions of the river and adjoining areas.

Objectives: Social Infrastructure: it includes formation of public spaces, parks and provision of socio-cultural facilities for the city.

AHMEDABAD AND SABARMATI RIVER The city was established in 1411 along the river banks. The river starts from the lower regions of Aravalli ranges close to Udaipur, Rajasthan, and streams down going through Ahmedabad till Gulf of Cambay. The 109-km waterway stumbles into a stretch of around 11 km through Ahmedabad.

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Figure 14: AHMEDABAD

Figure 15: Land use Map

NEED FOR RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT The concentrated purposes negatively affected the river.

• •

Untreated sewage streamed into the waterway through storm water outfalls and unloading of modern waste represented a significant wellbeing and natural risk.

The stream bank settlements were lamentably inclined to floods and missing the mark on foundation offices. Dull improvement came to fruition along the riverfront.

Such circumstances made the stream out of reach and it turned into a virtual split between the two pieces of the city.

Figure 16: Original condition of the river near Vadaj

Figure 17: Dry riverbed with slums along the riverbanks and lacklustre development along the riverfront

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Riverfront Revitalization CHALLENGES • • • •

12000 hutments on both banks of the river possessing almost 20% of basic development area.

Unorganized Gujari Bazaar f in excess of 1200 sellers on the eastern bank and Court Litigation.

Almost 200 Dhobis involving both the banks of the waterway for washing exercises.

Completely dirtied and sullied Sabarmati through 38 tempest water outlets.

Figure 18: Images showing inaccessible and polluted riverfront

DESIGN STRATEGIES The Riverfront Development recovers the Sabarmati banks publicly accessible.

• • • •

The undertaking has given in excess of ten kilometers of nonstop common promenade on each bank and has likewise made public Ghats accessible for direct admittance to the water.

85% of riverfront land has been proposed for public foundation, sporting parks, courts, sports offices, and nurseries.

Presentation of city and social foundations like historical centers, show spaces, landmarks, execution scenes, has essentially improved the accessibility of city conveniences.

SRFD has additionally centered to overhaul famous informal markets, and to make Vibrant new spaces for Residents and Tourists.

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Figure 19:Sabarmati riverfront land use

The proposed development is of mixed land use that includes commercial, recreational and residential developments within the both side of river bank from Gandhi Bridge to Sardar Bridge.

Table 2: Land Use of Sabarmati Riverfront

Figure 20: Spaces Created and Proposed

Figure 21: Street network

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Figure 22: Spatial Division (Source: (SAMPATHKUMAR, 2019))

FEATURES OF THE PROJECT • • • •

The decrease of the riverbed from a variable width of 600-300 m to a fix width of 263 m, accordingly recovering 185 ha of land.

The development of RCC stomach dividers (10-20 m profundity) and anchor chunks (10 m) to keep the riverbanks from disintegration. After the completing the anchor piece is turned in the purported lower promenade.

The development of interceptor sewers on both the riverbanks ready to forestall the waste water to stream straightforwardly into the waterway and redirecting it to the two sewage treatment plants of Vasna and Pirana.

The development of RCC holding dividers (2.5 - 9 m) to shield the city from flooding.

The stature of the still up in the air by the 100-year flood level. An upper promenade is made on top of the holding dividers.

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 25

Figure 26

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Riverfront Revitalization River Promenade

Figure 27:River Promenade

The key feature of this project is a two-level, continuous promenade at the water’s edge along each bank of the river.

Figure 28

The lower-level promenade is constructed simply over the water level and an upper-level promenade. Together these give Ahmedabad a continuous, walker walkway, almost 11.5km long, in the core of the city.

LOWER-LEVEL PROMENADE: The lower-level promenade is constructed simply over the water level to serve walkers and cyclists, and to give admittance to the water.

Figure 29: Lower-level Promenade

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Figure 30: Pedestrians along river at lower-level promenade

The width of the promenade shifts from 6-18m. Offices gave at the River Promenade include: • • • • •

Passages from the city level by means of flights of stairs and inclines at customary spans.

Lifts or Elevators to make lower-level promenade available for individuals with inabilities.

Concrete cleared deck which can uphold strolling, running and cycling.

Continuous seating at the river's edge alongside defensive railing.

Stages at customary stretches for managed and coordinated distributing exercises.

UPPER-LEVEL PROMENADE: The upper-level promenade has an assortment of public structures, social and educational institutions, recreational areas and plazas and commercial development.

Figure 31: Bird eye view of upper-level promenade

Parks and Plazas The project has involved in excess of a quarter region for making public spaces in the core of the city. Components incorporate recreational areas and nurseries to urban backwoods and concealed squares. The parks will assist with further developing liveability in the areas and furthermore furnish the city with much required green spaces and breathing space from the thick constructed climate. And the Plazas will give public places for social gatherings and informal activities.

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Figure 32: Parks, Promenades and Ghats

Figure 33: Parks

Figure 34: Riverfront Parks

STREETS The SRFD roads have been developed to act as compelling development conductors. The SRFD roads run corresponding to the waterway on the two banks in this manner giving consistent admittance to the riverfront development. All SRFD roads have devoted walker ways with stopping narrows, cycle tracks and 6 m wide carriageways.

Figure 35: Street Network

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Figure 36: Riverfront streets

GHATS 31 Ghats accentuate the lower-level stream promenade at arranged stretches to give admittance to the water. These have been planned at key areas to empower continuation of cultural activities along the water.

Figure 37: Ghats

SPORTS FACILITIES Sports facilities will be valuable remembering the location and surrounding area.

Figure 38: Sports Facilities

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Riverfront Revitalization AMENITIES

Figure 39: Cultural, Trade and Social Amenities

Riverfront market: The market provides selected vending areas with 1,641 vendor platforms, seating areas, paved walkways, food streets, parking of vehicles and four public washrooms.

Figure 40: Riverfront Market – Service Road and Access

Exhibition centre: The riverfront will host trade-fair facilities to serve the business community.

Figure 41: Trade Fair Complex – View from River

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Riverfront Revitalization Events ground: will offer venues for holding planned events of local and national importance.

Figure 42:Overview of the Event Ground

Laundry campus: provides facilities for the washing community as traditionally riverbanks were used for laundering.

Figure 43: Laundry campus (HCP Design, Planning & Management Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad )

Integrated outdoor vending areas: Provision on all along the length of the project, will accommodate street vendors so they too benefit from the project.

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Figure 44:Informal Market at “Delite-Junction” (HCP Design, Planning & Management Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad )

PROJECT BENEFITS AND IMPACTS ✓ Presently it is feasible to hold surface water in the river the entire year around. ✓ The ground layers are re-energized with capacity of 12.5 million cubic meter waterway water. ✓ In excess of 250 MLD sewage is redirected from the waterway and contamination is wiped out. ✓ The river is protected from the scour and halted the disintegration of the river banks with Diaphragm walls. ✓ 202 ha. land is available by retaining wall on both sides for further development for the city and flood protection. ✓ The embankments provided wide walkways, green space with tree plantation and many other facilities. ✓ Rehabilitation of resettlement of 10000 slum dwellers in good pukka houses. ✓ Conventional users of a stream like washer men and disorderly sellers are presently given coordinated offices. ✓ Simple admittance to the waterway water through Ghats, Stairs/Ramps. (Kapoor, 2016)

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Riverfront Revitalization 2.7.2 SINGAPORE RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

Figure 45: Aerial view of Singapore Riverfront Development

The earliest declaration on Singapore river redevelopment was in 1971 concept plan. The city centre was to be “revitalized through the careful conservation of buildings near the Singapore River which gives it its soul”. In 1985, URA delivered the principal Singapore River Concept Plan recognizing three improvement zones along the river - Boat Quay, Clarke Quay and Robertson Quay. The objective of the river restoration is to “preserve a sense of history through selective conservations”.

Singapore River corridor was assigned as one of the ten conservation regions in the principal Conservation Master Plan was delivered in 1989 followed by the official Singapore River Planning Report delivered in 1994. (JINGYAO, 2010) SINGAPORE AND SINGAPORE RIVERFRONT Singapore River is situated in the focal region of the city. It is the main exchanging route since the time the 1810s. The river has been a functioning modern port for over 100 years until the autonomy of Singapore in 1965. The different sides of the banks are very much protected which makes it the best spot for stacking and dumping products. Covering close to a fifth of the land area of Singapore, went through what used to be half of Singapore's urbanized region, the river today establishes the most evolved region of Singapore's riverfront. It is around 3.2 km long beginning from Kim Seng Bridge to its mouth at esplanade where it enters the Marina Channel and streams out to the Singapore Strait. (Anjali Maniar)

Figure 46: Location of The Singapore River

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Figure 47: History of Singapore

PLANNING AREA AND ITS SUB-ZONES

Figure 48: Singapore Riverfront (Source: (Anjali Maniar))

The Singapore River Planning Development Guide Plan covers an area of 96 hectares with ten hectares of water body, and a length of 3.2 km. It is bounded by Boat Quay toward the east, River Valley Road and Mohamed king Road toward the north, North Canal Road and Havelock Road toward the south, and Zion Road toward the west. The two basic goals of the arrangement are to make the river an intriguing corridor promoting the waterfront assets and to moderate the interesting recorded characters of the area.

Figure 49:Location and boundary of The Singapore River planning area

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Riverfront Revitalization The planning area is divided into three zones and themed with new functions — Boat Quay for restaurants and pubs; Clarke Quay for entertainment and shopping; Robertson Quay for hotels and homes. (JINGYAO, 2010)

Figure 50: Boundary and sub-zone plan

Figure 51: Sub-zones of Singapore River – Robertson, Clarke and Boat Quay

Figure 52: The Singapore River with its three quays (Boat, Clarke and Robertson) and main facilities.

LAND USE OF SINGAPORE RIVERFRONT BEFORE DEVELOPMENT)

Figure 53: 1985 Master plan for the Singapore river planning area

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Riverfront Revitalization Land Use Residential Commercial Industry Institutional Open Spaces &Recreational Roads & Infrastructure Waterbody Undeveloped Land Total

Land Area Ha % 2.9 3.0 25.2 26.2 8.3 8.6 0.4 0.4 3.0 3.1 30.9

32.1

10.8 14.8 96.3

11.2 15.4 100

Table 3: Land Use before Redevelopment (Singapore Riverfront)

PLANNING ANALYSIS Strength and Opportunities The Singapore River planning area has many strengths that provide development opportunities. It is situated close to the Central Business District (CBD) and the Orchard Road it is a simple 600 m away to shop belt. The region is very much served by main arterial roads and has direct connection to the Central Expressway. Within the planning region, there are numerous structures of design merit and historical significance. Adequate abandoned land is additionally accessible for advancement, ecological improvement and arrangement of infrastructure facilities. The actual river gives the special opportunity for riverfront developments and riverine activities.

Figure 54: Strength and Opportunities Plan

Weakness and Constraints There are incongruent purposes, for example, industrial and warehouse land close to private and commercial regions. Absence of pedestrian linkages within the area and access to the riverfront development. Insufficient vehicular access and linkages in Robertson Quay subzone is another limitation.

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Figure 55:Weakness and constraints plan

VISION AND OBJECTIVES The vision for Singapore river: An exciting activity corridor that capitalises on the river frontage and reflects the unique historical character of the Area.

Planning Objectives To comprehend this vision, the following objectives are proposed for the Singapore Riverfront planning area: • • •

To strengthen the shopping, eating, recreation and entertainment facilities To upgrade the quality of the environment.

To improve the vehicular access and linkages in the Robertson Quay sub-zone.

PLANNING STRATEGIES Land Use • Develop the planning area into a vibrant mix of residential and commercial uses.

• Encourage the phasing out of existing industries and warehouses by allowing uses of higher land values.

Urbanscape / Environment • Conserve/retain buildings of architectural merit and historical significance.

• Establish focal points and activity nodes to create attractive environments for the different sub-zones.

• Provide pedestrian malls and promenades, and bridges across Merchant Road and the River for better accessibility to the waterfront.

Transportation • Provide boat landing points to facilitate water-related activities.

• Extend Saiboo Street across Singapore River and widen River Valley Close and Mohamed Sultan Road to cater for anticipated increase in traffic volume from redevelopments. (Urban Redevelopment Authority, 1994) 26

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Figure 56: Connectivity of Singapore river

PLANNING

Figure 57: Singapore Riverfront Planning model

Figure 58: Mixed use development of hotels or residential at upper floors

Land Use Residential Commercial Industry Institutional Open Spaces & Recreational Roads & Infrastructure Waterbody Undeveloped Land Total

Land Area Ha % 3.4 3.6 42.1 43.7 0.7 0.7 9.9 10.3 27.3 28.3 10.8 11.2 2.1 2.2 96.3 100

Table 4: Land Use after Redevelopment (Singapore Riverfront)

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Riverfront Revitalization In terms of land use and strategic planning, the emphasis is on the mix of developments 20% private sector to deliver 2,600 units to a density of 7,800 (twice of 1990's populace of 3,388), and 80% commercial use with 950,000 sq. meters gross floor regions. To guarantee activities by the riverfront, the arrangement forces a limitation which just permits business use at the ground level. (JINGYAO, 2010)

Figure 59: Zoning and Plot ratio Plan

COMMERCIAL A good mix of shop, office and hotel developments are planned to change the Singapore River planning region into an active passageway that is alive constantly. The business quantum will be expanded by around 400,000 sq. m. The current cluster of hotel developments along Havelock Road will be built up with more proposed at that area. (Urban Redevelopment Authority, 1994)

Figure 60: Commercial Plan

Figure 61: Commercial Gross Floor Area

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Riverfront Revitalization FACILITIES In accordance with the planning aim to make an intriguing active corridor in the Singapore River planning region, various State-owned parcels with old structures are assigned for institutional/social use. Potential users incorporate expressions groups whose activities will upgrade the traditional character of the area.

Figure 62: Riverside Point shopping plaza and restaurants (Source: https://www.tilytravels.com)

Figure 63: One of the warehouses along Merbau Road earmarked for institutional/cultural use

OPEN SPACE A continuous riverside promenade on both banks of the river is planned to create a quality pedestrian experience along the Singapore River. Three additional pedestrian bridges across the river at Jiak Kim Street, Robertson Quay and Pulau Saigon will complement the existing bridges in the area. At Clarke Quay and Robertson Quay sub-zones, pedestrian mails and walkways are planned to provide links to the riverfront. Overhead pedestrian bridges across Merchant Road will improve pedestrian linkages across this busy road. Open spaces and pocket parks create focal points and provide visual relief for the built-up areas. They will further enhance the quality of the environment. (Urban Redevelopment Authority, 1994) 29

Riverfront Revitalization

Figure 64: Green and Blue Plan

Figure 65: More landing points are planned along the river to make river transport an attractive alternative

Figure 66:Cruising past Clarke Quay Central.

Figure 67: Boat Quay

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Riverfront Revitalization PROMENADES AND MALLS

Figure 68: Site plan for the promenades and malls

Figure 69: Pedestrian promenades such as these are planned along the entire River to make walking a pleasurable experience

Figure 70: Singapore River promenade section plan

Figure 71:Singapore River promenade photos

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Riverfront Revitalization 2.7.3 CHICAGO RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT

Figure 72: the Chicago Riverwalk project

Client: Chicago Department of Transportation Location: Chicago, Il Size: 3.5 Acres Team: Ross Barney Architects Status: Phase 1 completed 2009 (by others); Phase 2 completed May 2015; Phase 3 completed October 2016

Figure 73: Chicago Riverfront

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Riverfront Revitalization Why a Development Plan for the Chicago River?

The Chicago River is one of the city's most loved and accessible natural resources, streaming through private and public areas. Previously industrial areas were wellsprings of extreme pollution of the river and its banks. In the course of the most recent 25 years, nearby and central government offices have put more than $4 billion in contamination control and other water quality upgrades. Both human occupants and wildlife are getting back to the river.

Increasingly more Chicagoans shift focus over to it as an alluring environment for work, live, and play.

This restored interest in the river is bringing about new sorts of development. Private and commercial utilizes are supplanting the more conventional industrial plants which once depended on the river for transportation of raw substances. Large numbers of the excess industrial uses are fostering their riverfronts as conveniences for their workers, with seating regions and green space. The City of Chicago made the Chicago River Corridor Development Plan and Design Guidelines as a dream and set of principles for new development that will increment community and set out new recreational activities for every citizen.

CHICAGO RIVER DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Figure 74: Figure 67: The Chicago Riverwalk

Paths and Greenways • • •

Create an associated scenic route along the waterway, with ceaseless multi-use paths along sides of the river.

This can be achieved through enhancements to existing public pedestrians and the designing of new path fragments through private property.

As far as possible, the river corridor can be connected to existing and proposed paths, for example, the Lincolnwood Trail and the Illinois and Michigan Canal Corridor.

Public Access • • •

Increment public access to the river through the creation of visibility and recreational areas.

Where attainable, private developments along the river ought to incorporate opportunities for public access, for example, pocket parks with seating regions.

Streets that dead-end at the river can be created as lookout for the adjoining local area.

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Riverfront Revitalization Habitat And Landscaping • •

Re-establish and safeguard landscaping and natural living spaces along the river, especially fish environment.

Given the river's industrial history, little of its pre-settlement "natural" character remains. As redevelopment continues, care ought to be taken to make landscaped buffers and wetlands, both to soften harsh urban edges and to support wildlife.

Recreation • •

Develop the river as a recreational amenity, attracting tourists and upgrading Chicago’s view as a desirable environment to live, work, and visit.

Recommended recreational amenities include canoe and motorized boat dispatches, fishing docks, hiking and biking trails, and historical markers.

Economic Development • • •

Encourage economic development viable with the river as an environmental and recreational amenity.

Cafes, restaurants, and canoe rental concessions can be developed at many locations along the river.

Existing industrial and commercial businesses organizations ought to be urged to improve their riverfronts and provide landscaped seating and picnic areas for their employees. (Department of Planning and Development, 1999)

PLANNING

Figure 75: Located between Dearborn and Clark Streets, the Cove, was inspired by beach landscapes

Transforming the difficulties into opportunities, the linear park instead of a path made out of 90-degree turns, created as a more independent system—one that, through changes in its shape and structure, would drive a series of new connections to the river.

With new connections that enhance and diversify life along the river, each block takes on the form and program of a different river-based typology. These spaces include: 1. Marina Plaza 2. Cove 3. River Theatre 4. Water Plaza 5. Jetty 34

Riverfront Revitalization

Figure 76: Chicago Riverfront

The Marina Plaza Restaurants and outdoor seating provide views of vibrant life on the water, including passing barges, patrols, water taxis, and sightseeing boats.

Figure 77:The Marina Plaza

Figure 78(left) Restaurants and outdoor seating provide views of vibrant life on the water, including passing barges, patrols, water taxis, and sightseeing boats Figure 79(right) Steps descend to nearly river level in the Marina Plaza providing users direct connection to the water

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Riverfront Revitalization A new model for understanding a significant capital development project, the Riverwalk was subsidized by a government transportation grant which will be repaid with revenues from the project.

The Cove Motivated by beach landscapes, the level substantial seats are reminiscent of beach stones, while the planting concept was beach grasses and wetland plants close to the edge and trees with forest greeneries in the corners.

Figure 80: The Cove

Figure 81: Kayak rentals and docking for human-powered craft provide physical connections to the water through recreation

Figure 82

Figure 83

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Riverfront Revitalization The project realizes six under bridge crossings under the existing bridge desks at each block, connecting blocks that previously had been discrete spaces. These stainless-steel-canopied mini-bridges both shelter pedestrians as they pass beneath the bridge deck above and reflect the texture and light of the river’s surface.

The Water Plaza A water feature offers an opportunity for children and families to engage with water at the river’s edge.

Figure 84: The fountain in the Water Plaza allows users to interact with water next to the river’s edge

The River Theatre A sculptural staircase linking Upper Wacker and the Riverwalk offers pedestrian connectivity to the water’s edge and seating, while trees provide greenery and shade.

Figure 85: The River Theatre

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Figure 86

Figure 87: Trees are integrated into the staircase with a custom design

The River Theater was conceived as a space where Chicago’s streetscape folds down to the river in a smooth and dynamic way. It offers itself as a unique setting for years to come, treating downtown visitors to a perhaps unexpected place of both quiet reflection and dynamic excitement.

The Jetty A series of piers and floating wetland gardens offer an interactive learning environment about the ecology of the river, including opportunities for fishing and identifying native plants.

Figure 88: The Jetty

Figure 89

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Riverfront Revitalization The Jetty’s floating wetlands provide a healthy habitat for the Chicago River’s diverse native fish population, as well as educational and recreational opportunities for visitors to observe and interact with the aquatic ecosystem.

The Riverbank

Figure 90

The realized project threads together the experience of the river’s edge and allows direct access to the water, welcoming those on foot and by boat and enabling the life of the city and life on the river to co-mingle.

An accessible walkway and new marine edge create continuous access to Lake Street and sets the scene for future development in this critical space at the confluence.

As a new connected path system, the Chicago Riverwalk design provides both continuity and variety for a park visitor. The distinct programs and forms of each typological space allow for diverse experiences on the river ranging from dining opportunities to expansive public event programming to new amenities for human-powered craft. At the same time, design materials, details, and repeated forms provide visual cohesion along the entire length of the project.

Paving, for instance, mirrors the contrasts of the existing context: A refined cut stone follows the elegant Beaux-Arts Wacker viaduct and bridgehouse architecture, while a more rugged precast plank flanks the lower elevations and underside of the exposed steel bridges.

(Chrisco) IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT The goal of embracing the river as a recreational amenity seemed impossible years ago given the river’s high levels of pollution. But today that vision is becoming a reality. Recent improvements in river water quality and the increased intensity of public recreational use signal growing life along the river, demanding new connections to the water’s edge. Heeding this call, the Chicago Department of Transportation led the construction of the Chicago Riverwalk, completing portions of the system that include very successful new spaces like the Veteran’s Memorial Plaza and Wabash Plaza.

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3. ANALYSIS 3.1 KEY FINDINGS: Functions of Riverfront as Socio-Interactive Space Public space - Riverfronts are public spaces. People can use them for a variety of activities, like a festive gathering place, a variety of recreation assets or for some mixed use, be it residential, retail, a city landmark etc.

Recreational - They could be utilized as space for cycling, running or different activities that require open spaces. It can likewise be used for a few casual activities or fishing and sailing are. These exercises will fill a triple need - give amusement, establish a better climate and subsequently keep individuals fit and sound.

Tourism - The travel industry works on the financial abundance of the city. The restored and recharged riverfronts will draw in additional guests. Urban communities created them as destinations to grow their travel industry.

Figure 91: Development of Socio-Interactive Space Chart (Source: Author)

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Riverfront Revitalization 3.2 PARAMETERS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENHANCING INTERACTION ALONG RIVERFRONTS FOR CREATING A PUBLIC REALM: Parameter 1- Peripheral building use - Enhancing public spaces: Any structure on the riverfront ought to boost vibrancy in the public spaces around it.

Preferably, there ought to be a blend of purposes, with consistent collaboration among inside and outside. Skyscraper towers that miss the mark on open purposes on the ground floor are observably awkward along riverfront. They typically make a divider that truly and mentally cut off the waterfront from encompassing areas.

Figure 92: Diverse public space uses along Patna Riverfront, India. Photo by NMCG.

Parameter 2 – Iconic Buildings: Famous, eye-catching structures that mirror a human scale and don't degrade the encompassing setting can be an aid to the waterfront, inasmuch as they serve an assortment of capacities. These structures serve in excess of a one-layered symbol, it is likewise a decent neighbor displaying a solid feeling of spot. The present notorious structures ought to endeavor to accomplish a similar adaptability and public-vivacious presence.

Figure 93: Historic building Circular quay

Parameter 3 – Limiting on Private Sectors: Great riverfronts are not overwhelmed by private turn of developments. Since these are places that are brimming with people, constantly. They are the locales of celebrations, markets, light show, shows, unconstrained festivals and other high-energy social occasions. A high convergence of private advancement subverts the variety of waterfront use and makes strain to keep evening time action from prospering.

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Riverfront Revitalization Parameter 4 – Accessible Riverfront: Riverfronts thrive when they can be gotten to by implies other than private vehicles. The person and experience of a Riverfront definitely upgrade when it is effectively reached in manners other than driving. Access by foot and bicycle are a vital component of the transportation blend, which is the reason large numbers of the most darling are delegated by common promenades and bicycle paths.

Individuals feel calmer when not overpowered by traffic and parking areas, establishing an environment that encourages full range of waterfront movement. Where roads are totally fundamental for business conveyances, or admittance to retail or marine purposes, they ought to be intended to limit their effect on common security and happiness, and generally be shut for occasions and celebrations.

Figure 94: Boat transit in Dubai waterfront

Parameter 5 – Providing Amenities The best riverfronts include conveniences that increment individuals' solace and delight. A seat or waste container in the perfect area has an astonishing effect in how individuals decide to utilize a spot. Lighting reinforces a square's personality and can cause to notice explicit exercises, pathways or passageways. Public workmanship is an extraordinary magnet for offspring, everything being equal, to meet up. Whether impermanent or super durable, conveniences assist with laying out a genial setting for social interaction.

Figure 95: Amenities at riverfront development

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Riverfront Revitalization Parameter 6 – Enhancing natural resources Water is the natural resource of action we really want to utilize, safeguard, upgrade and endeavor to form into an urban area running after an environmental, supportable and a sound waterway.

Socio Interactive regions requests colossal measure of development and obliging more prominent number of individuals on the site prompted environmental issue. This can be handled by choosing the levels, materials utilized for building, local plants for finishing, reusing disturbed areas and building within the context.

Figure 96: Parrmatta's river ecological cycle track

Parameter 7 – Year-round activities Riverfronts that flourish all year has significant local area and financial advantages. Weather conditions is no great explanation for a riverfront to sit void. Inventive programming can consider blustery and winter climate, and shrewd utilization of conveniences can give security from severe weather conditions. Moreover, individuals appreciate being by the water around evening time assuming suitable lighting and unique occasions cause them to feel appreciated and safe.

Figure 97: Farmer's Market at riverfront

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Riverfront Revitalization Parameter 8 – Flexible Design Effective riverfronts should adjust to many changes that bring various clients at various times. Programming and the board are useful in serving assorted crowds; however, adaptability should likewise be incorporated into the planning of the area.

Figure 98: Festival celebration at low level promenade at Sabarmati Riverfront Development

Parameter 9 – Generating local identity The best riverfront destinations are found in urban areas that really arrange themselves to the river. Digging into neighborhood personality, history and culture animates inescapable interest in the riverfront and makes a special feeling of spot. Incessant chances to see the value in neighborhood workmanship, music and theater helps draw a community together around the riverfront.

Parameter 10 – Interesting Architectural Features The chief nature of an incredible public is the building nature of the space and its air. The visual quality of a space is upgraded by the plan of the space and assumes a specific part in making the spot an effective one. Hardscapes, lighting, furniture and so forth ought to be considered while planning public spaces in riverfront.

Figure 99: Lighting in Sabarmati

Figure 100: Hardscaping in Hamburg

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4. CONCLUSION The study aimed to discover how to create public access to the river and its front and thus converting it into a public realm. The analysis part shows what all parameters can be incorporate into design of public riverfront to make it feasible. The significant framework required for a successful riverfront includes numerous activities in various zones along riverfront. All aspects of urban life, economic-productive, private, social and recreational must be adequately combined. The Riverfront ought to be created in view of earlier and unique purposes, to keep up with the memory of such characteristics alive and protect the old identity of the areas.

To create connections and make the river publicly accessible, there can be perpendicular connections which bring people to the riverfront. Walkways, public streets, pathways, and promenades give protected and engaged passages and support the riverfronts as the public realm. The efficient connections should be planned as a persistent place, with the building wall and landscaping characterizing the identity of the street. When the perpendicular connectivity crosses the development including public spaces, for example, retail, restaurant and recreational inhabitancies, it provides opportunities to improve the turn of events, create additional public open space and engage those adjacent utilizes. Perpendicular connections along public uses can be intended to act as public plazas and gateways to the riverfront.

These public activities and events will create more exciting and interesting access, both as temporary and permanent infrastructures.

Moreover, the paper through case studies shows that how these developments can impact the context at city level. It will affect citizens, tourists and whole precinct socially, economically and environmentally in positive way, if planned efficiently. These developments are thus one of the steps towards sustainable city.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Anjali Maniar, A. C. (n.d.). Singapore: Riverfront.

Chrisco, Z. (n.d.). Chicago Riverwalk.

Department of Planning and Development. (1999). Chicago River Corridor Development Plan.

Dipali Paneria, B. V. (2017). Waterfront Development: A Case Study of Sabarmati Riverfront.

Gupta, T. (2017). Revitalizing Neighbourhood through Sustaiable Waterfront Development.

International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation.

HCP Design, Planning & Management Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad . (n.d.). Sabarmati Riverfront Development.

Hussein, H. (n.d.). Urban Recreational Riverfronts: Successful Revitalisation Elements.

JINGYAO, W. (2010). URBAN WATERFRONT REDEVELOPMENT. Kapoor, S. (2016). Riverfront Development.

National Mission for Clean Ganga. (n.d.). Guidance Note for Environmentally Sensitive, Climate Adaptive and Socially Inclusive Urban Riverfront Planning and Development.

Paul, A. (2015). RIVER BASED CREATIVE ECONOMY REGENERATION. SAMPATHKUMAR, H. (2019). REVITALISATION ALONG BUCKINGHAM CANAL AND THIRUVANMIYUR MRTS, CHENNAI. Urban Redevelopment Authority. (1994). Singapore Planning Area Planning Report 1994.

Yassin, A. B. (2010). An Evolution of Waterfront Development in Malaysia .

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