Reviving Community Sustainability: "The Vertical Urban Park" (Mini Thesis)

Re-viving Community Sustainability : “The Vertical Urban Park"

By Musfyrah Binti Methal Guided by AR. Noraslinda Binti Abdul Rahman

Declaration

i

“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture”

Signature : ……………………………

Name of Supervisor : Ar. Noraslinda binti Abdul Rahman Date : 28 Mei 2019

ii

Re-viving Community Sustainability : “The Vertical Urban Park"

A Thesis Presented to the Undergraduate Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture

By Musfyrah binti Methal,

Session 2018/2019 Semester 2 University of Technology, Malaysia

iii

“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis entitled Re-viving Community Sustainability : The Vertical Urban Park is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.”

Signature : ……………………………

Name : Musfyrah Binti Methal Date : 28 Mei 2019

iv

Dedication

“Thank you to the God, the Most Forgiving,

Special dedication to my parents, siblings, lecturers and friends,

and for those who ever give a hand in completing the thesis.�

Sincerely, Musfyrah Methal

v

Acknowledgement First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude

and acknowledgement to all those who help me during the process of completing this report.

A special gratitude I would like to give to my beloved parents and siblings, who always stay beside me and keep supporting me in every journey I took.

Moreover, I feel grateful for my Workbase Master, Ar.

Noraslinda Binti Abdul Rahman for always guiding and sharing abundant knowledge on architecture and for always helping us in completing every tasks we got.

Moreover, I feel much appreciated to my workbase mate,

who always with me through thick or thin. A special thanks also to all my friends especially who helps me a lot during hard time and show me a proper way to produce a good report. Many thanks also to those who guide me to complete the mini thesis report.

I also have to appreciate the guidance given by the others

and thanks to their comment and advices that help me a lot in my future works.

vi

Abstract This thesis brings towards the understanding of the

sustainable community in order for people to experience again a high quality of life in Johor Bahru, Malaysia specifically by designing a built-up urban park in the middle of a city which implementing an architectural form of expression from nature. An urban park serves the community as green space at the city which is used for social, entertainment and recreational purpose. The idea that leads to designing an urban park in the middle of solid urban context is to come out with the solution in order to solve the issues on sustainability involving environmental, social, and economic which happen to create severe problems on human and surrounding.

Throughout

the

research

about

the

pillars

of

sustainability (environmental, social and economic) which contributes towards the solution not only concerning the

community but also offers a lot of solution in designing the building. Urban park programme is divided into three major aspects which are the green spaces, the learning area and the recreational area which consists of green public areas, physical, mental and psychological spaces had offered a lot towards achieving a better lifestyle community. The end product is expected to serve as a place for the community to learn about the importance of sustainability through architecture, to protect the environment, the benefit of healthy social life, and the quality of economic value. vii

Abstrak Tesis ini memberi pemahaman tentang masyarakat lestari

untuk memberi peluang kepada orang ramai untuk merasai semula kualiti hidup yang tinggi di Johor Bahru, Malaysia secara khusus dengan membina sebuah taman bandar di tengah-tengah kota dengan melaksanakan satu bentuk seni bina yang diambil dari alam semula jadi. Sebuah taman bandar menyediakan masyarakat satu kawasan hijau di bandar yang digunakan untuk sosial, hiburan dan tujuan rekreasi. Idea yang membawa kepada pembinaan taman bandar di pertengahan konteks bandar yang solid adalah untuk mencari jalan penyelesaian untuk menyelesaikan isuisu mengenai kelestarian yang melibatkan alam sekitar, sosial dan ekonomi yang menimbulkan masalah kepada manusia dan sekitarnya. Sepanjang penyelidikan tentang rukun kelestarian (alam sekitar, sosial dan ekonomi) yang menyumbang ke arah penyelesaian bukan sahaja mengenai

masyarakat malah juga memberi banyak penyelesaian dalam reka bentuk bangunan. Program taman bandar dibahagikan kepada tiga aspek utama iaitu kawasan hijau, kawasan pembelajaran dan kawasan rekreasi yang terdiri daripada kawasan awam hijau, ruang fizikal, ruang mental dan ruang psikologi telah menawarkan banyak ke arah pencapaian gaya hidup masyarakat yang lebih baik. Produk akhir dijangka berfungsi sebagai tempat bagi masyarakat untuk belajar tentang kepentingan kelestarian melalui seni bina, perlindungan terhadap alam sekitar, faedah kehidupan sosial yang sihat, dan kualiti nilai ekonomi. viii

Table of contents Table contents Declaration Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Abstrak Table of contents Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background study 1.3 Issues and Problems 1.4 Aims 1.5 Objectives 1.6 Thesis Statement 1.7 Research scopes 1.8 Significances 1.9 Methodology 1.10 Hypothesis 1.11 Methodological Framework

Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Community Sustainability 2.3 “Living in urban city” 2.4 Background issues in Johor Bahru and Malaysia 2.4.1 Environmental issue 2.4.2 Social issue 2.4.3 Economical issue 2.5 Roles of urban green spaces 2.5.1 Environmental benefits 2.5.2 Social benefits 2.5.3 Economical benefits 2.6 Urban Green and community 2.6.1 Vertical plant/aeroponics 2.6.2 Sky garden or green roof

i - iv v vi vii viii ix - xiv 1 2 3-7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17 18 19 20 21 – 24 22 23 24 25 - 27 25 26 27 28 – 30 29 30

ix

Early study 3.1 Site introduction 3.2 Site location 3.3 Site context 3.4 SWOT analysis 3.5 Precedence studies 3.6 Client or user 3.7 Building Programme

31 32 33 – 34 35 36 -38 39 – 40 41 - 42 43

Methodology 4.1 Design methodology 4.2 Design concept 4.3 Design approach 4.4 Form Making 4.5 Design strategy

44 45 – 47 48 – 49 50 51 – 52 53

Solution 5.1 Design end product 5.2 Design solution 5.3 Site response 5.3.1 Form development 5.3.2 Sun and building orientation 5.3.3 Wind direction 5.3.4 Accessibilities 5.3.5 Views 5.3.6 Landscaping 5.4 Environmental response 5.4.1 Passive design strategies 5.4.2 Façade 5.4.5 Structure and materials 5.5 Social response 5.5.1 Spatial planning 5.5.2 Space tabulation 5.6 Economical response 5.6.1 Green design technologies 5.6.2 Renewable energy technologies

54 55 56 57 – 60 57 58 59 59 60 60 61 – 67 61 – 63 64 65 – 67 68 – 72 68 69 – 72 73 – 74 73 74 x

5.7 Building services 5.7.1 Electrical system 5.7.2 Sewerage and drainage system 5.7.3 Fire regulation 5.7.4 Water supply 5.7.5 Air conditioning system 5.7.6 Parking requirement Conclusion References Appendices

75 – 80 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 – 83 84 85 - 104

xi

List of figures Table contents Diagram 1.1a Three intersection circles consist of environmental, social and economic towards goal of community sustainability Diagram 1.2a Venn diagram of sustainability.

Diagram 1.2b Subset diagram of sustainability.

Diagram 1.2c Main pillars of sustainability.

Diagram 2.4.1a The roles of urban green spaces in response to the background issues in Johor Bahru and Malaysia.

Diagram 2.6.1a The circulation of water in aeroponics systems.

Diagram 2.6.2a The idea of green roof for people to gather.

Diagram 3.1a The historical timeline of Johor Bahru Diagram 3.2a Keyplan and location plan of proposed site Diagram 3.2b The site plan of proposed site Diagram 3.2c The surrounding of the proposed site Diagram 3.2d The section A-A and section B-B of proposed site Diagram 3.3a site area with legends.

Diagram 3.4a. The site at the back of bus stop lack of plantations.

Diagram 3.4b Tebrau Highway and the existing pedestrian which is a good opportunity to connect people to the site area.

Diagram 3.4c Some residential areas. The people gather around one houses and communicate with each other.

Diagram 3.5a Masterplan of Garden by the Bay, Singapore and from the bird’s eye view.

Diagram 3.5b Cooled Conservatories Diagram 3.5c The Super Tree Diagram 3.6a Logo of Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru Diagram 4.1a The site issues Diagram 4.1b The research issue on sustainability Diagram 4.1c The architectural theory Table 4.2a The function of urban green.

Table 4.3a The meaning of bionic architecture.

Diagram 4.4a The example of hexagonal shape from nature.

Diagram 4.4b The step by step form making.

Diagram 5.1a The end product of design perspectives.

Diagram 5.3.1a The development of form.

Diagram 5.3.2a The building orientation and sun path Diagram 5.3.3a The wind direction.

Diagram 5.3.4a The accessibilities.

Diagram 5.3.5a The views.

Diagram 5.3.6a The landscaping on site Diagram 5.4.1a The placement of openings Diagram 5.4.1b Different size of openings facing each other Diagram 5.4.1c Cross ventilation through openings

2 3 3 3 21 29 30 32 33 33 34 34 35 38 38 38 39 40 40 41 46 46 47 49 50 51 52 55 57 58 59 59 60 60 61 61 61

xii

List of figures Table contents Diagram 5.4.1d Stack effect for top opening Diagram 5.4.1e The movement of air through building.

Diagram 5.4.1f Special details for concrete planter box.

Diagram 5.4.2a Hexagon frame for faรงade treatment from the nearest shot and from the elevations views.

Diagram 5.4.3a Structural diagram for building design Diagram 5.4.3b Pad foundation Diagram 5.4.3c The hollow square columns connected to I-beam with bolted end plate connection Diagram 5.4.3d Concrete floor slab with metal decking Diagram 5.5.2a Ground floor plan and its space tabulation Diagram 5.5.2b First floor plan and second floor plan with their space tabulations Diagram 5.5.2c Third floor plan and fourth floor plan with their space tabulations Diagram 5.5.2d Fifth floor plan with space tabulation and sixth floor plan.

Diagram 5.6.1a Special details for green floor.

Diagram 5.6.1b Vertical aeroponic farm.

Diagram 5.6.2a The tree-lie structure as solar photovoltaic (PV) panel and rainwater collector Diagram 5.7.1a Electrical system of building Diagram 5.7.2a Sewerage and drainage system of building Diagram 5.7.3a Fire regulation system of building Diagram 5.7.4a Water supply system of building Diagram 5.7.5a Air-conditioning system of building Diagram 5.7.6a The parking area of building Diagram 5.7.6b The parking requirement based on total user

62 62 63 64 65 66 66 67 69 70

71 72 73 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

xiii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background study 1.3 Issues and Problems 1.4 Aims 1.5 Objectives 1.6 Thesis Statement 1.7 Research scopes 1.8 Significances 1.9 Methodology 1.10 Hypothesis 1.11 Methodological Framework

1

1.1 Introduction From this semester project thesis entitled

Re-viving

Sustainability:

“The

Community Vertical

Urban

Park", the idea is to gives new strength

and light to the community in order for them to experience again living in high quality of life in the city, following the three

pillars

of

sustainability:

environmental, social and economical,

Diagram 1.1a above shows the three intersection circles consist of environmental, social and economic towards goal of community sustainability.

(Source:http://www.sustainablesanantonio.co m/)

by creating a modern built-up urban park as a public space that offer visitors

and commercial area as well as

green area in the middle of Johor Bahru

public facilities and government

city and also a place for having

buildings.

recreational activities which contributes

As for architectural theme based

in many ways.

on architectonic, approach towards

Throughout this thesis will be exploring

bionic architecture is implemented

more about the role of urban park in

in architectural form of expression,

order to solve the issues regarding what

structure and construction which

happened around the proposed site at

have been borrowed from nature.

Johor

Methodology

Bahru

thoroughly,

involving

such

as

survey,

environmental, social and economical

interview and research had been

while integrating with contextual aspect

carried out throughout the site,

in proposed site.

around Johor Bahru city and in

Proposed site is located at Johor Bahru

Malaysia

along Tebrau highway and it is a dense

investigate relating the matters on

urban area surrounded by residential

the three issues.

itself

in

order

to

2

1.2 Background Study About three pillars of sustainability The three pillars of sustainability is the

can became the antidote to all

conceptualization

problems among urban trends.

which

commonly

represented the three circles including of environmental, social and economy which the centre of the intersection stands for sustainability shown in the Venn Diagram. It is first to be shown that Barbier is the first one to be presented the popular three circle diagram eventhough Purvis et. al.

Diagram 1.2a above shows the Venn diagram of sustainability. (Source: Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins)

mentioned that there is no singular sources of the conceptualisation from where it comes.

However, the uses of these three

conceptual

main

pillars

are

recognised in practicing the theory of development and urban planning. It is also stated by Khan (1995) that the

Diagram 1.2b above shows the subset diagram of sustainability. (Source: Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins)

paradigm of sustainable development in Agenda 21 involved three element which

are

economic,

social

and

environmental sustainability. Basiago (1998) stated that the practices of 'urban sustainability' (economic, social,

and environmental) from the societies

Diagram 1.2c above shows the main pillars of sustainability. (Source: Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins)

3

1.2.1a

Environmental

Sustainability

according to Agenda 21 by Khan (1995) Environmental

sustainability's

criteria

involving eco system integrity, pollution control, carrying capacity and biodiversity.

By all means, natural sources and greeneries are very important to be well maintained not only for biodiversity but also the regulation of urban climate. The protection

of

natural

systems

also

become necessary for achieving economic and

social

sustainability

besides

environmental.

4

1.2.1b Social Sustainability according to Agenda 21 by Khan (1995) Social sustainability's criteria involving

equity,

empowerment,

participation,

accessibility,

sharing,

institutional

stability and cultural identity. By all means, it is important for the growth of society which value community over the individuals. Social sustainability also helps in matter of economic growth and environmental sustainability.

5

1.2.1b

Economic

Sustainability

according to Agenda 21 by Khan (1995) The criteria of economic sustainability

involving

growth,

development,

productivity and trickle down. It shows the system of production that could benefit present and also satisfy the future. However, the economic growth have to be taken into account about the natural resources and also the needs of the general public.

6

About urban parks What is urban parks? In definition, “Urban

parks

provide

important

recreation opportunities for residents of cities and towns� (Herbet, 1982, pg 317). Shanahan et. al (2015) also states that instead of a place for

recreational

activities

for

urban

residents, urban or public parks also become a habitat for many living things especially plants and animals.

Park serves as a green spaces, play areas

and

recreational

use,

mentioned by Dunnet (2002), it holds major role in responding to the environmental, social and economic issues.

It is mentioned that the major elements to discover the nature of green spaces are by their quantity in the city (Oguz, 2000), the qualities that benefit the users (Herzele and Wiedeman, location influenced

2003) and

and

also

accessibility the

(Neuvonen et. al., 2007).

the that

functionality 7

1.3 Issues and Problems Issues regarding environmental, social and

economical

are

commonly

happened in Johor Bahru and Malaysia thoroughly. Further explanation will be elaborate in Chapter 2; Issues on environmental: Rapid urbanization in Johor Bahru city lead to foul gases emission and increment of urban temperature.

Issues on social: Social problems around the area such as vandalisms,

poor

consideration

in

designing green spaces layout without concerning the social interaction, lack of welcoming sense and insecure feeling towards others become the main reasons of less attraction of visitors.

Issues on economical: As to build up sustainable building which gives less impact on human and environment, the cost is relatively high in order to release less emission.

8

1.4 Aims

To create a built-up urban park that provide better environmental, social and economical which brings new light and

strength

for

communities

to

experience again living in high quality of life in the city in order to attain sustainability.

9

1.5 Objectives The following objectives below are to respond based on the three main issues

regarding

environmental,

social and economic respectively;

i.

To decrease the amount

of foul gas emission and the increase of urban temperature from the result of rapid urbanization.

ii.

To

provide

place

for

people to gather and interact with each other.

iii.

To

offer

indirect

economical benefit from sustainable building to owner and society as well as environment.

10

1.6 Thesis Statement In order to brings new light and

strength

for

communities

to

experience again living in high quality of life, this thesis gives a better solution in solving the problems regarding the three

main

issues

based

on

environmental, social and economical which

affect

sustainability

in

the

community

Johor

Bahru

by

proposing a modern built-up urban park

as a green and recreational places for communities.

The idea of designing the urban park in the middle of urban city has contributed many ways in term of connecting the urban citizens to the green

spaces

learning about

while

the

letting

them

knowledge

of

community sustainability.

11

1.7 Research scopes This thesis scopes will cover throughout the role of urban park in solving the issues involving the environmental, social and economical from the initial stage of design until the last phase.

The process involved with the site studies by analysis, synthesis and planning during the site visit at Johor Bahru,

proposing

spaces

which

equivalent to the building programme, architectural approach and concept based on researches and case studies, form making with good orientation and response to the site, the organization of spaces, and also the understanding on building construction, structures and details. All the process will contribute

towards the ways of solving issues in response to the local urban context.

12

1.8 Significances Based on the findings of this projects, it will

redound

to

the

benefit

of

community as the urban park plays important role to solve this three issues;

environmental,

economical,

social

leaning

and

towards

sustainable communities.

By tackling the issue of environmental

first,

minimise

amount

the

the

idea of

to

carbon

footprint are introduced by applying the passive design strategies in order to achieve lowest energy possible and the usage of sustainable materials.

For the social part, the proposed space are mainly to function as gathering and to create bonding

among communities.

On the other hand, the usage of renewable energy technologies could help in saving energy and cost. Thus, the significance based on the issues will definitely provide better quality of life for the communities.

13

1.9 Methodology The

For this thesis, the research

secondary

data

methodology is to response to the issues

referred to data collection from

that happened throughout Johor Bahru

books, newspapers and articles

and Malaysia itself. It is aimed to

which also been conducted with

investigate how the role of urban parks

the aim of obtaining more detailed

can contribute to the high quality of life by

and in-depth information. For this

pointing

matter,

out

the

three

pillars

of

site

synthesis

and

sustainability (environmental, social and

literature review is done to obtain

economic) in creating green space in the

more information about the issues

middle of city. Further methods will be

from three pillars of sustainability

explained and elaborate more detail in

while research on case studies are

Chapter 4.

carried out in depth in order to find The research methodology used

for this project include the primary data and secondary data. The primary data involved the process of qualitative and

out more detailed about design

method, approach, ideation and concept, design strategies, and design programming.

quantitative method through the process

of data collection from interviews, surveys and observations. Interviews, survey and observation are done in order to get the data mostly on the site, from the local community, permanent residents near the site, or the local authority. Site analysis are carried out after the data already collected for further interpretation and examine.

14

1.10 Hypothesis To prove by designing an urban park based on the integration of design could solve the three issues pillars involving environmental, social and economical towards

reviving

of

community

sustainability

15

1.11 Methodological Framework Environmental issue Urbanization in Johor Bahru city lead to foul gases emission and increment of urban temperature.

Social issue Site area is lacking of gathering spaces and green area and mostly green area in Johor Bahru lack of welcoming sense and poor consideration to environment and society.

Economical issue As to build up sustainable building which gives less impact on human and environment, the cost is relatively high in order to release less emission.

Thesis Statement Johor Bahru as the city with rising development, from rural green area to urban concrete, this thesis gives a better solution to solve the problems regarding the three main issues based on environmental, social and economical in order for community to achieve sustainability for better quality of life by creating a modern built-up urban park as a green and recreational places for communities.

Research Aims To create a built-up urban park that provide better environmental, social and economical which brings back communities to experience living in high quality of life in the city in order to attain sustainability.

Research Objectives i. To decrease the amount of foul gas emission and the increase of urban temperature from the result of rapid urbanization. ii. To provide place for people to gather and interact with each other. iii. To offer indirect economical benefit from sustainable building to owner and society as well as environment.

Research Methodology

Data collection 1. Primary Data: Interview, Survey, Observation, Site analysis 2. Secondary Data: Site synthesis, Literature review, Case studies.

Research Scopes i. Solution environmental issue ii. Solution to social issue

iii. Solution to economical issue

Design Solution 1. Space planning 2. Schematic drawings 3. Construction and material 4. Design end product

Conclusion 16

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Community Sustainability 2.3 “Living in urban city�

2.4 Background issues in Johor Bahru and Malaysia 2.4.1 Environmental issue 2.4.2 Social issue 2.4.3 Economical issue

2.5 Roles of urban green spaces 2.5.1 Environmental benefits 2.5.2 Social benefits 2.5.3 Economical benefits

2.6 Urban Green and community 2.6.1 Vertical plant/aeroponics 2.6.2 Sky garden or green roof

17

2.1 Introduction This chapter will be focused about the living in urban city, the issues on the environment, social and economic in Johor Bahru and Malaysia thoroughly that lead to the idea of having an urban built park in the middle of city for the communities and also the benefits of having urban green spaces. Besides this section also will be discussed about the solution ideas that will help to work out

on the issues.

18

2.2 Community Sustainability As the time being, sustainability is the

The word "Revive" means "to give

transcendent challenge to be faced

new strength to" which in this

mostly in the urban context. It means to

context, the idea is to create the

be long-lasting and standing through

urban green spaces as a place to

the whole time. In order to make sure

enliven and bring the strength to the

the future generations received the

community in order for them to

same opportunities as we did, the

cooperate

current community has to live to

planning in achieving community

support each other within the capability

sustainability based on the three

of the planet. However, Baxter and

pillars framework for the sake of

Purcell (2017) have mentioned that

future generations whether in short

communities were the front liner of the

or long terms plan. It is such an ample

problems, affecting the quality of air

opportunity in order to engage the

and water to degrade, changing of

urban citizens on how they value their

climate, and decrement of natural

communities, and what solutions

resources. Sustainability needs the

could they contribute in solving the

largest efforts to be maintained, for

issues involving the environmental,

tomorrow's generation to survive the

social and economic, and how they

financial

plan

impacts

of

climatic

towards

on

shaping

their

future

phenomenon's changes, the struggle in

generation,

maintaining

positive or negative to the legacy.

remediation

general of

the

healthiness, environment,

Starting

whether

successful

from

leaving

cleaning creating

up

the

the

restoring infrastructure, energy, and

environment,

livable

food preservation said Ken Melamed,

communities and smart saving could

Mayor of Whistler, BC.

be the first step towards the aim.

19

2.3 “Living in urban city�

Based on the Economic and Division,

As the issues remain, the urban

2012, more than 61% of the world's

statuses added up to be described

population are living in the urban area

as a place that lacks culture and

by the year 2030. Sometimes we just

behavior.

wonder why is it living in the city can

Many

gives oneself an idea of a different way

psychologists as well as architects

of lifestyle. With the argument of three

have suggested several solutions to

things that describe the city- the

create or to improve the natural

enormous size of the population, social

sense of community in adjustment

heterogeneity and the density of

towards the urban way of life- in

population-

such way that the idea of the

contribute

to

the

professionalists

such

as

development of urban lifestyle or

surrounding

indeed an urban personality distinction.

enhance the human behavior. By

It is to be seen how major the

adjusting

difference between urban and rural

elements in the built environment,

people- the nature-based and machine-

can it really offer great help in

based of living styles (American Journal

changing

of

argues

community? Jan Gehl had proved

continues in as there is no such thing as

that the moment people spend

"urban personality" or "urban way of

more time enjoying the space

living".

outside, social interaction can be

Sociology,

1938).

The

developed

environment

the

the

as

various

urban

well

will

design

sense

as

of

human

happiness.

20

2.4 Background issues in Johor Bahru and Malaysia It is pointed out that the amount of human on the earth living in the cities is higher than human living in the rural areas in this past ten years. Johor Bahru as in one of the fast developing region in

Malaysia,

aimed

to

achieve

sustainable development, had been facing some issues on environmental, social and economic.

Background issues in Johor Bahru and Malaysia

Sustainability isssues

Environmental issues

Social issues

Economical issues

Roles of Urban Green Spaces

Environmental benefits

Social benefits

Economical benefits

Diagram 2.4.1a above shows the roles of urban green spaces in response to the background issues in Johor Bahru and Malaysia. (Source: Author)

21

2.4.1 Environmental issues As Johor Bahru become one of the city

with

rapidly

expanded

population,

urbanized area and economy, it facing quiet amount of air pollution and increment of urban temperature caused by the foul gases released from industry and vehicles and lacks of green area.

Kitada et. al. stated that the increasing of population which largely change the forest area in Johor Bahru to urban area become the main reason of the increase of temperature.

In addition, as the population density, heavy industry and fossil fuel combustion increase in Johor Bahru city from rapid urbanization, it will leads to the higher concentration of foul gases such as carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. The carbon dioxide and green house

gases

that

discharge

from

industrial and transportation activities in urban surrounding trap longwave solar radiation lead to increment of

urban temperature.

22

The closer the green spaces with the community, the 2.4.2 Social issues

higher the chances of interaction.

It is admirable and attractive to have a

This supposed to be the reason why

public

many

urban green are created. Yet the

characteristics and elements as a place

area are misused by users, facilities

for people to gather, interact and enjoy

are damaged and vandalised, plus

themselves. According to Layne (2009),

the park become a place for bad

urban public

that

people to run around and home for

designed into consideration with well-

poor bum. The worst cases lead to

being and healing surrounding can be

the insecurity feeling of other users

suitable spaces for social interaction.

to come visit the park.

green

spaces

with

outdoor spaces

However, Namin et. al. (2013)

Other

social

issues

states that most of the outdoor spaces

referring to individual perspectives,

in Johor Bahru are lacking of welcoming

the interaction with strangers are

sense for people to relax or interact. The

rarely happened and less typical in

major

modern community as most of the

factors

consideration

including in

the

designing

poor proper

people

are

comfortable

to

pedestrian walkways, poor facilities

communicate with their known

management, pollution, lack of proper

social

green layout design and street lights.

interact with others (Rasidi et. al.,

Urban planners or designers have to

2012). The feeling of wanting to get

take into account that by proper

to know each other in urban

management of green spaces can fulfill

neighbourhood

the social needs of the urban residents.

because of the inferior feeling

group

and

obligated

already

to

vanished

towards others.

23

2.4.3 Economical issues Since the increasing of greenhouses

According to Sarah et. al.

gases and ozone thinning becoming

(2015), developing countries with

issues in the world, designing buildings

low average income per capita are

need to be take into account in order to

expected to choose human priority

reduce

to

over safety environment compared

environment as build environment

to countries with high average

contribute to the release of carbon

income per capita which chose to

emission. Sustainable building should

reduce the emission.

the

negative

impact

be built in response to the issues which give less impact on human health and

Furthermore, as Johor

environment by increasing the usage of

Bahru still the developing countries,

renewable energy, and recycle or reuse

and Malaysia is still

materials with proper integration on

sustainable

planning,

operating,

incremental cost in construction

maintenaning and removing (Green

mostly come from the import

Building Index, 2010).

recycle

constructing,

new

buildings,

materials

from

to the

other

countries (Sarah et. al., 2015) However,

sustainable

buildings lead to the increasing of construction cost, benefit from rental, operating cost saving, increased on value or sale and others (Halim, 2012).

24

2.5 Roles of urban green spaces This section is to show how the idea of having

urban

green

spaces

can

response to the three issues state before;

3.

Conserving

nature

and

biodiversity Green spaces become a good place

2.5.1 Environmental benefits

for species protection, conserving

1. Ecological value

plants and maintaining sustainable

Urban green spaces helps to regulate

urban landscape (Haq, 2011).

the

urban

climate

as

well

as

maintaining the biodiversity. Take a

better look that rural areas have slightly

different

input

of

solar

radiation, windspeed, relative humidity because of higher amount greeneries and

plantation

which

made

the

temperature is quiet lower compared to urban areas (Heidt and Neef, 2008).

2. Pollution control As foul gases mostly produced by the industrial and vehicles, the existence of urban greeneries help to trap and filter the pollutants (Bollund and Sven, 1999). Besides, urban green space can act as buffer that can reduce the level of noise pollution (Haq, 2011).

25

2.5.2 Social benefits 1. Recreation and well-being

The idea of urban green spaces is to serve the society as nearby source of relaxation, provide place for leisure outdoor activites and visual and emotional healing which can be visited in daily basis (Heidt and Neef, 2008). With proper planning, design and facilities management for urban green spaces will definitely enhance the efficiency of social networking.

2. Human health The physical and psychological health of urban citizens can be enhanced by urban green spaces as it helps in reducing the level of stress and prevent respiratory illness. It is proved that the connection between human and nature would increase mental health condition and work productivity.

26

2.5.3 Economical benefits 1. Energy saving

The huge amount of plantation and greeneries in the urban green spaces will provide cooling effect to the urban city and help to lower down the temperature of surrounding as it play the roles to improve the circulation of air, provide better shading

and

undergo

process

evapotranspiration. Thus, the energy used for coolong system can be reduced.

2. Aesthetic value Greeneries in the urban city are

aesthetically pleasing for citizens and tourists. The beauty of the green landscape from Kuala Lumpur city and Singapore is one of the factors that attract the foreign countries to invest in those region which also contribute to the economic growth.

27

2.6 Urban Green and Community Urban green hold a huge role in

Experiencing nature are most of the

encouraging

activities,

reason why the community desired to

psychological wellness, and general

visit the green area. The more green

health

come in a line, the higher the chance

to

physical

urban

inhabitants

as

mentioned by Wolch et. al. (2014). It

to attract visitors into the

area.

contributes directly and indirectly on

Thus, in the examples below show

environmental, social and economic

the list of urban green which will be

aspects to the urban community

implemented to this design in order

(Givoni,1991; Goddard et. al.,2009). It

to give higher chances of interaction

is also declared by Hough (1994), that

of urban green and community:

greens inside the urban context bring

a) Vertical aeroponics technology

numerous benefit to the citizens as

b) Sky Garden or Green roof

they behave like urban lungs in which way absorbing the polluted air and releasing oxygen while providing fresh air, moisture and soil to balance the natural surrounding. Besides, not only greens can improve attractiveness to the area, but also such a good aid in relieving stress for the individual.

Mitchell and Popham (2008) stated that a community with greater access to the urban green area will have a longer life span, performing more physical activities, improving the social

relationship among neighborhood and gain health.

28

2.6.1 Vertical aeroponics technology

as on how much the plants are

The first design intention on using

required to received. As compared

verticality

to

is

the

vertical

urban

other

system,

aeroponics

plantation which using the aeroponics

consume less amount of water.

technology.

aeroponics

Therefore, in this design, the used

technology is the method of growing

of rainwater are applied, however,

plants in the air with help of oxygen,

since rainwater contained high

water and nutrient without the used of

amount of impurities, filtration had

soil or media. The vertical orientation

to

not only a clever to save space but also

system. The addition of fish pond

results in faster growth.

from the rain water tank could help

Vertical

been

undergoing

through

in generating the nutrients from the rainwater waste. After that the How it works?

Aeroponics works as the growth plants

water are being distribute precisely to the vertical plants.

are suspended with partly or fully closed system and nutrient or water are sprayed onto the suspended roots. It is proved that the system is 60% efficient compared to hydroponics systems as they roots receive the optimal oxygen saturation with high amount of nutrient supply.

Based on the watering system, it will distribute precisely from the main pipe

Diagram 2.6.1a shows the circulation of water in aeroponics systems.

(Source: https://www.quora.com/How-doesaeroponic-vertical-farming-function)

29

stressful urban living to relief

2.6.2 Sky Garden or Green Roof Ong (2003) stated that sky garden or

green roof is a green space on the intermediate floor of the building as elevated or podium garden, which functions in lowering the temperature

themselves. Most of the urban dwellers in high rise willing to pay huge amount of money in order to receive the pleasant green spaces around their place.

of the air and surface as a source of an

Based on the articles by Tony

urban cool effect. Besides, it helps in

(2013), the reasons for people to

reducing the rate of air and noise

likely come to visit the sky garden is

pollution plus filtering the dust and the

mostly

smog. In order to make a full used of

landscape itself, followed by doing

unused spaces, sky garden or green

self-retreating,

roof are often made as a leisure or

chatting and playing. As the reasons

recreational spaces. It is to be said that

for not wanting to visit the sky

the

an

garden including the strong wind

important linkage in connecting people

condition, hardly access, safety

in the open spaces in such a high place

concern, afraid of height and feeling

plus bring out the people from the

insecure in isolated space.

sky garden can

become

because

of

the

leisure

Diagram 2.6.2a shows the idea of green roof for people to gather.

(Source: Archdaily)

green

walks,

30

CHAPTER 3

EARLY STUDY 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

Site introduction Site location Site context SWOT analysis Precedence studies Client or user Building Programme

31

3.1 Site introduction In this chapter will be more towards the information of the site area and its surrounding context.

Johor Bahru area historical timeline:

1855

1923

•Johor Bahru city was founded by the by Temenggong Daing Ibrahim (State Ruler) and before, it was named as Tanjung Puteri.

In 1858, the name changed to Iskandar Puteri. The opening ceremony of Grand Palace (Istana Besar) by Sultan Abu Bakar in 1866 and changed the named from Iskandar Puteri to Johor Bahru.

•Johor Bahru Causeway connects Malay Peninsular and Singapore by road and rail. Due to World War II, the development was slowed down.

1942

•Japanese army had invaded and took over the town at the end of January, 1942. Istana Bukit Serene residence turned to Japan's military base prior to the battle of Singapore

1960

•Johor Bahru city expanded and developed further. The next decades, industrial estates and new suburbs were built in settlements on both nouthern and eastern side of town including Plentong and Tebrau.

1994

•Johor Bahru granted city status on January 1st and Johor Bahru Council as formed. To commemorate the event, Dataran Bandaraya Johor Bahru was constructed.

Diagram 3.1a above shows the historical timeline of Johor Bahru (Source: Author) 32

3.2 Site location

Diagram 3.2a shows the keyplan and location plan of proposed site (Source: Author)

Diagram 3.2b shows the site plan of proposed site (Source: Author)

The site chosen is located at the city of Johor Bahru along Tebrau highway and it is a dense urban area surrounded by residential and commercial area as well as public facilities and government buildings. About the proposed site, the land used for the site area is for commercial purposed and the site selection is around 1.8 acres with floor ratio of 1:3.

33

Diagram 3.2c shows the surrounding of the proposed site (Source: Author)

Diagram 3.2d shows the section A-A and section B-B of proposed site (Source: Author)

34

3.3 Site context HONG LEONG BANK

The site is located

TANGKI AIR

KLINIK PAKAR JIMMY

within the boundary of steel cord and wire

bead

NEW YORK HOTEL

manufacturing company

named

Kiswire

Sdn

Bhd.

Most

of

the

commercial

area

TWIN GALAXY RESIDENCES

SETIA SKY 88

TWIN GALAXY RESIDENCES

PDRM OFFICE AND HEADQUARTERS

PROPOSED SITE

KISWIRE SDN. BHD.

focused on the high rise

residential,

hotel, services,

automobil industrial

area and food. The higlighted

CITY PLAZA

hotel

LIBERTY INSURANCE BERHAD

Diagram 3.3a shows the site area with legends. (Source: Author)

located near the site includes Trove Johor Bharu and New York Hotel. For automobil sector, it includes the petrol station, car wash, workshop, vehicles dealer, insurance company and car track company. The high rise residential building located very near the site includes Twin Galaxy Residence

(completed in 2015) and Setia Sky 88 (completed in 2017).

Both are well guarded with less pedestrian movement. For the security facilities, there was a PDRM headquarter facing the site and connected by pedestrian bridge over Tebrau highway.

35

3.4 SWOT analysis and synthesis

Strength

Weakness

1. Location

1. Greeneries

Analysis: Strategically located near

Analysis: Site is lack of trees or

main road and surrounded by dense

vegetation which act as natural

commercial and residential areas.

shades or buffer.

Synthesis: Provide linkage which help

Synthesis: Increase the greeneries

to connect commercial and residential

inside the design especially around

areas to the site.

the areas near to the Tebrau

Highway for air and noise pollution 2. Human density

filter or at the area of building which receive sunlight the most.

Analysis: High density of human activities

occur

around

the

site

2. Gathering spaces

especially along pedestrian walkways.

Analysis: Lack of gathering spaces Synthesis: Creating welcoming sense

for human activities to socialize or

of space and exciting activities which

interact.

can attract the community.

Synthesis:

Providing

common

spaces and designing better layout which

gives

relaxing

vibe

for

community to socialize in efficient way.

36

Opportunities

Threat

1.

1. Pollution

Accessibility

Analysis: Pedestrian walkways as the

Analysis: Site is near the Tebrau

safety medium for people to move

highway and in the middle of city

from one place to other place

which receive high amount of foul gases and noise pollution from the

Synthesis: Provided walkways which

vehicles.

can directly connected building to the outside existing pedestrian walkways

Synthesis: Using greeneries as filter

and to the nearest residential and

and take into full consideration in

commercial areas.

design to avoid the contribution to the carbon emission.

2. Man made features 2. Parking

Analysis: The existence of amenities and drainage help to smooth down

Analysis: The illegal parking at the

the services part.

side of the road lead to problems such as heavy traffic or accident.

Synthesis: Proposed better services equipment

and

designing

better

layout for services area to avoid any

Synthesis: Proposed right amount of parking inside the site.

future problems for building.

37

Diagram 3.4a shows the Tebrau Highway, the existing pedestrian, bus stop and other utilities. Lack of social activities happened around the site. The site at the back of bus stop lack of plantations.

(Source: Author)

Diagram 3.4b shows the Tebrau Highway and the existing pedestrian which is a good opportunity to connect people to the site area.

(Source: Author)

Diagram 3.4c shows the some residential areas. The people gather around one houses and communicate with each other.

(Source: Author) 38

3.5 Precedence studies

Park or urban green spaces play huge role in the city worldwide. Thus, In this section, it will be focused on the studies of existed building, especially involving urban green as the purpose is to understand the elements and criteria which can be applied in design.

1. Garden by the Bay, Singapore by Grant Associates This project is the part of vision for making Singapore as “City in a Garden” instead of “Garden City”. As the project led by Grant Associates, appointed by National Parks Board of SIngapore to masterplan Bay South Garden as the largest garden located at Gardens by the Bay.

Diagram 3.5a shows the masterplan of Garden by the Bay, Singapore and from the bird’s eye view.

(Source: Archdaily) 39

a)

b) The Super Tree

Cooled Conservatories

Diagram 3.5b shows the Cooled Conservatories (Source: Archdaily)

It

is

designed

by

Wilkilson

Eyre

Diagram 3.5c shows the Super Tree (Source: Archdaily)

Supertrees about 25 to 50 metres are

Architects. This building includes two

fusion

parts: the Flower Dome and the Cloud

(Structure from the nature form), taking

Forest Dome. Inside these gardens, the

inspiration from the form of the orchid,

purpose mostly to bring climate and

Grant Associates’ masterplan is a rich

plantations

fusion

of

Mediterranean

to

of

of

nature

nature,

and

technology

technology

and

Tropical Singapore. The highlighted

environmental

management.

space is the vertical planting and water

Supertrees are

element with floating walkways which

gardens with give the welcoming

provide healing and pleasing visual.

sensory that includes vertical display of

the iconic vertical

climbers plants, epiphytes and ferns.

The floating walkway gves the pleasing vibe to the garden. Besides, supertrees are for the purpose of cooling of the Cooled Conservatories by its sustainable energy and water technologies.

40

3.6 Client or user

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB)

Background Johor Bahru has been declared as the capital state and administrative center of Johor government state on January 1, 1896. The history of the Johor Baru City Council (MBJB) was started in 1933 when the Town Board was established, so was upgraded to the Town Council in 1950, In April 1977, the Town Council upgraded to Johor Bahru Johor Bahru Municipal Council (Town Council) and subsequently acquired the status of a city festival on January 1, 1994.

Johor Bahru city undergoing a rapid transformation of economic development where it has been identified as one of the competitive

city

other

than

Diagram 3.6a shows the logo of Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (Source: http://www.mbjb.gov.my/ms/mbjb/profil/logo)

Kuala

Lumpur, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. The establishment of the Iskandar Region (IM), has provided a range of benefits in development, especially in the context of investor confidency in and out of the country, in order to achieve high quality of investment in the state.

41

Vision

Objectives

Johor Bahru as the city of international

1.

standing, cultured and sustainable

Governance quality, integrity, and competent human model.

2.

The strengthening of the financial and economic sustainability of the

Mission 1.

2.

organization.

Strengthen the organization role as

3.

a driver and strategic facilitators

technology

for all stakeholders

innovation

Ensuring the development of the sustainable prosperity

city, with

peace high

4.

and

cultural

Provides system,

the

through

of

continuous

Quality of services, facilities and

5.

Peace and prosperity based on high spiritual values ​and social

an high

efficient

delivery

credible

of

values.

6.

Spurring public participation in

governance, effective management

empowering

of

inclusive development

sources,

and

innovative

technology for the benefits of citizens.

use

infrastructure.

identity.

3.

Implementing

7.

interactive

and

Balanced the development and environmental sustainability

42

3.7 Building programme

Urban

parks

provide

an

social,

and

environmental,

array

of

a)

Learning area

the

b)

Aeroponic farm

community as a whole in order to achieve

c)

Physical activities

benefits

to

individuals

and

economic

Semi Private Space

to

sustainability and improve the quality of life.

Example: Recreation and games

The idea of spaces provided in

i. Wall climbing

designing urban park in order to solve the

ii. Indoor gym

issues on environmental, social and

iii. Playground

economic serves green public areas,

iv. Trampoline area

physical, mental and psychological spaces

v. Outdoor gym

as well as providing other facilities that could benefit the users.

Private a) Administration Office (10-15 person)

Required facilities

b) Meeting room (10-15 person) c) Store

Public Space a) Reception counter and lobby

Others facilities

b) Retail shop

a) Parking

c) Green Plaza

b) Services room

d) Sky Walk e) Canopy Walk f) Skyview cafe g) Water Element Example: Swimming pool or pond

Example:

Mechanical

and

electrical/ Janitor/ Refuse chamber c) Washroom d) Prayer room (10 person) e) Loading and unloading area f) Any appropriate spaces 43

CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Design methodology Design concept Design approach Form Making Design strategy

44

4.1 Design methodology

For this segment, we would demonstrate further on the methodology part of design in order to show the flow on how to

overcome the issue that been elaborated in

chapter

before.

The

design

methodology used conventional process is starting with the ideation based on the integration of issue (site and research issues) and design theory where finally derived out the solution from the analysis and synthesis of data that had been made.

Towards the end, the theory will be supported

by

the

design

approach,

concept, form making and design strategy.

ISSUE

+

ARCHI THEORY

= DESIGN (SOLUTION)

Diagram above shows the technique of approach used in order to potray the application of theory as the solution to resolved the issue on the site and based on research around Johor Bahru and Malaysia itself.

45

ISSUE

+

ARCHI THEORY

= DESIGN (SOLUTION)

Research issues around Johor Bahru and Malaysia Research issues around Johor Bahru

Site issues / weakness:

and Malaysia involving the urban sustainable

issues

such

as

environmental issue, social issue and economical issue which already been explained in detail in Chapter 2.

Surrounded by tall and solid urban context with lack of gathering spaces for communities.

Proposed site are fully covered with soil and grass but lack of trees and plantations as natural shading and buffer plus limited land area for huge amount of greeneries to be planted.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

SOCIAL ISSUES

ECONOMICAL ISSUES

The red side shows heavy traffic from six lanes of Tebrau Highway which contribute to air and noise pollution while illegal parking mostly took place at the orange side.

Diagram 4.1a shows the site issues (Source: Author)

Diagram 4.1b shows the research issue on sustainability (Source: Author) 46

Architectural theory based on ISSUE

issues

+

ARCHI THEORY

= DESIGN (SOLUTION)

To sum up from the following site issues and research issue happened in urban context, the idea of creating urban green area or urban park are the best solution that had

2. The illustration below shows the closed up of the site which is 6m sunken from the road level and the wide land covered with soil and grass with least plantations.

been proposed as the way to revive the community sustainability based on its benefits that already been explained in chapter 2. Therefore, architectural theory derived from

3. The illustration below shows the concept massing of built up urban park area which is

the issue is the way to bring the

surrounded by other tall building and the wide

community, to the urban green.

green land give quite a nice view.

Architectural solid

theory:

urban

to

Connecting green

to

communities.

4. The illustration below shows the added of plantations and greeneries as to liven up the Diagram 4.1c shows the architectural theory (Source: Author)

site and act as natural barrier.

1. The illustration below starts with the

surrounding community live and work in solid urban context.

5.

The

illustration

below

shows

the

involvement of community inside urban green area.

47

4.2 Design concept

ISSUES +

that urban greens brings benefit

THEORY

socially and economically, the idea of creating

vertical

urban

green

is

developed to create green area for ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT

every level of building by changing the

Move on towards the next step of

norm of just creating the green area

design is to create a conceptual idea.

only on the ground space. Instead of

The architectural concept is used to

the usual ground-level urban green

create the first impression and a way to

area,

make a design more appealing. Hereby,

community to experience bird eye

in this part, the architectural concept is

level greeneries.

this

design

brings

the

well-derived from the analysis data of issues and synthesized theory, which

Urban green can really

resulted in the concept of "Vertical

attract the visitors as mentioned by

Urban Green". What does "Vertical

Shahanan et.al. (2014) that a nature

Urban Green" refers to?

oriented person tended to visit and

Verticality is being used in

travel

to

the

place

with

more

the past consciously or unconsciously in

greeneries and many people tend to

order to represent the social hierarchy

pay for high amount of cash to

of certain society and sort of dominance

experience the green. In addition to

expression.

is

that, as this design also serves as a

indirect

recreational spaces, it is such a perfect

meaning. Directly, as the context of the

place to do physical activity while

site is lack of trees and plantations with

enjoying the green.

described

In in

here,verticality direct

and

limited land area, in order to respond to the issues 48

Furthermore, this vertical urban

VERTICAL URBAN GREEN

green

mean

to

break

the

monotonous of solid concrete and

steel VERTICALITY SYMBOLISES HIERARCHY

is

from

the

surrounding

buildings. Not only limited to that, but the idea of verticality is also shown in: Idea of verticality:

BREAK THE MONOTONOUS OF SOLID CONCRETE AND STILL IN BUILDING

i. Vertical plantations iii. Vertical park and play iv. Leveled parking v Vertical services

LIMITED GREEN AREA

vii. Tree-like structure

Indirectly, the idea of verticality in PEOPLE TEND TO PAY HIGH AMOUNT OF MONEY TO EXPERIENCE THE GREEN

this design are inspired by the three pillars

of

represents

sustainability

which

environmental,

social

and economic. The three of them GREENERIES ON EVERY LEVEL OF VIEW

symbolized

the

pillars

that

supporting each other in a way to achieved the sustainability.

Diagram 4.2a shows the function of urban green.

(Source: Author)

49

4.3 Design approach

Architectural approach is one of the

Nature

process that will lead the way of

describe the shapes in nature which

designing whether in terms of form,

are the greatest form of shape which

spaces or structures. For this part,

carries the best function with a large

in

of

amount of power but using the less

connecting solid urban to green to

amount of materials. However, the

communities, bionic approach had

issue had seen that these natural

been applied in order to emphasize

form can change under pressure.

the forms and construction which

Therefore, all the natural structures

inspired by nature while responding

need to be adjusted by adding

to the architectonic theme that

another supporting structure which

involving structural expression.

can tolerate the pressure. Besides

supporting

the

theory

and

structural-function

function as the main structural system, the natural shape also gives out the aesthetic value and beautiful expression.

Diagram 4.3a shows the meaning of bionic architecture. (Source: Author)

Bionic Architecture movement for design borrowed

and

construction

from

nature

are form.

Structural expression are taken from the basic shape of living things.

50

4.4 Form making

ARCHITECTONIC +

BIONIC APPROACH providing support to each other like a structure which is similar to the

ARCHITECTURAL FORM IDEAS

honeycomb structure.

The idea of the form making coming from the bionic approach which will be taking the natural form of shape in developing the form and the structure in design. The shape from nature that had been applied in this design is the hexagonal

shape.

The

reason

for

choosing the hexagonal shape is mostly because hexagonal is the common shape of nature that can easily found whether in the plant cells itself, the honeycomb, soap bubble texture and many more.

Hexagon is structurally stable without the addition of supporting structure as

the shape is a perfect fit for each other.

The tessellated shape inside the hexagon can prevent the wastage of space. If we taking one example of the structural hexagons

from

the

plant

cells

parenchyma cells, these fiber cells

-

Diagram 4.4a shows the example of hexagonal shape from nature. (Source: Author) 51

1. Taking the shape of hexagon

2. Three hexagon represent the community

sustainability

(environmental,

social

and

environmental)

3. Three different sizes represents each other level of contribution

4. From the three pillars of sustainability, the differences of height shows different hierarchy.

5. The different sizes of hexagon are connected through the floor creating the repetition of shape.

6. The repetition of different sizes of hexagon in different level

Diagram 4.4b shows step by step form making. (Source: Author) 52

4.4 Design strategies

In responding towards the aim on achieving community sustainability,

To make sure the building stay lively,

below are some design strategies that

the building programme and activities

are needed to be took into account in

need to be attractive and interesting

order to lead towards better design

while the spaces need to be effectively

end product.

function for users to use.

Site planning need to be consider in the early stage of design which

Green design technologies are one way

includes

to achieve sustainable design.

the

building

orientation

towards sun path, wind direction and views, accessibilities, landscaping.

Spatial

planning

includes

the

arrangement of spaces and how the spaces connect to each others. Zoning of spaces important to organize spaces in category from public, semi public and private.

In design, safety of building and safety of users really important. Provide pedestrian walkway is one way to

ensure user safety while for building safety,

proper

building

services,

construction and regulations are crucial.

53

CHAPTER 5

SOLUTION 5.1 Design end product 5.2 Design solution 5.3 Site response 5.3.1 Form development 5.3.2 Sun and building orientation 5.3.3 Wind direction 5.3.4 Accessibilities 5.3.5 Views 5.3.6 Landscaping

5.4 Environmental response 5.4.1 Passive design strategies 5.4.2 Faรงade 5.4.5 Structure and materials

5.5 Social response 5.5.1 Spatial planning 5.5.2 Space tabulation

5.6 Economical response 5.6.1 Green design technologies 5.6.2 Renewable energy technologies

5.7 Building services 5.7.1 Electrical system 5.7.2 Sewerage and drainage system 5.7.3 Fire regulation 5.7.4 Water supply 5.7.5 Air conditioning system 5.7.6 Parking requirement

54

5.1 Design end product

In this segment, towards achieving the community sustainability, we will be focusing on design solution for the end product based on the issues relating to the site issues and the research current issues on environmental, social and economic. Besides, the building services also being elaborated further in this chapter in order to understand about how the system functioning to the building.

Diagram 5.1a shows the end product of design perspectives. (Source: Author)

55

5.2 Design solution

The design solution starts from the early planning of design on site including form development, building orientation and sun path, wind direction, accessibilities, views, and landscaping. Besides, in response to the research current issues, the best design solution proposed is stated below:

i. Environmental response Passive design strategies, facade and structure and materials

ii. Social response Through

spatial

planning

based

on

building programme

iii. Economical response Green design technologies and renewable energy technologies

56

5.3 Site response

5.3.1 Form development

Using hexagon shape as a natural form of nature, the idea of form start with the three vertical hexagon with different height to symbolize the three pillars of sustainability. The three form at the early stage is separated in order to locate the main functional vertical hexagon with highest height. The highest is then located at the middle, the second highest is near the road and the lowest is near to rear side.

The form develop with more addition of hexagon. The addition of more hexagon is very effective as it shows the connection of the three vertical hexagon.

The repetition of hexagons connect every spaces in every levels.

The

hexagon shape also applied for the roof.

The finalized form then is oriented to the most effective position by taking into consideration

towards

the

sun

orientation, wind direction and views.

Diagram 5.3.1a shows the development of form.

(Source: Author)

57

5.3.2 Sun path and building orientation

As the climate of Malaysia is hot and humid, therefore it is very important to consider orientation.

the From

overall

building

the

sunpath

observation which is set on May 13, most of the direct sunlight hit the east and west side of building, mostly during morning and evening, hence the long side of building should be facing

towards north and south of building. In the design, majority of openings are designed facing towards north and south side in order to reduce direct sunlight as well as to allow cross ventilation. For the wall facing east and west, the number of openings are minimized and the surface of wall should be reflective and well insulated to reduce heat gain from sunlight. The sloped facade idea is a good idea in order to protect from direct solar radiation.

Diagram 5.3.2a shows the building orientation and sun path (Source: Author)

58

Diagram 5.3.3a shows the wind direction.

(Source: Author)

Diagram 5.3.4a shows the accessibilities.

(Source: Author)

5.3.3 Wind direction

5.3.4 Accessibilities

During the site visit on 11-14

As the site is located nearby the main

February,

wind

road which is the Tebrau Highway, it is

direction are coming from the north

one of the good strategies that could

and northeast side with the highest

let the public to enter the building. In

speed of 5m/s and the lowest is 1

here, I created only one entrance and

m/s which is in the light and gentle

exit for the public vehicles and for

breeze category.

services purpose in order to control

most

of

the

the circulation inside the building.

Most

the

openings

(windows and louvers) are designed

In order to let the users enters the

facing towards north side in order

building, the pedestrian walkways are

to allow cross ventilation enter

designed to directly connected to the

inside the building and the idea of

Public Green Plaza which let them

creating top opening on the roof

experiences the greeneries inside the

(red highlight) will help to create

urban areas and also as a place to

stack effect and let the hot air out

gather with family and friends.

from the building. Besides, some of the greeneries are planted every level as buffer from strong wind.

59

Diagram 5.3.6a shows the landscaping on site.

(Source: Author)

Diagram 5.3.5a shows the views. (Source: Author)

5.3.6 Landscaping

Since the site includes the sloping area,

5.3.5 Views

some of it are being cut and placed with By observing the most potential view

retaining

at the site, The view from the building

landscaping purposes. For landscaping

would be focused on the south and

purposes,

east side. The south side of the

footprint is limited to add in plantations,

building facing towards the green land

the idea of creating more greeneries

field and building while the east side

landscape for each level of the building is

facing towards the city area

The

not only for the natural buffer for air and

results in tackling the most potential

noise pollution, but also to let the users

views at the site, the planning of the

experiences different levels of greeneries

main spaces that attracts

such as

from the different levels of height and

green area, recreational area, learning

from the bird’s eyes view. The yellow

area

marks at the site indicated the parking

and

play

area

responding towards it.

would

be

wall

since

for

the

parking

ground

and

level

area for public and staffs which is located at the backside. The idea of locating the parking area at the back is to let an easy access for customers to the building and to prevent any interruption of views and environment from site to the city and from city to the site.

60

5.4 Environmental response 5.4.1 Passive Design Strategies

a) Cross ventilation Simple

passive

cooling

can

be

achieved with operable windows or

any openings when the spaces to ventilate are small. Openings are placed on opposite sides of the building give natural breezes a pathway through the structure.

Diagram 5.4.1c shows cross ventilation through openings (Source: Author)

Diagram 5.4.1a shows the placement of openings (Source: Author)

Based on the floor plans and the building orientation, natural cross

Plus, with the pairing of different size

ventilation did occur at every level of

of opening for inlet and outlet will

building as the layout of building is

help to increase the incoming wind

elongated along the longitudinal side

speed.

of site and every level will feel the natural air flow from the curtain louvers. The building is oriented this way so that the shorter axis or shorter

Diagram 5.4.1b shows different size of openings facing each other (Source: Author)

part of building is aligned with the prevailing wind.

61

b) Stack ventilation In this design based on the section, the uses of stack ventilation from Buoyancy principle is applied as it is based on the different

temperature.

Buoyancy

principle can be induced by the different temperature and by humidity which air pressure affect by temperature to move air. Hot air rises due to lower pressure.

As the air flow comes into the building through cross ventilation from the louvers and opening, the air will circulate from the lower level to the upper level, pushing out the hot air out

through the top openings. In addition, natural air movement based on the section drawing below, the open space which is in highlighted in blue colour get the natural air flow from the outside as Diagram 5.4.1d shows stack effect for top opening (Source: Author)

there is no wall constrain the movement of air.

Diagram 5.4.1e shows the movement of air through building.

(Source: Author)

62

c) Large overhang roof with pitched

5

degree

for

rainwater flow.

As Malaysia is hot and humid climate, the needed of having large overhang is

to

protect

sunlight

from

direct

entering

Diagram 5.4.1f shows special details for concrete planter box. (Source: Author)

the

building and also from the

d) Planter box

heavy rainwater. Inside this design, in order to response

The concrete planter box is designed for every

to the bad weather, the

floor as a natural buffer from direct sunlight and

roof is pitched 5 degree to

air pollution. Besides the planter box are used to

let

flow

enhanced the setting and outside view for every

towards the gutter and

different level of building and also because of the

then

rainwater

limited land area on ground floor, planter box

downpipe. To recycle the

helps to increase greeneries on other floor above.

the

to

rainwater

rainwater

the

for

hygiene

(toilet flush) and gardening purposes, the rainwater is collected to the rainwater

harvesting tank on top of roof,

filtered

and

then

reused.

63

5.4.2 Facade

Faรงade for this design consists of

Galaxy residences), the uses of glass

aluminium louvers and glass curtain

panel in northside part is maximized but

panel with hexagon shape in respond

still not covering all part of the facade.

towards bionic approach. Aluminium

Some of the panels are replaced with

louvers are used for ventilation and

horizontal aluminium louvers.

shading devices while glass curtain panel for natural lighting. Both curtain panels are hold by the hexagon steel frame. Glass curtain panel facade are facing the most towards northside and southside which in order to gain maximize natural lighting while at east and west side, the uses of aluminium louvers is the most to avoid glare. The top side picture is the facade at the northside.

As

the

facade

facing

northside is the least to obtain natural light because of the high slope and also is blocked by the tall building (Twin

Diagram 5.4.2a shows hexagon frame for faรงade treatment from the nearest shot and from the elevations views. (Source: Author)

64

5.4.3 Structure and materials

The overall building is from post and beam construction. Most of the structure is made up from the steel material as the structural framing steel is very durable and light. And in response to sustainable material, steel can be reused and recycled again

without

decreasing

its

properties.

Diagram 5.4.3a shows structural diagram for building design (Source: Author) 65

b) Column and beam

a) Foundation system

Foundation is the element of an architectural structure which connects it to the ground transfers loads from the

structure to the ground. The material used for foundation in this building is the reinforced concrete pad foundation or isolated foundation with thickness of 300mm. Pad foundation or Isolated foundation used to support a single point of contact suitable for most

Diagram 5.4.3c shows the hollow square columns connected to I-beam with bolted end plate connection (Source: I-beam to square hollow column blind bolted moment connection: Experimental and numerical study)

subsoil except loose sands, loose gravels of

Column used is the hollow square

reinforced concrete and where possible

columns connected to I-beam with

are square in plan. The uses of

bolted end plate connection. Hollow

reinforced concrete foundation in this

square column square hollow sections

design can help in minimizing the waste

(SHS) are very effective based on

as concrete material can be produced in

structural performance and due to its

amount that is needed to the project,

appearance. The moment capacities of

has the highest lifespan and durability.

the bolted end plate connection to SHS

and

filled

areas

constructed

columns are influenced strongly by the strength of the steel beams, diameter of bolts, and the thickness of end plates. Furthermore, the initial stiffness of the connection is affected by the diameter of bolts, thickness and width Diagram 5.4.3b shows pad foundation (Source: Author)

of end plate, along with the axial load

level.

66

d) Corrugated metal decking roof

c) Flooring system

Corrugated metal roofing for the roof system with 5 degree pitch for the rainwater purpose and being collected by

the

discharge

rainwater to

downpipe

nearest

and

drainage.

Corrugated metal is the type of exterior Diagram 5.4.3d shows concrete floor slab with metal decking (Source: https://www.infloor.com/products/hydronicsystems/concrete/)

building

envelope

system

suitable for roof applications. The system is comprised of corrugated sheet metal panels held in place by exposed fasteners. Corrugated metal

The flooring system used for this design

roofs can typically last much longer

is the concrete floor slab with metal

than a traditional asphalt shingles roof.

decking. It is one of composite slabs

Corrugated and ribbed metal panels

which consists of steel decking with

are made of metal sheets — normally

reinforced concrete in-situ as topping.

G-60 or G-90 (better galvanized steel,

Not only the steel decking acts as

but can also be aluminium and

permanent framework, but also create

stainless steel sheets that are shaped

shear bond and gained strength with the

into ridges or waves. Once shaped, the

addition of two materials. Steel decking

metal roof panels are then grooved, or

is lighter and stronger than other floor

corrugated, in order to create channels

system. In response to sustainability,

for water. Metal roof is an excellent

steel are able to be recycled or reused

way in keeping the building cool as it

many

reflects the sunlight and the heat

times

without

inherent properties.

reduced

its

environment. Besides its durability, its also more recyclable materials than

other without losing its performance.

67

The learning area is a semi-public

5.5 Social response

area

where

users

or

mostly

students that needed a source of 5.5.1 Spatial planning

material

for

their

studies

on

sustainable building, urban park Based on the building programme which

and more. It is also a place to

is to promote places that serves green

conduct a class and to share

public areas, physical, mental and

knowledge. While aerofarm area is

psychological spaces, while applying the

for practical learning.

architectural theory of connecting solid urban to green to communities, the

The recreational zone is semi public

planning of spaces are divided into the

area, focused towards physical

green zone, the recreational zone, the

activities that could give positive

commercial zone and the learning zone.

effect on people health while encouraging

people

to

The green zone is the main public area

communicate. The activities include

inside the building which the spaces

wall climbing, three leveled indoor

consist mostly of greeneries and also act

gym,

as a relaxing and socialize space. The

playground, swimming pool and

spaces consist of Public Green Plaza, Sky

trampoline area. These spaces also

Walk and Canopy Walk. The idea of

are surrounded with greeneries as

creating these spaces are to gather the

to let them experience greeneries

community together to socialize and

while enjoying activities.

open

outdoor

gym,

communicate or conducting any events or activities such as school trips or for

The commercial zone is private area

people to have fitness activities like

consist of the management area

yoga or sight seeing while letting

like office which mainly organized

themselves

the well-being of the user and

greeneries.

engross

more

towards

building.

68

5.5.2 Space tabulation Space tabulation consists of area of spaces.

Diagram 5.5.2a shows ground floor plan and its space tabulation (Source: Author) 69

Diagram 5.5.2b shows first floor plan and second floor plan with their space tabulations (Source: Author) 70

Diagram 5.5.2c shows third floor plan and fourth floor plan with their space tabulations (Source: Author) 71

Diagram 5.5.2d shows fifth floor plan with space tabulation and sixth floor plan.

(Source: Author) 72

5.6 Economic response 5.6.1 Green design technologies

a) Green floor or green roof

b) Green wall and aeroponic farming

Diagram 5.6.1a shows special details for green floor. (Source: Author)

Green floor or green roof is the technology of replacing ground level

located at the second floor of the

Diagram 5.6.1b shows vertical aeroponic farm.

(Source:https://www.agweek.com/news/4109 032-edc-group-learns-about-aeroponicssystem-grow-produce-year-round)

building for Public Green Plaza spaces

Vertical aeroponics technology is the

which acts as a gathering spaces and

method of growing plants in the air with

also a place to connect community with

help of oxygen, water and nutrient

greeneries. Green floor or roofs gives

without the used of soil or any media. The

environmental benefits such as reduce

vertical orientation not only save space

the heating and cooling energy at the

but also results in faster growth. The

same time decreased the energy

aerofarm technique use less amount of

consumption, enhancing the building

water. While, the green wall for this

with aesthetic values, helps to improve

design is the climbers plants climb on the

the urban air quality, decrease the

wire mesh and become a natural shading

temperature and noise in surrounding

to the glass curtain panel facade.

green spaces. Green floor here is

urban.

73

5.6.2

Renewable

energy

technologies b) Rainwater collector a) Solar photovoltaic (PV) system In order to achieve sustainable building,

The uses of solar panel is so

rainwater are being collected and reused to save

important as it uses renewable

more cost on usage of water. Rainwater are

energy

to

being collected and reused mostly for gardening

generate electricity which can be

(vertical aeroponic farm) and hygienic purposes

used in order to power this

(flushing toilet system). In this building,

building while it really helps to

rainwater are being collected directly not only

reduce

and

from the roof to water downpipe to the tank but

impact on the environment. The

also from the tree-like structure which also bring

solar PV system is mounted on top

water to rainwater harvesting tank. The

of the corrugated metal roof of

rainwater will undergo filtration system to

tree-like structure to get the

remove undesirable odor, waste and dirt and

amount of sunlight the most.

then will be pumped to the rooftop tank.

such

carbon

as

sunlight

footprint

Diagram 5.6.2a shows the tree-lie structure as solar photovoltaic (PV) panel and rainwater collector (Source: Author) 74

5.7 Building services Services system are very crucial in order

for

building

to

smoothly

operable, comfortable and safe for the users. Based on this design, the building services systems are including

the electrical system, sewerage and drainage system, fire regulation, water supply, air conditioning system and parking.

5.7.1 Electrical system

Electrical system that operates insides the building include the electric, PABX, and ELV are supplied by the TNB substation

and

transformer

room

unattached to the building. In order to reduce the usage of electricity mostly on air conditioning system, passive design strategies are applied.

Diagram 5.7.1a shows electrical system of building (Source: Author) 75

5.7.2 Sewerage and drainage system For sewerage system, the liquid and solid waste will be directed to the downpipe from the upper level to the lower level and then it will direct to the nearest manhole, to the septic tank

and then to the localised water treatment.

While for drainage system of this building, the liquid or waste are collected around the site to the underground drainage and then the waste will be transferred to the nearest road.

Diagram 5.7.2a shows sewerage and drainage system of building (Source: Author) 76

In response to the laws, the fire escape 5.7.3 Fire regulation

staircases and services lift are provided in the three core services of the

Guide to Fire Protection In Malaysia:

building that being protected by the fire shutter and protected lobby in

4.4.1 Explanatory notes

order to minimize the route. For escape

(iv) A person can move only about 12

route, the first exit is directly brings

metres per minute. In allowing a

user to the pedestrian way and the

minute to escape, travel distance to

second exit is to the outside garden.

safety in an unprotected escape route

Hose reel are provided in order to fight

is generally to be not more than 12

the fire and the fire tank is located on

metres (40feet).

top of roof.

4.4.3 Means of Escape (i) An escape route should lead to a place of safety. The ultimate place of safety is the open air outside the building, clear from the effect of the fire. There should be alternative means of escape in most situation as there is always the possibility of an escape being impossible by fire or smoke.

FIRE TANK CALCULATION Total nos of Hose Reel = 3 Nos Fire Tank requirement 2275 + (3 x 1137.5) = 5, 687.5 L Additional Contingency = 15% 115 x 5,687.5 = 6,540 L Thus: Total Fire tank = 7 Cubical Modular

Diagram 5.7.3a shows fire regulation system of building (Source: Author) 77

5.7.4 Water supply

Type of water supply 1. Direct supply - water supply direct from the main pipe.

2. Indirect supply - water being pumped up to the tank at the roof after being

filtered, and then it will distributed to other spaces such as toilet and sink.

The building consists of two main tanks that supplies water to the required spaces and the tanks are placed on the roof top.

CALCULATIONS

OF

WATER

TANK

REQUIRED:

Diagram 5.7.4a shows water supply system of building (Source: Author) 78

5.7.5 Air-Conditioning system

The advantages of using VRV unit are because it is easy to install without

Uniform Building By Laws 1984

using large distribution duct. It can achieve maximum utilization of space

41. Mechanical ventilation and air-

as the outdoor unit was designed more

conditioning.

compact (small type large capacity inverter

(1)

Where

ventilation

permanent or

mechanical

air-conditioning

is

compressor).

Plus,

is

extremely energy efficient as the units precisely regulate the temperature

intended, the relevant building by-laws

within

relating to natural ventilation, natural

temperature

lighting and heights of rooms may be

efficiently with remote device.

waived at the

it

the

buildings could

be

and

the

controlled

discretion of local

authority.

Types of air conditioning unit is variant refrigerant volume (VRV) multi split air conditioners.

Brand : DAIKIN

The air condition indoor unit are located

at the main spaces such as office, meeting room, closed gym 1, closed gym 2 and closed gym 3, trampoline area, the lobby and waiting area, while the outdoor unit of the system are located at the rooftop of building.

Diagram 5.7.5a shows air-conditioning system of building (Source: Author) 79

5.7.6 Parking requirements

Total number of parking lot required: 41 parking lot

The parking provided for the building is

Proposed

the

(yellow

development:

highlighted) with fully open ventilated

62 parking lot

supported by beam and column system

Proposed 3 OKU parking

with halved wall. It is placed at the

1 reserved parking

backside of the site. The calculation of

15 parking lots for motorcycles

three

levelled

parking

parking

for

future

parking based on amount of users are based on below.

Schedule 7.3.1 guideline for parking at commercial area: MBJB Guideline 10 users : 1 Parking lot Office premise: 1 parking lot = 100m2 Cafeteria: 1 Parking lot = 25m2 25 car park = 1 lot disabled parking

Diagram 5.7.6a shows the parking area of building (Source: Author)

Diagram 5.7.6b shows the parking requirement based on total user (Source: Author) 80

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

81

Conclusion In conclusion, throughout observing the flow of this thesis,

we back to the main topic, “Reviving Community Sustainability”. As the idea of proposing an urban park comes from the early stage of studies, which is the studies on issues happened around the site, Johor Bahru and Malaysia, the focus will revolve around the community sustainability, the main issue - environment, social and economic.

In response to the hypothesis of the project, “The Vertical Urban Park” project is certainly one of the way to solve the sustainable issue involving environmental, social and economical, in reviving the community sustainability.

The design solution starts from the early planning of design on site including form development, building orientation and sun path, wind direction, accessibilities, views, and landscaping. Good orientation of building contributes a lot in passive design strategies basically to obtain natural daylight and natural ventilation.

Based on the environmental issues, the way to response with the problems are by proper understanding on passive design strategies, facade and structure and materials. The passive design strategy includes cross ventilation and stack ventilation which really helps in reducing the heat gain inside the building by pushing out the hot air out. Plus, the façade which consists of curtain 82

glass help to obtain natural lighting for visual comfort while

louvers help to block the glare and allow natural ventilation. As for materials and structure, the uses of steel materials for most part of the building is one way to reduce waste since steel or metal can be be recycled again without reducing its performance. The uses of steel roofing is also another way to reduce heat gain as it san reflects heat.

Furthermore, the spaces provided for the urban

park which consists mainly of green area, recreational area and learning area contributes very much in creating social gathering for community while having a healthy good life.

To response with economic issues, the ideas of using green design and renewable energy technologies are very efficient in order to save the energy and environment.

It is a good way to develop awareness for the

community not only to focus on their own way life but also for their sake of future generation. By introducing the purposes of having urban park in the solid urban city, not only we could make the current community livable and sustainable but also the future generation can also experience that high quality of life.

83

References

Articles/Journal Basiago, A. D. (1998). Economic, social, and environmental sustainability in development theory and urban planning practice. Environmentalist, 19(2), 145-161.

Ghahramanpouri, A., Lamit, H., & Sedaghatnia, S. (2013). Urban social sustainability trends in research literature. Asian Social Science, 9(4), 185.

Haq, S. M. A. (2011). Urban green spaces and an integrative approach to sustainable environment. Journal of environmental protection, 2(05), 601.

Namin, E. R., Najafpour, H., & Lamit, H. (2013). Public places and spaces and social urban interaction (A case study of Johor Bahru, Malaysia). International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 3(2), 281-294.

Newman, P. (2014). Biophilic urbanism: a case study on Singapore. Australian planner, 51(1), 47-65.

Purvis, B., Mao, Y., & Robinson, D. (2018). Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science, 1-15.

Tahir, M. M., Mohammadhosseini, H., Ngian, S. P., & Effendi, M. K. (2018). I-beam to square hollow column blind bolted moment connection: Experimental and numerical study. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 148, 383-398.

Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough’. Landscape and urban planning, 125, 234-244.

Wirth, L. (1938). Urbanism as a Way of Life. American journal of sociology, 44(1), 1-24.

Baxter, K. H., & Purcell, M. (2007). Community sustainability planning. Municipal World, 117(11), 35-38.

Websites

Our Blog. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://hydroponicsociety.org/how-does-aeroponics-work/

84

Appendix A

85

Appendix B

86

Appendix C

87

Appendix D

88

Appendix E

89

Appendix F

90

Appendix G

91

Appendix H

92

Appendix I

93

Appendix J

94

Appendix K

97

Appendix L

98

Appendix M

Structural Diagram 99

Exterior Perspective

Appendix N

100

Appendix O

Interior Perspective 1 - Gym

Interior Perspective 2- Cafe 101

Appendix P

102

Appendix Q

103

Appendix R

104