Architectonics by M. Anshar

Architectonics

Understanding Structural Designs & Spatial Qualities

Conversing with Spaces with a Questioning Mind Identifying

and

understanding

the

various basic systems for structural design, what makes them work and appreciate time,

with

their

regards

history and cultural contexts.

evolvement to

over

technology,

THIS MAGAZINE IS A FORM OF RECOLLECTION OF MUHAMMAD ANSHARUDDIN'S RESEARCH AND FINDINGS FOR ARCHITECTONICS MODULE.

WHAT IS ARCHITECTONICS TO ME ? I think the great thing about studying structural design is that there are examples all around us, in a way that the spaces around us are part of a full-scale structural design laboratory. I believe that beauty in Architecture or in this case the aesthetical images of structural elements, lies in the performance and behaviour of building' s structure and facade elements as a component. With that said, the structural form should have an aesthetic appeal while being simultaneously driven by engineering considerations. I have always been intrigued as to how the spaces from yesterday, today and tomorrow are built from skyscrapers and bridges to shopping malls and houses. My fascination started from the long bus rides which I have been enjoying since the age of 7. There is something about long bus journeys that transcends ' scenery' . Whenever I take the bus, I can' t help but to notice the colours, textures and the materiality of buildings and try to figure out as to how they were built. As I dive further into deep explorations of such spaces by primary or secondary research means, I have a better understanding as to why there is simply no one building material is ideal for every situation, that explains why there are many times when I encountered a mix building materials, as well as a mix of building ages, As much as I, to a certain extent, understand why some buildings are constructed in a certain way, with certain materials, in a way that I think about any constructional problems that might have been experienced and ponder on how that building around it. With that said, this magazine is a recollection of all my research and findings that examine the relationship between structure and architecture and expresses the building function and examines the relation between structure and architectural space. A space that is interesting to me would be the one where its structural system can add on to the sense of space and compliments or even contradicts the whole aesthetic vibe to the overall space, triggering our curious minds to further discover more about it.

Blurring the In-between : Farnsworth House

02 TWO WAY FRAME

Exposing the Hidden : Academy of Art and Architecture

03 DIAGRID FRAME

Inside Out : The Centre Pompidou

04 BARREL VAULT

Converging Divergence : OFMA Offices

05 CROSS VAULT

Simplistic Serenity : Grundtvig Church

06 COMPLEX RIB VAULT

Sophisticated Serenity : Exeter Cathedral

07 CELLULAR VAULT

Complexity in Simplicity : SXSW Features Parametric Vault

08 SURFACE DOME

Subtle Boldness : St Paul's Cathedral

09 RIBBED DOME

Confined Opening : Dome of Visions 3.0

10 FOLDED PLATE Fluid Rigidity : Orly Airport

11 SHELL

Condensed and Expansive : TWA Terminal

12 TENSILE MEMBRANE

Unconfined Cage : 'Shooting Vaults' Installation

13 PNEUMATIC MEMBRANE Liberating Affinity : Our Tampines Hub

STUDY MODELS

Exploration of Structural Designs and Spatial Qualities

STNETNOC

01 ONE WAY FRAME

FO ELBAT

2 6 10 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54

One Way Frame

Farnsworth House (1949 -1951) Mies Van Der Rohe 14520 River Rd Gate 1, Plano, IL 60545, United States

The Farnsworth House is one of the many great

works

that

challenges

the

conception of the wall. To simply put, the

eht gnirrulB One Way Frame (Case Study 01)

walls that surround the interior space is "no longer the side of of a box". Though however, the walls are still a means of protection

against

environmental

inclemencies. They have now taken the role of "bringing the outside world into the house and letting

the

inside

the

house

outside". With that said, the walls have become a screen, a means of spatial extension that would allow the free use of the whole space without affecting the soundness of the structure. The works of Mies Van Rohe such as this one, speaks new level of simplicity and transparency through the use of one way frame, in which his works in general are often referred to as skin-and-bones. Spatial Quality : Blurring the In-between

The use of one-way frame allows for extensive use of clear floor-to-ceiling glass opens the interior to its natural surroundings to an extreme degree. Two horizontal slabs, which form the roof and the floor, sandwich and open space for living. The slab edges are defined exposed steel structural members painted pure white. The house is raised 1.60 metres by eight wide flange columns which are attached to the sides of the floor and ceiling slabs.

elegantly minimal & minimally obstrusive

The larger fireplace-kitchen core seem like a separate house nesting within the larger glass house.

The interior appears to be a single open room, its space expands and contracts around two wood blocks; one a wardrobe cabinet and the other a kitchen, toilet, and fireplace black which also happens to be the core. The larger fireplace-kitchen core seem like a separate house nesting within the larger glass house.

One Way Frame (Case Study 01)

Spatial Quality : Blurring the In-between

WHAT IS A ONE WAY FRAME? A typical one way frame consists of a pair or a series of beams supported by columns. A concrete slab, as part of the roofing is often used. It is supported on two opposite sides, so structural action is only ever in one direction. A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. It is typically used to construct floors and ceilings. The slab is an element of the building which transfers the different types of floor load to the beams. The use of one-way frame in the Farnsworth House is rather quite visible in a sense where the envelope of building takes the shape of the structural system itself - a rectangular box with frames on the edges.

This form of construction is suitable for relatively narrow buildings with external columns

only.

The

column-free

internal

space offer great flexibility of layout. The structural system is used in a segments whereby they are connected with a series of columns single slab as part of the roofing.

Because

the

fixed

positions

the

internal columns, one way frame is more particularly suitable for buildings in which no subsequent modification of the entral The concrete slab is constructed with reinforcement such that it is strong enough to support the

Exterior Fill

corridor is liekly to be required.

Beam

load acting on the slab.

Load

Interior Fill

Weight

Distrbution

Beam

Exterior Girder Interior Girder

Column

One Way Frame (Case Study 01)

Spatial Quality : Blurring the In-between

Two Way Frame

Exposing the

HIDDEN Academy of Art and Architecture (1993) Wiel Arets

Herdenkingsplein 12, 6211, Maastricht, The Netherlands

The use of glass here is probably one of the most amazing way of it being used. As modern architecture has developed

and is still developing, it goes to show

project contains a simple and refined

that glass has become more and more

material

valued as a major construction material,

palette

traditional

glass

blocks and a concrete frame. According

rather

to the design team, this combination of

practicality for windows and doors. The

limited building-products has allowed it

glass blocks allow the academy to stand

maintain

its

classic

character

and

than

sharp

being

contrast

viewed

with

the

mere

older

withstand the natural elements since its

architecture around it, representing the

construction completion over 20 years

perfect meeting of the past and the

ago.

present.

The decision to use glass blocks was

Glass has also allowed it to camouflage

rather a bold one as much of Maastricht

itself with the existing elements of the

was previously built up in sandstone

city, providing an enclosed public space

construction

brick-centric

that achieves an intimate and secluded

Dutch cities. The blocks served to bridge

condition from the main areas of urban

the gap between the lack of brick-laden

activity - somewhat purposefully hiding

façades throughout the city and the need

itself.

for a more light-filled civic structure in a

occupants and everything else that is

dense metropolitan zone.

inside.

unlike

Two Way Frame (Case Study 02)

most

However,

also

reveals

its

Spatial Quality : Exposing the Hidden

The use of two-way frame allows for the compartmentalisation of the shared spaces within the building. This give off the impression that the occupants are cocooned from the city life while still simultaneously affording them direct access to it.

Loud subtle presence. Versatility kept

The presence of light

simple.

be it a man-made or a natural one, exposes the openings and closings of the building very clearly further emphasising the intricacy and simplicity of the overall layout of the building and in a way, weightlessness.

Two Way Frame (Case Study 02)

Spatial Quality : Exposing the Hidden

WHAT IS A TWO WAY FRAME? Just like the one-way frame, a two-way frame also consists of pair or a series of beams supported by columns. The only difference between the two structural systems can be seen on the weight of the load acting on the slab is distributed. In two-way frames, the weight of the load acting upon the slab is supported in both directions, thus the need for reinforcement on both sides as well. A two-way frame structural system is normally more preferred as it allows for more high volume of spaces to be present despite it being more costly to be constructed.

The

lateral

loads

are

independently resisted by shear walls. Two-Way Frame (slab) with a Flat Plate This particular type of two-way frame on the ground level uses a flat plate with a series of columns supporting it. This structural system does not use beams between columns or drop panels and it is usually suited for lightly loaded floors with short spans.

False Ceiling

Two-Way Frame with Beam Supported Slab

The beams on this level are hidden behind the false ceiling where the light fixtures and other electrical compartments are stored in.

Series

columns

are

In this particular structural system, two pairs of beams are used to support the slab. This is to to ensure that the heavier load acting on the upper level can be supported.

used

repetitively on both the horizontal and vertical axis of the building. They

are

strategically

constructed in such a way that they are accurately on top of one another and spaced out equally, ensuring

that

the

weight

distribution is equal on all sides.

Two Way Frame (Case Study 02)

Spatial Quality : Exposing the Hidden

Diagrid Frame

The Centre Pompidou (1971) Richard Rogers & Renzo Piano 14520 River Rd Gate 1, Plano, IL 60545, United States

The inside-out landmark that drew global attention to the movement is a museum and centre for the visual arts of the 20th

Inside Inside

century, housing many separate services and activities. It is a cultural landmark that has its structure and mechanical services visible on the exterior of the building. The heavy use of glass on its facades is what attracts many. And because of that,

Out Out

the building seems to be "naked" or plain bare. Every part of it is exposed, from its walls,

internal

structure

even

its

service pipes. It is as if the inside of building is spewed out. I think that just by standing on the outside, one would have an even better experience or maybe just as much. The us of glass material not only the reveal the

surrounding

nature,

but

partially

reflect creating an ever-changing view as visitors walk along the perimeter of the building. Diagrid Frame (Case Study 03)

Spatial Quality : Inside Out

The diagrid frame of the building acts similar to the skeletal system of the human body - to contain and to protect. It engulfs the building from its exterior, showing all of the different mechanical and structure systems not only so that they could be understood but also to maximise the interior space without obstructions.

No one view is the same. Looking into the interior from the exterior is a whole different spatial experience. It makes one think if they are truly outside. The use of diagrid frame allow viewers to capture images of activities happening within such that each void of the diagrid frame reveals a different something each time - no fixed visual identity.

Order and Chaos Nothing else speaks order more than the diagrid frame itself. It is constructed in such a way that everything is uniform and equal, depicting a high level of hierarchy that also speaks control - like the bars of a prison cell. In this case, chaos can be seen within - the irregular and random movements of occupants inside the building on all levels.

Diagrid Frame (Case Study 03)

Spatial Quality : Inside Out

WHAT IS A DIAGRID FRAME? The diagrid frame structural system consists of diagonal members formed as a framework made by the intersection of different material like metals, concrete or wooden beams commonly used in the construction of buildings and roofs. It is efficient in providing solution both in term of strength and stiffness. Nowadays, it is now more typically used in bridges and even sculptures. it is also used in the large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are complex geometries and curved shapes.

(Steel) Diagrid Structural System

The most commonly and popularly used material in the construction of diagrids is steel as seen used in the facades of The Centre Pompidou.

Diagonal Members

The

weight

and

size

the

sections are made so as to resist the high bending loads. They can be quickly erected and the cost of labor for the installation is low. Horizontal Members

Steel Material high strength/weight ratio prefabrication is possible

Node

economic small

material

amount

carries

a a

relatively large load because steel are produced Illustration of how the

in a factory under carefully

different

controlled

the

members

(steel)

structural

diagrid

system

c o n n e c t e d t o t h e n o d e.

Diagrid Frame (Case Study 03)

quality

conditions,

control

can

high be

achieved high stiffness

Spatial Quality : Inside Out

Barrel Vault

OFMA Offices (2018)

14520 River Rd Gate 1, Plano, IL 60545, United States

MAPAA Architects

DIVERGENCE C O N V E R G I N G

Built in 2018, located south of the city of

three

main

areas,

while

giving

Santiago within the Maipo River Valley,

building its monolithic character.

the

MAPAA architects developed the office building for a father and son, who wanted

The use of barrel vaults and large glass

to have independent offices. They also

facades allows for high ceilings, granting

wanted to have a central space where it

natural light to fluidly flood into the

would allow them to receive both clients

interior space,

and partners of their companies. In the

and allowance, creating a very linear

central space, there was to be an Italian

space. The shape of the barrel vaults

tapestry 3.6 meters high by 6 meters

creates an enclosed and rounded ceiling

long. On the other hand, the project had

which is unique in itself. It creates an

to account for the family tradition linked

openness throughout the space allowing

to winemaking.

the viewers to feel liberated in what

Barrel vault adds volume

seems like a pretty compressed space. Signaling to the family’s history, which is

Barrel

linked

strategically,

the

production

wine

vaults

are

used

creating

the

three

office

different

developed for a long time by the family in

segregated spaces. The two ends of the

this same place, the building takes the

barrel vaults are connected via a central

form of a vault – a shape the architects

vault

understood as linked to the wine and its

functioning

cellar. Thus, the structure incorporates a

curved roof formed by the barrel vaults

system

along with the wooden use of material

three

reinforced

concrete

vaults, which are used to divide it in the Barrel Vault (Case Study 04)

which

acts as

common

meeting

room.

area The

blends in with the hills seamlessly. Spatial Quality : Converging Divergence

The use of barrel vault in this particular space exposes viewers to the surrounding landscape in a quite seamless way. In such a way that it uncovers the view in such a seductive manner - obstructed by the window but still revealing in a sense. Overall it adds to the sense of space and can make the landscape a part of the building.

Uncovering spaces through seduction. Despite its high ceiling volume, it allows occupants to be spatially attached to the overall space. The curve speaks warmth and comfort, giving off the impression to its occupants that they are safe and well protected. The use of concrete in this project seems right and natural - beautifully blending it with the natural existing elements around the building. The same can be said for

The main entrance of the building is quite rather an

the interior space where occupants do not feel alienated and foreign.

introverted space. A space that does not broadcast itself, allowing occupants to discover the undiscovered journey such that it effortlessly expands to the bigger spaces. 16

Barrel Vault (Case Study 04)

Spatial Quality : Converging Divergence

WHAT IS A BARREL VAULT? A barrel vault is a type of vault with its semi-cylindrical arched surface elongated to form a barrel- or tunnel-shaped structure. It is also called a tunnel vault and wagon vault because of its resemblance with a barrel or tunnel that has been cut into half lengthwise. When the arches of many vaults are aligned side by side, then with regard to technique, a barrel fault is what is formed. There could be a series of these forming a roof structure. As with arches, vaulted structures need to be buttressed to cater for the horizontal forces.

The OFMA Offices uses the barrel vaults as part of the base unit of spatial organisation. The shared spaces are segregated according to the demands of the client in such a way that they speak communal but also privacy. The high volume of the barrel vaults signifies the transition between the different spaces quite subtly.

Load

Vertical Force

(Thrust) Horizontal Force

Advantages The flexibility in barrel construction is the main advantage of this vault ceiling, over other types of decorative ceilings Versatile, ability to add on to the aesthetics images of just about any type of space Cost effective, cheap to build and maintain

Disadvantages The

vault

exerts

outward

thrust

and

thus

must

buttressed along the entire length - prevents the use of large windows as well as prevented easy circulation Vaulted ceilings are exposed to the outer atmosphere and can lead to considerable use of energy to keep the temperature normal within the premise

Barrel Vault (Case Study 04)

Spatial Quality : Converging Divergence

Cross Vault

Grundtvig Church (1940)

På Bjerget 14B, 2400 København NV, Denmark

Peder Wilhelm Jensen-Klint

simplistic S E R E N I T Y Designed by by architect Peder Vilhelm

aisles. Like Gothic cathedrals, the church

Jensen

uses

Klint,

the

church

was

built

soaring

pointed

arches

and

between 1921 and 1940 as a memorial to

windows to define the sacred space with

N.F.S. Grundtvig – a famed Danish pastor,

light. Adding on most notable are the

philosopher,

and

three towers, as well as the three entries

politician of the 19th century. Jensen

on each side of the church – a religious

Klint, inspired by Grundtvig’s humanist

metaphor

interpretation of Christianity, merged the

throughout

scale and stylings of a Gothic cathedral

the world.

historian,

hymnist,

for

the

Trinity

Christian

churches

common around

with the aesthetics of a Danish country church to create a landmark worthy of its

The use of cross vault in the church allow

namesake.

for large open volumes to be present. They are kept rather minimalistic, simple

In many ways, Jensen Klint’s creation is

and

rather surprisingly traditional. The real

churches or cathedrals, the the cross

beauty of the church is the inside, with

vaults are not build with ornaments or

simple yet stunning brickwork creating

any form of decorative. The lines of the

one of the most striking spaces in the

cross

area . The scale, light and mix of textures

adding on to the sense of space of the

made for an incredible space to be in.

communal space as a whole. This creates

Spatially, the church is laid out as a

typical cruciform cathedral, with columns

space, allowing viewers to feel liberated,

separating the nave from two flanking

despite being in a compressed area.

Cross Vault (Case Study 05)

straightforward.

vault

sense

are

Unlike

aesthetically

openness

many

visible,

throughout

the

Spatial Quality : Simplistic Serenity

The church has a striking exterior, resembling a church organ (pipe organ - a musical instrument that produces sound by driving pressurised air through the organ pipes selected from a keyboard. The use of cross vaults in the church influences the majestic aesthetic image that can be seen on its external envelope.

Gentle Intimidation The cavernous interiors of the church are almost entirely devoid of ornament; the massive columns rise to pointed arches and ribbed vaults with little to no visual interruption. The dramatic simplicity of the design

highlighted

the

church’s

gaping

windows, which allow the sunlight to stream in and reflect off the polished bricks within. Through its high

ceilings,

natural

lighting,

and

large

open

volumes, the mosque makes one feel diminutive in the space. It is as if they are part of something much bigger than themselves.

A single point of interest. Deference to Denmark’s own building canon also influenced the choice of building material: handmade yellow brick. Other than the baptismal font and the roof, the entire church is composed of these bricks. The furniture such as the chairs and the cross vaults speak the same identity such that, both of these elements consist of clean lines. Despite being made from different materials, somehow they seem to have the same surface texture, fusing the aesthetics images of the church altogether.

Cross Vault (Case Study 05)

Spatial Quality : Simplistic Serenity

WHAT IS A CROSS VAULT? A cross vault, also known as groin vault is formed when two barrel vaults intersect in a right angle where the thrust are concentrated along the groins or arris-es and eventually at the four corners. The “groin” in this case refers to the boundary between 2 intersecting vaults where in some cases they are constructed to be pointed out rather than rounded. The Romans were the first ones to use groin vaults but then eventually fell into obscurity in Europe. The use of groin vaults allows Roman architects and engineers to span wide areas, particularly the vastness of huge thermal establishments, the massive solidity of amphitheaters, and the audacity of the soaring bridges and aqueducts.

Groin Profile

Transverse Arch

Pointed Arch

Most arches of groin vaults are rounder, but sometimes they can be pointed as well such as this one.

Pier Weight

Weight

Cross Vaults in Modern Projects

A Residential Building in Los Angeles, United States

As technology is advancing and for very good reasons,

Royal Academy of Arts, London, England

architects and builders have been creating vaulted ceilings for millennia. It all starts with the desire to cover a room. In smaller rooms a flat ceiling is easily

and

inexpensively

constructed. But in a large room or series of rooms, a flat ceiling has many limitations. So domes and vaults were devised that could span the distances between walls and create

wonderful

and

spacious rooms to gather in.

Cross Vault (Case Study 05)

Spatial Quality : Simplistic Serenity

Complex Rib Vault

Exeter Cathedral (1050)

På Bjerget 14B, 2400 København NV, Denmark

Bishop of Crediton and St Germans

sophisticated S E R E N I T Y

Exeter Cathedral was founded in 1050,

work around 1290. The cathedral is the

and the construction of a Cathedral on

only example in Europe of a decorated

the present site began in 1114. The two

Gothic building almost in its entirety

towers and the lower part of the Nave

apart from the two northern towers. It

walls

also boasts the longest, unbroken stretch

this

Norman

(Romanesque)

building survive in the present Cathedral.

of Gothic stone vaulting in the world.

A major rebuild, in Decorated Gothic style, was carried out under six bishops

The use of complex rib vault adds on to

between c.1270 and c.1350.

the

sense

sophisticated

space

manner

in such

that

the

Hitler did his best to destroy Exeter and

overall spatial qualities of the communal

its cathedral in World War II, even though

space are very pronounced. Just like any

Exeter had limited, if any, strategic value.

other vault, the complex rib vault also

Some of the German bombs did hit one

allow

end of the Exeter Cathedral in 1942,

present,

destroying

intimidating yet serene vibes.

one

its

chapels.

The

for

large giving

open the

volumes space

rather

adjacent cathedral school was destroyed. Luckily, the bombing was on a school

The most striking feature would be the

holiday, so the students were spared.

the undulating ceiling, which allowed a

However,

school

beautiful stream of natural light in to

headmaster and his family were killed.

illuminate the space - a common sight in

Today' s cathedral owes its Gothic style to

many other places of worship from the

Bishop Bronscon who started rebuilding

past and the present.

the

Complex Rib Vault (Case Study 06)

cathedral

Spatial Quality : Sophisticated Serenity

One might feel inferior by the presence of the spatial qualities present and sharing the space with them would make one feel like they are less important. Not only the history and the value behind every element in the cathedral triggers them to feel such a way but it is also how each one is displayed and curated.

Prisoner of the past. A visit to places of worship such as this one, would mean putting life to a pause. What is happening on the outside does not matter as all attention is directed to everything in the cathedral itself. One might feel intimidated by the Gothic characteristics that are being displayed with its incomprehensible history and value and possibly by their slightly manipulative appearance.

D i s t i n c t i v e

M a t e r i a l i t y

Round bosses which act as keystones lock the ribs of the vault in place. Great corbels support the lower ends of the graceful arches. The bosses and corbels of Exeter Cathedral form one of the most important collections of medieval stone carvings in the country.

Complex Rib Vault (Case Study 06)

Spatial Quality : Sophisticated Serenity

WHAT IS A COMPLEX RIB VAULT? Rib vaults are made by connecting arches that is supported by diagonal arched ribs. They are typically used in traditional architecture like Roman and Islamic architecture. The ribs of the vault meet at a pointed arch and carries the thrust of the weight of the roof down and outwards of the pillars on the ground floor. The use of rib vault allows higher and thinner walls with large windows, allowing for lighter materials and natural light to flood into the space. Rib vaults were actually created to solve the problems made by groin vault. How complex a rib vault is depends on its composition and how it was built intricate details, distinctive features etc.

Illustration that shows how the complex rib vaults of the Exeter Cathedral would look like if they were to reduced to their simplest form.

Why are rib vaults used for the cathedral? The advantages of using a rib vault or a complex one in any case, is that the strength of rib vaults in general made it possible to have thinner walls, which in turn made it possible to have larger windows on the upper levels, filling the nave with light, and eventually allowed the existence enormous rose windows of Gothic cathedrals such as this one.

Complex Rib Vault (Case Study 06)

Spatial Quality : Sophisticated Serenity

Cellular Vault

SXSW FEATURES PARAMTERIC VAULT (2014)

Mebane Gallery, Austin, United States

OTA+

COMPLEXITY I N

S I M P L I C I T Y Grounded by a central catenary vault, the

influence how occupants walk towards,

diamond-celled structure supports two

retreat away or simply staying stagnant,

cantilevering arms and a third cascading

the space responds differently.

vault that forms a base for showcasing exhibition content. The project began

The spaces within can also be seen as

with a competition between students in

purposefully

Bieg’s design-build studio. The brief was

concealed identities call for exploration

to design a structure using aggregation,

paving out a journey to uncover them.

weaving

and

stacking

techniques

hidden,

allowing

its

create an assembly that could transition

The parametric vault speaks both fluidity

from graphic to flat surface to volumetric

and

enclosure.

aggregation, weaving and stacking of

rigidity

through

the

use

CNC of fabricated sheets. Pavilions such as the one here expose the quality spaces that can be found

This composition allows for an assembly

within. Quality spaces are spaces that

that

allow for a two-way dialogue to take

surface to volumetric enclosure. Through

place. The spaces within communicate

the use of diamond patterns, the interior

with their occupants through their rigid

forms appear to be a series of stacked

forms and reflective surfaces. They

cells and overlapping ribs.

Cellular Vault (Case Study 07)

transitions

from

graphic

flat

Spatial Quality : Complexity in Simplicity

Complex Engagement

The use of cellular vault here provides sections of spaces that are intimate and quite segregated from the rest of the shared spaces. This allows occupants to mold a close relationship with the enclosed spaces where they would feel a sense of belonging or attachment. Because of how they overhangs above the occupants, it gives them this impression that they are protected.

Simple Materiality

The limitations in the materiality used allows for the spatial qualities of the cellular vault to be experienced to the fullest extent such that the focus is directed towards the spatial experience that it provides.

Cellular Vault (Case Study 07)

Spatial Quality : Complexity in Simplicity

WHAT IS A CELLULAR VAULT? The cellular vault, also known as the diamond vault is a particular type of late Gothic vaults, which are characterized by their folded surface with ridges between the groins, creating ceilings with pronounced patterns of light and shadow. This was achieved on the basis of geometric analyses of the shape and the texture of the material. Originally, the most common construction material is brick masonry but more materials such as carbon fiber are being used as technology advances. Cellular Vaults became very popular all over central and eastern Europe, and were used as ceilings in palaces, churches, and private houses. (Overlapping Surface) Cellular Vault

The different elements of the cellular vault

here

are

connected

through

overlapping means such that each one of the sheets sits on top of another with no gaps in between.

Each

one

carefully

the

and

sheets

strategically

connected together such that certain parts of the vault are able to depict that sense of synchronised

rhythm

and

direction such that they are leaning

towards

certain

angle.

Other Types of Cellular Vaults

HONEYCOMB

PERIODIC SURFACE

OPEN CELL FOAM

As the name suggests, the

This particular cellular vault

These cellular vaults use a

cellular

simply has surfaces that are

familiar aesthetic images of a

surface

closed.

typical

plane

vault

takes

the

shape of a honeycomb - a

cell,

having

TESSELLATION

the

tessellation is

the

using

tiling

one

flat of

mass of hexagonal prismatic

'nucleus' part of the cell to

geometric shapes, with no

wax cells.

be very visible.

overlaps and no gaps.

Cellular Vault (Case Study 07)

Spatial Quality : Complexity in Simplicity

Surface Dome

St Paul's Cathedral (1675 - 1711) Christopher Wren & Nicholas Hawksmoor

St. Paul's Churchyard, London EC4M 8AD, United Kingdom

subtle BOLDNESS The cathedral sits on Ludgate Hill at the

The cathedral sits on Ludgate Hill at the

highest point of the City of London. The

cathedral is one of the most famous and

most recognisable sights of London. It' s

dome, framed by the spires of Wren City' s

churches, has dominated the skyline for

300 years.

At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest

building in London from 1710 to 1963.

The dome remains among the highest in

the world. St Paul' s is the second-largest

church building in area in the United

Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.

Surface Dome (Case Study 08)

Spatial Quality : Subtle Boldnesss

Majestic "Miniature" The dome of the cathedral can be seen to be the the smallest part of the entire building. As much as that is so, it looks rather majestic and authoritative. Standing right at the very top, it goes to show the level of hierarchy that it projects itself to be.

Symmetrical Detailing The detailing of the dome itself is superbly detailed such that what one sees from one side, can be seen on all sides. The playful detailing of the carvings is reflected so precisely such that the aesthetical images of it is the same throughout.

An impressive central feature.

Being the centre of attention, the dome has to be of a certain appeal where it speaks the purpose of the building. Such domes can be seen in other important buildings such as museums, courts and places of worship. 32

Surface Dome (Case Study 08)

Spatial Quality : Subtle Boldnesss

WHAT IS A SURFACE DOME? A surface dome is a rounded vault made of either curved segments or a shell of revolution, meaning an arch rotated around its central axis. A dome is hemispherical in shape. However, most domes are not true hemispheres, geometrically speaking. Some are flattened hemispheres, some are deep hemispheres, and some are not hemispheres at all : they are not spherical, or near-spherical in shape. Although domes can span a large circular space, they are not an efficient way of doing so and are generally present to form an impressive central feature of a grand piece of architecture. Spherical domes have been used in modern structures. Such domes comprise a pattern steel or plastic ribs supporting panels of glass or transparent plastic. The ribs are arranged in a repeating pattern of geometrical shapes, the triangle, diamond and hexagon being the most common. LANTERN

CUPOLA

DRUM

DOME PEDESTAL & COLUMNS

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF A DOME STRUCTURE

Considering half of an orange

If cuts are made in the base of

The lower parts of the orange

the

orange,

will bulge outwards as it is

these cuts will tear upwards

loaded. This goes to show that,

under load.

whilst the stresses along the

representing

shown above.

dome.

hemispherical

lines that radiate from the apex of the dome to its base are in compression. Surface Dome (Case Study 08)

Spatial Quality : Subtle Boldnesss

Ribbed Dome

Dome of Visions 3.0 (2016)

Aarhus, Denmark

Atelier Kristoffer Tejlgaard

confined open -ing Ribbed Dome (Case Study 09)

"Dome of Visions 3.0 is the third dome in a series of experiments - an experiment that aims to create knowledge about how it affects our architecture and our wellbeing to build inside a greenhouse and work with a passive and solar heated space

building

envelope,

that

generates a third climate as the majority of the area we use." The

dome

which

acts

building

envelope for the inner house, serve as a space of confinement - enclosed space. However it also speaks open or freedom such that the voids of the dome suggest that it is not enclosed after all, but instead liberating. As we all know it, domes are the caps to plastic bottles. They restrict any transfer of materials

into

the

bottle,

but

the

transparency of the bottle instead allows for the transfer of heat from the daylight - a closed space that is rather open. Spatial Quality : Confined Opening

A space that is neither inside nor outside and therefore provides a better space for a meeting between man and nature.

Hollowed Shell The dome speaks openness such that it seems to be part of the landscape. It plays the role of "in-between" space in a subtle manner.

Bringing the outside within.

The use of wood for its materiality bonds its occupants and nature further, narrowing the gap between the inside and outside space. 36

Ribbed Dome (Case Study 09)

Spatial Quality : Confined Opening

WHAT IS A RIBBED DOME? Ribbed dome is a dome with ribs that rotate around its vertical axis. It is a three dimensional arch which projects from the dome's interior surface. The arch is the geometric shape of the rib especially when it forms half a circle extending from the base on one side to the base on the other side of the dome. When arches are rotated around a dome’s vertical axis, the intersection point at the apex of the dome becomes more congested as the number of arches increases When arches are rotated around a dome’s vertical axis, the intersection point at the apex of the dome becomes more congested as the number of arches increases. This problem can be avoided by using a pair of arches instead of only one, and leaving an open space in the apex where the node of intersecting ribs used to be . DIAMATIC-RIBBED DOME Load

In Compression

This

form

dome

can

described as having pie-shaped sectors repeated radially around the crown. Here, the apex of each sector has a width of zero and, at its base, a sector is 360 degrees divided by the number

In Tension

of sectors . Load

Load

Domes in general, allows for a wide variety of floor plan designs - only when

does not allow to go beyond ground floor. It can also be

it is not supported by columns or piers. This allows

very difficult to create divisions and rooms within domes

designers to take advantage of the wide open space of

structures. The technology of building a dome structure is

your building. Because of the structure's tightness, they

also more complicated. Approximately, and waste building

conserve vast amounts of energy, making them more cost

materials should also be more. The complexity of the

effective to run and heat. Domes of all types can greatly

technology

add on to the sense of space and the aesthetic images of

construction time, and hence to the size of the wages of

the entire space.

builders.

sometimes

leads

increase

Other Types of Domes

GEODESIC DOMES

These domes have ribs extending down from the

These domes are rather different in its origins. It is

crown of the dome, rings extending horizontally

derived from one of the platonic or Archimedean

around the dome.

solids, or from a prism or anti-prism.

Ribbed Dome (Case Study 09)

Spatial Quality : Confined Opening

Folded Plate

Orly Airport (1923)

Paris, France

Eugene Freyssinet

YTIDIGIR Orly

hangars

concrete early

are

among

structures

twentieth

made

century.

the

impressive 1923,

the

French engineer Freyssinet would project to house and protect dirigibles in the Paris-Orly airport. He was the very first person to come up with the idea of having a folded roof structure. The plates

diulf

are uniquely designed such that they can fit with the mutual edges. This technical complex consists of two vaulted aisles over 300 meters long 60 height, formed by parabolic arcs along a longitudinal directrix. For

its

sliding

implementation formwork

would

system

use

placed

a in

position by hydraulic jacks Freyssinet group

would

design

specifically

reusable building blocks. Thereby, tried to simplify, and thus cheapen, throughout the construction process and application of materials necessary for such spaces.

Folded Plate (Case Study 10)

Spatial Quality : Fluid Rigidity

The folded plates of the hangars are rather very simplified and straight to the point. They allow for openings to be present at both front and back end of tunnel-like space.

Openly Naked The form of the hangars speak fluidity in such a way that it is plain linear. The voids created by the folded plates add to the sense of space and aesthetic images of the interior space. Their forms and shapes are repetitive which can also be seen on the external envelope of the hangars.

Revealing Openings The small openings in each hangar are heavily responsible to provide light to the space during the day. They are arranged in an orderly manner with standardised shape. This allows every area of the interior space to be lighted up evenly.

Folded Plate (Case Study 10)

Spatial Quality : Fluid Rigidity

WHAT ARE FOLDED PLATES? Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their edges in such a way that the structural system is capable of carrying loads without the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges. The principal of folding as a tool to develop a general structure shape has been known for a long time. Folded structure systems which are analogous to several biological systems such as broadleaf-tree leaves, petals and foldable insect wings, are adopted to be employed in a new technical way.

LEAF OF PALM TREE

INSECT WING

SEASHELLS

The term folded structure defines a folded form of construction, including structures derived from elements which form a folded structure by their mutual relationship in space.

In this structure, a folded plate structure is combined with a barrel vault. For the same width of element, the transverse bending moments in the folded plates are usually larger than the barrel vault so it is important to keep the width of the plates so the slab will not be thick. The form is not especially suitable for long spans since the structural efficiency of the folded plate is not very great. However, it does provide a chance to develop an unusual form.

SHEET OF PAPER SPANNING

PRINCIPLE OF A FOLDED

BETWEEN SUPPORTS

PLATE STRUCTURE

When a piece of A4 paper span between two

This principle has been used to make structures

supports about 250mm apart, the paper will simply

which have little rigidity (such as the sheet of A4

sag and fall between two supports, as shown in

paper) into something more rigid and therefore

the images above.

structurally useful.

This

under

One common example is steel sheet. Steel sheet is

compression. When weight is put on the sheet of

not particularly strong, but its strength is improved

paper, it buckles because of how thin it is. It has

by forming it into a sine wave profile and using it

no strength along the thin direction.

for roofing or fencing.

Folded Plate (Case Study 10)

because

paper

very

weak

Spatial Quality : Fluid Rigidity

Shell

TWA Terminal (1962)

New York City, United States

Eero Saarine

CONDENSED and

E X P A N S I V E The TWA Flight Center is an airport

corners.

The

design

incorporates

terminal and hotel complex at New York' s

elements of the Futurist and Neo-futurist

John F. Kennedy International Airport.

architectural styles. Its layout is designed

The original terminal building, or head

to be to relate to its small wedged-

house, operated as a terminal from 1962

shaped site, with walkways, and gates

to 2002 and was adaptively repurposed

placed at acute angles.

in 2017 as part of the TWA Hotel. The head house is partially encircled by a

The TWA Flight Center' s head house is a

replacement terminal building completed

two-storey

in 2008, as well as by the hotel buildings.

composed of four concrete shells: two

The head house of the TWA Flight Center

upward

is a pioneering example of thin-shell

which resemble wings, and two smaller

construction, consisting of a reinforced

shells

concrete shell roof supported at the

front and back of the structure.

Shell (Case Study 11)

structure.

slanting slanting

shells

The at

downward

roof the

edges,

toward

the

Spatial Quality : Condensed and Expansive

Symmetrical Curvatures The fluidity of the terminal’s exterior was carried faithfully through its interior, as well. The vaulting of the roof shell allowed for a spacious and free-flowing interior layout, almost entirely devoid of spatial boundaries. Every element, whether structural or circulatory, was carried out in this fashion; staircases all curved, and even the columns supporting upper walkways were seamlessly melded into both the ground and the ceilings. Visitors entered the space under a cantilevered marquee, progressing from the ticketing spaces at ground level to the restaurants and meeting rooms above 'Condensed and Expansive'.

Bold Penetration The natural light that comes into the space are rather very broadcasting and purposeful. They creep into the space at specific angles and openings of the building such that they highlight certain elements in the space.

Shell (Case Study 11)

Spatial Quality : Condensed and Expansive

WHAT IS A SHELL? Shell structures resemble arches curved in two dimensions, and as such are often called vaults or domes, depending on their shape. A variation of shell structures is monocoque or stress-skinned structures. The structure of a car, ship or plane comprises a framework sandwiched between thin, curved external panels. Occasionally, this type of structure finds its way into civil engineering. Shell structures with a rounded outer surface are usually stronger than those with a flat outer surface, because the curved areas distribute the load around the whole surface. Having a hollow interior means that shell structures are lighter than solid structures. They are also often stronger than frame structures and are therefore commonly used to provide protection.

The term "shell" is used to describe the structures which possess strength and rigidity due to its thin, natural and curved form such as the shell of an egg, a nut, human skull, shell of a tortoise. The curvatures of the building provide a simplicity and

STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

elegance in their aesthetics. On top of that, the appeal of

OF A SHELL STRUCTURE

the

uninterrupted

span

and

the

smoothness

the

curvature. It all boils down to their structural efficiency.

Shell structures can support themselves as the curvature

he shape is intuitive, and natural. We arrive at that form

increases the ‘geometric stiffness’ of the shell, but is also

because,

d e r i v e d f r o m t h e f l o w o f f o r c e s. T h e s h a p e o f t h e s h e l l i s

environment obey the same physical laws and constraints.

nature,

shell

structures

the

built

in reaction to the loads and environmental conditions.

MATERIALITY - CONCRETE

In general, thin concrete shell structures

are

construction relatively

thin

reinforced without supports

lightweight

composed shell

made

concrete,

the

use

given

of an

usually internal open

unobstructed interior.

Shell (Case Study 11)

Spatial Quality : Condensed and Expansive

Tensile

Membrane

'Shooting Vaults' Installation (2015)

Cahors, France

Atelier YokYok

CAGE U

The

' Shooting

Vaults'

landscape-themed

one

installations

cathedral into one. A mixture of pointed

and rounded arches were used.

display through June in Cahors, France, as part of the 2015 Cahors June Festival.

The

The festival began in 2006, and has

supported by metal frames that moves

become an innovative and creative event

into

of international attention. The installation

converging then weaving again around

was

the metal supports. They are strategically

immersive experience of strings and light

and aesthetically installed in such a way

at St. Stephen’s Cathedral. The cathedral

that they provide spaces of intimacy to

is a stone masonry that was built in the

the occupants. The strings allow for the

11th

strings

playful display of openings and closings

stretches along the courtyard in arches

that are rather obtrusive yet hidden at the

that connects the 4 points of the

same time.

done

century,

Atelier

the

Tensile Membrane (Case Study 12)

YokYok

bright

blue

strings the

itself

center

are of

the

structurally courtyard,

Spatial Quality : Unconfined Cage

Heightened Awareness The occlusion and revelation seen in the gaps between the strings create a sense of heightened awareness as occupants are very much aware of their surroundings both in the inside and out. It is through the implementation of "string walls" that act as a boundary and connection to the outside space, brings out the mental excitement and anticipation and personal connection.

Structurally supported by metal frames, the strings move uninterrupted towards the center of the courtyard where they converge and then weave around the metal supports. Much like the larger cloister, which is identified by its open walkway with a wall on one side and open space on the other, The Shooting Vaults create a secondary cloister within its center, opening up to a circular patch of vegetation.

The role of the installation allows the spatial

experience

transitioning

between spaces while being physically present in one. This is made possible by the enthralling use of strings. As clear as they can be seen as a space divider that influences how the space occupants move around within, they do not speak so much of being restrictive and confined like a typical concrete wall.

Tensile Membrane (Case Study 12)

Spatial Quality : Unconfined Cage

WHAT IS A TENSILE MEMBRANE? Tensile membrane structures are thin shell structures that carry only tension, and no bending or compression with the support of a lightweight structural system. Most tensile structures are supported by some form of compression or bending elements, such as masts (as in The O2, formerly the Millennium Dome), compression rings or beams. They are usually made of Polyethersulfone (PES), Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) or Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated fiberglass in which they are flexible in nature. Tensile membrane structures are most often used for roofs and canopies. They may also be used as complete buildings, with a few common applications being sports facilities, warehousing and storage buildings, and exhibition venues. They are indeed capable of creating unique private and public spaces. TYPES OF TENSION FABRIC STRUCTURES

MAST-SUPPORTED

ARCH SUPPORTED

Tent-like in appearance, mast supported structures

Curved compression members are used as the main

typically have one or sometimes several peaks that

supporting elements and cross arches are used for

are supported by either interior or perimeter masts.

lateral stability.

The fabric is attached to the interior mast by special

The buckling length of the arch chord can also be

connections, usually a bale ring or cable loop.

reduced by discretely or continuously supporting the

They are suitable for long span roofs.

chord with tension elements or systems comprised of cables or membranes.

Centre des Arts du

The Cloud

Cirque de Toulouse

SADDLE ROOF Four or more point system when the fabric is stretched between a set of alternating high and low points.

COMBINATIONS Combination of several support types Base Plate (fig.1) - concrete foundation pillar Membranes (fig. 2) - PVC coated polyester/ silicon coated glass/ PTFE Bale Ring/Membrane Plate (fig. 3) - bale rings are used at the top of conical shapes Different types of Fabric Membrane (fig. 4) - PVC/ teflon glass/ silicon glass

The Scotiabank Saddledome Tensile Membrane (Case Study 12)

Spatial Quality : Unconfined Cage

Pneumatic Membrane

Our Tampines Hub (2017)

Tampines, Singapore

DP Architects

L I B E R A T I N G A F F I N I T Y Designed in 2011, completed in 2017,

Apart from providing spaces for large-

Our Tampines Hub (OTH) is Singapore' s

scaled community gathering and events,

first and largest integrated community

there

and lifestyle hub.

humanised spaces, conducive for small

Its design concept

aims to enrich residents’ lives through offering

various

activities

are

also

multiple

intimate

and

group interaction and bonding activities.

and

programmes.

The

array

visually

connected

communal spaces, encourage exchanges, The

hub

respond form

is to

designed

surrounding

and

massing,

surrounding

nodes

sensitively

factors,

to and

from

bonding

and

promote

greater

social

cohesion, to make OTH a truly inclusive

integrating

and

modes

environment for specially for Tampines

memorable

shared

community

connectivity.

residents.

In 2019, it won the top BCA award for

The design of the festive spine is to

community-focused

perform as a natural gathering space for

design.

The

development bagged the Platinum Award

the

as it offers a comprehensive and diverse

ethylene

range of services and programmes for

pillow

people

provides shelter to maximise residents’

abilities.

different

Not

generations

forgetting

variety

eateries and enterprises present. Pneumatic Membrane (Case Study 13)

and of

residents roof

whereby

the

tetrafluoroethylene encourages

use

(ETFE)

daylight

and

comfort. Spatial Quality : Liberating Affinity

Intimate Humanised Spaces Given the fact that the hub is large because of its open volumes and high ceilings, it is only reasonable that it also provide small spaces - spaces where occupants do not feel alienated. Spaces where they can feel at home do about their normal activities. Justifying the fact that Our Tampines Hub is indeed a communal space in a

A Greener Space. The

hub

incorporates

myriad

neighbourhood setting.

shade-tolerant plants within its 5-storey high atrium. Umbrella trees, as well as Ficus

species

and

palm

species,

providing a lush setting for seating and event areas. Its green walls not only help in purifying the surrounding air, they

also

lifespan

help

protection

extend from

facade external

influences such as the sun, rain, wind and temperature fluctuations.

A sustainable material. Layers of glass fibre reinforced concrete (GFRC) panels on each storey, with textures and patterns can be seen on every floor. There are many reasons as to why more and more projects are leaning towards the use of this very material; they are inorganic in nature and is also fire resistant, cheaper than other building materials that are available in the market and have the ability to recreate many architectural styles and designs.

Pneumatic Membrane (Case Study 13)

Spatial Quality : Liberating Affinity

WHAT IS A PNEUMATIC MEMBRANE? Pneumatic structure, the structure of the membrane which is stabilised by compressed air pressure. Internal air pressure supports air-supported systems. Inside this bubble, the air pressure rises slightly above the average ambient pressure and is maintained by compressors or ventilators. Generally, pneumatic membrane structures are light in weight, low cost, have the ability to cover large spans without internal support, Our Tampines Hub uses Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) as part of its building envelope. ETFE is a plastic derivative that is frequently used as a building material in the form of ETFE membranes. The material is characterized by high light and UV transmittance, temperature resistance and very low weight. ETFE film is a hundred times lighter than glass and allows more sunlight to pass through. As a result, it is often used for the construction of light-transmissive roofs .

The use of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE)

other properties of ETFE;

pillow roof allow for easy penetration of natural

High Mechanical Strength

lighting during the day aside from providing

High Chemical Resistance

shelter, maximising Tampines residents' comfort.

Superior thermal and electrical properties

Because ETFE is a semi-transparent material, it can also be used as a viable replacement for glass or traditional plastic. ETFE is an attractive replacement for glass because it maintains 1% the weight of glass, yet transmits 25% more light and is less expensive to install.

The use of ETFE is rather quite rare here in Singapore. I was able to spot the use of material in the roofing of Marina Bay MRT Station. (during a site visit to Marina One)

With that said, ETFE has its own disadvantages too. It has a relatively short service life, has poor fire resistance and there is the need for continuous maintenance of excess pressure in the envelope or enclosed membrane. Also, ETFE transmits more sound than glass, and can be too noisy for some places. For a roof subject to raindrops, the workaround is to add another layer of film, thus decreasing the deafening drumbeats of rain but increasing the construction price. Pneumatic Membrane (Case Study 13)

Spatial Quality : Liberating Affinity

01 Study Model ONE WAY FRAME . DIAGRID FRAME . BARREL VAULT

SEEING THE UNSEEN

Study Model 01

Spatial Quality : Seeing the Unseen

The use of these intersecting cutout cardboard pieces is to give off the

The intertwining of the jute rope shows

impression of flexibility - that as much as

the rigidity of a diagrid frame. In general,

it is a structural system, it can be seen as

they contain things, or simply keep them

a decorative feature as well. In a sense, it

together in an enclosed space, somewhat

adds value to the overall aesthetic vibe and images of the space.

DIAGRID FRAME(1)

BARREL VAULT By having barrel vaults of different sizes and lengths, I am able to show the kind of intimacy that they bring to a space. The

acting like the ribcage of our skeletal system or the shell of an animal.

DIAGRID FRAME(2)

ONE WAY FRAME My attempt was to make the one way frame subtle enough to complement any

composition of enclosing circles as seen add

space, yet still a bold accent

on to the sense of space, in an actual setting,

when all the other elements

they can make the surrounding elements and

come together.

landscape to be part of the whole space.

Study Model 01

Spatial Quality : Seeing the Unseen

02 Study Model BARREL VAULT . CROSS VAULT . CELLULAR VAULT

COMPLEX ENGAGEMENT

Study Model 02

Spatial Quality : Complex Engagement

BARREL VAULT The use of barrel vault in this particular space exposes viewers to the surrounding landscape in a quite seamless way. In such a way that it uncovers the view in such a seductive manner - obstructed by the cellular vault but still revealing in a sense. Overall it adds to the sense of space and can make the landscape a part of the building.

CELLULAR VAULT The use of cellular vault (tessellation) here provides sections of spaces that are intimate and quite segregated from the rest of the shared spaces. This allows occupants to mold a close relationship with the enclosed spaces where they would feel a sense of belonging or attachment. Because of how they overhangs above the occupants, it gives them this impression that they are protected. (I put the emphasis on the "skeletal part" of the tessellation rather than its tiling.)

CROSS VAULT I wanted to challenge the typical pre-conceived image of what a cross vault has to look like - large open volume, foreign, alienating. Cross vaults can also be intimate with the overall space as well as its occupants whilst still looking majestic in a more enclosed space.

Study Model 02

Spatial Quality : Complex Engagement

03 Study Model DOME . SURFACE DOME . RIBBED DOME

CONFINED OPENING

Study Model 03

Spatial Quality : Confined Opening

MUGHAL DOME

LANTERN

Subtle boldness in the form of the dome, adding on to the

CUPOLA

sense of space. DRUM

GEODESIC DOME The use of wood for its materiality bonds its occupants and nature further, narrowing the gap between the inside and outside space.

RIBBED-RING SHAPE DOME A space that is neither inside nor outside and therefore provides a better space for a meeting between man and nature.

Study Model 03

Spatial Quality : Confined Opening

04 Study Model FOLDED PLATE . SHELL . TENSILE MEMBRANE

UNCONFINED CAGE

Study Model 04

Spatial Quality : Unconfined Cage

TENSILE MEMBRANE My attempt on allowing the tensile membrane to be the "space segregator" by playing with its tensional integrity and different points of elevation.

SHELL FOLDED PLATE

To incorporate that sense of rigidity and to capture viewers'

This structure is responsible for

attention by its condensed and

bringing in the exterior into the

expansive outlook.

interior with such fluidity in a way that it expresses a freeflowing layout, almost entirely devoid of spatial boundaries.

Study Model 04

Spatial Quality : Unconfined Cage

The Inspiration behind my models are based on my very own understanding of the different structural systems that are shared in class. So to say, I have expressed them differently in such a way, as to how I perceive them to be influencing the space.

REFERENCES One Way Frame https: //www. archdaily. com/574575/material-masters-glass-is-more-with-mies-van-der-rohe https: //www. dezeen. com/2020/07/22/farnsworth-house-installation-replicates-decor-edi thfarnsworth/ https: //www. dezeen. com/2019/11/05/centre-pompidou-piano-rogers-high-tech-archi tecture/ https: //frenchmoments. eu/pompidou-centre-paris/

Two Way Frame https: //architizer. com/blog/inspiration/stories/architectural-details-wiel-arets-academy-of-the-artarchitecture/ http: //www. archaic-mag. com/academy-of-art-architecture-wiel-arets-architects/ https: //www. archdaily. com/171315/flashback-academy-of-art-architecture-wi el-arets-archi tects

Diagrid Frame https: //i. pinimg. com/originals/bc/30/ae/bc30ae959a10bfa2ad71fd6d4ddd1f26. j pg https: //www. archdaily. com/64028/ad-classics-centre-georges-pompidou-renzo-pi ano-ri chard-rogers https: //www. dezeen. com/2019/11/05/centre-pompidou-piano-rogers-high-tech-archi tecture/ https: //uk. france. fr/en/paris/article/centre-pompidou

Barrel Vault https: //www. archdaily. com/951405/ofma-offices-in-a-vineyard-mapaa https: //www. designboom. com/architecture/mapaa-architects-concrete-vaults-ofma-offi ce-chi le-0902-2019/ https: //www. northernarchitecture. us/frame-construction/vaulted-loadbearing-structures-i n-soli dconstruction. html https: //www. britannica. com/topic/architecture/Vault

Cross Vault https: //www. archdaily. com/792096/ad-classics-grundtvigs-church-peder-wilhelm-j ensen-kli nt http: //lineshapecolour. blogspot. com/2015/10/copenhagen-denmark-part-two. html https: //www. pinterest. com/search/pins/? q=modern%20cross%20vault&rs=typed&term_meta[]=modern%7Ctyped&term_meta[]=cross%7Ctyp ed&term_meta[]=vault%7Ctyped

REFERENCES

Complex Rib Vault http://www.bbc.co.uk/england/sevenwonders/southwest/exeter_cath_mm/index.shtml#:~:text=The% 20Cathedral%20of%20St%20Peter,started%20rebuilding%20work%20around%201290. https://travelpast50.com/exeter-cathedral-england/? utm_medium=social&utm_source=pinterest&utm_campaign=tailwind_tribes&utm_content=tribes&ut m_term=1032258834_43359734_852550

Cellular Vault https://www.archdaily.com/489778/sxsw-features-parametric-vault-designed-by-ota-and-ut-students

Surface Dome https://www.archdaily.com/870649/dome-of-visions-atelier-kristoffer-tejlgaard https://geo-dome.co.uk/article.asp?uname=basic_analysis_dome

Ribbed Dome https://www.archdaily.com/870649/dome-of-visions-atelier-kristoffer-tejlgaard

Folded Plate https://arquiscopio.com/archivo/2013/02/02/hangares-para-dirigibles-de-orly/?lang=en

Shell https://www.archdaily.com/788012/ad-classics-twa-flight-center-eero-saarinen

https://www.archdaily.com/642852/atelier-yokyok-designs-an-enchanting-string-installation-incahors

Tensile Membrane https://www.archdaily.com/642852/atelier-yokyok-designs-an-enchanting-string-installation-incahors https://www.dezeen.com/2015/06/10/atelier-yokyok-vaulted-blue-string-tunnels-installations-gothiccloister-garden-french-cathedral-les-voutes-filantes/

Pneumatic Membrane https://www.constructionplusasia.com/sg/tampines-hub-oth/

I believe that a good designer is an even better storyteller; by telling a great story, one can create a vision and guide the direction of an idea that improves the way we live, work, and play and also exchange values, opinions and knowledge. Safe to say, this module has provided me with a platform to do just that.