Medusa era' Monograph - PRELIMINARY RESERCH

漂蕩於海洋中的水母，既透明又神秘，

即使全身透明也很難看"透"他們。作為

海洋最原始的生命，一直都保持原始型

態存活至今，幾乎是水的軀體，在海洋

中無處不在，彷彿是活著的海水般。透

過結合「水母、環境、海洋生態」等關

鍵字去描述水母的各種資訊，他們本身

是什麼樣的存在?人類與水母之間的關

係?水母在海洋中扮演的角色。

Preface

Drifting in the ocean, jellyfish are both transparent and mysterious, making it difficult to "see through" them even though they are entirely transparent. As one of the most primitive life forms in the ocean, they have remained unchanged in their original form, almost like bodies of water themselves. Describing various aspects of jellyfish by combining keywords such as "jellyfish, environment, marine ecology," reveals their nature, their relationship with humans, and the role they play in the ocean. 前言

PRELIMINARY RESERCH

前期調研

計畫理念 主題發想

議題調研 資料盤點

認識水母

水母與環境

水母與人類

JELLYFISH FACTS!

CONCEPT GET TO KNOW JELLYFISH

JELLYFISH AND ENVIRONMENT

JELLYFISH AND HUMANS

主題發想

MOTIVATION

起初認為水母是種很特別的生物，深入觀察後

便被他們吸引，開始想了解這種生物，但當我

們去查找資料時，才發現水母的資料相對較少，

且網路上的中文資料都不完整，因此才希望透 過設計去介紹水母的想法。

Initially, I thought jellyfish were fascinating creatures. Upon closer observation, I became intrigued by them and started to seek understanding about this organism. However, as I delved into research, I realized that information about jellyfish is relatively scarce, and the Chinese resources available online are often incomplete. Therefore, I hope to introduce jellyfish through design as a means to address this gap.

特別的生物

重新整合

查找資料

賦予意義

資料盤點 INVENTORY

水母在世界上的種類

超過 2000 種

人類實際認識和了解的

僅有 200 多種

缽水母綱 約25種

Scyphozoa

水螅綱 約7種

Hydrozoa

箱形水母綱 約2種

Cubozoa

水母在世界上擁有2000+品種，但人類實際 了解的僅有200多種，我們篩選出 34 種常見 且資料充足的水母來作為科普主要方向。

Jellyfish are known to have over 2,000 species worldwide, yet human understanding is limited to just over 200 species. We have selected 34 commonly encountered jellyfish species with sufficient data to serve as the primary focus for educational purposes.

計畫理念

CONCEPT

透過水母的形態與結合流水感的繪畫進行

設計，展現水母獨特的美感與神秘的氛圍。

除了透過圖鑑傳遞水母的生物數據資料外，

也透過水母來審視我們與環境之間的關係。

Through the design incorporating the morphology of jellyfish and the flowing sense of watercolor painting, we aim to showcase the unique beauty and mysterious atmosphere of jellyfish. In addition to conveying biological data about jellyfish through a pictorial guide, we also aim to use jellyfish as a lens to examine the relationship between ourselves and the environment.

議題調研

ISSUE

深入資料與訪查後，我們發現人類與環境 正在面對的「水母大爆發」的問題，是原

始物種生命力的綻放？還是人類肆意妄為

而導致的惡果？還是地球調節環境的間 奏？還是新世紀的開幕曲？

After thorough research and investigation, we have found that the issue of "jellyfish blooms" facing humans and the environment could be interpreted in various ways: Is it the flourishing vitality of primitive species? Or the dire consequences of human recklessness? Is it an interlude in Earth's environmental regulation? Or perhaps the opening anthem of the new century?

認識水母

JELLYFISH FACTS!

水母分佈與外觀

是負責防禦掠食者和捕獲獵物，且以4為倍數 的對稱形態。雖然水母的運動能力很弱，但透

過無所不在的洋流與風力，他們就能到處旅行，

因此常常看到來自遠方的水母。除了可能來自

遙遠的西邊，也可能來自深淵。還有極少數的

水螅綱水母是棲息於淡水中。

Distribution & appearance

Jellyfish are members of the planktonic community, characterized by umbrella-shaped bell bodies and tentacles. They generate propulsion by contracting their bell-shaped bodies. Tentacles serve both as defense against predators and for capturing prey, typically arranged in multiples of four in a symmetrical pattern.

Despite their limited swimming abilities, jellyfish can travel extensively through omnipresent ocean currents and winds, leading to sightings of jellyfish from distant locations. They may originate from far-off western regions or even from the depths of the abyss. Additionally, a very small minority of jellyfish from the class Hydrozoa inhabit freshwater environments. 水母是浮游生物的一員。擁有傘狀的體盤和條 狀的觸手。能通過體盤收縮製造推進力。觸手

水母除了透明無色的印象色外，還有沿海 水母的「共生藻」色，除了供給水母能量外， 也為水母帶來繽紛的色彩，同時共生藻的 數量也會影響水母體色與身體狀態。深海 水母則呈現的暗色系，且大部分具有生物 發光能力，能在漆黑的深海中傳遞訊息。

Apart from the transparent and colorless impression commonly associated with jellyfish, coastal species often exhibit hues derived from symbiotic algae. These algae not only provide energy to the jellyfish but also introduce vibrant colors to their appearance

Additionally, the abundance of symbiotic algae can influence the jellyfish's coloration and overall physical condition. In contrast, deep-sea jellyfish tend to display darker shades, with many possessing bioluminescent capabilities that allow them to communicate in the pitch-black depths of the ocean.

特殊習性—垂直遷徙

部分水母會進行晝夜垂直遷徙，垂直遷徙

有分3種：晝夜性、季節性、生命階段性，

水母是以晝夜性為主。利用洋流的方向輔

助上升下降，能躲避掠食者，同時也可以

透過低溫的環境降低代謝速度，還能避免

來自太陽的紫外線傷害。

Diel vertical migration

Some jellyfish undergo diel vertical migration, which consists of three types: diurnal, seasonal, and life-stage-specific. Jellyfish primarily engage in diurnal migration. They utilize ocean currents to assist in their vertical movement, enabling them to evade predators. Additionally, they can lower their metabolic rates in cooler environments and avoid damage from ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

浮游生物

小型水母

魚卵 Plankton small jellyfish fish eggs

水母食物

水母以微型的浮游生物為主要食物，部分

水母會捕捉小型魚類、甲殼類等等。有些 大型水母甚至會將觸手伸向小型水母。同

時也有只通過共生藻給予能量的水母。

Biological diet

Jellyfish primarily feed on microscopic plankton, although some may also capture small fish, crustaceans, and other prey. Certain large jellyfish even extend their tentacles towards smaller jellyfish. Additionally, there are jellyfish species that rely solely on energy provided by symbiotic algae.

水母存在時間 >500,000,000year 認識水母

存在時間

水母存在至少五億年，是非常古老的生命，現今的型

態幾乎沒有變化。水母擁有複雜的生命週期，並且分 為有性生殖與無性生殖世代，大多數種類的生長速度

都很快，在野外幾個月內就會達到性成熟，但繁殖後

很快就會死亡。附著在海底的水螅體壽命會比水母體

來的更長，不過他們會視環境決定繁衍或是進入下一 階段的週期。通常受食物供應的影響，因此他們的生 命週期相對不穩定，加上水母體以外的體型肉眼幾乎 不可見，這讓科學家在研究水母上相當有難度。

人類存在時間 >5,000,000year

Time of existence

Some jellyfish undergo diel vertical migration, which consists of three types: diurnal, seasonal, and life-stage-specific. Jellyfish primarily engage in diurnal migration. They utilize ocean currents to assist in their vertical movement, enabling them to evade predators. Additionally, they can lower their metabolic rates in cooler environments and avoid damage from ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

物種分類

CLASSIFICATION

水母主要被分為四大綱，缽水母綱、水螅綱、箱形水母綱、十字水

母綱，但十字水母綱因缺乏相關研究與資料，在野外也比較難以察

覺，所以主要以介紹另外三大綱為主 。

不同綱之下又分類為各種的目，不同目之間的物種，有各自的特徵、 生活習性以及棲息的環境等等。

Jellyfish are primarily classified into four main classes: Scyphozoa, Hydrozoa, Cubozoa, and Staurozoa. However, the Staurozoa class is less studied and documented, making it difficult to observe in the wild, so the focus is primarily on introducing the other three main classes.

Within each class, there are various orders, each containing species with their own distinct characteristics, behaviors, and habitats.

缽水母綱

Scyphozoa

旗口水母目

根口水母目

冠水母目

水螅綱

Hydrozoa

箱形水母綱

Cubozoa

花水母目

管水母目

淡水水母目

箱形水母目

The scientific name translates to "mouth resembling a flag." It is one of the orders under the class Scyphozoa, characterized by a mouth that is square-shaped and resembles a flag. It has four long, frilled oral arms on each side of the mouth. The umbrella-shaped body is discoid with a fan-shaped margin and eight tentacles. Most large jellyfish belong to this order, including the largest jellyfish

物種分類

根口水母目

該目的特色是傘體的邊緣沒有觸手或其他構造。

牠們的口會伸出八條高度分支的口腕，並具有吸

盤構造的胃囊，用於捕食小型的浮游生物。該目

的物種毒性大多比較弱，因此成為有商業價值的 佳肴或中醫藥材。

Rhizostomeae

The distinguishing feature of this order is the absence of tentacles or other structures at the margin of the umbrella. Instead, they have eight highly branched oral arms extending from the mouth, and their stomach pouches possess suckers for capturing small planktonic organisms. Species within this order generally have mild venom, making them valuable as delicacies in culinary or traditional Chinese medicine.

物種分類

冠水母目

體型呈現圓屋頂形、錐形或扁平型，在外傘周遭有一層

深溝，其將傘體分成上下兩部分，相對應的胃囊也被分

Coronatae

The body shape is either dome-shaped, conical, or flat, with a deep groove surrounding the outer umbrella, dividing it into upper and lower parts, corresponding to the stomach pouch which is also divided into two parts. Below the deep groove lies a ring of pedaliums, beneath which are the tentacles. The umbrella edge has tentacle bulbs, resembling a "crown," hence the name.

Most species in this order are deep-sea creatures capable of bioluminescence, often emitting light when startled to distract predators' attention.

物種分類

該目與其他箱形水母的區別在於 其立方狀體盤的角上存在分支的 肌肉基部，以及與胃腔相關的小 球囊。它們通常在每個角落都有 多個觸手。 箱形水母目

Chirodropida

The distinction of this order from other Cubomedusae lies in the presence of branched muscle bases at the corners of its cuboid body disc, along with small sacs associated with the stomach cavity. They typically have multiple tentacles at each corner.

物種分類

花水母目

屬於水螅綱-軟水母亞綱下的一目，其目下擁有超過

1200種。該目物種大多都以水螅階段存活，螅體外沒

有堅固的圍鞘，有些是單獨生長，部分則是群體生長。

在水母階段的時，大多數物種在觸手上具有特化的刺細

胞，以黏附性及誘捕性來捕食，而不是像其他水母用刺 穿和中毒的方式，此目在分類上有相當多的爭議性。

Anthoathecata

Belonging to the class Hydrozoa, under the subclass Leptolinae, this order comprises over 1200 species. Most of the species in this order primarily exist in the hydroid stage, lacking a sturdy perisarc. Some grow individually, while others grow in colonies. During the medusa stage, most species have specialized cnidocytes on their tentacles, employing adhesive and trapping mechanisms for feeding rather than stinging and poisoning like other jellyfish. This order is subject to considerable controversy in classification.

淡水水母目 物種分類

屬於水螅綱-硬水母亞綱下的一目，該目大部分 為淡水的物種，但也有生活在海水或汽水域的， 水螅蟲會裸露並在水螅的莖分枝，水母體通常 四個徑向管(也有六個的)，沒有眼點，水母體 的物種非常少，屬於一種小型的水母。在世界 各地的溫帶地區都曾發現該目動物的存在。

Limnomedusae

Belonging to the class Hydrozoa, under the subclass Leptolinae, this order consists primarily of freshwater species, although some inhabit marine or brackish waters. Hydroids expose themselves and branch on the stems. Medusae typically have four radial canals (though some have six) and lack ocelli. Species of medusae within this order are quite rare and are considered small-sized jellyfish. They have been documented in temperate regions worldwide.

物種分類

管水母目

屬於水螅綱-軟水母亞綱下的一目。管水

母是複雜的生物體，表面上看似為個體

生物，實質上是有大量的水母或螅肉個

體組成的群體聚落，在型態和功能上都

有專門化，分別負責繁殖、消化、漂浮、

移動和保持身體平衡等，大多生活在遠洋

或深海區域四處漂浮，某些物種能發出紅

色的生物光。

Siphonophorae

水母與環境

JELLYFISH AND ENVIRONMENT

方舟

除了在食物鏈中是初階的消費者外，他提供了部

分生物棲息環境，也提供了部分幼年海洋生物與

頂級掠食者營養。起初認為水母的天敵較少，加

上不斷增殖的數量，讓一派人認為「水母是食物

鏈的死結」。但並不同於一派則是認為，水母在 海洋中也許是一艘孕育生命的「方舟」。

Apart from being primary consumers in the food chain, jellyfish provide habitats for some marine organisms and serve as a source of nutrition for certain juvenile marine species and top predators.

Initially, it was believed that jellyfish had few natural predators, coupled with their increasing numbers, leading some to view them as a "dead end" in the food chain. However, others argue that

水母與環境

片利共生

部分螃蟹會躲藏於水母之中尋求庇護外，

有時也會啃食水母本身，像是砲彈水母與

蜘蛛蟹之間的關係。有些底棲型螃蟹還會

利用後肢抓著仙后水母當作防禦裝甲來防

止掠食者攻擊。

Commensalism

Some crabs seek refuge within jellyfish for protection, while others may occasionally nibble on the jellyfish themselves, as seen in the relationship between cannonball jellyfish and spider crabs.

Some bottom-dwelling crabs even use their hind legs to grasp onto upside-down jellyfish as defensive armor against predators.

藻華現象

也稱為「水體優養化」，因水中營養鹽或 是各種化學成分升高，讓水中的藻類大量 增殖，間接導致浮游生物過度繁殖而出現 的災害，水母能控制浮游生物的數量降低 藻華發生的機率，也能隨著洋流把營養帶 到其他地方，創造良好的能量循環效益。

Algal bloom

Also known as "eutrophication," it refers to the increase in nutrients or various chemical compounds in the water, leading to the proliferation of algae. This, in turn, indirectly results in the overpopulation of planktonic organisms and the occurrence of disasters. Jellyfish can control the population of planktonic organisms, reducing the likelihood of algal blooms. They can also transport nutrients to other areas along with ocean currents, creating a beneficial energy cycle.

水母與環境

天敵

大西洋海神海蛞蝓則是會吃下並蒐集僧帽水母、錢幣水 母、帆水母這類水母的刺細胞來當作自己的武器 。

稜皮龜和翻車魚需要水母提供的脂肪酸合成膠質，不過 因為他們容易被高級消費者獵殺，或著吃到類似水母的 塑膠袋導致慢性死亡，間接影響了水母數量的爆走。

海洋中有許多端足類的小型甲殼類生物，時常寄生在各 種水母身上，同時將水母作為庇護所和食物來源 。

鯊魚、虎鯨、旗魚等高級消費者偶爾也會吃水母補充所 需的營養。

natural enemy

The Atlantic sea slug, Glaucus atlanticus, consumes and collects the cnidocytes of jellyfish such as the Portuguese man o' war, moon jellyfish, and sail jellyfish as its own weapons

Leatherback turtles and sunfish rely on the jellyfish's synthesis of fatty acids to produce gelatin, but they are susceptible to being hunted by apex predators or ingesting plastic bags resembling jellyfish, leading to chronic deaths, indirectly impacting the proliferation of jellyfish.

Numerous crustaceans of the class Malacostraca, such as amphipods, often parasitize various species of jellyfish, using them as both a refuge and a food source

Apex predators like sharks, orcas, and swordfish occasionally consume jellyfish to supplement their nutritional needs.

水母與人類

JELLYFISH AND HUMANITY

水母爆發

因為人類排放大量化學物質和溫室效應的影響，出現了

「藻華」現象，間接的培育出適合水母的生存環境，讓 水母數量大量增加。對生態環境造成不小的衝擊。數量 失控的水母對人類的工業、漁業和觀光業造成嚴重的影

響，對國家造成經濟損失，也讓在海灘的遊客更容易接 觸到水母。一方面則是海洋垃圾讓水母天敵逐漸減少， 這也間接讓水母爆發情況持續惡化。

Jellyfish bloom

Due to the significant emissions of chemicals and the impacts of greenhouse gases from human activities, phenomena like algal blooms have emerged. These indirectly create suitable environments for jellyfish proliferation, leading to a significant increase in their numbers. This has had a considerable impact on the ecological environment.

Out-of-control jellyfish populations have severely affected industries such as industry, fisheries, and tourism, resulting in economic losses for countries and increasing the likelihood of beachgoers encountering jellyfish. On the other hand, marine debris has reduced the number of jellyfish predators, indirectly exacerbating the situation of jellyfish outbreaks.

過度捕撈

人類過度捕撈漁類，導致海洋食物鏈失衡，水母在缺

少天敵的控制下逐漸失控。除了跟小型漁類、幼魚搶

奪食物之外，有逐漸取代魚類主導海洋的趨勢，更開 始跟人類爭奪海洋的控制權。

Overfishing

Overfishing by humans has led to imbalances in the marine food chain, allowing jellyfish to proliferate without natural predators to control their populations. Besides competing with small fish and juveniles for food resources, there's a growing trend of jellyfish gradually replacing fish as dominant marine species, even starting to vie with humans for control over the oceans.

水母與臺灣

JELLYFISH IN TAIWAN

獲之中挾帶著大量水中。同時還伴隨著漁大量水母湧入魚塭之進行養殖漁業，發現帶，因使用抽取海水臺南市四草到土城一 母的新聞。 錢幣水母擱淺在福隆 海水浴場 ( 福隆跟野 柳很常見 ) 爆發，螫傷多民戲水僧帽水母在墾丁海域 民眾。 出現水母入侵魚塭的臺南石斑魚養殖場又 狀況。 東部沿海海岸出現大 量僧帽水母擱淺。嘉義布袋鎮龍宮溪出大量端鞭水母出現在海口附近。

水母與世界

JELLYFISH IN THE WORLD

域出沒，造成大量漁業越前水母在日本經濟海 損失。 入大量馬賽克水母導致母「雷根號」冷卻水吸停靠在澳洲的核動力航 停擺。 大量夜光游水母，讓上愛爾蘭鮭魚養殖場出現 百萬隻鮭魚窒息身亡。 中國青島發電廠遭大量 水母入侵。因海水溫度升高，導致 英國與美國西部沿岸發生大量水母擱淺。

每年固定9月到隔年5月前，高雄林園濕地公園的環境與氣溫合宜，能看到大量仙后水母在濕 地裡綻放的樣子，同時也是「全臺唯一的水母湖」。

2022 2023 澎湖發現大量僧帽水 母擱淺於海灘。 淺臺東東河鄉海岸七出現大量僧帽水母擱 里溪出海口。 出現在臺南鹽田中。仙后水母與端鞭水母 6月

7月 1月

11月

英國每年5、6月時常發生桶水母擱淺

2022-2023年間，英國人在附近海域與海灘上發現的水母增加了23%

水過濾池出現大量水母。蘇格蘭尼斯核電廠的海影響當地觀光、航運、以色列發生水母爆發，發電站等等。 域出沒，造成大量漁業越前水母在日本經濟海影響當地觀光、航運、以色列發生水母爆發，發電站等等。 損失。 海邊出現僧帽水母擱淺。因氣候異常，英國北部

水母螫傷應急

STING TREATMENT

各種水母所造成的螫傷，都有不同程度的影響。

個人體質的症狀也各不相同，可能會有暈眩、

噁心、呼吸和心臟問題等等。嚴重會發生一些

併發症，通常在48~72小時會發生過敏反應， 可能會導致水泡和皮疹等症狀。

Stings from various jellyfish species can have different degrees of impact. Symptoms vary depending on individual constitution and may include dizziness, nausea, respiratory and cardiac issues, among others. Severe cases may result in complications, typically manifesting allergic reactions such as blisters and rashes within 48 to 72 hours.

簡單的應急措施

1.使用海水沖洗患部（不能使用淡水）

2.用鑷子清除身上殘留的觸手

3.浸泡40度的溫水，讓毒性失去活性（僅箱型水母可以使用醋酸沖洗）

4.就醫檢查

嶺東科技大學 LTUVCD 24th

指導老師—郭中元 KUO, CHENG-YUAN

企畫編輯／企劃執行／美術插圖／科普文案／動態製作—蔡承勳 TSAI, CHENG-HSUN

書籍編排／系統編輯／字體設計—許瑋翔 HSU, WEI-HSIANG

主視覺設計／視覺形象／CIS設計—官振愷 KUAN, JEN-KAI

網站設計／影像創作—林竑均 LIN, HONG-JUN