मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of the Transgender Community

मुख्यधारा MAINSTREAMING THE MARGINALISED VIA A CASE OF THE TRANSGENDER COMMUNITY

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO RIZVI COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE OF MUMBAI UNIVERSITY BY MUDIT SEEMA VIJAY JAIN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020-21

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled

“मुख्यधारा” is the bonafide work of

Mudit Seema Vijay Jain Roll No. 1643

submitted to the faculty of Rizvi College of Architecture for Design Dissertation Semester IX-X, B.Arch. of University of Mumbai during the Academic Year 2020-21

Prof. Rekha Desai I/C Principal Rizvi College of Architecture

Prof. Saurabh Barde Guide Rizvi College of Architecture

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the report titled

“मुख्यधारा” submitted by me, for the fulfillment of the Bachelors of Architecture at Rizvi College of Architecture, Mumbai is the record of Design Dissertation carried out be me under the supervision of Prof.

Saurabh Barde.

I further declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where other’s ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I affirm that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misintepreted or falsified any idea/data/fact/source to the best of my knowledge. I understand that any violation of the above will cause for discliplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have been not cited properly.

Place: Mumbai Date: 27th May, 2021 Signature of the Candidate

Mudit Seema Vijay Jain

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis guide Prof. Saurabh Barde for guiding me throughout the research and design process with great patience and understanding which has let me convert my thoughts into something meaningful.

Many individuals have helped and supported me during various stages of this dissertation and I am extremely grateful to each and every individual who has in some way or other helped me during the process.

Firstly, I would like to thank my parents Seema & Vijay Jain and my family members for always being there to help and guide me.

I am extremely grateful to my friends Saksham Garg, Riyesh Patil, Manali Deshpande, Shrey Shah, Gauri Kanchan, Vatsala Shukla for their constant support, words of wisdom and endearment that has helped me accomplish my work. I would also like to thank Prathamesh Ingale, Shreya Pathrabe, Divya Bhambhra, Arunav Sinha, Sumran Hamdulay, Yashodhan Uncle, Disha Pinky Shaikh and other transgender individuals (whom I had interviewed) for chipping in with their help and support at various steps of the project.

Lastly, I would like to thank my seniors, juniors and respected faculties who through the five years have always been an indispensible resource and their support as well as compassion has made this project possible to a great extent.

SECTION A Semester IX

Research and Literature Study

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. List of Figures 1-6 2. My Experience 7-8 3. Abstract 9-10 4. Background 11-12 5. Introduction 13-14 5.1. Eunuch 13 5.2. Hijras in India - Historical Existence

14

5.3. Marginalisation of the transgenders

14

6. Aim, Objectives, Hypothesis 15-18 6.1. Aim of the research 15

6.2. Objectives of the research 16-17 6.3. Hypothesis of the research 17 6.4. Scope and Limitations 18

7. Review of Literature 19-104 7.1. Sex 19 7.2. Gender 19 7.3. Gender Expression 19 7.4. Gender Identity 20 7.5. Sexual Orientation 20 7.6. Transgender - The term 20-21 7.7. Mythical Texts and other mentions

22-26

7.8. Sub - Groups of the transgender community in India

26-28

7.9. Community Social Structure 29-31 7.10. Current Income Opportunities 31 7.11. Current scenario - Marginalisation & other factors

32-38

7.12. HIV Vulnerability 38-39 7.13. Recent Tragic Incidents 39-41 7.14. Executive Summary: Mapping & Size Estimation of Hijras

42-45

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 7.15. Study of human rights of transgenders

45-46

7.16. Legal Timeline 47-53 7.17. Work on trans inclusion at state level across India

54-67

7.18. Positive societal initiatives towards trans inclusion

68-85

7.19. Understanding and tackling psychological pain

86-89

7.20. Education and the role of teachers

89-92

7.21. Creativity and Art 93-96 7.22. Expression and Drama 97-103 7.23. Why kids needs to learn about gender and sexuality

104

8. Case Studies 105 8.1. Therme Vals by Peter Zumthor

105-108

8.2. Jewish Museum by Daniel Libeskind

109-112

8.3. Summary of both experiential spaces

113

9. Methodology 114-116 9.1. Factors resulting in marginalisation

114

9.2. Consequences of marginalisation

115

9.3. Understanding the requirements 115-116

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

B.Arch Design Dissertation

1. LIST OF FIGURES My Experience:

Fig 2.1. A typical encounter during travel via local trains Fig 2.2. A gossip session during the junior college years

Abstract:

Fig 3.1. Multiple Discrimination due to interplay of various personal characteristics Fig 3.2. Social Stigma & Discrimination Fig 3.3. Violence & Assault Fig 3.4. A Vicious Circle

Background:

Fig 4.1. Marginalisation as a tool Fig 4.2. Marginalised individual/s isolated from the Social System Fig 4.3. Gender Binary resulting in discrimination & Marginalisation Fig 4.4. Stigmatisation of transgender community

Introduction:

Fig 5.1. Common terms used to address transgenders in India Fig 5.2. Various sources of description and evidence of the transgender community in Indian history

Aim, Objectives, Hypothesis:

Fig 6.1. Aim of the research Fig 6.2. Investigating the current socio-economic standing Fig 6.3. Establishing a platform to fade away the divide Fig 6.4. Initiating collaboration & interaction Fig 6.5. Developing skills, capacity and confidence to earn dignity Fig 6.6. Tangible improvements for congenial social environment Fig 6.7. Skills and creativity as identity

Review of Literature:

Fig 7.1. The Genderbread person Fig 7.2. Male to female trans person Fig 7.3. Female to male trans person Fig 7.4. Transgender as an umbrella term Fig 7.5. Aravan, whose wife was the complete man

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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Review of Literature:

Fig 7.6. Aravanis in traditional attire during the Koovagam Festival Fig 7.7. Shikhandi, the earliest trans man Fig 7.8. Ram, who included all in his kingdown Fig 7.9. MalliNath Fig 7.10. Shiva, who included the female in his male body Fig 7.11. Senior Wives Playing Chaupar in the Zenana Court with Eunuchs Fig 7.12. East India Company Victimised Transgenders on the Basis of their Loyalty to the Mughals Fig 7.13. A hijra performing at an event Fig 7.14. Aravanis in Madurai Fig 7.15. A jogappa during the Yellamma jatra at Saundatti temple in North Karnataka Fig 7.16. Durgamma plays the shruti (one of Yellamma’s instruments) in the courtyard of Devi, a jogappa from a Dalit family Fig 7.17. Hijra Community hierarchy Fig 7.18. Hijra Community population distribution Fig 7.19. Duties of guru and chela Fig 7.20. Times of India Article Headline, 13th November 2020 Fig 7.21. Badaai Fig 7.22. Part/Full time sex work (Danda) Fig 7.23. Mangti (Begging) Fig 7.24. Psycho-social Marginalisation Fig 7.25. Lack of family support Fig 7.26. Negative attitude in school/college Fig 7.27. Lack of empathy among employers Fig 7.28. Multiple partners to affirm gender identity as a woman Fig 7.29. Low formal education limits employment opportunities Fig 7.30. Sex reassignment surgery to affirm the gender identity Fig 7.31. Lack of support from offices limits job opportunities Fig 7.32. Lack of anti-discrimination laws & Indian societal norms encourage stigma & violence Fig 7.33. Inability to question results in client exercising control Fig 7.34. Rowdies and police pose great threat to physical and sexual safety Fig 7.35. HIV vulnerability and its factors Fig 7.36. HIV prevalence Fig 7.37. Context and pathways of entry into sex work Fig 7.38. Times of India Article headline, 7th September, 2020 Fig 7.39. Scroll.in Article headline, 22nd October, 2020 Fig 7.40. Dailyhunt Article headline, 19th November, 2020 Fig 7.41. Times Now Article headline, 20th October, 2020 Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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Review of Literature:

Fig 7.42. % Location of transgender mapping sites Fig 7.43. % Location of transgender persons Fig 7.44. Top five states reporting highest number of sites (in %) mapped Fig 7.45. Top six states reporting highest number of transgender population (in %) mapped Fig 7.46. Community structure Fig 7.47. Income opportunity Fig 7.48. States reporting highest number of transgender (in %) engaged in sex work Fig 7.49. Nature of sites (in %) mapped Fig 7.50. Social stigma and violence experienced Fig 7.51. Economic discrimination Fig 7.52. Legal Timeline Fig 7.53. Section 377 summary Fig 7.54. Criminal Tribes Act summary Fig 7.55. The Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act summary Fig 7.56. Supreme Court Judgment - 15th April, 2014 summary Fig 7.57. Supreme Court Judgment - 6th September, 2018 summary Fig 7.58. Transgender Persons Bill summary Fig 7.59. Appraisal of the Transgender Persons Bill Fig 7.60. Aravanigal Welfare Board 'Social ProtectionNeeds' policies for transgender community Fig 7.61. Times of India Article headline 16th October, 2020 Fig 7.62. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Fig 7.63. Kerala State measures for transgender community Fig 7.64. The Hindu Article headline 6th December, 2020 Fig 7.65. Trans 5 Student Program Itinerary Fig 7.66. Karnataka State measures for transgender community Fig 7.67. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020 Edition Fig 7.68. The Indian Express Article headline 24th December, 2019 Fig 7.69. Chhattisgarh State measures for transgender community Fig 7.70. The Times of India article headline 21st July, 2020 Fig 7.71.Uttar Pradesh State measures for transgender community Fig 7.72. The Times of India Article headline 17th September, 2020 Fig 7.73. Noida Sector 50 Metro Station Fig 7.74. Noida Sector 50 Metro Station wall painting Fig 7.75. India Today Article headline 27th December, 2019 Fig 7.76. The Indian Express Article headline 4th August, 2018 Fig 7.77. The Times of India Article headline 30th October, 2020 Fig 7.78. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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Review of Literature:

Fig 7.79. Madhya Pradesh State policy reform for transgender community Fig 7.80. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Fig 7.81. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline November 2020 Edition Fig 7.82. The Indian Express Article headline 8th January, 2020 Fig 7.83. The Times of India Article headline 7th March, 2020 Fig 7.84. Pune Mirror Article headline 10th June, 2020 Fig 7.85. Maharashtra State policy reform for transgender community Fig 7.86.Swarajya Magazine Article headline 25th November, 2020 Fig 7.87.Kalki Subramaniam, founder of Sahodari foundation Fig 7.88. “I With In” by Kalki Subramaniam Fig 7.89. Kalki Subramaniam pictured delivering a performance poetry piece Fig 7.90. Participants create works during a Transhearts workshop Fig 7.91. Participants in the Red Wall project write their stories Fig 7.92. Students read Red Wall testimonials. Kalki sees the red painted palms signifying “a slap against abusers and a sign of resistance.”

Fig 7.93. Sensitization Workshop at Thoughtworks summit at Kochi Fig 7.94. Textile Installation in collaboration with Whitefield Art Collective Fig 7.95. Toilet block painting in collaboration with Smile Charitable Trust at Chikmagalur Fig 7.96. Poppy Banerjee Fig 7.97. Poppy Banerjee Fig 7.98. Tarana Patil Fig 7.99. Tarana Patil Fig 7.100. Sweety Fig 7.101. Sweety Fig 7.102. Bhavika Fig 7.103. Bhavika Fig 7.104. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline January 2019 Edition Fig 7.105. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline March 2019 Edition Fig 7.106. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline April 2019 Edition Fig 7.107. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline May 2019 Edition Fig 7.108. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Fig 7.109. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Fig 7.110. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Fig 7.111. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020 Edition Fig 7.112. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020 Edition Fig 7.113. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020 Edition Fig 7.114. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline September 2020 Edition Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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Review of Literature:

Fig 7.115. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline September 2020 Edition Fig 7.116. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline September 2020 Edition Fig 7.117. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline October 2020 Edition Fig 7.118. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline October 2020 Edition Fig 7.119. Aerial view of the Manthithoppu Transgender Milk Cooperative Society Fig 7.120. Few Trans women of the Manthithoppu Transgender Milk Cooperative Society Fig 7.121. Trans woman pouring milk into canisters Fig 7.122. Trans women taking note of the milk supplied Fig 7.123. Trans women taking fodder for cows Fig 7.124. Trans women bathing the cows Fig 7.125. Psychological pain results in isolation Fig 7.126. Externalising the internal pain and being vulnerable helps others feel better and comfortable Fig 7.127. Loneliness makes the individual miserable, distorts the perception Fig 7.128. Engaging in something positive to break the negative cycle Fig 7.129. Permission, Community and Curiosity breed confidence Fig 7.130. Intelligence awakened by awareness and conveyed by talking about oneself Fig 7.131. Understanding 'You' as a part of society results in love and compassion Fig 7.132. Imposing opinions and judgements does not benefit an individual Fig 7.133. Competition and self-centred activity results in loss of love and cooperation Fig 7.134. Creativity is intrinsic to everyone and discovery is the beginning of creativity Fig 7.135. Conversations are important to chip away the walls and build trust with empathy and flexibility Fig 7.136. Art therapy can develop social skills, result in mental well-being and self esteem Fig 7.137. Art therapy can help overcome the fear of being judged Fig 7.138. Creativity can result in self-expression which can further initiate a dialogue Fig 7.139. Multipotentialite Fig 7.140. Drama and Dialogue Fig 7.141. Pedagogy and Theatre of the Oppressed Fig 7.142. Image Theatre Fig 7.143. Process of Forum Theatre Fig 7.144. Boal curating the forum theatre as a 'joker' Fig 7.145. Process of Legislative Theatre Fig 7.146. Metabolic Cell Fig 7.147. Process of voting during Legislative Theatre Fig 7.148. Playback Theatre Fig 7.149. Screen grab of the Queer Kid Stuff video

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Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

B.Arch Design Dissertation

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Case Studies:

Fig 8.1. View of the Therme Vals along with the hotel and scenic background Fig 8.2. Space as an architectural interpretation Fig 8.3. Restorative & Sensuous experience Fig 8.4. Peter Zumthor's fascination for...

Fig 8.5. Sensual perception of architecture of Therme Vals Fig 8.6. Meander as an element Fig 8.7. Informal Layout of internal spaces Fig 8.8. Architectural features of Therme Vals Fig 8.9. Contraction and expansion of the body Fig 8.10. Nasal Experience Fig 8.11. Therme Vals diagrammatic analysis Fig 8.12. Schematic Sections showing volumes Fig 8.13. Internal corridor Fig 8.14. Internal space view Fig 8.15. Facade as seen from below the hill Fig 8.16. Aerial view of the Jewish Museum Fig 8.17. Feelings conveyed by Jewish Museum Fig 8.18. Design tries to acknowledge three important points Fig 8.19. Architectural features of the Jewish Museum Fig 8.20. 3-D representation of the various floor plates and elements of Jewish museum Fig 8.21. Floor wise program of the Jewish Museum Fig 8.22. Features of the three experiential spaces Fig 8.23. Section showing the old and new structure Fig 8.24. View of the internal exhibition space Fig 8.25. The Metal faces signifying Jewish people Fig 8.26. Stair of Continuity Fig 8.27. Memory Void Fig 8.28. The Holocaust Tower Fig 8.29. Therme Vals Summary Fig 8.30. Jewish Museum Summary

Methodology:

Fig 9.1. Marginalisation and other factors for transgender community Fig 9.2. Consequences of marginalisation Fig 9.3. The many immediate requirements to restore the dignity of transgender community Fig 9.4. Requirements during childhood and teenage Fig 9.5. Requirements during youth and adulthood Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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2. MY EXPERIENCE Whether it be travelling in local trains for Ganpati Darshan at Siddhivinayak, Lal Baug Cha Raja during childhood or commuting for college, I often encountered the Hijras in the trains clapping their hands and begging for money.

They were usually assertive in their approach while begging, not hesitating to touch, tease or shame anyone - anything that would make the person awkward which would result in the person giving money to the hijra so that they move ahead.

Their assertive request seemed like an order which all the passengers were to abide by. There was a certain unrest or rather a sense of discomfort in the train compartment whenever they were present. People seemed to surrender to their requests as if it had become a daily routine of their life. This made me curious to study and know about these ‘Hijras’ as they seemed unique in going about their daily routine but they were never discussed about after they got down from the train or in any general talks or discussions in the public or at home.

Fig 2.1. A typical encounter during travel via local trains Source: The Eunuch by ZS @ zks.medium.com, edited by the author, names and dialogues for representation only.

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

B.Arch Design Dissertation

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As I progressed to the junior college, the growing use of ‘hijra’, 'chakka’ as a slang in my junior college & other friend circle made me even more awkward and curious to know about the community I was not so familiar with.

Fig 2.2. A gossip session during the junior college years Source: Author, names and dialogues for representation only.

The Supreme Court judgment declaring transgender as the third gender made me further curious to study about this community.

Design Dissertation becomes the perfect opportunity for me to dwell upon the life and existence of the hijra community in our society and understand their lifestyle, social and economic standing.

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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3. ABSTRACT Marginalised people are side-lined groups of people within a given culture, context and history, at risk of being subjected to multiple discrimination due to the interplay of various personal characteristics such as sex, gender, age, ethnicity, religion or belief, health status, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity, education or income, or living in various geographic localities (Equality, 2020).

Fig 3.1. Multiple Discrimination due to interplay of various personal characteristics Source: By Author

Significant disparities exist for marginalised people in every aspect of their lives such as health care, employment, legal rights under the law, housing, and access to services. They are often the silent and invisible victims of discrimination, violence, social stigma, and assault (Association, n.d.).

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Social Stigma & Discrimination

Violence & Assault

Fig 3.2. Social Stigma & Discrimination Source: Google Images

Fig 3.3. Violence & Assault Source: Google Images

Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

Semester IX

Rizvi College Of Architecture

मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

B.Arch Design Dissertation

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A vicious circle is set up whereby the lack of positive and supportive relationships results in them being prevented from participating in local life, which in turn leads to further isolation. This has a tremendous impact on the development of the person’s mental wellbeing, as well as on society at large (Saksena, 2014).

Fig 3.4. A Vicious Circle Source : By Author

The process aimed at investigating the socio-economic standing of the marginalised transgender community in the society and subsequently highlighting their problems/issues. The approach was to understand the convoluted social and mental conditioning of the society which acts as a catalyst to the process of marginalisation which further stems the stigma and discrimination.

The ultimate goal was to address this discomfort by bridging the gap between asking for and receiving the due. To establish a bottom up approach for a stable foundation to a step by step solution to address the issue.

The idea was to help the marginalised collaborate to initiate a change. The approach focused at harnessing the potential of the marginalised by providing them a platform which would initiate a dialogue between the two halves of the society to build trust, enable understanding and accentuate the marginalised to become an integral part of the mainstream societal activities.

Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

B.Arch Design Dissertation

4. BACKGROUND The superiors of the society have always looked upon marginalisation as the prime tool to exercise power and control. The idea of binaries with respect to gender, caste, creed etc. has always been the basis to classify the society. The inferior fail to put across their point due to lack of power and privilege which results in the superior dominating them and the society at large.

Every individual in the society has some basic rights to be treated on an equal basis. The denial of these rights in one’s routine life, social, economic and cultural perspectives only contradicts the development of the society (V.A, 2018).

Superiors of the Society

Power

Marginalised Individual/s

Control

Fig 4.1. Marginalisation as a tool Source: By Author

The notion of social marginality reflects the idea that the organization of society is based not only on inequality with respect to access to social rewards or on the hierarchy of social positions, but also on the existence of different degrees of social integration. The marginal subject (be it a group or an individual) is distant from the centre of the social system to which it belongs (i.e. occupies a peripheral position) and is close to the boundaries that separate this system from the external environment (or from other systems) (Ranci, 1996).

Social System Fig 4.2. Marginalised individual/s isolated from the Social System Source: By Author

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Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

B.Arch Design Dissertation

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The prevalent and imposed binary with respect to gender i.e. the gender binary of male-female has resulted in the discrimination and marginalisation of the transgender community. The transgender community has faced discrimination and isolation for years, by this dominant gender binary of male and female. The lack of empathy and ability to comprehend has resulted in them being stigmatised, pushing them on the fringes of the mainstream society.

Female

Gender Fluid/ Gender Queer

Male

Discrimination & Marginalisation Fig 4.3. Gender Binary resulting in discrimination & Marginalisation Source: By Author

Lack of Empathy

Stigma & Marginalisation

Lack of ability to comprehend

Fig 4.4. Stigmatisation of transgender community Source : By Author

Architecture possess the ability to advance social justice. The practice of architecture is inherently social, intertwining the user, its needs and the greater community creating an ecosystem (Rosenthal, 2013).

Can architecture help advance social justice for the marginalised acting as a gate way to the fulfilment of the basic needs, self-actualization, self-expression and self-direction?

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5. INTRODUCTION 5.1. Eunuch The Merriam Webster dictionary defines ‘eunuch’ as: •

A castrated man placed in charge of a harem or employed as a chamberlain in a palace.

•

A man or boy deprived of the testes or external genitals

The Oxford English dictionary defines ‘eunuch’ as: •

A man who has been castrated in the past, especially one employed to guard the women’s living areas in some Asian countries in the past.

• An ineffectual person i.e. a person without power or influence The concept of the ‘state of being eunuch’ in the Western world has always emphasised on the physical act of castration, the act of making of an otherwise ‘normal’ man into something different or rather into a person who was physically incapable of having sex with women. Thus, eunuchs were ‘made’, not born (Saxena D. P., 2011).

However, the Indian concept of a eunuch differs from the Western one in that, a eunuch is born, not made. The eunuchs in India are those who are genderless and suffer from the lack of any distinct sex organs that may set them apart from normal males and females (Saxena D. P., 2011).

Fig 5.1. Common terms used to address transgenders in India Source By Author

There are many terms used to describe eunuchs in India depending upon the region. All of these describe and are used to refer to a person deprived of a gender, with very fine nuances pertaining to a social or religious context.

However, the terms ‘transgender’, ‘transsexual’ are the more appropriate terms used universally to address such individuals since they come closer to defining a lack of gender or a phase in transition.

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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5.2 Hijras in India - Historical Existence Hijra people have been evident in India for centuries, a fact established and supported by their description in (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018): • Kama Sutra, the ancient Sanskrit text guide to the art of living well, the nature of love, finding a life partner, maintaining one’s love life, and other aspects pertaining to pleasure-oriented faculties of human life.

•

Epic tales such as Ramayana & Mahabharata and oldest surviving poems on earth

•

Images depicted in many ancient Indian temple carvings

• Mughal Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries •

Colonial rule of the British in India

Fig 5.2. Various sources of description and evidence of the transgender community in Indian history Source: Google Images

Traditionally, hijras have been described as male-born individuals who are “neither man nor woman”. However, hijras belong to a complex and heterogeneous group that includes male-tofemale trans persons who want to live as women, both who desire a sex change operation and those who don’t want such an operation (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

5.3 Marginalisation of the transgenders Due to multiple and reinforcing marginalised identities and social inequities stemming from transgender identity, gender non-conforming behaviour, sex work, transphobia, economic and housing insecurity, employment discrimination and poverty, trans people are at elevated exposure to violence and poor health outcomes. Stigma and violence are perpetrated within unequal power relationships and interlinked social and structural systems at the micro, meso and macro levels, legitimising marginalisation, discrimination and powerlessness (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

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6. AIM, OBJECTIVES, HYPOTHESIS 6.1. Aim of the research The aim of the dissertation is to understand and address the stigma, violence and discomfort against the marginalised community by bridging the gap between asking for and receiving the due for the marginalised groups, resulting in a congenial, co-operative and healthy social environment serving as a new architectural example for the society at large.

Stigma,Violence & Discomfort

Understand

Address Asking for..

Receiving the due..

Bridging the Gap New Architectural example

Fig 6.1. Aim of the research Source: By Author

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Congenial, Co-operative, Healthy Social environment Semester IX

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

B.Arch Design Dissertation

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6.2. Objectives of the research •

To investigate and bring to light the current socio-economic standing of the transgender community.

Fig 6.2. Investigating the current socio-economic standing Source: By Author

•

Fig 6.3. Establishing a platform to fade away the divide Source: By Author

To establish a platform that becomes a gateway between the marginalised and others eventually fading away the divide.

•

To initiate collaboration, interaction to build trust and understanding between the marginalised and others.

Collaboration

Interaction

Trust & Understanding

Fig 6.4. Initiating collaboration & interaction Source: By Author

•

To provide the marginalised groups with opportunities to develop skills, capacity, confidence and their capability to earn the dignity they deserve.

Capacity

Skills

Confidence

Dignity

Fig 6.5. Developing skills, capacity and confidence to earn dignity Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Rizvi College Of Architecture

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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To bring about tangible improvements in the current socio-cultural standing, establishing a congenial and healthy social environment.

Congenial social environment

Tangible improvements Fig 6.6. Tangible improvements for congenial social environment Source: By Author

•

To look upon the creativity and skills of an individual as an identity instead of their name, gender and other normative classifications.

Skills

Creativity

Identity

Fig 6.7. Skills and creativity as identity Source: By Author

6.3. Hypothesis of the research • A generative socio-economic society focusing on congenial and healthy social environment can be the new normal within the architectural context providing the impetus to the inclusion of the marginalised in the mainstream.

• Collaboration, Interaction and Capacity development in architectural domain would restore dignity amongst the marginalised.

•

Evolution of an architectural program in such a case will be a continual process rather than a static monotonous & restricted feature.

•

The study will lead to proposing ideas which will provide a platform for marginalised to initiate a model of opportunities amongst the community and society at large.

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6.4. Further Scope and Limitations 6.4.1. Further Scope of Study

The scope of the study can extend to other marginalised communities, understanding their socioeconomic standing to integrate and inter-twine the programs and interventions to fade out the divide in all possible aspects of the society, hierarchy and power. Integrating the suggestions of the participating communities and improvising the program as per their views and thinking is important to make the program successful.

6.4.2. Limitations

•

Marginalisation is a very complex social issue that requires efforts at multiple levels of the society in various degrees. It is important that the legal and political reforms or amendments should be in sync with the reforms bought about by individuals, communities or organisations to make a successful impact.

•

The active participation of the people from both halves of the society is important to initiate any positive change.

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7. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7.1. Sex Sex is physical characteritics one is born with and develops. Sex is determined by genitalia, body shape, hormones, chromosomes etc.

7.2. Gender Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed.

This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.

7.3. Gender Expression Gender expression is a person’s behaviour, mannerisms, interests, and appearance that are associated with gender in a particular cultural context, specifically with the categories of femininity or masculinity.

Fig 7.1. The Genderbread person Source: Sam Killerman

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7.4. Gender Identity Gender identity is one of the most-fundamental aspects of life which refers to a person’s intrinsic sense of being male, female or transgender or transsexual person. Gender identity, therefore, refers to an individual’s self-identification as a man, woman, transgender or another identified category (National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, 2012).

7.5. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation refers to an individual’s enduring physical, romantic and/or emotional attraction to another person. Sexual orientation includes transgender and gender-variant people with heavy sexual orientation and their sexual orientation may or may not change during or after gender transmission, which also includes homosexuals, bisexuals, heterosexuals, asexual etc (National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, 2012).

7.6. Transgender - The term “Transgender is generally described as an umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression or behaviour does not conform to their biological sex. Transgender may also take in persons who do not identify with their sex assigned at birth, which include Hijras/ Eunuchs who, in this writ petition, describe themselves as “third gender” and they do not identify as either male or female.”

- Supreme Court Judgment, 15th April, 2014

Male to female : A trans person who is transitioning from male to female

Female to Male : A trans person who is transitioning from female to male

Addressed as trans woman

Addressed as trans man

Fig 7.2. Male to female trans person Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

Fig 7.3. Female to male trans person Source: By Author Semester IX

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Hijras psychologically and anatomically combined are not men or not women. Since they do not have reproduction capacities as either men or women, they are neither classified as men nor women and claim to be an institutional “third gender”. Among Hijras, there are emasculated (castrated, nirvana) men, non-emasculated men (not castrated/akva/akka) and inter-sexed persons (hermaphrodites).

Transgender also includes persons who intend to undergo Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) or have undergone SRS to align their biological sex with their gender identity in order to become male or female. They are generally called transsexual persons.

Further, there are persons who like to cross-dress in clothing of opposite gender, i.e. transvestites. Resultantly, the term “transgender”, in contemporary usage, has become an umbrella term that is used to describe a wide range of identities and experiences, describe a wide range of identities and experiences, including but not limited to preoperative, post-operative and non-operative transsexual people, who strongly identify with the gender opposite to their biological sex; male and female (National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, 2012).

Fig 7.4. Transgender as an umbrella term Source: By Author

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7.7. Mythical texts and other mentions Transgender Community comprises of Hijras, Eunuchs, Kothis, Aravanis, Jogappas, Shiv-Shakthis etc. and they, as a group, have got a strong historical presence in our country in the Hindu mythology and other religious texts. The Concept of Tritiya prakriti or napunsaka has also been an integral part of Vedic and Puranic literatures. The word ‘napunsaka’ has been used to denote absence of procreative capability.

7.7.1. Mahabharata: The story of Aravan

Aravan, the son of Arjuna and Naga Kanya in the Kurukshetra war in Mahabharata, offers to be sacrificed to Goddess Kali to ensure the victory of the Pandavas, the last wish being that he wanted to spend the last night of his life in marriage. Krishna assumed the form of a beautiful woman called Mohini to marry him as no woman was willing to marry one who was doomed to be killed. The Hijras of Tamil Nadu consider Aravan their progenitor and call themselves Aravanis (National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, 2012).

Fig 7.5. Aravan, whose wife was the complete man Source: Devdutt Pattanaik’s Shikhandi & Other tales they don’t tell you

Fig 7.6. Aravanis in traditional attire during the Koovagam Festival Source: The Life of Hijra website

7.7.2. Mahabharata: The story of Shikhandi

Princess Amba, the eldest daughter of the King of Kasi had two sisters, Ambika and Ambalika.

Amba in love with Shalva, the king of a neighbouring kingdom wished to marry him. Bhishma, the warrior from Hastinapur, abducted all three princesses as brides for his half-brother Vichitravirya on the day of their Swayamvara, when Amba was planning to choose Shalva as her husband.

Amba in love with another man, confessed her love for Shalva to Vichitravirya, who allowed her go back to Shalva and instead married her two sisters.

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However, to her great disappointment and sorrow, Shalva rejected her as she had been touched by another man. In desperation, she went back to Vichitravirya and requested him to marry her. He however, stubbornly refused, as ‘a gift once given cannot be taken back.’ Increasingly desperate, she begged Bhishma to marry her. However, bound by his vow of celibacy he denied and suggested her to go back to her father or remain in the palace as a maid.

Amba, furious and dejected swore to take revenge on Bhishma. She was later reborn as Shikhandi, the daughter of King Drupada who had prayed for a son and was disappointed that he had a daughter. But to make up for his disappointment, he raised his daughter as a son and even got him married. Yaksha, exchanged his manhood with Shikhandi, which allowed him to fulfil his conjugal role as a husband. Later in the Kurukshetra war, Shikhandi, stationed in front of Arjuna, shot arrows that killed Bhishma who surrendered, as he knew that Shikhandi was a woman in an earlier birth and as a Kshatriya, he would not fight a woman. Shikhandi is the earliest example of a trans man (Revathi, A Life in Trans Activism, 2016).

Fig 7.7. Shikhandi, the earliest trans man Source: Devdutt Pattanaik’s Shikhandi & Other tales they don’t tell you

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7.7.3. Ramayana

When Rama went off on exile for fourteen years, his subjects, came to see him off to the forest.

They walked with him to the forest’s edge and wanted to accompany him further inside, when he told them, “All of you, men, women and children, go back to your houses. I’ll complete my fourteen years of exile and return to rule over you.”

So, everyone left, but a group of people stayed back and remained at the forest rim for fourteen years waiting for Rama to come back. Astonished, he asked them, “Who are you? Why haven’t you gone back to your homes in the city?” They replied, “Swamy! We belong neither to mankind, nor to womankind. You said then that men, women and children ought to return to the city. But you did not ask us to go. Bound by your wishes, we remained here.” Rama was so astounded and moved by their sincerity that he granted them a boon.

“Whatever you speak will be true. Your words will come true.” (Revathi, 2011) 7.7.4. Jain Texts

Jain Texts also make a detailed reference to transgender as the concept of ‘psychological sex’ (National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, 2012).

The literature also makes a mention of how merit of the previous life transforms a king into a sage in his next life, but demerit compels him to be reborn with a female body, making Mallinath the only female Tirthankara. The more austere Digambar school rejects this story of the Shvetambar school and prefers visualising Mallinath as male. The only allowance to his female nature is made by acknowledging the ‘pot’ (universal symbol of the womb) as his symbol (Pattanaik, 2014).

Fig 7.8. Ram, who included all in his kingdom Source: Devdutt Pattanaik’s Shikhandi & Other tales they don’t tell you

Fig 7.9. MalliNath Source: Devdutt Pattanaik’s Shikhandi & Other tales they don’t tell you

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7.7.5. Shaiva Mythology

In Shaiva mythology, Lord Shiva’s form as Ardhanarishvara, has a body in which the left half of his body is female. This form of God existed even in earliest times, when the human mind was mainly preoccupied with concepts of creation and fertility (Saxena D. P., 2011).

Fig 7.10. Shiva, who included the female in his male body Source: Devdutt Pattanaik’s Shikhandi & Other tales they don’t tell you

7.6.6. Mughal Era

Hijras played a prominent role in the royal courts of the Islamic world, especially in the Ottoman empires and the Mughal rule in the Medieval India. During the Mughal era, transgenders were appointed as guardians of harems and also acquired respected positions like political advisors, administrators, and army generals. Considered as fiercely loyal, clever, trustworthy and physically strong, they were suitable for a lot of jobs and also had free access to all spaces and sections of population. Transgenders also held important positions in other parts of the Islamic world like guarding Mecca and Medina (Agarwal, 2019).

Fig 7.11. Senior Wives Playing Chaupar in the Zenana Court with Eunuchs Source: Indian Express website - James Ivory Collection

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7.7.7. British Colonial Rule

The situation and status of transgender faced a dramatic change, through the onset of the colonial period from the 18th century onwards. The Britishers were repulsed to see the respect transgender receive in the royal courts. In the second half of 19th century the British colonial sought to criminalise the hijra community by planning to consider them as a different caste. The Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 labelled hijras as criminals (Agarwal, 2019).

Fig 7.12. East India Company Victimised Transgenders on the Basis of their Loyalty to the Mughals Source: Bhindi Bazaar website

The transgender community enjoyed a respectable status in our society and culture until the colonial rule. The colonial rule marked the beginning of discrimination & marginalisation of the transgender community. The label of being ‘criminals’ pushed then to the fringes of society. The status created has made discrimination a part of Indian culture ever since.

7.8. Sub - Groups of the transgender community in India 7.8.1. Hijras

Hijras are biological males who reject their ‘masculine’ identity in due course of time to identify either as women, or “not-men”, or “in-between man and woman”, or “neither man nor woman”.

Hijras have a long tradition/culture and have strong social ties formalized through a ritual called “reet” (becoming a member of Hijra community).

There are regional variations in the use of terms referred to Hijras. For example, Kinnars (Delhi) and Aravanis (Tamil Nadu) (National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, 2012).

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7.8.2. Aravanis/Thirunangi

Hijras in Tamil Nadu identify as “Aravani”. Aravanis are defined as “biological males who selfidentify themselves as a woman trapped in a male’s body” by the Tamil Nadu Aravanigal Welfare Board, a state government’s initiative under the Department of Social Welfare.

Fig 7.13. A hijra performing at an event Source: Newsgram website

Fig 7.14. Aravanis in Madurai Source: Trekearth website

7.8.3. Kothi

Kothis are a heterogeneous group who can be described as “biological males who show varying degrees of ‘femininity’ – which may be situational”. Some proportion of Kothis have bisexual behaviour and get married to a woman.

Kothis are generally of lower socioeconomic status and some engage in sex work for survival.

Some proportion of Hijra-identified people may also identify themselves as ‘Kothis’ but not all Kothi identified people identify themselves as transgender or Hijras.

7.8.4. Jogtas/Jogappas

Jogtas or Jogappas are those persons who are “dedicated to and serve as a servant of goddess Renuka Devi (Yellamma)” whose temples are present in Maharashtra and Karnataka. ‘Jogta’ refers to male servant of that Goddess and ‘Jogti’ refers to female servant (sometimes also referred to as ‘Devadasi’). One can become a ‘Jogta’ (or Jogti) if it is part of their family tradition or if one finds a ‘Guru’ (or ‘Pujari’) who accepts him/her as a ‘Chela’ or ‘Shishya’ (disciple). Sometimes, the term ‘Jogti Hijras’ is used to denote those male-to-female transgender persons who are devotees/ servants of Goddess Renuka Devi and who are also in the Hijra communities.

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This term is used to differentiate them from ‘Jogtas’ who are heterosexuals and who may or may not dress in woman’s attire when they worship the Goddess. Also, that term differentiates them from ‘Jogtis’ who are biological females dedicated to the Goddess. However, ‘Jogti Hijras’ may refer to themselves as ‘Jogti’ (female pronoun) or Hijras, and even sometimes as ‘Jogtas’.

Fig 7.15. A jogappa during the Yellamma jatra at Saundatti temple in North Karnataka Source: Sindhuja Parthasarathy

Fig 7.16. Durgamma plays the shruti (one of Yellamma’s instruments) in the courtyard of Devi, a jogappa from a Dalit family Source: Sindhuja Parthasarathy

7.8.5. Shiv-Shakthis

Shiv-Shakthis are considered as “males who are possessed by or particularly close to a goddess and who have feminine gender expression”. They are inducted into the Shiv-Shakti community by senior gurus, who also teach them the norms, customs, and rituals to be observed by them. In a ceremony, Shiv-Shakthis are married to a sword that represents male power or Shiva (deity), thus becoming the bride of the sword.

Shiv-Shakthis might cross-dress, use accessories and ornaments that are generally meant for women. Most people in this community belong to lower socio-economic status and earn for their living as astrologers, soothsayers, and spiritual healers; some also seek alms.

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7.9. Community Social Structure The Hijra society follows a strictly hierarchical guru-chela structure. The regulations laid down by an immediate superior govern a hijra’s life. The community has several ‘Gharanas’ (clan) headed by the ‘Nayaks’ (supreme leader). Each of these gharanas have multiple gurus, who have several chelas under them (Saxena D. P., 2011). The community has a forum for mediating and pronouncing what is good and bad, known as Jamaat. It is termed as “the meeting of sari-clad members to discuss the matters of importance and agree to take in chelas” (Revathi, 2011).

A hijra becomes a guru on the basis of age, seniority (counted from the date of initiation into a band), wisdom and one’s ability to lead. Many a time, the guru as her investment, takes the initiative to take care of new entrants. Such gurus need not be old or senior people. The guru is responsible for the wellbeing of all the hijras under her.

They train their disciples and protect them. The guru provides food and shelter to her ‘chelas’ and in return, receives a part of their daily income. The guru is also responsible for sorting out any issues, such as

Fig 7.17. Hijra Community hierarchy Source: By Author

rivalries or the occasional brush with the law. If a hijra falls ill, the guru gets her medical treatment till the sick hijra regains her health.

Chelas have to be ready always, to serve their gurus. They cook food for gurus, wash her clothes and spittoons. When gurus become old and infirm, their disciples relieve them of work but provide psychological and monetary support for their sustenance and well-being. The chelas ensure that they repay the guru’s faith, care and acceptance by being in their gharana and fulfilling the duties and responsibilities entrusted upon them (Saxena D. P., 2011).

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Fig 7.18. Hijra Community population distribution Source: Life of a Eunuch by Dr. Piyush Saxena

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Age & Seniority

Food & Shelter

Monetary Benefit

Leadership Skills

Medical Care

Cooking Food

Wisdom

Mediator

Washing Clothes

Fig 7.19. Duties of guru and chela Source: By Author 11/30/2020

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Bound, hounded by their own, transsexuals fight to break free - Times of India

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Bound, hounded by their own, transsexuals fight to break free Nov 13, 2020, 04.59 AM IST th September around 300 people Fig 7.20.One Times of Indiamorning, Article Headline, 13transgender November 2020walked into a colony at Ariyamangalam in Trichy, where 25 other trans women were living, attacking them, and destroying their homes and possessions. They beat them mercilessly, tore their Source: Times of India Website

clothes and pelted their homes with stones. The reason? They had dared to walk out of the traditional transgender jamaat

system, and refused to pay the monthlyin ‘tax’alevied by theat nayak, or the jamaat head. in Trichy, where around 300 A tragic incident was reported colony Ariyamangalam

transgender walked Read the entire story oninto TOI+ the colony, where 25 transgender were living, attacking them, Bound, hounded by their own, transsexuals fight to break free

destroying their homes and other possessions. They were beaten mercilessly, clothes torn, stones being pelted at their home. The reason for the attack was their decision to walk out of the traditional ‘Jamaat system’, refusing to pay the monthly ‘tax’ levied by the nayak (Jamaat head) (Menon, 2020).

Shamiba, a transgender from Dalit-caste background says, “The traditional practices within the Hijra/Jogti/Aravani culture have caste-system interwoven within them” The chances of an upper-caste transgender coming out and joining the transgender community with majority of lower caste people is very low. Many a times, a person from the lower caste is https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bound-hounded-by-their-own-transsexuals-fight-to-break-free/articleshowprint/79201302.cms denied acceptance by gurus.

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The Guru-Chela system has been important in binding the hijra society together as a community and provide acceptance to the ones coming out in public, seeking shelter, love and warmth they deserve. Although, the system being a vital-cog of the community, the very hierarchical structure of it can prevent an individual’s growth and restrict their freedom. The individuals from different Gharanas are bound to engage in quarrels and fights hampering the community’s progress.

Hence, there is need to address this limitation to allow them with more opportunities beyond this structure and acceptance at a larger societal level.

7.10. Current Income Opportunities

“In Bombay, fewer and fewer hijras were able to support themselves by conferring blessings or by begging: more and more of them were becoming prostitutes.”

-John Irving (1994) Traditionally, hijras earn their livelihood by blessing new-born babies and newly wed couples.

This practice is known as Badaai. They also earned money by dancing in festivals and marriage ceremonies. Gradually, a decline in the people who support these rituals led to the engagement of the hijras in occasional or full-time sex work which is known as Danda. The practice of collecting money from shops or begging at the streets is known as Mangti (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

Fig 7.21. Badaai Source: The Telegraph website

Fig 7.22. Part/Full time sex work (Danda) Source: Lens culture website

Fig 7.23. Mangti (Begging) Source: Hindu Business Line website

The current income opportunities for the community are not promising and make their daily survival difficult. The discrimination and stigma from the society forces them to take these undignified jobs to sustain themselves. Better and non-discriminatory income opportunities is one of the immediate needs of the transgender community. Social acceptance along with better income opportunities can benefit the community's current standing in the society.

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7.11. Current scenario - Marginalisation & other factors 7.11.1. Psycho-social factors

‘Coming out’ visibly as non-gender conforming individuals is associated with Stigma and this intense shame and humiliation eventually results in social isolation and physical violence.

The societal norms and beliefs that devalue transgenders, relating to the visible gender differences and street-based activities (begging and sex work), condone stigma and violence in daily interactions and activities (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

Coming out to the society

Shame & humiliation

Fig 7.24. Psycho-social Marginalisation Source: By Author

Social isolation & physical violence

7.11.1.1. Lack of family support

Individuals may realise at a very early age that one’s physical sex is incongruent with their psychological gender. Parents and siblings often take note when they express gender variant mannerisms. Even the family members, especially fathers and elder male siblings express stigma and violence to the trans person hoping to coerce trans persons to conform to expected gender norms.

As a result, many gender-variant children are forced to leave their parental home to avoid embarrassment to their family members or to avoid violence (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

Stigma & violence

Leave parental home

Coming out to family Fig 7.25. Lack of family support Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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7.11.1.2. Society’s negative attitude

A. Schools & Colleges The gender-nonconforming individuals can be easily noticed by the teacher and students in schools, often leading to bullying. Repeated incidents may result in gender-variant children losing interest in studies and eventually dropping out of school (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

Repeated bullying

Lost of interest in studies

Drop out of school/college

Fig 7.26. Negative attitude in school/college Source: By Author

B. Lack of empathy Transgender people may face difficulty in finding suitable employment due to mismatch in the name or gender on the educational certificate or identity documents. Another reason for the same is the lack of understanding or empathy among employers in the government and private institutions (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

Lack of empathy among empolyers Fig 7.27. Lack of empathy among employers Source: By Author

7.11.2. Affirmation of the gender identity

Having multiple male partners and engaging in sex work is looked upon as an affirmation of their gender identity as women by the transgender sex workers.

If many men are willing to have sex with them, it only indicates that they are being appreciated as women and hence they engage in sex work despite its risk (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

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Affirms gender identity

Fig 7.28. Multiple partners to affirm gender identity as a woman Source: By Author

7.11.3. Economic Factors

Gender non-conformity contributes to the exclusion from the traditional forms of employment.

7.11.3.1. Low Formal Education

Some trans youths come out as trans persons when they are studying in college, the consequences being loss of support from friends and families, eviction from home. As a result, many do not finish college, which further limits employment opportunities in the formal work sector (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

Stigma, lack of support

Low formal education

No formal employment

Fig 7.29. Low formal education limits employment opportunities Source: By Author

7.11.3.2. Sex-reassignment surgery

Hijras are pushed to undergo proper sex-reassignment surgery or at least remove their male sexual organs i.e. undergo ‘Nirvan’ due to the desire to conform the physical attributes to the innate feelings & soul but the procedure being expensive, demands them to save money and hence they engage in sex work to earn & save money for the procedure. (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

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Sex Reassignment surgery to affirm their gender identity Fig 7.30. Sex reassignment surgery to affirm the gender identity Source: By Author

7.11.3.3. Lack of support from the offices

The restrictions in the office based on the dress code and lower wages in comparison to other staff leads to many transgender staff leaving their employment in the formal work sector. Also the lack of support and stigma from their co-workers results in them leaving the office and during these periods in which they lack a regular job, they may be driven back to occasional or full-time sex work (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

Dress code restriction

Leave their jobs

Sex work

Stigma & lower wages Fig 7.31. Lack of support from offices limits job opportunities Source: By Author

7.11.4. Political factors:

The legal setup lacks specific anti-discrimination laws for violations against transgender community, which is a significant gap that has encouraged stigma and violence against them.

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Respect

Fig 7.32. Lack of anti-discrimination laws & Indian societal norms encourage stigma & violence Source: By Author

Marriage and procreation are the key criteria to achieve respect in the Indian society, which appears to justify stigma and violence against gender non-conforming groups (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

7.11.5. Demographic factors:

According to the Government of India’s 2011 census reports, 4,80,000 persons identified themselves not as “male” or “female,” but as “other” which is less than 1% of the total population recorded. Many individuals are unlikely to have represented themselves openly to the government authorities due to their marginalised & stigmatised identity (Venkatesan Chakrapani, 2018).

7.11.6. Other Factors - Sex work 7.11.6.1. Inability to question

Clients exercise control over sexual transactions, including type of sex act, payment terms and condom use, and sometimes even refuse to pay for services. Due to these circumstances, they develop low self-efficacy to challenge the abuse or negotiate the condom use because of low selfworth and the need for intimacy to affirm their existence (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

Low self-worth & need for intimacy

Low self-efficacy

Fig 7.33. Inability to question results in client exercising control Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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7.11.6.2. Rowdies

Male rowdies, in order to gain a sense of entitlement intimidate and harass transgender sex workers without being challenged in settings where they are perceived to be ‘easy game’ to be sexually exploited. They often perpetrate brutal violence against them (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

7.11.6.3. Police

Police is the greatest threat to the physical and sexual safety sex workers and there have been multiple instances of enacted police violence to obtain free sexual services, as well as arbitrary arrest and beatings.

The harassment forces them to relocate, or work in unfamiliar locations, elevating the vulnerability to abuse (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

Rowdies perpetrate violence

Vulnerable to abuse

Poilce exercise power Fig 7.34. Rowdies and police pose great threat to physical and sexual safety Source: By Author

7.11.6.4. Transphobia

Clients when they find that the ‘woman’ sex worker is a transgender person may react violently.

Any steady partnership often results in being cheated, beaten and forcibly evicted from home, compounding to economic and housing insecurity (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

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7.11.7. Health centres

The transgender people are denied access to basic healthcare services and other specific care requirements due to their non-conforming identity. Also, there is a lack of knowledge about their condition and services required. They are excluded from the category of ‘good’ people who are treated respectfully (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

7.12. HIV Vulnerability Transgender persons are amongst the population groups most affected by HIV. The HIV vulnerability at the micro (individual, interpersonal), meso (community) and macro (institutional) levels is increased due to the intersection of social inequities (economic and housing insecurity, employment discrimination and poverty) and pervasive stigma and violence due to multiple marginalised social identities (transgender status, sex work). In India, the estimated transgender HIV prevalence (8.82%) is about 20 times higher than the general population.

Pervasive stigma & violence

Social inequities

HIV vulnerability

Micro level

Meso level

Macro level

Fig 7.35. HIV vulnerability and its factors Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

HIV prevalence Transgenders Fig 7.36. HIV prevalence Source: NACO Report 2016

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Unsafe sex work settings, unfamiliar locations at elevated exposure to violence increase the HIV vulnerability.

Initially, HIV prevention programmes in India included transgender persons under the broader category of ‘men who have sex with men and transgender persons’ but the Government of India’s National AIDS Control Programme IV (2012–17) has recognised transgender persons as a separate group for programme focus. Since 2009 Avahan, the India AIDS initiative, has rolled out a community mobilisation programme to reduce vulnerability among marginalised groups – female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender persons– in high HIV prevalence states (Saggurti D. G., 2017).

Fig 7.37. Context and pathways of entry into sex work Source: By author

7.13. Recent Tragic Incidents Multiple marginalising identities along with the transphobia that exists in the society often leads to brutality and violence against the transgender people by others or their fellow community members.

12/1/2020

Transgender woman shot thrice outside residence in Delhi - Times of India

Printed from

Transgender woman shot thrice outside residence in Delhi TNN | Sep 7, 2020, 08.47 AM IST

Fig 7.38. Times of India Article headline, 7th September, 2020 NEW DELHI: A 40-year-old transgender was shot outside her house in east Delhi's GTB Enclave by some unidentified men on Saturday evening.

Source: Times of India website

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Police are trying to identify the killers and ascertain the reason behind the brazen murder.

Semester IX Rizvi College Of Architecture

The incident took place between 8.30pm and 9pm when Ekta Joshi arrived at her residence from east Delhi. Police said when Joshi stepped out of her car, two men shot her thrice in full public view and fled.

मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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A tragic incident was reported in east Delhi’s GTB Enclave, where a transgender was shot outside her house by some unidentified men. Ekta Joshi arrived at her residence between 8:30pm - 9pm, and as she stepped out of her car she was shot thrice in public (TNN, Transgender woman shot thrice outside residence in Delhi, 2020).

“Statements of the witnesses have been recorded and multiple teams are formed to identify and arrest the suspects. People known to Joshi, including her family, are also being questioned to ascertain the reason behind the murder,” said DCP (Shahdara) Amit Sharma 12/1/2020

Scroll - Tamil Nadu: Transgender activist Sangeetha found dead in her Coimbatore residence

NATIONAL NEWS

Tamil Nadu: Transgender activist Sangeetha found dead in her Coimbatore residence The police said they have formed three teams to conduct an inquiry and are looking at the incident from different angles.

Scroll Staff Oct 22, 2020 · 07:02 pm

Coimbatore Transgender Association President Sangeetha. | Grace Banu/Facebook

Fig 7.39. Scroll.in Article headline, 22nd October, 2020 Coimbatore Transgender Association President Sangeetha was found dead at her residence in the city Source: Scroll.in website on Wednesday, The News Minute reported, citing unidentified police officers.

Coimbatore Transgender Association president Sangeetha was murdered in her residence The police found her decomposed body after neighbours complained of a foul smell coming from her

near Sai Baba Her body was used in a plastic drumstorage and wrapped in a blanket. and the bodyresidence was found in aColony. plastic drum forwater water filled with The salt to speed up

the decomposition of the body (Tamil Nadu: Transgender activist Sangeetha found dead in her https://scroll.in/article/print/976493 1/2 Coimbatore residence, 2020).

“So far we have spoken to people close to the victim and are trying to narrow down suspects,” said the investigating officer.

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B.Arch Design Dissertation

Trans woman Hamsa was burnt alive by dousing fire after she left her haveli and joined other group because some people from her group were mentally harassing her (Commune, 2020).

“Please protect us all and ensure a safe cremation for my child without interference from the hijra 12/1/2020

bonded labour mafia”, Hamsa’s mother states in the complaint letter.

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Fig 7.40. Dailyhunt Article headline, 19th November, A transwoman identified as2020 Hamsa was immolated alive on the night of October 11 by a 12/2/2020 Kerala: Trans woman who sold biryani attempts suicide following cyber bullying | India News Source: Dailyhunt website Times Now transwoman after she left her Haveli (a 'Hijra/Aravani/Thirunangai' council/collective syst A transwoman Hamsa was burnt alive by dousing petrol by rival groups last Sunday in M

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Sajana, a street-side biryanilimits, seller harassed her work bythatsection of shopkeepers. She she diedwas this afternoon succumbingduring to 98% burns. @cpcybd Sir I trust she wil BUSINESS

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justice as her life was equally precious. #JusticeForHamsa

was upset by the cyber trolls with false accusations, following which she has attempted suicide - sunitha krishnan (@sunita_krishnan)

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News > India > Kerala: Trans woman who sold biryani attempts suicide following cyber bullying

Kerala: Trans woman who sold biryani attempts suicide following A transwoman Hamsa was burnt alive by dousing petrol by cyber bullying rival groups last Sunday in Madhapur limits, she died this

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afternoon succumbing to 98% burns. @cpcybd Sir I trust that

Vivek Karindalam she will get justice as her life was equally precious.

VIEW ALL TOPICS

#JusticeForHamsa

Updated Oct 20, 2020 | 16:13 IST

4:47 PM · Oct 13, 2020 Newspapers

Support is pouring from various quarters for Sajana Saji, the transgender woman from Cochin who was harassed and attacked for starting wayside food vending.

TAP TO UNMUTE

Hamsa had been begging under Hi-tech City railway bridge for a living. She had left her Sajana Shaji at her biriyani selling point in Ernakulam

and joined another group after people from her old group namely, Laasya, Samira, Moks KEY HIGHLIGHTS Jessy, Sai Pallavi, Shekhar and Rishi had mentally harassed her, as stated by her mother i KK Shailaja, Minister of Health

police complaint.

and Social Welfare has The 'Hijra/Aravani/Thirunangai' council/collective system is known by different in a intervened in thenames attack on transgender woman named parts of the country. In Telangana region, it is known as Dayyar or Haveli. The Haveli is in Sajana Shaji in Kochi and a hierarchical set up which is headed by a Nayak (a senior transwoman). These shared assured police security to her Kerala State Youth Commission https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/the+commune-epaper-thecom/transwoman+in+hyderabad+set+on+fire+alive+by+fellow+transwomen+succu…

1/4 has also registered a case over the attack on the transgender Sajana also alleged that police refused to register her

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the police station Sajana Shaji, a Trans woman and a street-side Biriyani seller has attempted suicide a�er she was upset with Fig 7.41. Times Now ArticleErnakulam: headline, 20th October, 2020 the cyber trolls with false accusations. Sajana was in news last week a�er she was harassed during her work by a section of Source: Times Now websiteshop keepers.

Sajana has been admitted at the Medical Trust Hospital in Ernakulam and is in the emergency care unit from Monday

41

evening.

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November auto sales: St continues in the month Motown

Rizvi College Of Architecture

Sajana shot a video stating that she is being falsely accused of making up an appeal for the sake of collecting money and

that she had not done anything wrong. “I have fought a lot to stand here. I haven’t done anything wrong. I have only tried to help all,” she says in the video.

Last week Sajana was selling biryani packets on the street and some people had tried to stop her business. Following this, she had put up a Facebook live sharing her bitter experience. Sajana received support from the public a�er this and many o�ered financial assistance to her.

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community

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7.14. Executive Summary: Mapping & Size Estimation of Hijras A study conducted under the aegis of NIE-ICMR, UNDP & NACO

The mapping and size estimation study aimed to create an unanimous and specific database of locations and population size of the Transgender/Hijra communities in 17 states of India, selected on the basis of key parameters of HIV prevalence and the presence of targeted interventions.

Statistical Overview of key findings:

A.Percentage location of transgender sites & transgender people population in urban and rural areas:

Urban Areas

Rural Areas

Fig 7.42. % Location of transgender mapping sites Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

Urban Areas

Rural Areas

Fig 7.43. % Location of transgender persons Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

Majority of the mapping sites and population of transgender persons was found to be in the urban areas, due to migration away from their native family to protect their identity or the person seeking shelter in gharanas and better scope for economic stability and acceptance.

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B. Top five states reporting highest number of sites ( in %) mapped:

Maharashtra

Uttar Pradesh

Odisha

West Bengal

Tamil Nadu

Fig 7.44. Top five states reporting highest number of sites (in %) mapped Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

C. Top six states reporting highest number of transgender population( in %) mapped:

Maharashtra

Uttar Pradesh

Odisha

West Bengal

Andhra Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Fig 7.45. Top six states reporting highest number of transgender population (in %) mapped Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

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मुख्यधारा, Mainstreaming the Marginalised via a Case of Transgender Community D. Community structure ( in %):

B.Arch Design Dissertation

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E. IncomeOpportunity ( in %):

Gharana Based Non-Gharana Based Fig 7.46. Community structure Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

Sex Work Other Jobs Fig 7.47. Income opportunity Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

F. States reporting highest number of transgender( in %) engaged in sex work:

Uttar Pradesh

Rajasthan

Karnataka

Jharkhand

Chhattisgarh

Fig 7.48. States reporting highest number of transgender (in %) engaged in sex work Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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G. Nature of sites ( in %) mapped:

Public Sites

Brothels

Others

Fig 7.49. Nature of sites (in %) mapped Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

7.15. Study of human rights of transgenders A study conducted under by National Human Rights Commission

The National Human Rights Commission has recently conducted the first ever “human rights” study of transgenders in India to conclude that their rights are “largely compromised” and that they are in a sense of isolation within the community amid rampant social gender discrimination.

The study says that the community is facing an “identity crisis” in Gender Specific India where everything has a gender identification including public utilities like toilets, security checks, ration card, PAN card etc.

“They are totally invisible in all spheres of economic activities. Low level of education and social exclusion limits their employment and livelihood opportunities,” the study observes.

“Most of them keep their identities as transgender secret till it is impossible for them to hide it forever.

Most parents consider their status as physical and mental defects,” the study adds.

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Statistical Overview of socio-economic findings:

A.Social stigma and violence experienced:

Suffered Social Never attended Harassed by Harassed by Rejection school classmates teachers Fig 7.50. Social stigma and violence experienced Source: Kerala Development Society Report 2017, represented by author

Live with parents

B. Economic discrimination:

Deprived from right Compelled to take to economic activites up sex work

Fig 7.51. Economic discrimination Source: Kerala Development Society Report 2017, represented by author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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7.16. Legal Timeline

Fig 7.52. Legal Timeline Source: By Author

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7.16.1. Section 377, 1860

Section 377 refers to ‘unnatural offences’ and says whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to 10 years, and shall also be liable to pay a fine (V.A, 2018).

Fig 7.53. Section 377 summary Source: By Author

7.16.2. Criminal Tribes Act, 1871

During the British rule, a legislation was enacted to supervise the deeds of hijras/transgender community, called the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, which deemed the entire community of Hijras persons as innately ‘criminal’ and ‘addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences’. The Act provided for the registration, surveillance and control of certain criminal tribes and eunuchs and had penalized eunuchs, who were registered, and appeared to be dressed or ornamented like a woman, in a public street or place, as well as those who danced or played music in a public place.

Such persons also could be arrested without warrant and sentenced to imprisonment up to two years or fine or both. Under the Act, the local government had to register the names and residence of all eunuchs residing in that area as well as of their properties, who were reasonably suspected of kidnapping or castrating children, or of committing offences under Section 377 of the IPC, or of abetting the commission of any of the said offences. The act was repealed in August 1949 (National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, 2012).

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Fig 7.54. Criminal Tribes Act summary Source: By Author

7.16.3. The Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act, 1956

The Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act, 1956 provided for the punishment for keeping a brothel or allowing premises to be used as a brothel, punishment for living on the earnings of prostitution, procuring, inducing or taking person for the sake of prostitution, detaining a person in premises where prostitution is carried on.

It is not actually used by the police to target vulnerable women in sex work. Hijras who are streetbased sex workers are targeted a lot under this (India P. o., n.d.).

Fig 7.55. The Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act summary Source: By Author

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7.16.4. Supreme Court Judgment – 15th April, 2014 - Transgender as third gender

Petitioner – National Legal Services Authority Respondents – Union of India and others

“Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex. Our society often ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations, bus stands, schools, workplaces, malls, theatres, hospitals, they are sidelined and treated as untouchables, forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society’s unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions, a mindset which we have to change.

We are, in this case, concerned with the grievances of the members of Transgender Community (for short ‘TG community’) who seek a legal declaration of their gender identity than the one assigned to them, male or female, at the time of birth and their prayer is that non-recognition of their gender identity violates Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution of India. Hijras/Eunuchs, who also fall in that group, claim legal status as a third gender with all legal and constitutional protection.”

- Judge K.S. Radhakrishnan

Fig 7.56. Supreme Court Judgment - 15th April, 2014 summary Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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7.16.5. Supreme Court Judgment – 6th September, 2018 - Abolition of Section 377

Petitioner – Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. Respondents – Union of India, Thr. Secretary, Ministry of Law and Justice

“We declare that Section 377 IPC, insofar it criminalises consensual sexual acts of adults in private, is violative of Articles 21, 14 and 15 of the Constitution. The provisions of Section 377 IPC will continue to govern non-consensual penile nonvaginal sex and penile non-vaginal sex involving minors. By ‘adult’ we mean everyone who is 18 years of age and above. A person below 18 would be presumed not to be able to consent to a sexual act. This clarification will hold till, of course, Parliament chooses to amend the law to effectuate the recommendation of the Law Commission of India in its 172nd Report which we believe removes a great deal of confusion.”

-Judge RF Nariman

Fig 7.57. Supreme Court Judgment - 6th September, 2018 summary Source: By Author

7.16.6. The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

This Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the 5th December, 2019, and was published for general information. This is an Act to provide for protection of rights of transgender persons and their welfare and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. This act extends to the whole of India (Justice, 2019).

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Fig 7.58. Transgender Persons Bill summary Source: By Author

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7.16.7. Appraisal of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019

Although the act is seen as a positive step towards the inclusion of transgender community in the society as it declares them as a backward class, disallows discrimination in employment and penalises violence against them, there has been widespread protest by the transgender community itself as they feel takes away their fundamental right of equal citizenship under the constitution (Sriraam).

Fig 7.59. Appraisal of the Transgender Persons Bill Source: Dr. Sangeetha Sriram, represented By Author

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7.17. Work on trans inclusion at state level across India A. Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu state government, has set the example by showing unprecedented efforts to address the social protection needs of transgender community.

In April 2008, Tamil Nadu Aravanigal (Transgender) Welfare Board was formed as the nodal body to address the social protection needs of transgender people (Chakrapani, 2012).

Fig 7.60. Aravanigal Welfare Board 'Social Protection Needs' policies for transgender community Source: Venkatesan Chakrapani for United Nations Development Programme, represented By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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B.Arch Design Dissertation

Since its inception, the board has introduced many transgender specific schemes of its own and has facilitated transgender people’s access to existing social protection schemes of the State and Central government.

12/3/2020

Trichy cops lead the way to rehabilitate transsexuals - Times of India

Printed from

Trichy cops lead the way to rehabilitate transsexuals TNN | Oct 16, 2020, 04.57 AM IST

TRICHY: With the menace of transsexuals involving in unruly behaviour at

Fig 7.61. Times of India Article headline 16th October, the 2020 Central bus stand and some other areas in the night causing Source: Times of India website inconvenience to people, the Trichy city police have started working on

their rehabilitation in collaboration with the social welfare department and

A group of 25 transsexuals demanding money from the passengers at the Central bus stand and other stakeholders. some other areas in the night causing inconvenience to the passengers has prompted the Trichy A groupdepartment of 25 transsexualsto demanding money from passengers near the police in collaboration with the social welfare work towards the rehabilitation of bus stand late on October 12 prompted city police commissioner J

the transsexuals (TNN, Trichy cops lead theLoganathan way to rehabilitate transsexuals, 2020). to call for an urgent meeting with them the next day. The transsexuals were asked not to get involved in such incidents even as

“We asked them not to assemble on the road in they were given a patient hearing at the meeting. “We asked them not to assemble on the road in the evening and late hours to avoid projecting themselves in a bad light to the society. They have the evening and late hours to avoid projecting asked for housing and employment facilities. We have assured to work on it,” Loganathan told TOI.

themselves in a bad light to the society. They

The commissioner asked them to furnish details of their educational qualification to seek the help of the district collector to

have provide askedthemforsuitable employment and housing help for their economic and social empowerment. A member of Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board, Kajol, from Trichy was also invited to the meeting. Kajol said a total of 273 transsexuals from Trichy enrolled their names in the facilities.

We have assured to work on it,” said welfare board. She insisted on providing more funds to their board to facilitate rehabilitation.

city police commissioner J Loganathan

“Transgenders get away carried away “Transgendersshould should notnot get carried by anyone who is exploiting them. They should look for improving their life through employment or through their entrepreneurial skill,” said Kajol. District social welfare officer A Thamimmunisha said that while

by anyone who is exploiting them. They

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-cops-lead-the-way-to-rehabilitate-transsexuals/articleshowprint/78689185.cms

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should look for improving their life through employment or their entrepreneurial skill,” said Kajol, a member of Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board.

Fig 7.62. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

The Home department of Tamil Nadu government has granted age relaxation for transgender persons applying for post in the state’s police subordinate services.

Trans right activist Grace Banu believes that although this is a development in the right direction, the transgender community should not be equated to the SC/ST group and greater age limit relaxation should be provided, considering the community members tend to drop out of school more often due to discrimination.

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B. Kerala

Fig 7.63. Kerala State measures for transgender community Source: Godrej India Culture Lab Trans Inclusion Manifesto, represented By Author

Sensitizing students to rights of transpersons:

The Kollam district administration had launched a first of its kind student internship program named as Trans 5. The idea was to provide a more inclusive environment for the sexual minorities and to ensure equal rights for the LGBTI community. The initiative was a part of the District Collector’s Student Community Service to orient the participants towards a deeper comprehension of the LGBTI Community with the focus being on the transpersons (Sudhish, 2018).

12/8/2020

Sensitizing students to rights of transpersons - The Hindu

“In our education system students are not introduced to varying patterns of gender identity & sexual orientation. This initiative aims to bring out a holistic change in the mind-set of the youngsters by exposing them to the everyday struggles of the LGBTI Community,” says Kollam Assistant Collector S.Ilakiya.

KERALA

Sensitizing students to rights of transpersons Navamy Sudhish KOLLAM, DECEMBER 05, 2018 23:05 IST UPDATED: DECEMBER 06, 2018 07:59 IST

Kollam district administration to launch Mission Trans 5 Fig 7.64. The Hindu Article headline 6th December, 2020 In a Hindu bid towebsite provide a more inclusive environment for sexual minorities and to ensure equal Source: The rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people, the district administration be launching Mission TransIX5, a first of its kind student internship Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - will MU 1643 Semester Rizvi College Of Architecture programme.

Carried out as part of Kollam District Collector’s Student Community Service, the initiative intends to orient the participants towards a deeper comprehension of the LGBTI community

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“Trans 5 has been conceived as a meaningful social engineering initiative. The week long social internship program will be carried out in association with the LAS TG Suraksha Project and Kerela Forum in support of United Nations Academic Impact,” says Asif Ayoob, district coordinator.

Fig 7.65. Trans 5 Student Program Itinerary Source: The Hindu Article headline 6th December, 2020

C. Karnataka

The Karnataka Government introduced a State Policy for Transgender Persons in 2017, a step towards the social integration of the transgender community. The Karnataka Policy suggests the term ‘transgender’ be used instead of ‘third gender’, thereby enlarging its scope to include ‘Jogappas’, ‘Hijras’ and ‘Intersex persons’ among others (Sahani, 2018).

Fig 7.66. Karnataka State measures for transgender community Source: Godrej India Culture Lab Trans Inclusion Manifesto and khpt.org, represented by author

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The Karnataka government is in the process of placing the draft rules before the cabinet for approval, with regard to providing reservation for transgender persons in appointments to be made in the police department.

Once the draft rules is places, the cabinet will try to approve it as soon as possible.

12/8/2020 D. Goa

Fig 7.67. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

Goa to make schools a secure place for transgender students | Education News,The Indian Express

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The Goa government has issued guidelines focused at making its schools “inclusive” for Follow Us: transgender students who face harassment and stigma. The guidelines aims at creating an Tuesday, December 08, 2020

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The schools have been instructed to give admissions to all the student belonging to the community and the teachers are being sensitised about issues concerning transgenders, their life, culture, psycho-social and emotional conditions (India P. T., Goa to make schools a secure place for Home / Education / Goa to make schools a secure place for transgender students transgender students, 2019)

Goa to make schools a secure place for transgender students The schools have been directed to give admission to all students belonging to transgender community, and teachers are being sensitised about issues concerning transgenders, their life, culture, psycho-social and emotional conditions.

Fig 7.68. The Indian Express Article headline 24th December, 2019 Source: The Indian Express website

“The spirit of the Indian Constitution is to provide equal opportunity to every citizen to grow and attain their potential, irrespective of caste, religion or gender,” Deputy Director of Education Santosh By: PTI | Panaji | December 24, 2019 3:51:59 pm

Amonkar said in the circular.

“Similarly, transgender children also have the right to education like other children and they should be nurtured from a humanistic point of view,” added Santosh Amonkar.

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E. Chhattisgarh

Fig 7.69. Chhattisgarh State measures for transgender community Source: Godrej India Culture Lab Trans Inclusion Manifesto, represented by author

F. Rajasthan

The Urban Development and Housing department released a notification that stated Rajasthan government’s decision to reserve 2% houses for transgenders whose income is less than Rs 12 lakh per annum in all housing schemes to be launched by the Rajasthan Housing Board, development authorities, urban improvement trusts. The Urban Land Disposal Rules, 1974 was also amended to make provision for 2% reservation for transgenders in housing schemes that will launched on the government land (TNN, 2% Rajasthan Housing Board flats to be reserved for transgenders, 2020).

12/8/2020

2% Rajasthan Housing Board flats to be reserved for transgenders - Times of India

Printed from

2% Rajasthan Housing Board flats to be reserved for transgenders TNN | Jul 21, 2020, 04.09 AM IST

JAIPUR: The state government has decided to reserve 2% houses for in all the housing schemes to be launched by Rajasthan Fig 7.70. The Times of India article headline 21st July,transgenders 2020 Housing Board (RHB), development authorities and urban improvement Source: The Times of India website

G. Uttar Pradesh

trusts (UITs).

The notification was released by the Urban Development and Housing

(UDH ) department on Monday, to reserve houses for transgenders whose has On Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath’s directive, the social welfare department income is less than Rs 12 lakh per annum.

submitted a proposal to set up a panel for transgenders. The commission will be headed by the The UDH department has also amended Disposal Rules, social welfare minister and several members of the community will bethe onUrban theLand panel.

1974 to make provision for 2% reservation for transgenders in housing schemes that will be launched on government land.

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An official at UDH told TOI, “The department received a proposal in 2017 from the transgender community. After amending the rules, the provision of reservation was made for them. Earlier, reservation was also made in housing schemes for the differently abled.”

Other than this, the department has also complied the allotments done at concessional rates in the last six-month tenure of the

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Fig 7.71.Uttar Pradesh State measures for transgender community Source: Times of India, India Today websites, represented by author 12/8/2020

Welfare board for us in state encouraging: Transgenders - Times of India

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Welfare board for us in state encouraging: Transgenders TNN | Sep 17, 2020, 01.00 AM IST

In a first of its kind initiative, the UP government is going to set up a panel

Fig 7.72. The Times of India Article headline 17th September, 2020 for transgenders. Reportedly, on UP CM Yogi Adityanath’s directive, the Source: The Times of India website Social Welfare department has submitted a proposal for the same to the government. The commission will be headed by the Social Welfare

The board plans to identify transgendersminister across state, issue I-cards tothehelp get andthe several members of thethem community will be on panel.them The Additional Chief Secretary or Principal Secretary Social Welfare will be the

enrolled in educational institutions and provide accommodation under thewillschemes Vice Chairman of the Commission while members also includeof thethe state Lucknow Police Commissioner. The board will identify transgenders government. The idea of having a welfare commission for the community was mooted during across the state, issue them I-cards help them get enrolled in educational also provide schemesTripathi of the state found the Prayajraj Kumbh in 2019, when theinstitutions Kinnarand Akhara, ledaccommodation

by Laxmiunder Narayan

recognition (Meera Vohra, 2020).

govt.It is believed that the idea for having a welfare commission for the community was mooted during the Prayagraj Kumbh in 2019, when the

Kinnar Akhara, led by Laxmi Narayan Tripathi found recognition. And now post the announcement of the panel, the whole

All praise for the UP the CM, Tripathi says, “Breaking the stereotype, we were given our rightful place community is hailing move. during the Kumbh Mela 2019 in Prayagraj. Similarly UP is the only state which through an amendment of a law has given inheritance rights to transgender in ancestral agricultural land. Moreover Noida Metaro Railway Corporation has dedicated the Sector-50 metro station to transgender community, so all these efforts of the UP government I appreciate and the constitution of the welfare board will add to that.”

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/welfare-board-for-us-in-state-encouraging-transgenders/articleshowprint/78153005.cms

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12/8/2020

India's first university for transgender community to come up in UP's Kushinagar - Education Today News

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Fig 7.73. Noida Sector 50 Metro Station Fig 7.74. Noida Sector 50 Metro Station wall painting News / Education Today / News / India's first university for transgender community to come Source: News India Express website Source: Hindustan Times website MOVIES SPORTS DIU   

up in UP's Kushinagar

India's first university for transgender community to come up in UP's Kushinagar The members of the transgender community will get education and will be able to give a new direction to the country, said MLA Ganga Singh Kushwaha.

ADVERTISEMENT Fig 7.75. India Today Article headline 27th December, 2019 An Award-Winning School Source: India Today website

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feedback Whyathis Uttar Pradesh is the first state in theSend country to give goad? ahead for building a university for the The Green Acres Academy

transgender community. The university will come up in the Fazilnagar block of the Kushinagar Press Trust of India 

Delhi Decemberthe 27, 2019 UPDATED: 27, 2019 09:43 IST District and itNew will facilitate member toDecember study from class one to Post-Graduation.

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They will alsohave the opportunity to take work and get aPhD degree. The university   up research  is being built by the Akhil Bhartiya Kinnar Shiksha Seva Trust (Anand, 2019).

“It is the first of its kind in the country where members of transgender community will be able to get education and the process of has already been initiated. From January 15 next year, two children who are brought up by the community members will get admission and from February and March other classes will start,” president of the trust Dr Krishna Mohan Mishra said.

“I am happy that we will be educated and get respect in the society. Education has power and I am sure it will not only change our lives but also the lives of others,” said Guddi Kinnar, one of the members off the community.

H. Bihar

Explained: Here's why it is important to foster skills in educators

Leaders of the pack

I di Institute ’ fi t i ofitSocial f t d it t a reporti which UP’ K talked hi (Ph t t complaints PTI) The https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/india-s-first-university-for-transgender-community-to-come-up-in-up-s-kushinagar-1631851-2019…

Tata Sciences made about the of sexual 1/7

exploitation at the short stay homes/shelters for women and the corrective measures that need to be taken. To follow up this, the social welfare department had instructed the officials to conduct periodic social audits of the short stay home.

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Home / India / Transgender guards is Bihar’s answer to sex abuse at shelters

Transgender guards is Bihar’s answer to sex abuse at shelters Earlier this month, two persons, including the security guard of a short stay home in Chhapra, were arrested after a 23-year-old mentally challenged woman was found to be pregnant.

Fig 7.76. The Indian Express Article headline 4th August, 2018 Source: The Indian Express website

EXPLAINED X the Bihar Following the increasing complaints of the sexualEXPRESS exploitation at these shelters, Two people ride in a car during government has decided to employ transgenders as security guards.

Written by Santosh Singh | Patna | Updated: August 4, 2018 12:43:27 pm pandemic: which windows should

theysecurity keep open?

“We have been studying the proposal to employ transgenders as guards at short stay homes

for a while. After the chief minister endorsed the proposal on Monday, we issued a formal order on implementing the change. Transgenders will be given priority for employment as security guards at short stay homes. This move will help avert sexual exploitation, and also offer employability to transgenders and give them social parity,” Atul Prasad, principal secretary, social welfare department said.https://indianexpress.com/article/india/transgender-guards-is-bihars-answer-to-sex-abuse-at-shelters-5263981/

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The government despite the demand to employ transgender in anganwadi centres, will study the social response to the idea and the Transgender Welfare Board will conduct a district-wise census (Singh, 2018).

I. Assam 12/9/2020

Assam introduces transgender category in civil services exam application form - Times of India

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Assam introduces transgender category in civil services exam application form PTI | Oct 30, 2020, 11.33 PM IST

GUWAHATI: Fig 7.77. The Times of India Article headline 30th October, 2020 The Assam Public Service Commission (APSC) has introduced 'transgender' as an option in the gender category in the state civil and Source: The Times of India website allied services examination application form and has received 42

The Assam Public Service Commission, for the first time has introduced ‘transgender’ as an applications in this category, an official said on Friday.

The Commission had issued an addendum on September 15 to an earlier option in the gender category in the state civil and allied services examination application notice, to include transgender, for the first time, in the gender category for the Combined Competitive (Preliminary) Examinations 2020, APSC Chairman Pallav Bhattacharya said.

form. The Combined Competitive (Preliminary) Examinations, 2020 form has already received 42 applications in this category (AssamThe introduces transgender category in civil services exam Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has already introduced the application form, 2020).

option in its recruitment process, and the APSC is probably the first state commission to do so, an official said.

“We have received 42 application in this category for recruitment to the posts of Assam Civil "We have received 42 applications in this category for recruitment to the posts of Assam Civil Services junior grade and other

Services junior grade and other allied services,” APSC chairman Pallav Bhattacharya said. allied services," Bhattacharya said.

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Considering the social and economic status of the community in the state, applications by 42 transgenders is very good news, said Vice-Chairperson of the Assam State Transgender Welfare Board, Swati Bidhan Baruah.

Altogether 83,251 applicants have submitted forms till the last day of submission on October 25.

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J. Delhi

7500 teachers and principals are being trained by the Education Department of NDMC, on inclusion of transgender identities in classroom. Space NGO conducts 1 hour sessions in groups of 250 participants each.

“The aim is to ensure all children, regardless of their gender identity, are able to utilise the educational

opportunities

available.

The

training will equip teachers to ensure full participation of all children in the classroom,” an NDMC statement said.

Fig 7.78. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

K. Madhya Pradesh

The Madhya Pradesh government in order to empower the transgender community, is in the process of bringing an array of reforms in the transgender policy which may come into force very soon (Sengar, 2020).

Fig 7.79.Madhya Pradesh State policy reform for transgender community Source: India Times website, represented By Author

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“With implementation of Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020, introduced by the Centre in July 2020, the social justice department of MP government will ensure societal change. Soon after election results, the policy will be brought before the cabinet,” said Prateek Hajela, principal secretary, social justice department.

L. Telangana

Separate

COVID-19

wards

for

transgender persons was provided, following the order from High Court to provide free healthcare and medicines in government hospitals.

Those who cannot access hormone therapy medicines due to the lockdown were to be provided with medicines sponsored by the state.

A generic drug store setup by the

Fig 7.80. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

GWMC at the Warangal bus station has been handed over for its operations to transgender person.

“We are trying to empower transgender community by helping them in different ways and help them lead a dignified life and attain social equality in the society,” said Pamela.

Fig 7.81. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline November 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

M. Maharashtra

A group of transgenders, who met the Deputy CM, Ajit Pawar in a meeting discussed about the long-pending demand of the transgender welfare committee and expressed their concerns about the lack of identification documents in case the National Register of Citizens is implemented in Maharashtra.

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They were assured that the community would have a “separate window” to facilitate them if the NRC is implemented in the state, also the welfare committee would be setup within 20 days (Service, 2020).

Home / Cities / Mumbai / Maharashtra: In meeting with deputy CM; Transgenders demand welfare board, voice fear over NRC

Maharashtra: In meeting with deputy CM; Transgenders demand welfare board, voice fear over NRC Deputy CM Ajit Pawar assured them that transgenders would have a “separate window” to facilitate them if the NRC is implemented in the state.

He also said that the welfare committee would be set up within 20 days.

Fig 7.82. The Indian Express Article headline 8th January, 2020 Source: The Indian Express website

The Maha Vikas Aghadi government finally, in their maiden budget fulfilled a longstanding https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-in-meeting-with-deputy-cm-transgenders-demand-welfare-board-voice-fear-over-nrc-620…

1/13 demand of the transgender community by allocating a sum of Rs 5 crore for the Transgender

Welfare Board. The collective welfare board will be steered by Dhananjay Mundhe along with six expert committees to be set up for the six divisions: Konkan, Nashik, Amravati, Nagpur, Pune, and Aurangabad (TNN, Maharashtra: In a first, Rs 5 crore for transgender welfare board, 2020).

12/9/2020

Maharashtra: In a first, Rs 5 crore for Transgender Welfare Board - Times of India

Printed from

Maharashtra: In a first, Rs 5 crore for Transgender Welfare Board TNN & Agencies | Mar 7, 2020, 01.28 PM IST

MUMBAI: The maiden budget of the Maha Vikas Aghadi (MVA)

Fig 7.83. The Times of India Article headline 7th March,government 2020 on Friday fulfilled a longstanding demand of the transgender Source: The Times of India website community by allocating Rs 5 crore for a Transgender Welfare Board.

“This is the first time in Maharashtra sinceWhen independence the government has sanctioned a the National Legalthat Services Authority (NALSA) judgment of the Supreme Court recognised transgender as a third gender in April 2014, it

budget for the transgenders. We are hoping can finally starttodevelopment proposed hadwe asked state governments constitute welfare work boards to take care of in the housing, education, employment and livelihood of the community, but so government resolution in 2014,” said Priya Patil, Kinna Maa Ek Samajik Sanstha Project Manager far the state failed to appoint members or set up a charter to protect their rights.

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In December 2018, the social justice department finally set up the board

but did not appoint any members.

After the new state government came into power last year, activists took up the matter on a war footing, urging the MVA

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The Maharashtra state government has finally issued the GR to form the 14 member Transgender Welfare Board but the appointments have yet again given rise to a new controversy. The members of the community have claimed that the board is not all-inclusive and that not all sections have got representation in the board. The members of the board have however said in their defence that no representative from the left out sections was ready to be a part of the board but they will continue to try and give representation to every section of the community.

12/9/2020

Maharashtra government issues resolution to form transgender welfare board

Printed from

Maharashtra government issues resolution to form transgender welfare board / Jun 10, 2020, 10.51 PM IST

Fig 7.84. Pune Mirror Article headline 10th June, 2020 Source: Pune Mirror website

Laxmi Narayan Tripathi said, “While it is a welcome step that the much awaited decision of forming the board has been taken, the board’s current arrangement fails to give proper representation to everyone.

Maharashtra state government has finally issued the GR to formulate the transgender welfare board. However, the appointments have given rise to yet another controversy. The members of the community have alleged that the board is not all-inclusive and the trans men and intersex did not get any representation on the board.

Members of the board have, however, justified stating that despite attempts, no one from this section expressed willingness to work. Ministers have stated that they will try to give representation to the deprived community.

After the MVA government came to power, NCP MP Supiya Sule had conducted a meeting with minister Dhananjay Munde demanding the formulation of the board in the month of January. Almost six months after the meeting, the state's social justice ministry has issued a government resolution announcing the formulation of the transgender welfare board. According to the GR issued on June 8, a 14-member board was formed with the ministers heading it.

These appointments have however created new controversy as the members from the community have claimed that all the sections did not get representation. They have alleged that the community includes only traditional transgenders and trans women and has left out trans men and intersex individuals.

Fig 7.85.Maharashtra State policy reform for transgender community to Mirror, Laxmi Narayan Tripathi, a transgender activist said, “While it is a welcome step that the Source:Speaking NDTV website, represented by author

much awaited decision of forming the board has been taken, the board's current arrangement fails to give proper representation to everyone. They have included the traditional community members that is the Hijras. However, they have failed to include trans men and intersex persons on board.”

Aryan Pasha, another activist said, “Trans women can never represent trans men. The trans men go through a completely different set of problems and struggles. While trans women have some options of being accepted by

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https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/maharashtra-government-issues-resolution-to-form-transgender-welfare-board/articleshowprint/763084…

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N. India

The Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment will launch a dedicated national portal which will equip transgenders to apply for identity card to the district magistrate, in order to adhere to the clause of right to self-identity as mentioned in the Transgender Persons Act. Govtattempt Set To Launchto Nationwide Portal Simplifying And Identification Of Transgenders; Tothem, Also Build Special Homes The portal will initiate12/9/2020 a nationwide identify all theRegistration transgenders, enumerate

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government is also planning to open a home in every state, the first being planned in Vadodara.

02 h 07 m 21 s

The policy also envisages participation by the private sector to remove stigma and enhance opportunities. As per the rules, every institute would have an equal opportunity policy (Staff, 2020).

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Govt Set To Launch Portal Simplifying Registration And Giving I-Cards To Transgenders; To Also Build Special Homes

by Swarajya Sta� - Nov 25, 2020 12:43 PM

Lakshmi Narayan Tripathi, chief of the “Kinnar Akhada” congregation for transgender people takes a dip during the rst “Shahi Snan” (grand bath)(Source:MarcAngeli/Facebook)

Fig 7.86.Swarajya Magazine Having Articlegotten headline 25th 2020 passed theNovember, landmark Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act last year in the Parliament, the Source: Swarajya Magazine website Government is now set to launch a simpli ed certi cation process to provide identity cards and special homes to reports Economicmany Times. activists and organisations transgenders in every State of the nation, Ever since the NALSA judgement

by Supreme Court in 2014,

have being vocal about integrating the transgender community into the mainstream society The Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is set to launch a dedicated national portal which would equip transgenders to apply forand an identity card to the the essence of the right to self-perceived and providing them with opportunities schemes to District lead Magistrate, a better implementing life. The state of Tamil Nadu identity as granted by the aforementioned Act.

has been leading from the front in bringing these reforms for the community with the Transgender The portal will mark the initiation of a nationwide exercise to identify all the transgenders, enumerate them, provide them Board being founded way back in 2008. Following the directives of Ministry of Social Justice and with identity cards, and thereafter roll-out targeted social welfare programmes.

Empowerment and Supreme Court, few states have formed welfare board, drafted welfare Secretary (social justice and empowerment) R Subrahmanyam said: “We are initially planning to open one home in every state.

policies and initiated the process of issuing identity cards but there is a still a long way to bring State governments would be actively involved in the projects.”

them to the mainstream. https://swarajyamag.com/insta/govt-set-to-launch-portal-simplifying-registration-and-giving-i-cards-to-transgenders-to-also-build-special-homes

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7.18. Positive societal initiatives towards trans inclusion 7.18.1. Kalki Subramaniam- On a mission to empower transgender community

Kalki Subramaniam is a transgender rights activist, artist and founder of the Sahodari Foundation.

Fig 7.87.Kalki Subramaniam, founder of Sahodari foundation Source: X. Alice Priya

Kalki, after completing her master’s degree in journalism started a magazine called “Sahodari” which means sister to reach out and support the transgender community. She used photographs, art and text to educate people about mental health, transitioning and their right to dignity.

The Sahodari foundation trains the team in visual storytelling. Art helps them identify their selfworth. It has become a medium to express hope, joy, fear, anguish, desires and struggles, also reflecting the deep self and the journey of the candidate.

Kalki believes that the transgender community has many artistic and creative individuals, but they seldom have the opportunity to practice their creativity. She has realised the importance of art for the community to make a living out of it which gave birth to the “Trans hearts” project.

The community’s artwork has also been exhibited in galleries, universities, colleges and public spaces (Subramanium, 2020).

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Fig 7.88. “I With In” by Kalki Subramaniam Source: Kalki Subramaniam

Fig 7.89. Kalki Subramaniam pictured delivering a performance poetry piece Source: Sakthi Nithyanandan

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The response has been tremendously positive and people identify them and also empathise with them after looking at the artwork.

“The deepest wounds cannot heal until they are expressed. Practicing art helps us heal emotional injuries, by providing a safe opportunity for self-expression and shaping one’s identity. It can bring out our beautiful side. It can make us more tolerant of differences -- and of one another.”

-Kalki Subramaniam

Fig 7.90. Participants create works during a Transhearts workshop Source: Sahodari Foundation

Standing up against violence: The Red Wall Project was created to empower the voices of India’s transgender and genderdiverse people, and to help resist the crimes perpetrated against them. It is a community “artivism” project whereby participants are interviewed by the team and write down their experiences of assault, abuse or rape on paper marked with their palm prints in red paint.

With their consent, these stories are brought to the public. During the exhibitions, poetry and performance art is used to provoke dialogue about taking action against gender-based crimes.

The testimonials have been exhibited at the British council in Chennai, the Alliance Française in Trivandrum and various other educational and cultural institutions across India (Subramanium, 2020).

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Fig 7.91. Participants in the Red Wall project write their stories Source: Sahodari Foundation

Fig 7.92. Students read Red Wall testimonials. Kalki sees the red painted palms signifying “a slap against abusers and a sign of resistance.”

Source: Sahodari Foundation

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Through victims’ first-hand accounts, the team aims to show that the transgender are human beings who deserve better treatment, respect and dignity.

Whenever these testimonials are exhibited, people read them patiently for hours. There are visitors who, after reading, sit in silence in tears (Subramanium, 2020).

Young people come to me and say, “What can I do to stop this violence? How can I be supportive?”

And I tell them: “Educate yourself more, sensitize your family and your friends to be trans-friendly.

Empathize with us. That is all we need.”

-Kalki Subramaniam 7.18.2. Aravani Art Project

“Creating consciousness and wellbeing through art.”

Aravani Art Project is women and Trans women inclusive art collective involving collaborative public art/ wall art project to raise voice and awareness of the friendship between Trans women and women in public spaces.

Fig 7.93. Sensitization Workshop at Thoughtworks summit at Kochi Source: Aravani Art Project

The collective aims at creating safe spaces for marginalised voices through art. The streets are a particularly important place for the collective, as it is in these public spaces that the transgender are a victim of violence, harassment, social negligence and pressure.

The collective seeks to respond to these experiences by creating spaces that encourage exchange, discussion, openness and debate surrounding gender identities (Project, 2020).

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By making art together the collective is reshaping the politics of inclusion and exclusion that surround gender identities. The collective has also served as an alternative source of income for the transgender community through freelance art and design project, and in doing so it develops organisational skills and advocates social change by raising community awareness in public spaces (Project, 2020).

Fig 7.94. Textile Installation in collaboration with Whitefield Art Collective Source: Aravani Art Project

Fig 7.95. Toilet block painting in collaboration with Smile Charitable Trust at Chikmagalur Source: Aravani Art Project

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7.18.3. Kinnar Ka Ki

Kinnar is the Sanskrit translation of the word Trans woman and the theme Kinnar Ka Ki is a play on the significance of the transformation of the bodies, souls and minds.

The project Kinnar Ka Ki was born from the sheer hope of portraying the stories of four beautiful Trans women hailing from various towns in India. It is not a story about them, it is by them. Kinnar Ka Ki is a photo essay account of their daily life by Shreya Basu– verbatim translated into English for the convenience of readers at large – bringing to light the perils and biases of being part of a society they continue to fight to find their rightful place in.

Overwhelmed by their transformation stories and the fire in their bellies, Shreya documents Kinnar Ka Ki as a tell-tale for all of society to empathise, not sympathise and to create a safe space for them to be heard and seen the way they want to be.

Neither a ‘how’, nor a ‘why’ – Kinnar Ka Ki is an investigation to instigate the idea of embracing all lives as equal, break stereotypes about the Trans community and see them, particularly Poppy Banerjee, Tarana Patil, Sweety and Bhavika for who they really are – aspirational Trans women of our society (Basu, 2020).

A. Poppy Banerjee - Beauty "I moved to the city of dreams from Kolkata to become a make-up artist. I want to work so hard and be so good that I can grace big stars like Priyanka Chopra one day. Being a make-up artist, I know very well that everyone has flaws. I have never been in front of the camera, only behind. But I know I’m beautiful because my heart is beautiful." (Basu, 2020)

Fig 7.96. Poppy Banerjee Source: Shreya Basu, FII website Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

Fig 7.97. Poppy Banerjee Source: Shreya Basu, FII website Semester IX

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B. Tarana Patil - Hope At least mother tolerates me for who I am. On the other hand, my father does not even look at me. He tells her, “If he is going to come in front of me, he has to come as my son only.” I hope that someday they will recognise me for who I am and all the things I have doing for them. I hope they will accept me as Tarana.

"It is my majburi that I have to take up odd jobs and even beg to collect enough money since it’s so difficult to get regular work. I know people look at me in a certain way. I’ve been called names and teased on the road. But some take my blessings for money. Some even say that only when I come to their shops, their business kicks off for the day, and I hope it’s because I’m doing it with a true heart." (Basu, 2020)

Fig 7.98. Tarana Patil Source: Shreya Basu, FII website

Fig 7.99. Tarana Patil Source: Shreya Basu, FII website

C. Sweety - Pride "I feel very proud that God made me this way. I can stand for myself. I came to Bhavika’s house only 2 months ago from Pune. I had a good life there, you know? I got everything I wanted–food on bed, clothes, everything; everything except the liberty to breathe freely. So I ran away to be able to live.

Being a part of this community has taught me the true meaning of love. Unconditional and equal to all animals and humans. We have been through so much that we do not want anyone else to go

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through what we have survived. I believe education and awareness can go a long way in understanding our stories.

I think about my parents every day. They must be in so much pain, dealing with so much backlash from the society. I think if they are even 10 percent as proud of me as I am of myself, I’ll be satisfied." (Basu, 2020)

Fig 7.100. Sweety Source: Shreya Basu, FII website

Fig 7.101. Sweety Source: Shreya Basu, FII website

D. Bhavika - Unity "I started taking people in to my house to support all those who were lost in their transformation.

I’m 30 years old, but it feels like I’ve lived up to 60 already. I can relate to a teenager as much as I can relate to an older person. If I’m like a brother to someone, I think about what kind of a brother I want to be, if I’m a mother, what kind of a mother am I? I think about all these roles and only then take decisions. I don’t know how powerful my decisions but I feel very strongly about them.

I believe that no one has to suffer alone. My family and my trans family play a large role in my growth and I can go ahead in life with them always by my side. I have achieved a lot in life, seen a lot in life.

I am India’s leading third-gender Bollywood actress, singer and model. Money is not everything, but can be a lot of things– this is my motto. Most important is to remember that the only way forward is when we all walk together!" (Basu, 2020) Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Fig 7.102. Bhavika Source: Shreya Basu, FII website

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Fig 7.103. Bhavika Source: Shreya Basu, FII website

7.18.4. Narthaki Nataraj, becomes the first transgender to be awarded Padma Shri

Narthaki Nataraj, the first transgender to be awarded the Padma Shri believes that she was chosen for the civilian decoration not because of her gender or identity but solely on the basis of merit and her talent as Bharatanatyam artist.

"I was chosen not because of my transgender identity but on basis of merit as a Bharatanatyam artist. I have given more than 30 years of my life in the service of Bharatanatyam," says Narthaki Nataraj

Fig 7.104. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline January 2019 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.5. Youngsters launch a 'Pink List' consisting of Lok Sabha candidates who publicly supported queer and trans causes

A website called Pink List India dividing politicians into four categories- Trailblazers, Changemakers, Outspoken Allies and Allies, each supporting the cause of transgender or queer issues was launched by Anish Gawande, Devina Buckshee and Smriti Deora.

"We wanted to track a change in perception of LGBTQ issues. It's the first place where we can mobilise around queer issues, and hold representatives accountable, says Gawande.

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Fig 7.105. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline March 2019 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.6. Transgender persons turn out to vote for the Lok Sabha elections

At the Fort School in Thiruvananthapuram, fifteen transgender persons came to vote for the Lok Sabha elections.

"About 40 trans people should have voted from the state this time," says Sreekutty, who is state president of Sexual and Gender Minority Federation.

Fig 7.106. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline April 2019 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.7. Gauri Sawant has fought all odds for the transgender community of India

Shri Gauri Sawant is India's first transgender mother and a social activist working for the society to accept and respect transgender for who they are. In her book, Gauri: The urge to fly, she has narrated her journey, the challenges and her innermost thoughts which shows that she is no 'different' from others. It also encapsulates the precious mother daughter bond of Gauri and Gayatri.

Gauri, through this book aims at bringing about a positive change in the society.

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Fig 7.107. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline May 2019 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story Semester IX

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7.18.8. Transgender people perform Kolattam dance in Chennai to raise awareness about COVID-19 spread

The Kolattam folk dance, performed by members of transgender community in Chennai was organised by Sahodaran, a community based transgender organisation in

collaboration

with

Greater

Chennai

Corporation.

"Kolattam dance is one of the most historical dances of our state and people warmly welcomed us and many have enjoyed our performances," said Jaya, General Manager of Fig 7.108. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

Sahodaran.

7.18.9. Chennai transgender community fighting COVID-19 and Stigma at forefront of government efforts

A

first-of-its-kind

transgender

campaign

persons

involving

working

with

government authorities in Chennai aims at fighting the deadly COVID-19 pandemic. The task involves 3 steps - Awareness, Prevention and Control.

"We are fighting corona and stigma. We could say that transgenders are joining this fight for their basic economic needs and, but we're taking these risks for the welfare of fellow

Fig 7.109. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020

members in the society,' says Jaya, the General Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story Manager of the NGO Sahodaran.

7.18.10. Zoya Khan is the first transgender operator of the Common Service Centre,India

Zoya Khan from Vadodara district is India's first transgender operator of Common Services Centre, having started CSC work with Telemedicine consultation. She aims to support the transgender community by making them digitally literate and give them better opportunities.

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Fig 7.110. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline July 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.11. Bus operator launches scheme to encourage 'awareness and respect' for transgenders

The Joint Council of Bus Syndicates in West Bengal plans to earmark certain seats as "Tridhara", meaning third power in the 35,000-40,000 buses owned by them.

"It is not just about earmarking two seats but to recognise transgender people and create awareness among commuters to treat them as equals," said the council's general secretary Tapan Banerjee.

Fig 7.111. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.12. Group of Trans persons begin pickle business amid pandemic in Hyderabad

A group of transgender people have started making and selling ginger garlic paste and pickles amid the COIVD-19 pandemic in Hyderabad to make a living.

"We have engaged 5 trans women, applied for a license, got a certificate from the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and started selling those interested within our known circles.We are trying to

Fig 7.112. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020

make our own living, shouldn't people who Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story always stigmatise us as beggars now buy Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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our products?" Jasmine, founder of Trans Equality Society asks.

7.18.13. Northeast's first transgender doctor Beoncy Laishram is an inspiration for many

Beoncy

Laishram,

27

is

the

first

transgender doctor from the Northeast and a symbol of hope for the state's highly prominent yet marginalised Nupi Maanbi(trans woman) community.

"I got through MBBS at RIMS in 2011 and decided to come out to my family in 2013, my father was so upset he tried to kill himself. I went right back into the closet. Around 2016, I realised I could no longer live that life, it was then that I began openly identifying as a Nupi Maanbi, " said Beoncy Laishram.

Fig 7.113. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline August 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.14. New trans kitchen in Coimbatore promises variety on food items

Covai Trans Kitchen, the 32-seater restaurant is a restaurant completely run by a team of 10 transgender people, age between 18 and 60 years.

They will handle cooking, taking orders, serving, billing and others.

"While we initially only knew to make biryani, we were taught to make many chicken side dishes, parottas, variety rice dishes and even some bakery products so we can run a full-fledged hotel," says Rakshita, one of the trainees and hotel employees.

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Fig 7.114. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline September 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

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7.18.15. MATA, an association of trans men for trans men in Kerela

Vihaan Peethamber and Ishaan Shaan started Malayali Trans men Association(MATA) in 2019.

The aim of the association is to create awareness about trans men and the issues they face, provide support to members in various areas, disseminate information on crucial programmes for trans men by government and private bodies and non-government organisation.

"MATA's vision is to empower trans men by providing them access to support and resources that advance safety and equality, increase public awareness of trans masculine identities and challenge intolerance," says Vihaan Peethamber

Fig 7.115. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline September 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.16. Trans activist Akkai joins Karnataka Congress

Akkai Padmashali, with her oath ceremony done is one of the first transgender persons to join a political party in Karnataka.

"In order to bring about changes and effect outcomes that can help the transgender community, one has to become a part of the system to drive the change. This decision has been a hard one but I have decided to take this step to bring issue related to sexual minorities to the forefront" said Akkai.

Fig 7.116. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline September 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.17. India's first online magazine for transgender persons

An online magazine exclusively for transgender persons named "Trans News" is set to be launched. All the models in the magazine will be trans people.

"Trans News will be a commercial portal with contents ranging from fashion tips for trans woman to recipes articles, stories and poems", Priyababu, the editor explained.

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Fig 7.117. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline October 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.18. A team of 25 transgender persons scale Himalayan peak

A 25-member team of transgender persons, in a first-of-its kind expedition scaled the 17,353 ft high Friendship Peak in the Himalayas. Guided by mountaineer Ratnesh Pandey the expedition is a result of proactive effects of his foundation and transgender rights activist Laxmi Narayan Tripathi.

Fig 7.118. Periferry ‘The News’ Article headline October 2020 Edition Source: Periferry Instagram handle story

7.18.19. Sandeep Nagar Milk Cooperative Society

Sandeep Nagar based in Chennai was first envisioned six years ago by Grace Banu. To make the town come to life, it took years of campaigning by the Trans Rights Now collective which works towards providing education and employment opportunities to the transgender community (Shekar, 2020).

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Fig 7.119. Aerial view of the Manthithoppu Transgender Milk Cooperative Society Source: Collector Thoothukudi YouTube channel

Only with the appointment of Sandeep Nanduri, a trans friendly district magistrate and chief administrator of the area did the thing begin to change. He passed the order for the documentation of the community and also suggested a place to live with a milk farmer’s society to generate income. It took efforts from seven departments- Revenue, Rural Development, Women Development Corporation, Cooperatives, Aaavin Milk Collective, Animal Husbandry, and Social Welfare Department to establish the cooperative society.

The collective dairy farm, Manthithoppu Transgender Milk Cooperative Society, was registered by the government and the trans women decided to name the village after Nanduri due to his enthusiasm and support towards them.

The society houses thirty transgenders who own one cow each and individual disparate solarpowered greenhouses (Shekar, 2020).

Fig 7.120. Few Trans women of the Manthithoppu Transgender Milk Cooperative Society Source: Collector Thoothukudi YouTube channel Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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They sell roughly 250 to 300 litres of milk a day to Aavin, the state milk company for almost Rs 10,000 a day. The process of pouring milk into canisters and loading them into the van is carried out twice a day. The collective plans to buy one more cow per trans women in six months’ time and build houses for 50 new residents as well (Shekar, 2020)

Fig 7.121. Trans woman pouring milk into canisters Source: The News Minute website

Fig 7.122. Trans women taking note of the milk supplied Source: The News Minute website

“We are setting up a skill development centre where trans women who dropped out can finish their education, others can take up tailoring, a computer course, and we can welcome trans men, too,” said Banu.

“Sandeep Nagar is an important milestone because through this initiative, the community has got land rights and employment rights. They can live, eat and dress the way they want, without being discriminated [against] and bullied. Thanks to the security of permanent employment and housing, they can think about creative ideas for the future and access a better standard of living,” added Banu.

“With the Sandeep Nagar model, we wanted to show that it can be replicated easily across the country. In the future, there are plans to train trans-people to manufacture milk sweets, palkova, milk shakes and other dairy products. It would be sold through an Aavin parlour in Kovilpatti,” Nanduri added.

Fig 7.123. Trans women taking fodder for cows Source: The News Minute website

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7.19. Understanding and tackling psychological pain Every individual has psychological and physical pain but the psychological pain remains hidden.

These injuries can get worse if we ignore them which can impact our lives in dramatic ways (Winch, 2014). Due to the psychological pain, one builds a wall around oneself, to resist pain or withdraw into isolation. The pain is caused by the image of “me” with its limited energy which gets hurt but something which is whole, is beyond the reach of thought. To approach this problem, complete attention is required, the observation of the fact wipes away the hurt. Attention is the vast energy which can never be wounded (Krishnamurti, n.d.).

Psychological Pain

Building a wall around oneself Fig 7.125. Psychological pain results in isolation Source: By Author

Isolation

"Being open and vulnerable with your loneliness, sadness and fear can help you find comfort and feel less alone," says writer and artist Jonny Sun. When someone shares that they are sad, alone or afraid in public, it makes the others feel less alone not by getting rid of their own loneliness but by knowing that they are not alone feeling the loneliness. This comfort of being vulnerable, externalising the internal has to be a communal exercise (Sun, 2019).

Externalising the internal pain

Making others feel comfortable forming a micro-community

Fig 7.126. Externalising the internal pain and being vulnerable helps others feel better and comfortable Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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“I'm excited about externalizing the internal, about taking those invisible personal feelings that I don't have words for, holding them to the light, putting words to them, and then sharing them with other people in the hope that it might help them find words to find their feelings as well,” adds Sun. On completing his graduation Sun posted a question on social media, "How many people in your life have you already had your last conversation with?"

People started replying and sharing their experiences and instead of just replying to the speaker they started to reply to each other forming a micro community. These small moments of human connection are vital, affirming and they give us life. These tiny, temporary sanctuaries can show us that we are as alone as we think we are (Sun, 2019).

Loneliness creates a deep psychological wound which distorts the perception and scrambles the thinking. It makes the individual afraid to reach out which can make the individual miserable.

Loneliness increases the likelihood of early death by 14% and can affect the functioning of the immune system (Winch, 2014).

Loneliness

Makes an individual afraid to reach out, scrambles the thinking Fig 7.127. Loneliness makes the individual miserable, distorts the perception Source: By Author

When an individual’s mind convinces that the individual isn’t capable of something, the individual begins to feel helpless and stops trying and begins to feel convinced that they cannot succeed.

This results in many individuals function below their potential. It is important to fight this helplessness and gain control over the situation to break the negative cycle before it begins.

After being rejected, we start thinking of our faults and shortcomings which further damages our self-esteem. There is a need to change our unhealthy psychological habits, especially rumination.

Ruminating about upsetting habits can become a habit which can put oneself at the risk for developing clinical depression and other disorders or diseases. The urge to ruminate is really strong and difficult to stop. It is important to have a distraction, to concentrate on something positive and engaging to get away from this cycle of rumination.

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Ruminating

Breaking the cycle

Engaging in something positive Fig 7.128. Engaging in something positive to break the negative cycle Source: By Author

It is important to take action when we are lonely, by changing our response to failure and protecting our self-esteem which will heal our psychological wounds and build our emotional resilience and help us thrive (Winch, 2014).

"Confidence is the necessary spark before everything that follows," says educator and activist Brittany Packnett.

The society believes that confidence is a nice to have quality instead of a must have quality. It places value on knowledge and resources above the soft skill of confidence. But confidence is the difference between being inspired and actually getting started, between trying and doing until it’s done. It is important for people to build the muscle of confidence in order to redesign the world in the image of one’s dreams (Packnett, 2019).

“A lack of confidence pulls us down from the bottom and weighs us down from the top, crushing us between a flurry of cant’s, won’t and impossible,” adds Brittany Packnett.

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“So how do we crack the code on confidence? In my estimation, it takes at least three things: permission, community and curiosity. Permission births confidence, community nurtures it and curiosity affirms it.” adds Brittany Packnett.

Confidence needs permission to exist and community is the safest place to try confidence on. A community can affirm one’s curiosity which invites people to be in charge of their own learning (Packnett, 2019).

Community nurtures

Confidence

Curiosity affirms

Permission births Fig 7.129. Permission, Community and Curiosity breed confidence Source: By Author

7.20. Education and the role of teachers 7.20.1. J Krishnamurthi's Teachings

The idea of education is to create integrated human beings and therefore intelligent humans.

Intelligence is not the possession of information or clever self-defensive responses but the capacity to perceive the essential and education helps awakening this capacity. Education should help us challenge the social distinction and prejudices so that we discover lasting values and do not merely cling to formula or repeat slogans.

Intelligence can be awakened only through awareness, which is awareness of all the activities of one’s mind and body and this can be conveyed only by talking about it, observing one’s owns reactions (Krishnamurti, n.d.).

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Conveyed by talking about it

Fig 7.130. Intelligence awakened by awareness and conveyed by talking about oneself Source: By Author

It should promote experiencing life as a whole, which is to not give significance to “me” and “mine”, but to help the mind go above and beyond itself to provide freedom which comes with self-knowledge.

To observe what is happening, leisure is essential. Leisure implies that the mind is not occupied with something and has infinite time to see and listen to what is happening around.

Our mind is a part of the society, there is no ‘you’ separate from the society and to know how one's mind works is a basic purpose of education. When we understand this, we will have immense compassion, whose outcome would be love (Krishnamurti, n.d.).

Understanding

'YOU' as a part of society

Compassion and love

Fig 7.131. Understanding 'You' as a part of society results in love and compassion Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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An individual is conditioned by parents and the society, hence it is important to not impose opinions and judgements but let the individual reveal what it is. Only when we understand the fact that all are in the process of learning and so that the spirit of authority should not enter in this process, then compulsion and conformity will cease altogether.

Imposing opinion and judgement Fig 7.132. Imposing opinions and judgements does not benefit an individual Source: By Author

When an individual is in with competition with others, pursuing one’s own fulfilment there is no cooperation. Authority destroys cooperation and these accepted traditional patterns of living have made love and cooperation lose their fundamental meanings. Education helps break down these patterns and this results in seeing the truth of the new.

When there is insistence upon success, it encourages ruthlessness and self-centred activity which does not allow an individual to be sensitive to other people. To change this, one must step out of the pattern of society.

The mind is very complex and has immense possibilities which we neglect and try to cultivate a very small part of it through education. The fragmentary cultivation nurtures fear and the constant search for inner and outer security (Krishnamurti, n.d.).

Competition, Self-centred activity results in loss of love and cooperation Fig 7.133. Competition and self-centred activity results in loss of love and cooperation Source: By Author

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Everyone has the intrinsic capacity to be happy, to be creative and be in touch with something that is beyond the clutches of time.

"Creative happiness is not a gift reserved for the few; and why is it that the vast majority do not know that happiness?" asks J. Krishnamurthi Creative happiness is for all, though everyone may express it differently. It has no value in the market, it is not a commodity to be sold but the thing that can be for all. It can be sustained only when everyone is in check of the reality.

Art when divorced from life has no significance, but when the gap between our instinctual life and the canvas is bridged, our life becomes integrated and art is an integral expression of ourselves.

When there is this creative fire, it will find a way to express itself. Discovery is the beginning of creativeness; and without creativeness, do what we may, there can be no peace or happiness for man.

Intrinsic part of everyone

Creativity

Discovery

Fig 7.134. Creativity is intrinsic to everyone and discovery is the beginning of creativity Source: By Author

7.20.2. The Role of a teacher

“Everyone has a story, and that story is filled with chapters that have made us who we are today.

Those early chapters of that story sometimes are the ones that define us the most.” says Lisa Godwin.

It is important to approach children with empathy and flexibility. It is important to have conversations, observe and enquire to build trust which will help chip away the walls built around them.

Box biographies is an innovative method to break the ice with the students. Encouraging them to fill the box with everything that tells about them and their lives, decorating it and then presenting it to the audience acts as an engaging activity. When they present it, one should become an active listener, because the thing they say, the facial expressions and the things they do not say become red flags which can eventually help in figuring out what the individual needs (Godwin, 2019).

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Conversations

B.Arch Design Dissertation

Build trust

Chipping away the walls Fig 7.135. Conversations are important to chip away the walls and build trust with empathy and flexibility Source: By Author

The gender-complex approach can play out in the classroom in many ways. For example, in a class while listening to the story of Cinderella, a student might point out that the story portrays men as able to take care of himself while women have been portrayed as needing help. The teacher might inform that it is an example of gender category oppression and ask students debate on the same and hence another student might say that the story has portrayed gender as having only two categories which can lead to a discussion on gender transgression oppression. There is a possibility that a student might note that the story portrays that all of the women want to marry a man, and that this is heterosexism. Finally, this might result in the class writing a new fairy tale that challenges the gender oppression matrix and heterosexism (Rands, 2009).

7.21. Creativity and Art 7.21.1. Art to heal

Art therapy is a technique rooted in the idea that creative expression can foster healing and mental well-being.

Either by creating or viewing others art, people can develop self-awareness, cope with stress, boost self-esteem and work on social skills (Cherry, How Art Therapy Is Used to Help People Heal, 2020).

“The goal of art therapy is to utilize the creative process to help people explore self-expression and, in doing so, find new ways to gain personal insight and develop new coping skills.” - Unknown

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Social Skills

Mental well being Fig 7.136. Art therapy can develop social skills, result in mental well-being and self esteem Source: By Author

When people create art, they may analyse what they have made and how it makes them feel.

Through exploring their art, people can understand about the themes and conflicts that are affecting their thoughts, emotions and behaviours (Cherry, How Art Therapy Is Used to Help People Heal, 2020).

Trauma silences its victims, says creative arts therapist Melissa Walker, but art can help those suffering from the psychological wounds begin to open up and heal.

Advances in technology and neuroimaging have confirmed that there is an actual shutdown in the Brocas or the speech language area of the brain, after an individual experiences trauma.

This physiological change couple with mental health stigma is called as the fear of being judged or misunderstood and hence the individual prefer not to talk about their experiences and suffer in solitude (Walker, 2015).

Trauma

Fear of being judged

Art can help heal

Fig 7.137. Art therapy can help overcome the fear of being judged Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Art-making accesses the same sensory areas of the brain that encode trauma, by using art as a medium, the people can work through their experiences in a non-threatening way, apply words to physical creations which then reintegrates the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

One of the art for that has had the most positive impact is mask making. The invisible wounds don’t just have a name but they now also have a face.

Philosophers have always believed that the power to create is very closely linked to the power to destroy. Now science has confirmed that the part of the brain that registers a traumatic wound can be the part of the brain where healing happens too and art is proving to be a method to make that connection (Walker, 2015).

Self Expression

Conversations/dialogue

Fig 7.138. Creativity can result in self-expression which can further initiate a dialogue Source: Freepik.com, recomposed by author

"There is no path till you walk it" says Ethan Hawke We struggle to give ourselves the permission to be creative, suspecting our own talent. Human creativity is nature manifest in us. We have to first survive and then thrive in this world and to thrive, it is important to express ourselves and find out what we love and when we get close to what we love, who we are is exposed to us.

It is important to be creative and express yourself because in doing so we heal each other by inviting others – “Hey, listen to me, and I’ll listen to you”, starting a dialogue. When this dialogue happens, we come out of corners and start to witness each other’s common humanity (Hawke, 2020).

Curiosity becomes the ink that drives the individual to dive deeper and create a bold, confident space for the individual. It can help you create your own rules and open eyes to see not only what is but what can be (Martin, 2020).

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7.21.2. Multi-Potentialite

The notion of the narrowly focused life is highly followed in our society, but if the individual wishes to and can explore a lot of different subjects there is no room for them in this framework. Such individuals can be a multipotentialite.

Multipotentiality can be seen as a limitation one needs to overcome but it can bring tremendous strengths to an individual. The individual can be good at idea synthesis, i.e. combing multiple fields to create something new. Innovation happens at the intersections and a multipotentialite can access these intersections.

The individual who is a multipotentialite can be a rapid learner due to the developed ability of stepping out of the comfort zone and being a beginner at numerous occasions. Many skills are transferable across disciplines and these individual bring everything learned earlier to the table.

The individual can be adaptable, having the ability to morph into whatever be the need of the given situation.

Idea Synthesis

Multipotentialite

Rapid Learner & Adaptable

Fig 7.139. Multipotentialite Source: Freepik.com, recomposed by author

In this rapidly changing economic world and a society with complex multidimensional problems, multipotentialites can be the creative, out-of-the-box thinkers that can help tackle these problems.

The specialist can dive in deep and implement ideas, while the multipotentialite brings a breadth of knowledge to the project making it a beautiful partnership (Wapnick, 2015).

“Embrace your inner wiring, whatever that may be, embrace your many passions. Follow your curiosity down those rabbit holes. Explore your intersections. Embracing our inner wiring leads to a happier, more authentic life.”

-Emilie Wapnick

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7.22. Expression and Drama 7.22.1. Drama and its importance

Expressive or creative therapies, such as drama therapy, are a way forward to deal with problems, express oneself, set goals and gain confidence eventually. Drama therapy is an active, experiential form of creative therapy that helps one gain self-confidence and explore new problem solving skills (Rudlin, 2020).

“Theatre matters because democracy matters. Theatre is the essential art form of democracy, and we know this because they were born in the same city, says Oskar Eustis.”

Thespis invented the idea of dialogue. When there is a dialogue, no one is the possessor of the truth but everyone have an opinion. Since everyone has an opinion, there is conflict between the two points of view and this conflict of view gives rise to the truth. Also, drama invites the spectators to lean forward and imagine the characters point of view and then switch one’s mind to imagine the other character’s point of view. In this way the audience is expected to exercise empathy. This collision of ideas and the muscle of emotional empathy may lead to the truth (Eustis, 2018).

Empathy

Drama

Collision of ideas

Fig 7.140. Drama and Dialogue Source: Freepik.com, recomposed by author

"Listening to one another will not magically solve all problems," Judith says. "But it will give a chance to create avenues to start to work together to solve many of humanity's problems."

Drama and plays can help amplify the voices of the disadvantaged groups which can help fight the self-censorship on an individual. It also helps break the silence and provoke meaningful conversations on taboo issues, where often “Silence is golden” has been the rule of thumb. These conversations can inform and challenge our minds simultaneously, to think and the change starts with thinking (Judith, 2017).

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7.22.2. Theatre of oppressed

“The purpose of theatre of the oppressed is to re-humanise humanity” – Augusto Boal Theatre of Oppressed, created by Brazilian theatre visionary Augusto Boal is a community based education method that uses theatre as a tool for social change. It is a method used for conflict resolution, community building therapy and government legislation. Theatre of Oppressed, inspired by the vision of Paulo Freire and his landmark treatise on education- Pedagogy of the Oppressed invites critical thinking. The idea is to analyse rather than accept, to question rather than give answers, to take action rather than just talking. The audience is not made of passive spectators but instead, these active “spect-actors” are invited on stage to explore the solutions of the situation at hand (Change, n.d.).

Fig 7.141. Pedagogy and Theatre of the Oppressed Source: Hiclipart.com Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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7.22.3. Image theatre

Image theatre, a performance technique under the umbrella of Theatre of Oppressed created by Augusto Boal in the 60’s is based on a static scene representing a social conflict. It is a series of physical exercises and games designed to discover essential truths, opinions and observations about the society, culture and self. The performance shows a situation of oppression, involving an oppressor and its allies, an oppressed and its allies and a joker who is an impartial facilitator for the session. Participants use their own body as “clay” and create “human sculptures” which are frozen images representing their experiences, feelings, ideas or dreams etc (Films, 2019).

Fig 7.142. Image Theatre Source: https://beautifultrouble.org/

7.22.4. Forum Theatre

It is a problem-solving technique in which an unresolved scene of oppression is presented, it is then replayed with the spect-actors invited to stop the action, and replay the character they feel is oppressed (struggling or lacking power) to improvise alternate solutions. The idea of this

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method is only to present a problem and not a solution, it does not judge. The participation of the spectators is not through suggestions, advice or discussion but by replacing one of the characters of the plan and acting in the character’s place as a spect-actor. The event is coordinated by a facilitator which is called as the ‘joker’. The joker invites the audience to interpret the scene, replace the actors to modify the plot in order to improve the result. The scene may change multiple times, according to the proposals and comments of the public based on the spec-actor’s performance.

Each option and solution provided is discussed and analysed without an expectation to arrive at a conclusion. It is therefore a method to explore, show, analyse and transform the reality in which we are living (Change, n.d.).

Fig 7.143. Process of Forum Theatre Source: By Author

Fig 7.144. Boal curating the forum theatre as a 'joker' Source: https://news.harvard.edu/ Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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7.22.5. Legislative Theatre

Legislative theatre, is a performance technique under the umbrella of Theatre of Oppressed created

by Augusto Boal in the 90’s to propose and vote for new law suggestions.

The basic structure of the legislative theatre is: A piece of forum theatre based on the struggles or issues of the community is presented the audience. However beforehand, the facilitator or the joker asks the audience if you had the power to make a law then what would it be. During the forum theatre and the audience interventions, they are asked to write down any suggestions for a new law that would help overcome the oppression shown on the stage. These suggestions then are collected and passed on to the metabolic cell which should consist of at least 3 individuals, one activist involved with the issue presented on the stage, a lawmaker who understands how to write a legislation and a lawyer with experience in the issue presented on the stage. The metabolic cell writes down the suggestions in two categories: suggestions which are existing laws and changes to the existing laws based on the suggestions by the audience. After the play the cell announces these suggestions one by one, which is then debated and voted on by using coloured cards. This is a pre-law making process which can facilitate making of a law in reality (Change, n.d.).

Fig 7.146. Metabolic Cell Source: By Author

Fig 7.145. Process of Legislative Theatre Source: By Author

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Fig 7.147. Process of voting during Legislative Theatre Source: Pinterest

7.22.6. Playback Theatre

Playback theatre created by Jonathan Fox and Jo Salas, is a form of applied theatre which is improvisational in its approach. The audience or a group of people share moments of particular stories which is a part of their life and it is enacted on spot by the trained actors using music, movements and dialogues that embodies the heart of the story.

The idea is to stimulate dialogue through personal story sharing to reveal different perspectives.

It facilitates deep listening, welcoming every voice to be heard which can help foster connection and build understanding across differences (Change, n.d.).

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Fig 7.148. Playback Theatre Source: http://www.playbacktheatre-sw.co.uk/

7.22.6. Combining Theatre of Oppressed and Playback Theatre

Playback Theatre and Theatre of Oppressed have many similarities yet are different. Both being interactive theatre techniques, Playback Theatre is about the teller and the story whereas Theatre of Oppressed focuses on the social stratum. The Theatre of Oppressed caters to the political actions and socials reforms primarily, whereas Playback Theatre addresses the psychotherapeutic context and has an interest in art and entertainment. When blended together it can be a powerful toolkit for exploring individual’s relation with the community, making it a revealing experience.

Playback Theatre serves the teller and Theatre of Oppressed uses the teller. Playback focuses on the individual, allowing the story to be heard, share and honoured. Theatre of Oppressed focuses on a group as a social exploration where the individual’s story becomes the springboard for collective wisdom. Playback increases social awareness and Theatre of Oppressed promotes critical thinking, together being a remarkable process.

In Playback, the audience is to witness the process whereas in Theatre of Oppressed, it is the audience who really make it a success. Playback is more reflective, still, taking in, less doing and more about feeling and demands comfort and facility with the emotional body whereas Theatre of Oppression is more active, moving around and watching a multitude of elements and demands comfort and facility with the intellectual body (Change, n.d.).

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7.23. Why kids needs to learn about gender and sexuality Queer Kid Stuff, is an educational video series created by Lindsay Amer, aimed at breaking down the complex ideas around gender and sexuality through song and metaphors. It provides the kids and their families a vocabulary to understand and express themselves, which helps to create more emphatic adults and spreading a message of acceptance in a world where sometimes it becomes dangerous to be yourself.

"I want kids to grow up and into themselves with pride for who they are and who they can be," Amer says.

The author simplifies the seemingly complex ideas rather than dumbing them down, but homing in on the core concept.

Fig 7.149. Screen grab of the Queer Kid Stuff video Source: Queer Kid Stuff YouTube Channel

“Gender is about how we feel and how we express ourselves. Sexuality is about love and gender and family, not about sex. And these are all ideas children can grasp.” Amer says.

The American Academy of Paediatrics has found that children have a solid understanding of their gender identity by the age of four when children begin to develop their sense of self. They observe the world around them, absorbing that information and internalizing it. Most parents want their children to become kind, empathetic, self-confident adults, and exposure to diversity is an important part of that social and emotional development. And gender nonconforming kids and queer parents are everywhere (Amer, Why kids need to learn about gender and sexuality, 2019).

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8. CASE STUDIES 8.1. Therme Vals by Peter Zumthor • Purpose: Spa to luxuriate and rediscover the ancient benefits of bathing.

•

Provides a sensory experience as well

•

Cave/ Quarry like structure, locally quarried Valser Quartzite slabs are used

•

Due to the natural surroundings the structure has grass roof and is buried into the hillside

Fig 8.1. View of the Therme Vals along with the hotel and scenic background Source: Arcspace

Fig 8.2. Space as an architectural interpretation Source: By Author

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Fig 8.3. Restorative & Sensuous experience Source: By Author

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Fig 8.4. Peter Zumthor's fascination for...

Source: By Author

Fig 8.5. Sensual perception of architecture of Therme Vals Source: Study by Aleksandra Mazewska and Thuy Lien Nguyen

Fig 8.6. Meander as an element Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Fig 8.8. Architectural features of Therme Vals Source: By Author

Fig 8.9. Contraction and expansion of the body Source: Case Study by Dani Lalonde

Fig 8.10. Nasal Experience Source: Case Study by Dani Lalonde

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Hierarchy

Public to Private

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Ciculation

Fig 8.11. Therme Vals diagrammatic analysis Source: William Sendor, Yi-Chang Liao and Meredith Smith

Fig 8.12. Schematic Sections showing volumes Source: https://www.architectural-review.com/

Fig 8.13. Internal corridor Source: https://www.thisispaper.com/

Fig 8.14. Internal space view Source: https://www.arch2o.com/

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Fig 8.15. Facade as seen from below the hill Source: https://www.arch2o.com/

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8.2. Jewish Museum by Daniel Libeskind

• Purpose: To exhibit the social, political and cultural history of the Jews in Germany from the 4th Century to present, explicitly presenting and integrating, the repercussions of the Holocaust.

•

The idea was to use architecture as a means of narrative and emotions

•

A visitor must endure the anxiety of hiding and losing the sense of direction before coming to a cross road of three routes

Fig 8.16. Aerial view of the Jewish Museum Source: https://www.dezeen.com/

Fig 8.17. Feelings conveyed by Jewish Museum Source: By Author

Fig 8.18. Design tries to acknowledge three important points Source: By Author

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Fig 8.19. Architectural features of the Jewish Museum Source: By Author

Fig 8.20. 3-D representation of the various floor plates and elements of Jewish museum Source: Stephen Andenmatten

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Fig 8.21. Floor wise program of the Jewish Museum Source: Stephen Andenmatten

Fig 8.22. Features of the three experiential spaces Source: By Author

Fig 8.23. Section showing the old and new structure Source: Studio Libeskind

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Fig 8.24. View of the internal exhibition space Source: Studio Libeskind

Fig 8.25. The Metal faces signifying Jewish people Source: Archdaily

Fig 8.26. Stair of Continuity Source: Thomas Bruns Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

Fig 8.27. Memory Void Source: Jens Ziehe Semester IX

Fig 8.28. The Holocaust Tower Source: Studio Libeskind Rizvi College Of Architecture

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8.3. Summary of both the experiential spaces

Fig 8.29. Therme Vals Summary Source: By Author

Fig 8.30. Jewish Museum Summary Source: By Author

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9. METHODOLOGY 9.1. Factors resulting in marginalisation After researching and understanding about the topic, next step moving ahead was to summarise the research findings and inferring from the same to define the role of architecture in tackling the issue at hand. To begin with, the factors contributing to the marginalisation of the transgender community was summarised and the consequences of the same was inferred from the prepared flow chart. This provides a base for deriving the project intent and architectural requirements.

Fig 9.1. Marginalisation and other factors for transgender community Source: By Author

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9.2. Consequences of marginalisation

Fig 9.2. Consequences of marginalisation Source: By Author

9.3. Understanding the requirements The community requires measures in four major domains viz. restoring their cultural identity, education, employment opportunities and health care and facilities. The marginalisation and stigma experienced can be broadly divided into two phases viz. childhood & teenage and youth & adulthood.

Fig 9.3. The many immediate requirements to restore the dignity of transgender community Source: By Author

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Fig 9.4. Requirements during childhood and teenage Source: By Author

Fig 9.5. Requirements during youth and adulthood Source: By Author

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SECTION B Semester X

Site Study, Program Derivation and Design Details

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 10. List of Figures 119-120 11. Intervention Target Groups 121 12. Survey Summary 122 13. Site Study 123-143 13.1. Site Selection Criteria 123-124 13.2. Macro Level Site Location 125 13.3. Macro Level Site Context Study

125

13.4. Site Introduction 126 13.5. Site Context Land Use Study

127

13.6. Site Context Phase Wise Development

128

13.7. Site Dimensions 129 13.8. Site Edge Conditions 130 13.9. Current Site Usage 131 13.10. Site Photographs 131-132 13.11. Site SWOT Analysis 133 13.12. Socio-Economic Conditions 133-134 13.13. Site Accessibility 135-137 13.14. Local Architectural Context 137-142 13.15. Climate Study 143

14. Program Derivation 144-146 14.1. Program Working Structure 144

14.2. Program Overview 145-146 14.3. Program Overview: Space Details

146

15. Design Process & Details 147-178 15.1. Program Correlation Diagram 147

15.2. Conceptual Massing: Site Level 148-149 15.3. Ground Floor Master Plan @ +2.70Lvl.

150

TABLE OF CONTENTS: 15.4. First Floor Master Plan @ +6.00Lvl.

151

15.5. Art Block: Design Details 152-154 15.6. Drama Block: Design Details 155-159 15.7. Canteen Block: Design Details 160-162 15.8. Public Spine: Design Details 163 15.9. Landscape Pad: Design Details 164 15.10. Vegetable Selling Pod: Design Details

165

15.11. Retail Pod: Design Details 166 15.12. Residential Block: Design Details 167-168 15.13. Site Design Elevations: East Elevation

169-170

15.14. Sectional Perspective Views 169-172 15.15. 3-D Design Views 173-175 15.16. Services & Calculations 176-178

16. References 179-187

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10. LIST OF FIGURES Intervention Target Groups:

Fig 11. Understanding the target groups for the architectural intervention

Survey Summary:

Fig 12. Summary of the On-Ground Survey

Site Study:

Fig 13.1. Site Selection Criteria: Macro Site Location Fig 13.2. Community Structure in Maharashtra Fig 13.3. Nature of transgender mapping sites in Maharashtra Fig 13.4. Macro Site Context showing the Site Under reference in Thane City Fig 13.5. Macro Level Site Context Study Fig 13.6. Micro Level Site Context Fig 13.7. Site Context Land Use Study Fig 13.8. Site Context Phase Wise Development Fig 13.9. Site Dimensions Fig 13.10. Site Edge Conditions Fig 13.11. Current Site Usage Fig 13.12. Entrance of the Dharamveer Nagar Locality Fig 13.13. View of Site from the southern edge Fig 13.14. View of eastern edge from the site southern edge Fig 13.15. View of eastern edge from the road along it Fig 13.16. View of tapering eastern edge towards the northern edge of the site Fig 13.17. Road leading to the transgender individuals’ place of residence Fig 13.18. View of debris dumped along the eastern edge of site Fig 13.19. Key Plan for Site photographs Fig 13.20. Social Fabric of Dharamveer Nagar Fig 13.21. Economic Fabric of Dharamveer Nagar Fig 13.22. Site Connectivity to Airport Fig 13.23. Site Connectivity to Railway Station Fig 13.24. Road Network of the Site precinct Fig 13.25. Site precinct Public Transport Connectivity Fig 13.26. Local Architectural Context-1 Fig 13.27. Local Architectural Context-2 Fig 13.28. Local Architectural Context-3

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Site Study:

Fig 13.29. Local Architectural Context-4 Fig 13.30. Local Architectural Context-5 Fig 13.31. Local Architectural Context-6 Fig 13.32. Micro Level Site Climate Analysis

Program Derivation:

Fig 14.1. Working Structure of the Design Program Fig 14.2. Program Overview Fig 14.3. Space Details for the Design Program

Design Process & Details:

Fig 15.1. Program Correlation Diagram

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11. INTERVENTION TARGET GROUPS 11.1. Research Conclusion •

Transgender community is marginalised due to societal gender binary which limits their social acceptance and growth.

•

They have limited work opportunities in begging, sex work and badaai which is not enough to sustain themselves.

•

The hierarchical guru-chela system, though a vital cog of the transgender community setup may restrict their growth and financial opportunities.

•

Majority of the community population is found in urban areas as they migrate from their place of origin in search of opportunities and acceptance.

11.2. Target Groups Moving ahead, it was important to understand target groups. The transgender community was at the core of the target group but it was equally important to involve the other marginalised individuals and the other half of the society including the family and friends to build upon the interpersonal relationships forming micro-communities.

Fig 11. Understanding the target groups for the architectural intervention Source: By Author

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Fig 12. Summary of the On-Ground Survey Source: By Author

After summarising the literature study done in previous semester, I did an on- ground survey of the transgender individuals near my residence precinct to gain first-hand insight of their living situation. The survey summary reinforces the research finding highlighting the fact that they do face stigma and violence along with other details as summarised below.

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12. ON-GROUND SURVEY SUMMARY

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13. SITE STUDY 13.1. Site Selection Criteria As concluded by the NIE Executive Summary, Maharashtra in one of the top 5 states with transgender community population and has a well-established gharana system in place.

Also, there is a lack of measures and response to the requirements of the transgender community in the state.

Maharashtra

Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR)

Thane City

Fig 13.1. Site Selection Criteria: Macro Site Location Source: By Author

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77%

Fig 13.2. Community Structure in Maharashtra Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

13

67%

<2%

31%

Public Sites Public Sites

Brothels Brothels

Others Others

23%

Gharana Based NonGharanaBased Based Gharana Based Non-Gharana

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Fig 13.3. Nature of transgender mapping sites in Maharashtra Source: NIE Executive Summary 2015, represented by author

The site was selected based on the following criteria: •

Site should be located in the urban realm.

•

Site should have public accessibility i.e. should be accessible to the masses.

•

Site should be near the source of oppression or livelihood for the transgender community or else it should fall in the route to their place of residence, daily routine.

•

There should be existing development and scope for future development in the precinct.

The Mumbai Metropolitan region is one of the biggest financial markets in the country due to which many people migrate to this region in search of a better life and more opportunities.

The migrant population includes a huge share of marginalised people from across the country (including the transgender community).

While interviewing the transgender individuals near my precinct, I visited their place of residence and selected a site in its proximity which responded to the above-mentioned criteria.

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13.2. Macro Level Site Location

Site Under Reference (Dharamveer Nagar)

Fig 13.4. Macro Site Context showing the Site Under reference in Thane City Source: Google Earth

13.3. Macro Level Site Context Study

Fig 13.5. Macro Level Site Context Study Source: By Author

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Fig 13.6. Micro Level Site Context Source: By Author

Smt Gladys Alvares Road

Tulsidham Road

Proposed Site (Vacant Land)

Location - Dharamveer Nagar Coordinates -19°13’N, 72°58’ E Site Area - 6179 SQ.M (Approx.)

Elevation- 24M above MSL Owned by - Thane Municipal Corporation

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13.4. Site Introduction

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13.5. Site Context Land Use Study Understanding the Land Use of the context, it is predominantly a residential area. The Project Affected People (PAP) development under Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) has a mixed-used development catering to the daily needs of the locality. Both the edges along the Smt Gladys Alvares road has a lot of small scale commercial development which was given impetus after the road widening in order to boost the footfall and economy of the locality. Also, since the residential development along this road is mostly for the middle and upper-middle class society, this commercial development was further given a boost by developing shopping centres and arcades.

The locality has two schools-D.A.V Public school and Lok Puram School. The TMC garden opposite to the site caters to the people from the locality and it also has a small temple inside. The open ground next to the garden hosts the local tennis ball cricket tournaments and becomes the foreground for all other sports activities.

0 30

Legend: Residential

Commercial

Vacant Land

Mixed Use

Open Space

Social Amenity

Educational

75

135

M

Industrial

Under Construction

Fig 13.7. Site Context Land Use Study Source : By Author

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13.6. Site Context Phase Wise Development Zooming in further to the Dharamveer Nagar Locality, the PAP (Project Affected People) residential development in the immediate context of the site houses various marginalised groups and individuals.

The PAP development was executed in phases spanning over 10-15 years and 4 phases. The buildings are G+8 or G+12 storeyed R.C.C buildings which have 8-10 1BHK flats (Carpet Area per flat = 350 Sq.ft) per floor depending on the footprint and FSI available. Recently the TMC Staff quarters has been developed at the plot located opposite to the site at the locality entrance in order to decrease the crime rate and monitor the locality and its services.

The place of residence of transgender individuals is located a distance of 200 meters from the site.

Transgender Individuals

Site Under Reference

Legend: Phase 1-2009

Phase 2-2011

Phase 3-2014

Phase 4-2017

Fig 13.8. Site Context Phase Wise Development Source: By Author

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13.7. Site Dimensions

Site Under Reference Area: 6179 M2 (Approx)

0 5

15

30

M

Fig 13.9. Site Dimensions Source: By Author

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13.8. Site Edge Conditions The southern edge of the site along the main access road does not have any compound wall which draws the public attention to the site. The eastern edge has a low height compound wall used as a katta for seating and interacting by the local residents.

Due to the low compound wall, the porosity of the site is maintained and hence this edge serves as a background for a bustling informal market in the evening. The katta also invites the residents of the locality for a quick chit-chat session during evenings, evening walks and daily grocery shopping.

The western edge has a high compound wall demarcating the gated residential development abutting the site respecting the privacy. The northern edge has a temporary metal sheeting partition due to the ongoing construction work right next to site.

Site Under Reference

0 10

25

50

M

Legend: High Compound Wall Auto Queue

Parking

Katta

Sheeting Partition

Seating

Footpath

Carts, Hawkers

Dumped Waste

Fig 13.10. Site Edge Conditions Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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13.9. Current Site Usage The site is currently used for dumping waste and debris, urination by men, as a shortcut to cross over and occasional cricket matches during the weekends.

Fig 13.11. Current Site Usage Source: By Author

13.10. Site Photographs

Fig 13.12. Entrance of the Dharamveer Nagar Locality Source: By Author

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Fig 13.13. View of Site from the southern edge Source: By Author Semester X

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Fig 13.14. View of eastern edge from the site southern edge Source: By Author

Fig 13.15. View of eastern edge from the road along it Source: By Author

Fig 13.16. View of tapering eastern edge towards the northern edge of the site Source: By Author

Fig 13.17. Road leading to the transgender individuals' place of residene Source: By Author

7

5

3 2

Fig 13.18. View of debris dumped along the eastern edge of site Source: By Author

6 4 1

Fig 13.19. Key Plan for Site photographs Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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13.11. Site SWOT Analysis • Accessible edge along Main road i.e. accessible for masses • Dense residential cluster • Heavy footfall and occupancy along the site edges during certain hours of the day • Presence of diverse population w.r.t various socio-economic and demographic factors

•

Despite the dense residential cluster the precinct lacks the community characteristics to make it thrive successfully as a cluster • Lack of public infrastructure and spaces for community gatherings

• Potential for developing high level of socio-economic interactions and activities • Being at the entrance of the precinct, the

Slightly higher crime rate and intolerable activities in comparison to nearby areas.

Site maybe a potential option for the next •

•

site can be a potential gateway or an icon to the locality

phase of the BSUP residential development

13.12. Socio-Economic Conditions As Dharamveer Nagar is a site for PAP Scheme, it has been developed in phases as per the need.

With each phase of development there has been migration of people from their native localities to this housing development. Each migration has bought in specific group of people w.r.t their social, cultural and economic background in the designated residential block. This has resulted in diverse communities settling in the locality at different times but in their respective blocks.

Fig 13.20. Social Fabric of Dharamveer Nagar Source: By Author

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The development has a capacity of approximately 10,000 tenants spread over an area of 0.69km2 I.e. a density of 14500 People per Sq.km. The only social facility present in the locality is the Shiv Sena Karyalaya and a gymnasium along for quarters for daily wage workers.

Fig 13.21. Economic Fabric of Dharamveer Nagar Source: By Author

The locality has shop fronts which serve to the daily need of the locality. The younger generation being educated is majorly employed in the private sector and there are many Gujarati and other businessmen in the locality as well.

As the locality has a high percentage of Urban Poor, there are many Rickshaw and Tempo drivers, women employed as domestic maids in nearby areas along with many vendors, hawkers and cart owners.

Few people also manage to run a small scale household business to sustain themselves. There are daily wage workers as well in the locality.

Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic many women and men lost their jobs which has resulted in them selling vegetables, fruits, other products and doing all sorts of meagre jobs to sustain themselves.

Hence, it could be the perfect opportunity for a socio-economic intervention which could catalyse the mainstreaming of the marginalised forming a micro-community.

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13.13. Site Accessibility 13.13.1. Macro Accessibility

Travel Distance to Mumbai Airport: 23.7 Kms

Travel Distance to Thane Railway Station: 6.1 Kms

Fig 13.22. Site Connectivity to Airport Source: By Author

Fig 13.23. Site Connectivity to Railway Station Source: By Author

13.13.2. Micro Accessibility 13.13.2.1. Road Network

48m wide Smt. Gladys Alvares Road is the main access road of the precinct which then branches to 30m Tulsidham Road along the Southern Edge of the site to connect the Dharamveer Nagar Locality to the larger precinct. Tulsidham Road then branches further to 12 wide Service Road which penetrates and runs throughout the locality and it further branches into smaller pathways providing vehicular and pedestrian connectivity throughout the locality.

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Tulsidham Road

Site

Smt Gladys Alvares Road

Tulsidham Nalpada Road

Legend: Primary Road

Secondary Road

Tertiary Road

Fig 13.24. Road Network of the Site precinct Source: By Author

13.13.2.2. Public Transport Connectivity

Since the locality houses a high percentage of urban poor who are auto rickshaw drivers, there are many spots in and around the site precinct for the rickshaws to queue up.

Also, there is a TMT Bus stop right opposite the southern edge of the site which provides cheap and efficient connectivity to the railway station and major stops along the same route.

But due to the rapid development along Smt. Gladys Alvares Road, the bus stops along it are the preferred stops for the buses, decreasing the bus frequency at the stop right opposite the site causing inconvenience to the commuters in Dharamveer Nagar locality.

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Legend: Auto Rickshaw Queue TMT Bus Stop Fig 13.25. Site precinct Public Transport Connectivity Source: By Author

13.14. Local Architectural Context

Regal Plaza is one of the oldest shopping complex in this precinct, built to provide a better shopping experience in the locality established back then

The typology along the Smt Gladys Alvares road is predominantly mixed use having ground floor shops along the street frontage and the residential blocks behind it.

Fig 13.26. Local Architectural Context-1 Source: By Author

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The Lok Upvan Phase 1 is one of oldest gated housing society to have been constructed in the precinct planned for an inward looking micro-community.

The shops were recently added as commercial inserts to boost the precinct’s footfall and vibrancy after the road widening happened.

Fig 13.27. Local Architectural Context-2 Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Several high-rise structures came up in the precinct after the development of Hiranandani township along with its luxurious commercial insert in the form of a shopping plaza.

Fig 13.28. Local Architectural Context-3 Source: By Author

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A large scale phase wise PAP mass housing scheme under the name of BSUP has been executed in the immediate surroundings of the site.

Fig 13.29. Local Architectural Context-4 Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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Fig 13.30. Local Architectural Context-5 Source: By Author

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Fig 13.31. Local Architectural Context-6 Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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13.15. Climate Study •

Thane has a tropical climate and belongs to the Warm and Humid Climate zone.

•

It is 14m above sea level.

•

The average annual temperature is 26.7 °C/80.1 °F. The rainfall here is around 1439 mm/56.7 inch per year.

•

In Thane, the wet season is oppressive and overcast, the dry season is humid and mostly clear, and it is hot year round.

Fig 13.32. Micro Level Site Climate Analysis Source: By Author

Analysing the micro climate, it is observed that the site being at the foot of a hill experiences heavy wind speeds from the west along with the prevalent south west winds during summer. In winter the wind flows from east of north east to west of south west.

Due to the high density medium rise housing the winds may tend to slow down upon reaching the site. The open frontage along the southern edge makes it exposed to the harsh vertical sun angle around noon.

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14. PROGRAM DERIVATION 14.1. Program Working Structure To begin with, it was important to establish the working structure of the program. The Maharashtra Transgender Welfare Board recently got its first sanctioned budget to propose and execute ideas and projects for the betterment of the community.

My design program is located in a PAP Precinct and opens up to other marginalised individuals located nearby. So it would be apt if the Transgender Board and the nearby working NGO’s can form a cooperative or a micro-community to provide opportunities for development and acceptance building a self-help group focused towards self and social acceptance.

Fig 14.1. Working Structure of the Design Program Source: By Author

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14.2. Program Overview

Fig 14.2. Program Overview Source: By Author

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According to Ar.Louis I Kahn, an institution stems from the inspiration to live i.e. inspiration to learn meet and wellbeing. Taking cues from this idea the program focused on three major point’s viz. providing economic stability through immediate measures such as small scale business, farmers market and retail spaces along with skill development focused at professional training through various measures. The second agenda was to foster interaction among the residents by having studio spaces for different forms of art which are encouraged and facilitated by exhibition spaces along with workshop spaces for various activities like seminars and talent hunts. The third agenda was to look at accommodation which could extend to transgender individuals and other marginalised people in and around the context.

This manifold program hence aims at bridging the gap between the residents and the community at large.

14.3. Program Overview: Space Details The program was grouped into different blocks namely Art block which dealt with self-expression via painting and ceramics studio along with a podcast & music studio to get in touch with the community digitally as well. Drama Block focused upon skill building via drama and dance studios along with vocational training. The Public Spine adds commercial value to it via vegetable and retail pods along with a community character through an amphitheatre, exhibition pods and landscape. Canteen Block provides further commercial stability through the dining and tiffin services along with a multi-purpose hall. Residential Block ensures the functioning and security of the program by having the admin, micro-financing, hydroponics setup and accommodation along with the production facility to develop the individual’s skill.

Fig 14.3. Space Details for the Design Program Source: By Author Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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required connection decreases.

program line implies a strong connection between the spaces and as it goes towards the centre, the intensity of the

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show the require relation of the spaces in a shared domain. The dot being at either of the extremes of the horizontal

In the diagram above, the blue dots show the required relation of the spaces in the public domain whereas the pink dots

circulation pattern and define the character of the intervention.

The first step of the design process was to understand the relation of the spaces to each other to establish an ideal

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15. DESIGN PROCESS & DETAILS

15.1. Program Correlation Diagram

Fig 15.1. Program Correlation Diagram Source: By Author

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Inferring from the diagram, public spine and its relation with the built mass was absolutely vital as this connection in the public domain will be the major pull factor for the intervention.

15.2. Conceptual Massing: Site Level A. Adding the built mass Plinth and defining the Public Spine Hydroponics Block 6M Wide Service Access Finance Block Amphitheatre

Admin Block

Canteen Block

Public Spine

Art Block

Drama Block

B. Staggering the built mass, adding volumes along with passages to establish a connection with the public spine.

Hydroponics Block

Residential Block

Amphitheatre

Establishing Connection Public Spine

External Passage to blur the boundary Public Spine

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By staggering the volumes, the public spine flows through the site intertwining the built in the public domain.

C. Raising Residential Block partly on stilts to form an inviting entrance gateway

Double height volume for the hydroponics setup

Adding Upper floor volume

Adding ramps, multiple connections to connect the upper floors and further divide the public spine into smaller pockets. The landing also forms a gateway linking the built blocks

Maintaining the porous character of the site by not defining a fixed entry yet defining the movement by combination of hardscape and softscape.

D.

Adding softscape to act as a buffer and define the movement Adding hardscape elements to define the character of the public spine

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15.3. Ground Floor Master Plan @ +2.70Lvl. Legend:

19

18

1-Vegetable Selling Pod 2-Retail Pod 3-Fast Food Pod 4-Drama Studio 5-Toilet Block 6-Dance Studio 7-Hands-On Art Studio 8-Canteen Dining 9-Canteen Kitchen 10-Central Ramp 11-Exhibition Standee 12-Amphitheatre 13-Landscape Pad 14-Bridge Above 15-Micro-Financing Block 16-Locker Facility

13

5

12M Wide

Road

19

17 13

16

17-Admin Block 18-Hydroponics Block 19-Parking

15 5

2 13

3

13

5

13 10 13

3 9

3

1

13 1

11

8

14

13

13 6

11 5

10

14

5 13 30M Wide Tusidham Road

0 5

15

30

13

4

7

13 1

2

1

3

13

3

1

2

1

Road

6M

Wi

13

2

12M Wide

12

13

de

Se

ce rvi

Ro

ad

13

13

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15.4. First Floor Master Plan @ +6.00Lvl. Legend: 1-Podcast & Music Studio 2-Spill Out Void 3-Vocational Training 4-Toilet Block 5-Multi-Purpose Hall 6-Bridge 7-Central Ramp 8-Amphitheatre 9-Landscape Pad 10-Couple Room 11-Dormitory 12-Production Space 13-O.T.S Void 14-Parking 15-Hydroponics Block

9

14

Road

15

4

10

11

12M Wide

14

10

9

13 2

12

ad

4

9

e vic

Ro

9

9

9

4

7

9

9

5

6

9

2 9

7

2 4

2

3 6

1

4

3

9

9

Road

9

9

12M Wide

6M

Wi

de

Se

r

8

9

9 30M Wide Tusidham Road

0 5

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15

30

9

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15.5. Art Block: Design Details 15.5.1. Conceptual Massing

A. Dividing the Plinth mass into smaller zones

C. Adding First Floor Mass, Subtracting mass on first floor to create spill out void

B. Adding Passage, Subtracting mass to create void

D. Final Massing

Toilet Block

Podcast Studio

Passage

Spill Out Void Art Workshop

Staircase

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15.5.2. Exploded Isometric View

The space houses hands on art activities, making it important to keep its edge porous visually and physically as well, so that the visitors also become a part of the setup. The eastern edge having a passage along with the facade having central pivot windows helps to bring in the public connect and also provides natural light and ventilation to the space.

Roof Level +7950 Lvl.

D First Floor Level +4650 Lvl.

P

B

S

C

D

Ground Floor Level +450 Lvl.

Legend: A. Hands-On Art Studio B. Podcast & Music Studio C. Spill Out Void D. Toilet Block

A

Key Plan

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Also, the space incorporates levels sans the internal walls resulting in open studio setup further linking it to public spine.

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15.5.3. Detail Drawings 15.5.3.1. Podcast & Music Studio Acoustical Planning Foam Bass Trap installed at every corner

Legend: Sound Source Low Frequency

Acoustic Panels installed on wall surface

High Frequency

15.5.3.2. Slab Skylight Detail (Detail 'S') 15mm thk Toughened Glass finished with silicone sealant

15.5.3.3. Panel Fixing Detail ( Detail 'P')

Masonry Wall

1.5mm thk PVB Film

15mm thk Toughened Glass finished with silicone sealant Z- Clips 2mm thk Protective Rubber

50x40x6 M.S. Angle Frame

25mm thk Panel

15.5.3.4. Acoustic Panel Layers Acoustical Core

50x75 M.S. Box Frame

Textured Finish

Fiberglass

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15.6. Drama Block: Design Details 15.6.1. Conceptual Massing

A. Dividing the Plinth mass into smaller zones

C. Adding First Floor Mass, Subtracting mass on first floor to create spill out void

B. Adding Passage, Subtracting mass to create void

D. Final Massing

Passage

Staircase

Toilet Block

Vocational Training

Spill Out Void

Drama Workshop

Passage Dance Studio

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15.6.2. Exploded Isometric View

The space houses hands on activities thus, the passage on the either sides along with the jali screen and central pivot full height windows provide the visual porosity and also help in naturally illuminating and ventilating the space.

Roof Level +7950 Lvl.

C First Floor Level +4650 Lvl.

C

E D

S

A

Ground Floor Level +450 Lvl.

P

Legend:

E

A. Drama Studio B. Dance Studio C. Vocational Training Studio D. Spill Out Void E. Toilet Block

B

The use of levels also provides an opportunity to get in the visitors providing the public attention to the intervention.

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15.6.3. Detail Drawings 15.6.3.1. Jali Screen Fixing Detail (Detail 'S') 230mm thk Masonry Wall M.S. Jali Framework

200x200x75 Camp Jali Block

200x200x75 TV Jali Block

15.6.3.2. Central Swing Pivot Door Fixing (Detail 'P') 230mm thk Masonry Wall

230x50 TW Frame Rotating Hinge Q

Pivot Door

15.6.3.3. Detail 'Q' Rotating Hinge

Door Frame with Groove

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15.6.3.4. Roof Exploded Isometric View

The butterfly roof helps in bringing in the light and wind thus, maximising the natural illumination and ventilation.

200x400 Mangalore Tiles Eaves board

40x40 treated T.W. Purlins @300c/c

12.5mm thk Gypsum Sheet

50x125 treated T.W. Rafters @1200c/c

1050x600 R.C.C. Gutter Awning window fixed to a wooden frame

50x50 treated T.W. Posts @200c/c

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15.6.3.5. Rafter Fixing Detail

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15.6.3.6. Post Fixing Detail 100x150 Treated T.W Joist

50x125 Treated T.W Rafter @1200c/c

100x150 Treated T.W Post

100x150 Treated T.W Joist

100x150 Treated T.W Joist

15.6.3.7. Joist Fixing Detail M.S Flat Double T Section fixed to beam with anchor fasteners

230x600 R.C.C Beam

15.6.3.8. Conceptual Section

The vertical posts arranged along the passage length act as louvers filtering the light which then enters the formal program space through the windows ahead. The staggered roof slope helps in controlling the low angle western light, maximising the use of eastern daylight and channel the rainwater runoff as well. The use of TW Rafters adds aesthetic value to the spaces as well Rain

wate

r Run

off

off

r Run

wate

Rain

Early Morning Eastern Sun Rays

Evening Western Sun Rays

Filtered Light Passage

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15.7. Canteen Block: Design Details 15.7.1. Conceptual Massing

A. Dividing the Plinth mass into smaller zones

C. Adding First Floor Mass, Subtracting mass on first floor to create spill out void

B. Defining Kitchen and dining area, adding passage

D. Final Massing

Toilet Block

Passage

Spill Out Void

Multipurpose Hall Kitchen

Dining Area

Staircase

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15.7.2. Exploded Isometric View

Food being one of pull factors of any public space, the façade of this block is kept porous to help connect with the fast food arrangement in the public which further leads to stepped seating. The jali screen and planter beds along the western facade filter the low angle light.

Roof Level +7050 Lvl.

E

First Floor Level +3750 Lvl.

C S D E

Ground Floor Level +450 Lvl.

B A

Legend: A. Canteen Dining B. Canteen Kitchen C. Multipurpose Hall D. Spill Out Void E. Toilet Block

Key Plan

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15.7.3. Detail Drawings 15.7.3.1. Flower Bed (Detail 'S')

230mm thk masonry Vegetation Soil Mix Insulation & Protection Layer

150mm thk Brick Bat Coba

15.5.3.2. View of the Flower Bed

15.5.3.3. Flower Bed Layers Soil Mix

Geotextile Drainage Layer

Protection Layer

150mm thk Brick Bat Coba

150mm thk R.C.C. Slab

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Retail Pod

Gravel Bed

Fast Food Module

Central Access Ramp

Landscape Pad

Vegetable Selling Pod

Exhibition Standee

Stepped Seating

Amphitheatre

Landscape Pad

Retail Pod

Gravel Bed

movement. The public spine culminates into the amphitheatre and the gravel beds help in percolation the rainwater.

On the other side the stepped planter bed along the ramp, exhibition standees and landscape pads further define the spine and its

which provides a lively character to the public spine bringing in the visitors.

the space below is sunken 600mm which opens it up for having exhibition standee and stepped seating along with the fast food pods

which divides the public spine into two parts. In order to enhance the central ramp's function beyond being a transitional element,

In the public spine, the commercial pods along the southern edge act as the first pull factor for the visitors. There is a central ramp

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15.9. Landscape Pad: Design Details 15.9.1. Rainwater Surface Drain Detail

150mm dia. void to anchor rain chain

150mm dia. Rain chain

The rainwater directed from the roof flows through the protruding gutter. The rain chain then helps it flow into the landscape pad which then gets percolated and stored in the storage tank.

15.9.2. Gravel Bed Details

15.9.3. Landscape Pad Details 450mm wide R.C.C. Coping 230mm thk masonry 300mm thk Gravel Bed 300mm thk Sand Bed 300mm thk Gravel Bed

100mm dia. Perforated Pipe

Section

600mm thk Boulder Bed

230mm thk masonry

Exploded Isometric View

230mm thk masonry

Void to let in rainwater

300mm thk Soil Mix

450mm wide R.C.C. Coping

300mm thk Gravel Bed 100mm dia.

Perforated Pipe

100mm dia. Perforated Pipe 100mm thk P.C.C. Bed

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15.10. Vegetable Selling Pod: Design Details 15.10.1. Exploded Isometric View

15.10.2. Key Isometric View

3mm thk Polycarbonate Sheet

75x75 M.S Box Truss welded to horizontal member

15.10.3. Plan 75x75 M.S Horizontal Member welded to vertical member

75x75 M.S Vertical Member Welded to Base Plate

+600 Lvl.

100mm Thk P.C.C Bed

+400 Lvl. +200 Lvl.

100mm Thk R.C.C Coping

15.10.4. Polycarbonate Sheet Fixing Detail Washer Head Screw 230mm Thk Brick masonry finished with plaster

H-Profile Joiner Cap

150mm Thk P.C.C Bed

3mm Thk Polycarbonate Sheet

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15.11. Retail Pod: Design Details 15.11.1. Key Isometric View

15.11.2. Plan UP

+150 Lvl.

UP

15.11.3. Exploded Isometric View

15.11.4. Display Box Fitting Detail

3mm Thk Polycarbonate Sheet

25mm Thk Engineered Wood Box finished with Veneer 5mm Thk M.S Flat Ring welded to Vertical Supports

25x25 M.S Vertical support

75x75 M.S Box Truss welded to horizontal member

300mm wide Display Boxes 75x75 M.S Horizontal Member welded to vertical member 75x75 M.S Vertical Member Welded to Base Plate

25x25 M.S Vertical Supports welded to Base Plate & M.S Flat Ring

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15.12. Residential Block: Design Details 15.12.1. Conceptual Massing

A. Placing Admin & Finance Block, subtracting mass to create a void

B. Raising 1st & 2nd floor partly on stilts, adding central O.T.S along with an additional void in western direction.

C. Placing 3rd & 4th floor, subtracting mass along western & eastern direction

Open to Sky void Dormitory

Toilet Block Couple Rooms

Toilet Block

Dormitory

Staircase Production Space

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15.12.2. Exploded Isometric View

The voids along the western and eastern face staggered along the floor plates help bring in the prevailing winds to the O.T.S and further into the spaces ensuring cross ventilation and it also becomes the spill out space for individual floor plates.

L

Roof Level +16950 Lvl.

I J E I

Third Floor Level +10350 Lvl.

K

E

F

Legend:

I

A. Admin Workspace B. Admin HOD Office C. Micro-Financing Dept.

D. Open to Sky Void E. Spill Out Void F. Toilet Block G. Production Workshop H. Store Room I. Dormitory J. Couple Rooms K. Service Block L. Overhead Tank

J E F

H

G

E

F D

C

First Floor Level +3750 Lvl.

K

B

A

Ground Floor Level +450 Lvl.

F

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15.13. Site Design Elevations: East Elevation The elevation highlights the public spine flowing through the site and the use of colours to further enhance the space and reinforce the design idea. The light brick red colour of the drama block and the orange apricot colour of the canteen block reinforce the idea of optimism and jovial spaces. The blue colour of the art block brings a sense of calm and positivity to the space.

Drama Block Art Block

Canteen Block

15.14. Sectional Perspective Views 15.14.1. Section A-A' Podcast Studio

Dining Area Hands On Art Studio

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Residential Block

Hydroponics Block

Key Plan

+18450 Lvl. +10550 Lvl. +7950 Lvl. +4650 Lvl. +450 Lvl. 0 2.5

7.5

15

M

A' Toilet Block Multipurpose Hall

Amphitheatre

A

Key Plan +10550 Lvl. +7950 Lvl. +4650 Lvl. +450 Lvl. 0 2

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15.14.2. Section B-B' This cross section depicts the relation of the public spine with the built mass at the intersection of the ramp and canteen block. The art and drama block open out to the informal street so formed under the ramp.

Drama Block

Central Ramp

Public Spine

15.14.3. Section C-C' This cross section highlights the space below ramp with the exhibition standees and the stepped seating which gets the public attention to the canteen.

Canteen Block

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C B'

C' Dining Area

Key Plan

B

+10550 Lvl.

+7050 Lvl.

+3750 Lvl.

+450 Lvl.

0 1

3

6

M

Hydroponics Setup

+9650 Lvl.

+7050 Lvl.

+3750 Lvl.

+450 Lvl.

0 1

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15.15. 3-D Design Views Blurring the boundary: Aerial View from South East, depicting the connection of built mass with public spine and the porosity of the site edge.

Blurring the boundary: View of the Public spine from below the bridge connecting the built mass.

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Blurring the boundary: Aerial View of the Public spine showing the Central Ramp and the commerce pods blending in with the landscape pads.

Pull Factor: View of the Public spine showing the Canteen and the fast food pods along with the stepped seating.

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Pull Factor: View of the Public spine showing the Vegetable Selling pods along with the exhibition standees.

Work & Stay: View of the Open to Sky void of the residential block with stepped plinth around the green.

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15.16. Services & Calculations: 15.16.1. Rainwater Harvesting Calculation: •

Average Rainfall in Thane: 1439mm/year = 1.439m/year

•

Average number of rainy days over last 5 years: 89 days

•

Average peak rainfall/day = 50mm/day = 0.05m/day

•

Assuming the depth of the retention tank to be 3.5m

•

Capacity of the tank: 7 (L) x3.5 (B) x3.5 (H) = 85.75 cu.m= 85750L

•

Number of retention tanks required = 190.75/85.75 = 2.22 = 2 Tanks

15.16.2. Solar Energy Calculation for Hydroponics Setup: Hydroponics Setup Grow Light Consumption: •

Area of the Plant Growing Setup: 64m2

•

Using 1000W Sodium Grow Lights, Coverage per Sodium Light: 4.68m2

•

Number of Grow Lights Required: 14 Fixtures

•

Grow Light Usage: 15 hrs. /day

•

Total Wattage Consumed: 14x15x1000 = 210000W = 210kW

Providing Solar Panels for Grow Light Consumption: Solar Panel Size: 1.3mx2.4m Power Output for each panel :600W/Panel Number of Panels provided: 32 Panels Average sunny hours per day @ Thane: 7 hours Total Energy generated per day: 32x600x7x75% = 100800W = 100.80kW

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Solar Energy Usage Offset: 100.80/210 = 48% Hydroponics Setup Roof Plan for Solar Panel arrangement:

15.16.3. Rainwater Harvesting Layout:

n

ai

M

op

Lo

2

To ML1

To 1 ML

in

Ma

p1

Loo

Legend: Harvesting Loop

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Percolation Pit

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15.16.4. Drainage Layout:

M2 Loop 2

l Sewer L

ine

Loop 4

M4

Loop 1

M1

M3

op

Lo

3

Municipal Sewer Line

Municipa

Legend: Municipal Sewer Line

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16. REFERENCES Topic Finalisation and Research: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

• • •

Tripathi, L. N. (2013, April 4). The Space Between the Tags that society gives you and the identity you define for yourself. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Rocero, G. (2014, March 31). Why I must come out. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Gazal. (2014, October 18). Accepting Alternative Sexualities. (S. Jayate, Interviewer) Buller, C. (2015, November 30). Marginalized women and the attitudes of men who propel it.

(T. Talks, Interviewer) Pardee, S. (2016, January 19). Proud to call you my transgender son. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Tripathi, L. N. (2016, February 5). The Dilemmas of the Transgender. (K. L. Festival, Interviewer) August, E. (2016, November 23). Time to Blossom: Accepting My Transgender Daughter. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Tripathi, L. N. (2017, March 27). Changing Gender Dynamics in Current Structure of India. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Tripathi, L. N. (2017, November 8). A journey beyond the two check-boxes of gender. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Sawant, G. (2017, November 21). Mein Maa Hoon. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Bird, J. (2017, December 5). How to talk (and listen) to transgender people. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Sawant, G. (2018, February 21). Public backlash as motivation. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Sawant, G. (2018, March 26). Beyond Gender Binary. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Gummaraju, T. (2018, November 20). Indian, Trans, A Unique Stance . (T. Talks, Interviewer) Sawant, G. (2018, December 4). Transgender Rights in India. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Sawant, G. (2019, March 21). What made Aaji cha Ghar a necessity. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Giani, S. (2019, March 27). Impact of gender and social constructs on marginalized communities. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Jain, N. (2019, May 16). Inclusive Society for the Transgender Community. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Marginalised groups. (n.d.). Retrieved from Right to Education: https://www.right-toeducation.org/marginalised-groups CASI, U. o. (2020). Socially Marginalized Groups. Retrieved from Center for the Advanced Study of India: https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/socially-marginalized-groups/socially-marginalizedgroups Chaudhary, P. S. (n.d.). Social Problems and Marginalised Groups. Bhopal.

Theoretical Framework of Marginalised Comminities in India. (n.d.).

Toppr. (n.d.). Confrontation of the Marginalised. Retrieved from Toppr: https://www.toppr.

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com/guides/civics/confronting-marginalisation/confrontation-of-the-marginalised • Shroff, H. (2018, July 24). Women From Marginalised Communities Are More Vulnerable To Hate Crimes. Retrieved from Amnesty International India: https://amnesty.org.in/womenfrom-marginalized-communities-are-more-vulnerable-to-hate-crimes/ • Saxena, N. (2013). What Needs to Be Done for Marginalised and Disadvantaged People?

Retrieved from Inclusion Mainstreaming the Marginalised: https://inclusion.skoch.in/ story/216/what-needs-to-be-done-for-marginalised-and-disadvantaged-people-516.html • Mehta, D. (2016). Efforts by State for Upliftment of Marginalised Section of the Society in India.

Retrieved from Ductus Legal: https://mehtadixit.wordpress.com/2016/07/07/efforts-by-statefor-upliftment-of-the-marginalised-section-of-the-society-in-india/amp/ • State, U. D. (n.d.). Five ways to be an ally to marginalized groups. Retrieved from Young African Leaders Initiative: https://yali.state.gov/five-ways-to-be-an-ally-to-marginalized-groups/ • Cruz, T. (2013, June). How architectural innovations migrate across borders. (T. Talks, Interviewer) • Curtis, A. (2018, November). Museums should honor the everyday, not just the extraordinary.

(T. Talks, Interviewer) • Shah, C. G. (2018, April). How women in rural India turned courage into capital. (T. Talks, Interviewer) • Shankar, M. (2019, September 9). Women Empowerment in India | Madhavi Shankar. (T. Talks, Interviewer) • Racism, E. C. (2107). Improving Access to Services for Marginalised Groups. Graz-StockholmPotsdam: ETC Graz.

• Equality, E. I. (2020). Thesaurus. Retrieved from eige.europa.au: https://eige.europa.eu/ thesaurus/terms/1280 • Association, M. P. (n.d.). Marginalised Populations. Retrieved from mnpsych.org: https://www. mnpsych.org/index.php?option=com_dailyplanetblog&view=entry&category=division%20 news&id=71:marginalized-populations • Saksena, D. (2014, September 8). The Problems of Marginalized Groups in India. Retrieved from Academike: https://www.lawctopus.com/academike/problems-marginalized-groupsindia/ • Bacani, R. (2019, April 16). Minding the Gap: How Harm Reduction Supports Marginalized Groups. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Abstract: • •

Ranci, C. (1996). Social marginality. Retrieved from Trecanni: https://www.treccani.it/ enciclopedia/marginalita-sociale_%28Enciclopedia-delle-scienze-sociali%29/ Rosenthal, H. (2013). Expanding architectural practice to advance social justice: Social

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architecture creates equitable shelter. Ames: Iowa State University.

Background: • •

Rosenthal, H. (2013). Expanding architectural practice to advance social justice: Social architecture creates equitable shelter. Ames: Iowa State University.

V.A, D. H. (2018). Third Gender- The Conflict for Sexual Identity in India as Transgender.

International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, 11.

Introduction: • •

Saxena, D. P. (2011). Life of a Eunuch. Nerul: Shanta Publishing House.

Venkatesan Chakrapani, P. A. (2018). Hijras/Transwomen and Sex Work in India From Marginalization to Social Protection. Harrington Park Press.

•

Saggurti, D. G. (2017). Stigma, violence and HIV vulnerability among transgender persons in sex work in Maharashtra, India. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16.

Review of Literature: •

•

•

• • • • • •

Roychowdhury, A. (2018, July 19). When eunuchs were the mid-rung of power in the Mughal empire. Retrieved from The Indian Express: https://indianexpress.com/article/research/ eunuch-security-guards-bihar-mughal-empire-history-5266102/ Hameed, S. (2020, October 13). Britishers Destroyed the Dignity & Respect Transgenders Enjoyed during Mughal Era. Retrieved from Bhindi Bazaar: http://www.bhindibazaar.asia/ britishers-destroyed-the-dignity-respect-transgenders-enjoyed-during-mughal-era/ Nambiar, S. (2017, January 1). A Brief History Of Hijra, India’s Third Gender. Retrieved from Culture Trip: https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-hijra-indiasthird-gender/ MacCauley, A. (2020). Hijra Communites in Mumbai. Retrieved from Lensculture: https://www. lensculture.com/projects/11389-hijra-communities-in-mumbai Sitlhou, M. (2016, December 1). Jogappas, the Men Who Marry a Goddess to Become Women.

Retrieved from The Wire: https://thewire.in/gender/jogappas-goddess-gender National Legal Services Authority Versus Union of India and others, W.P.(C) No.-000400000400 - 2012 (Supreme Court of India 2012).

Revathi, A. (2016). A Life in Trans Activism. New Delhi: Zubaan Books.

Revathi, A. (2011). The Truth About Me. Penguin Books.

Pattanaik, D. (2014). Shikhandi and other tales they don't tell you. New Delhi: Zubaan Books & Penguin Books.

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• •

•

•

•

•

•

• •

B.Arch Design Dissertation

16

Agarwal, A. (2019). A Long Road to Justice: Study on Transgenders of India. International Journal of Law Management & Humanities, 9 Hangsing, K. D. (2018). Socio–Cultural Exclusion and Inclusion of Trans-genders in India.

International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 8.

Selladurai, M. (2017 ). Empowering Transgender Community through Education. University News, 6.

M.Selladurai. (n.d.). Empowering Transgender Community through Education.

Simran Shaikh, G. M. (2016). Empowering communities and strengthening systems to improve transgender health: outcomes from the Pehchan programme in India. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 9.

Zulufkar Ahmad Khanday, M. A. (2012). Health Status of Marginalized Groups in India.

International Journal of Applied Sociology, 70.

Tapasya. (2020, January 9). What Does India’s Transgender Community Want? Retrieved from The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/what-does-indias-transgender-communitywant/ Menon, P. (2020, November 13). Bound, Hounded by their own, transsexuals fight to break free. Retrieved from Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/boundhounded-by-their-own-transsexuals-fight-to-break-free/articleshow/79201302.cms TNN. (2020, September 7). Transgender woman shot thrice outside residence in Delhi.

Retrieved from The Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/ transgender-woman-shot-thrice-outside-residence-in-delhi/articleshow/77970244.cms Tamil Nadu: Transgender activist Sangeetha found dead in her Coimbatore residence. (2020, October 22). Retrieved from Sroll.in: https://scroll.in/latest/976493/tamil-nadu-transgenderactivist-sangeetha-found-dead-in-her-coimbatore-residence Commune, T. (2020, November 19). Transwoman in Hyderabad set on fire alive by fellow transwomen, succumbs to burns. Retrieved from Dailyhunt: https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/ india/english/the+commune-epaper-thecom/transwoman+in+hyderabad+set+on+fire+alive+ by+fellow+transwomen+succumbs+to+burns-newsid-n230310254 Karindalam, V. (2020, October 20). Kerala: Trans woman who sold biryani attempts suicide following cyber bullying. Retrieved from Times Now News: https://www.timesnownews. com/india/article/kerala-trans-woman-who-sold-biryani-attempts-suicide-following-cyberbullying/670143 Epidemiology, N. I. (2014). Technical Report Mapping and Size Estimation of Hijras and other Transgender Populations in 17 States of India. Chennai: National Institute of Epidemiology.

Thilakavathi Subramanian, V. C. (2015). Mapping and Size Estimation of Hijras and Other Trans-Women in 17 States of India: First Level Findings. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 10.

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• • • •

• • • •

•

• •

•

•

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Chauhan, N. (2018, August 13). Left alone: Just 2% of transgender stay with parents . Retrieved from Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/left-alone-just-2-of-transpeople-stay-with-parents/articleshow/65380226.cms India, P. o. (n.d.). The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956. Retrieved from Indian Kanoon: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/69064674/ Empowerment, M. o. (2014). Report of the Expert Committee on the Issues relating to the Transgender Persons. New Delhi: Government of India.

NAVTEJ SINGH JOHAR Versus UNION OF INDIA MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE SECRETARY., W.P.(Crl.) No.-000076-000076 - 2016 (Supreme Court of India 2016).

Section 377: Here is everything you need to know. (2018, September 7). Retrieved from The Economic Times: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ sc-delivers-historic-verdict-heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-section-377/ articleshow/65698429.cms Justice, M. o. (2019). The Transgender Persons(Protection of Rights) Act. New Delhi: Government of India.

Sriraam, D. S. (n.d.). The Un-right Act for the Protection of the Rights of Transgenders in India.

SSRN. Chakrapani, V. (2012). The Case of Tamil Nadu Transgender Board. New Delhi: United Nations Development Program.

TNN. (2020, October 16). Trichy cops lead the way to rehabilitate transsexuals. Retrieved from Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/trichy-cops-lead-the-way-torehabilitate-transsexuals/articleshow/78689185.cms Sudhish, N. (2018, December 5). Sensitizing students to rights of transpersons. Retrieved from The Hindu: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sensitizing-students-torightsof-transpersons/article25674390.ece Sahani, N. N. (2018). A Manifesto for Trans Inclusion in the Indian Workplace. Goodrej India Culture Lab. India, P. T. (2019, December 24). Goa to make schools a secure place for transgender students.

Retrieved from The Indian Express: https://indianexpress.com/article/education/goa-tomake-schools-a-secure-place-for-transgender-students-6182702/ TNN. (2020, July 21). 2% Rajasthan Housing Board flats to be reserved for transgenders.

Retrieved from Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/2-rhb-flats-tobe-reserved-for-transgenders/articleshow/77074885.cms Meera Vohra, A. W. (2020, September 17). Welfare board for us in state encouraging: Transgenders. Retrieved from Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ lucknow/welfare-board-for-us-in-state-encouraging-transgenders/articleshow/78153005.cms Anand, A. (2019, Decemebr 27). India's first university for transgender community to come up in UP's Kushinagar. Retrieved from India Today: https://www.indiatoday.in/education-

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today/news/story/india-s-first-university-for-transgender-community-to-come-up-in-up-skushinagar-1631851-2019-12-27 • Singh, S. (2018, August 4). Transgender guards is Bihar’s answer to sex abuse at shelters.

Retrieved from The Indian Express: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/transgenderguards-is-bihars-answer-to-sex-abuse-at-shelters-5263981/ • Assam introduces transgender category in civil services exam application form. (2020, October 30). Retrieved from Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ guwahati/assam-introduces-transgender-category-in-civil-services-exam-application-form/ articleshow/78959017.cms • Sengar, S. (2020, November 5). Transgenders Will Now Get A Right To Parental Property & Child Adoption In Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved from India Times: https://www.indiatimes.com/ news/india/transgenders-will-get-a-right-to-parental-property-child-adoption-in-madhyapradesh-526923.html • Salma Khan: First Transwoman on Lok Adalat Panel. (2018, April 16). Retrieved from The Indian Express: https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/salma-khan-firsttranswoman-on-lok-adalat-panel-5138779/ • Satheesh, S. (2018, May 19). Meet Salma Khan, the first transwoman Lok Adalat panelist in Mumbai. Retrieved from Scroll.in: https://scroll.in/video/879470/video-meet-salma-khan-thefirst-transwoman-lok-adalat-panelist-in-mumbai • India, P. T. (2019, February 23). Maharashtra Government Sets Up Transgender Welfare Board.

Retrieved from NDTV: https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-government-sets-uptransgender-welfare-board-1998189 • TNN. (2020, March 7). Maharashtra: In a first, Rs 5 crore for transgender welfare board.

Retrieved from Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ maharashtra-in-a-first-rs-5-crore-for-transgender-welfare-board/articleshow/74524608.cms • Kulkarni, P. (2020, June 10 ). Maharashtra Government issues resolution to form transgender welfare board. Retrieved from Pune Mirror: https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/ others/maharashtra-government-issues-resolution-to-form-transgender-welfare-board/ articleshow/76308408.cms • Service, E. N. (2020, January 8). Maharashtra: In meeting with deputy CM; transgenders demand welfare board, voice fear over NRC. Retrieved from The Indian Express: https:// indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-in-meeting-with-deputy-cmtransgenders-demand-welfare-board-voice-fear-over-nrc-6205490/ • Staff, S. (2020, November 25). Government set to launch portal simplifying registration and giving I-cards to transgenders, to also build special homes. Retrieved from Swarajya: https:// swarajyamag.com/insta/govt-set-to-launch-portal-simplifying-registration-and-giving-i-cardsto-transgenders-to-also-build-special-homes • Subramanium, K. (2020, June 23). I'm on a mission to empower India's transgender Mudit Seema Vijay Jain - MU 1643

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community, one painted palm at a time. Retrieved from CNN Style: https://edition.cnn.com/style/ article/kalki-subramaniam-opinion/index.html • Project, A. A. (2020). Aravani Art Project. Retrieved from Aravani Art Project: https:// aravaniartproject.com/Basu, S. (2020, June 29).

• Kinnar Ka Ki – The Story Of Four Transwomen, Their Journeys And Vision. Retrieved from Feminism in India: https://feminisminindia.com/2020/06/29/kinnar-ka-ki-story-of-fourtranswomen-journey-and-struggles/ • India, P. S. (Director). (2018). #PeopleNotLabels Publicis.Sapient's initiative for inclusion of transgender community in society [Motion Picture].

• Shekar, A. (2020, September 17). 'A place of our own': A dairy farm run by trans women in TN's Thoothukudi. Retrieved from The News Minute: https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ place-our-own-dairy-farm-run-trans-women-tns-thoothukudi-133262 • Vice. (2020, October 9). Inside Sandeep Nagar, India’s New Haven for Transgender Women.

Retrieved from Justic News: https://www.justicenews.co.in/inside-sandeep-nagar-indias• • • • • • • •

• • • • • • •

new-haven-for-transgender-women/ Krishnamurti, J. (n.d.). The Core of the Teachings. Retrieved from J Krishnamurti: https:// jkrishnamurti.org/ Winch, G. (2014, November). Why we all need to practice emotional first aid. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Sun, J. (2019, April). Your Are Not Alone in Your Loneliness. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Packnett, B. (2019, April). How to Build Your Confidence - And Spark it in Others. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Rands, K. E. (2009). Considering Transgender People in Education. Journal of Teacher Education, 60.

Godwin, L. (2019, October). How teachers can help students navigate trauma. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Cherry, K. (2020, May 11). How Art Therapy Is Used to Help People Heal. Retrieved from Vey Well Mind: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-art-therapy-2795755 Y.Z. (2018, November 23). Creative Workshops with Marginalized Groups are exceptionally Important. Retrieved from Sarajevo Times: https://www.sarajevotimes.com/creativeworkshops-with-marginalized-groups-are-exceptionally-important/ Walker, M. (2015, November). Art can heal PTSD’s invisible wounds. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Judith, A. (2017, August). How I Use Art to Bridge Misunderstanding. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Hawke, E. (2020, June). Give yourself permission to be creative. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Wapnick, E. (2015, April). Why some of us don’t have one true calling. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Martin, S. (2020, May). How drawing can set you free. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Eustis, O. (2018, April). Why Theatre is Essential to Democracy. (T. Talks, Interviewer) Rudlin, K. (2020, September 17). Drama Therapy for Troubled Teens. Retrieved from Very Well

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Mind: https://www.verywellmind.com/drama-therapy-for-troubled-teens-2610360 • Change, M. C. (n.d.). Theatre of the Oppressed. Retrieved from Mandala Center for Change: http://www.mandalaforchange.com/site/applied-theatre/theatre-of-the-oppressed/ • Films, G. (Director). (2019). What is Image Theatre [Motion Picture].

• Fekonja, L. S. (Director). (2018). Legislative Theatre - Animated Presentation [Motion Picture].

• Amer, L. (2019, May). Why kids need to learn about gender and sexuality. (T. Talks, Interviewer) • Kurniawati, W. (2011). Public Space for Marginal People. ASEAN Conference on EnvironmetBehaviour Studies (p. 9). Indonesia: Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences.

• Sharon Sutton, S. K. (2011). The Paradox of Urban Space - Inequality and Transformation in Marginalised Communities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Case Studies: • • • •

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Arch2O. (n.d.). The Therme Vals | Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from Arch2O: https://www.arch2o. com/the-therme-vals-peter-zumthor/ Archdaily. (2009, February 11). The Therme Vals / Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from Archdaily: https://www.archdaily.com/13358/the-therme-vals Andenmatten, S. (2012, July 23). Case Study - Jewish Museum Berlin by Daniel Libeskind .

Retrieved from Issuu: https://issuu.com/stephenandenmatten/docs/casestudy Henderson, S. (2017, November 7). Architecture as Experience: Peter Zumthor’s Thermal Baths. Retrieved from Slow Space: https://www.slowspace.org/architecture-as-experiencepeter-zumthors-thermal-baths/ Martin, P. (2014, November 17). Vals Thermal Baths. Retrieved from Arcspace: https:// arcspace.com/feature/vals-thermal-baths/Berlin, J. M. (n.d.). The Libeskind Building.

Retrieved from Jewish Museum Berlin: https://www.jmberlin.de/en/libeskind-building Ryan, R. (1997, August 16). Thermal Baths in Vals, Switzerland by Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from The Architectural Review: https://www.architectural-review.com/buildings/thermalbaths-in-vals-switzerland-by-peter-zumthor Sendor, W. (2014, August 2). Peter Zumthor's Therme Vals Diagrammatic Analysis. Retrieved from Behance: https://www.behance.net/gallery/18747089/Therme-Vals-Analysis Zaxarov, A. (2020, September 16). Thermal Baths in Vals by Peter Zumthor. Retrieved from This is Paper: https://www.thisispaper.com/mag/thermal-baths-in-vals-peter-zumthor Bianchini, R. (2019, July 3). The Jewish Museum Berlin Part 1. Retrieved from Inexhibit: https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/daniel-libeskind-jewish-museum-berlin/ Andenmatten, S. (2012, July 23). Case Study - Jewish Museum Berlin by Daniel Libeskind .

Retrieved from Issuu: https://issuu.com/stephenandenmatten/docs/casestudy Lee F. Mindel, F. (2015, April 30). A Tour of Daniel Libeskind’s Jewish Museum Berlin. Retrieved from Architectural Digest: https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/daniel-libeskind-

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jewish-museum-berlin-slideshow • Libeskind, S. (n.d.). Jewish Museum Berlin. Retrieved from Studio Libeskind: https://libeskind. com/work/jewish-museum-berlin/ • Mairs, J. (2015, November 19). Architecture should not be comforting says Daniel Libeskind.

Retrieved from Dezeen: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/11/19/daniel-libeskind-architectureshould-not-be-comforting-memorials-ground-zero-masterplan-jewish-museum-berlin/ • Pavka, E. (2010, November 25). AD Classics: Jewish Museum, Berlin / Studio Libeskind.

Retrieved from Archdaily: https://www.archdaily.com/91273/ad-classics-jewish-museumberlin-daniel-libeskind Site Study: • •

https://snazzymaps.com/ Google Earth

Climate Data: • • • •

https://www.meteoblue.com/ https://www.worldweatheronline.com/ https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-hours-Sunshine,thane-maharashtrain,India http://andrewmarsh.com/apps/staging/sunpath3d.html

Design Details: https://issuu.com/skb347/docs/team_sponge_sponge_handbook-chennai https://www.lescouleurs.ch/en/the-colours/63-colours https://ehomerecordingstudio.com/home-recording-studio-essentials/ Hydroponics Setup: • • • •

https://rhz66.app.goo.gl/BBLUF1YbfC1ZViaT6 https://www.vivintsolar.com/learning-center/how-calculate-solar-panel-output https://www.google.com/search?q=solar+panels+sizes&rlz=1C1PRFI_ https://www.hydroponics.net/learn/hid_lamp_op_cost.php

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