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Foreword “Choose a career you love, and you will never have to work a single day in your life�- Confucius Majority of the Medical Students in India are unaware of the orthodox as well as unorthodox career opportunities present after MBBS. They believe that the long fought struggle is over with MBBS, but are unaware of What NEXT? Some of the students are aware of the few career opportunities available in India like NEET and DNB, but are deprived of the opportunities present in other countries and various other fields. They, therefore, of necessity require more exhaustive knowledge, guidance and awareness in various clinical and non clinical fields available to pursue after graduation. This toolkit covers a broad spectrum of majority of the career opportunities present in India and Abroad for MBBS graduates.

The section wise distribution of career opportunities will make it easier for students to navigate through the information.

All the career opportunities are laid out in a similar manner so that multiple options can be compared and students have a variety of options to choose from. Most references used in the preparation of this toolkit have been cited but if some have been left out through oversight, we offer our sincere apologies. All the information has been collected from credible sources and have been put to the best of knowledge. We apologize for any discrepancy We would like to thank all the SWG members who have worked so hard to find such useful information from credible resources and help in developing the toolkit. We would also like to thank the SWG co-ordinators who overlooked all the work and helped compile the toolkit.

We also take this opportunity to thank all the MSAI EBTO members who provided their insights and helped us throughout our journey of making this toolkit.

Finally, we acknowledge our gratitude to the SCOME National team for their help and support.

We hope that Medical students across India find this toolkit beneficial and would help them and guide them to their future endeavours.

Yours sincerely,

Kosha Gala and Nishant Nagpal National Officers on Medical Education 2020-2021 Students Today, Healers Tomorrow, Pandas Forever!

SWG COORDINATORS

SHEFALI MODY

NISHANT NAGPAL

KOSHA GALA

MANSEY VARGHESE

SWG MEMBERS

HENNA BHANDARI

EESHA SHAH

HAMZA ANSARI

YASH KURMI

SIYA SACHIN

AARUSHI SHARMA

ABHIPSHA ACHARYA

AYUSHI SHAH

NEILANKA GHOSH

HARSHDEEP SINGH TREHAN

AVICHAL DANI

KARTIKEYA OJHA

SANCHITA IYER

PRAKRUT PAIDISETTY

PRACHI PANDEY

KUSHAGRI GUPTA

MANAV GHAIE

GARIMA GARG

YASHASVI SACHDEO

SHRINJAY VYAS

ANAMIKA GHOSH

PANKTI PARIKH

ATUL KRISHNA

guide to use the toolkit!

Have you always wondered about what options you have post MBBS? Did NEET or USMLE present as the only options after graduation?

Have you always been skeptical about deviating from the usual MS/MD route for lack of awareness about options in other fields?

This is where

MSAI-SCOME steps in!

To put an end to all doubts, to broaden the horizon of your future study and career plans, we present to you,

what next!

A richly informative yet concise toolkit for almost all the possible options one can pursue post MBBS!

THIS TOOLKIT COVERS ALL THE OPTIONS POST MBBS IN A FORMAT COVERING THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS:

Study further

this section is an introduction to each course and what it entails.

It comprises of a general overview of the work profile as well as the further sub- and super-specialities available in the field

Practicing

this section entails the basic job profile, the kind of work to be expected and salary ranges for each course

Opportunities In India

This section comprises the colleges/ hospitals/institutes in India that offer the course.

It lists the spectrum of jobs available after passing out from a particular field and the hierarchy of job positions

Opportunities Abroad

this section entails foreign countries offering the course. It gives details about the various associations, organisations or institutes which provide the course. It also gives details about the different degrees offered by different institutions

Requirements/Eligibility

Eligibility in terms of basic academic and/or personal qualifications as well as experience required for entry into the course.

Eg. Age criteria, score criteria, criteria for number of attempts in an exam, requirement for SOPs, CV, and other extra curricular activities

Entrance exam/s

this section entails the type of exam, questions, and scores required to gain entry into the course. Information about whether any separate exams or licensure is required for entry into the course and the central authority conducting such examinations

Total cost

this sections entails the cost (in rupees) of the tuition fees for the respective degree.

This is given as an approximation or a range since the exact costs would vary based on the institutions. Cost of stay/food/accommodation has also been included where possible

Duration of the course

The time frame of the course to obtain the requisite degree. In case of competitive exams like NEET etc. average duration for the preparation for the exams have been mentioned

What interests you

This section includes the pros and cons of the branch and a personal opinion on taking up such a profession with its perks and peculiarities. Subjects entailed in the course have also been mentioned where possible.

Future opportunities

this section comprises of opportunities for further specialisation on the field, job opportunities available after completion of course

Links for additional references

official websites, articles, journals to gather more information for the same

Additional information

this section comprises of newer updates and information that has not been covered in other sections eg. exam patterns, testing centres etc

1) DIPLOMA ANESTHESIA CLINICAL EMBRYOLOGY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY DERMATOLOGY EMERGENCY MEDICINE ENT GENETICS

S T N E TN O C

HEALTH EDUCATION OBGY OPTHALMOLOGY ORTHOPEDICS PAEDIATRICS PHARMACOECONOMICS

2) MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICES HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION MBA

3) MEDICINE AROUND THE WORLD USMLE PLAB NEET PG DNB CANADA (MCCQE) GERMANY GULF (UAE, SAUDI ARABIA, OMAN, KUWAIT) AUSTRALIA (AMC) NEW ZEALAND

4) MEDICAL JURISDICTION CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICAL ADVISOR FORENSIC PSYCHIATRIST LLB/LLM MEDICAL ADVISOR MEDICO-LEGAL ADVISOR PG IN MEDICAL LAW AND ETHICS

5) PUBLIC HEALTH FLOATING DOCTOR HOUSE OFFICER MASTERS IN GLOBAL/ INTERNATIONAL HEALTH WORK FOR UNICEF/WHO PRACTITIONER IN URBAN HEALTH CENTRE MASTERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH

6) RESEARCH RESEARCH YOUNG INDIA FELLOWSHIP

7) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEDICAL IT MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HEALTH INFORMATICS AND ANALYTICS BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE

8) VOLUNTEERING OPPORTUNITIES INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS HEALTH VOLUNTEERS OVERSEAS DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS

9) MISCELLANEOUS ARMY COMBINED MEDICAL SERVICES HEALTH/ MEDICAL JOURNALISM INDIAN RAILWAYS MEDICAL TOURISM TEACHER TELEMEDICINE TRANSPLANT COORDINATOR

10) MS ENT OBGY OPTHALMOLOGY ORTHOPEDICS SURGERY

11) MD ANAESTHESIA ANATOMY COMMUNITY MEDICINE DERMATOLOGY GYNAECOLOGY MEDICINE ORTHOPEDICS PATHOLOGY PEDIATRICS PHARMACOLOGY

Feedback Form!

We would love to hear from you!

Please find the link to the feedback form on the last page of this toolkit.

Feel free to send in feedback about the content of this toolkit and if you have any other inputs for us.

DIPLOMA

DIPLOMA IN ANESTHESIA STUDY FURTHER

Anesthesia is the study of use and effects of various kinds of anaesthetics to human beings.

It imparts the basics of intensive transphysiotherapy, pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of inhaling anesthetics, anesthesia in traumatology and orthopedics, pediatrics and neonatology, toxicology and others.

The two-year course study of Anesthesiology enables one to identify the sensory perception of human body

IN INDIA

PRACTICING Entry-level posts are offered with salary in the range of Rs. 15,000/- to Rs.25000/- per month.

As the medical professional gain experience, they are offered with salary packages not less than Rs. 40,000/- per month.

The duty of the anesthesiologist is to keep an eye on the breathing, blood pressure & heart rate of the patient,manage allergic reactions due to anaesthesia during operations.

Anesthesiologists have to choose the most appropriate type of anesthetics and to determine its dose and content.

Anesthesiologist is the perioperative physician (“peri-” meaning “allaround”) who provides medical care to each patient throughout his or her surgical experience. This includes Medically evaluating the patient before surgery (preoperative) Consulting with the surgical team Providing pain control and supporting life functions during surgery (intraoperative) Supervising care after surgery (postoperative) Discharging the patient from the recovery unit.

ENTRANCE EXAM

Following are a few entrance tests that are conducted by some of the Postgraduation Diploma in Anaesthesia colleges in India: NEET Entrance Exam AIIMS (All India Institutes of Medical Sciences) PGIMER (Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research)

ABROAD 1. Anesthesia Associate Postgraduate Diploma: University of Birmingham 2. Clinical Anesthesia PgDip: University of Glasgow 3. Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine: Brighton and Sussex Medical School

REQUIREMENTS

The requirement for pursuing this program is successful completion of an MBBS from a college and educational institution approved from the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Admission to PGD in Anaesthesia is depending upon the premise of candidate’s performance in a relevant entrance exam, and ensuing round of counselling.

ELIGIBILITY

For admission into post Graduation Diploma program, students should have acquired M.B.B.S or equivalent Degree from a recognised University by the MCI.

TOTAL COST

The average tuition fee charged for the course in India ranges between INR 10,000 to 10 lacs

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES How is Post Graduate Diploma in Anesthesia (DA) is Beneficial?

After passing Diploma course, students can go for further higher degree courses like master’s degree and research degree courses.

It enhances their overall qualification.They can also work outside the operating room such as in Intensive Care Unit (ICU).

They can work in administration and supervisory roles within the medical sector.

Post Graduate Diploma in Anesthesia (DA) Employment Areas Government Hospitals Medical Colleges & Universities Medical Writings Military Hospitals Nursing Homes Private Clinics Post Graduate Diploma in Anesthesia (DA) Job Types Anesthetist Associate/Attending Consultant Clinical Associate/Assistant Medical Consultant Pediatrician Radiologist Surgeon/Pediatric Specialist Technical Assistant

WHAT INTERESTS YOU

Anesthesiologists typically have the following interests: Have investigative interests. They like work activities that have to do with ideas and thinking, searching for facts and figure out solutions to problems mentally.

Have realistic interests. They like work activities that include practical, handson problems and solutions. They like to work with plants, animals, and physical materials such as wood, tools, and machinery. They often prefer to work outside.

Have social interests. They like work activities that assist others and promote learning and personal development.

They like to communicate with others: to teach, give advice, help, or otherwise be of service to others.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

An anesthetist can choose any of the following specializations: General anesthetists Cardio thoracic anesthetists Neuro anesthetists Regional anesthetists Acute or chronic pain medicine Pre-hospital and trauma care, including air ambulance transfer Pediatric anesthetists Obstetric anesthetists Intensive care

SUMMARY

Anesthesiology is a branch of medical science that deals with the use and effects of different kinds of anesthetics to the human body. The two-year course study of Anesthesiology enables one to identify the sensory perception of the human body. They are perioperative physicians who provide medical care to each patient throughout his surgical experience from evaluation of the patient before surgery till the discharging of the patient from the recovery unit. With the increase in the demand of Anesthesiologists the scope in India has increased enabling them work in in government hospitals, military hospitals, medical writing, in ICUs, in administrative supervisory role as not only anaesthesiologists but also radiologists, pediatricians, lab technicians and medical consultants. Countless Colleges both abroad (University of Birmingham and Glasgow) and in India (Seth GS, AFMC, LHMC, MAMC, MMC, CMC) offer courses in the same through entrance exams like NEET & AIIMS for any MBBS graduate or any equivalent degree from Universities recognized by the MCI. Coaching classes for the competitive exams and volunteering at clinics gives one a lead for the same.

Depending on the college, the fees range from 10,000 to 10 Lacs for a 2 year course. Anyone with investigative, social and realistic interests should definitely look into Anasthesiology.

LINKS

1. https://targetstudy.com/courses/post-graduate-diploma-in-anaesthesia.html 2. https://medium.com/@infodeepikasharma/scope-of-pg-diploma-inanaesthesia-604d56590c8e 3. https://www.postgraduatesearch.com/pgs/search?course=anesthesiology 4. http://entrance-exam.net/post-graduate-diploma-in-anesthesiology-coursedetails/

DIPLOMA IN CLINICAL EMBRYOLOGY AND ART STUDY FURTHER

Embryology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fertilization of eggs and development of embryos.

An embryologist plays a critical role in helping couples conceive who are facing challenges in conceiving naturally.

IN INDIA Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam CMC Vellore ( CMC VELLORE) , Vellore IIRRH Training Institute.International Institute of Reproduction and Fertility Training (IIRFT) Bangalore University Madras University Amity University, Noida Indian Society of Assisted Reprodcution Embryology SKill Certification (Rainbow IVF, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India Lifecare Centre: Lucknow

ABROAD

1. MSc/Diploma in Clinical Embryology (University of Leeds, Leeds, UK) 2. Monash University, Melbourne 3. AECS in collaboration with Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), & CARe Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh

TOTAL COST The average tuition fee charged for the course in India ranges between INR 1,25,000 - 9 lakhs or 1000 USD

PRACTICING

Using ART techniques to create embryos in the lab Collecting gametes from respective partners and testing them for suitability and viability Providing gametes and embryos, the ideal culture conditions and nutrients for growth Closely monitoring the growth of embryos to select the one that has the highest chance of implantation Cryopreserving gametes and/or embryos for future use Maintaining cryobanks, equipments, records for laboratory data Adhering to ethical and legal regulations of the IVF laboratory Running quality control regularly to maintain the ideal environment

ENTRANCE EXAM

Each college has their own entrance exam and some have interviews which follow.

Selection will be based on a combination of entrance exam merit and oral interview results Syllabus includes: ICMR Guidelines, Basic Human Embryology, Human Cell Culture, Genetics, Basic Semenology , Anatomy, Physiology&Pathology of Reproductive Biology

REQUIREMENTS For Clinicians : MBBS, DNB, MD, DGO For Embryology Courses : MBBS, BDS, BAMS, BHMS, Bsc(biology/Biotechnology)), MSc(Biology/Biotechnology) Graduated in any biological sciences

ELIGIBILITY TO ACQUIRE DEGREE A formalized curriculum for scientists encompassing 1 or 2 years of instructive, theoretical and practical training in embryology is required to become a qualified embryologist

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION One year with two semesters

WHAT INTERESTS YOU This program provides candidates who are interested in the field of ART with the knowledge and skills required to practice Clinical Embryology.

The course is ideal for candidates who want to either pursue Clinical ART or Research in Reproductive Biology.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Individuals eligible to work as embryologist can be employed by assisted reproductive clinics in government as well as private hospitals.

With experience, one can take more responsible positions as Lab manager or Lab director. Progression to lab manager and subsequently regional manager will involve rigorous training in laboratory skills and management.

One can develop his/her career in research organisations that focuses on the IVF industry. Today, all embryo culture media and laboratory consumables of high quality and with long shelf life are available in the market. This is due to the tireless effort of research organisations and industry. Such research organisations provide opportunity for bright embryologist with innovative ideas to work as scientists.

As the demand for embryologist in the country is growing rapidly, numerous educational institutions are coming up with the embryology courses. These institutes offer embryologist with good qualifications to work as faculties.

In countries where embryology has developed well and follows strict quality control of the labs, there is a need for embryologist who could check the quality of labs, procedures and the skills of embryologists. This is also important for clinics that wish to have accreditation by different organisations that issue certificates of standards. In such situations, an embryologist can work as quality inspectors of IVF labs.

SUMMARY Infertility is an increasingly prevalent health concern today, both globally and in the Indian context. With several couples facing challenges to conceive naturally, the scope of Clinical Embryology and ART is very high. One can be employed by assisted reproductive clinics in government as well as private hospitals, get into IVF research , faculty in institutions and quality inspectors of the IVF lab. Those who are interested in the field of embryology and ART with a Basic Sciences degree (including MBBS) can apply to countless institutes and universities both abroad and in India by giving their entrance exam and interview. After they acquire their degree post 1-2 years of training they can use ART techniques to create embryos in the lab and help couples to conceive who are facing challenges in conceiving naturally.

LINKS

1. https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/how-to-pursue-a-career-in-clinicalembryology/story-NEM88Em8mOKCaz4R2lFmKJ.html 2. https://ivf.net/ivf/index.php? adid=asrm&hw_num=50&page=search&s_res=AND&cid=348&s_by=f_title 3. http://www.creaconceptions.com/pg_diploma_clinical_embryology.php 4. https://www.indianfertilitysociety.org/diploma-courses-training/info-2/

DIPLOMA IN CLINICAL PATHOLOGY STUDY FURTHER

Clinical Pathology is a branch in the field of medical science, which is concerned with the diagnosis of ailments and disease with the assistance of clinical tests on bodily liquid like urine, blood, excretion etc.

IN INDIA

Some of the top colleges and institutes which provide admission to (D.C.P.) are as follows: Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, KochiDr. DY Patil Medical College, Mumbai Government Medical College, Bhavnagar National Institute of Professional Education, New Delhi Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University, Chennai Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh Techware Institute of Technology, New Delhi Indira Gandhi Medical College - IGMC, Shimla Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital GMCH, Udaipur

REQUIREMENTS Under Graduate degree preferably MBBS or an equivalent degree from a recognized university are eligible to apply.

ELIGIBILITY For admission into post Graduation Diploma program, students should have acquired M.B.B.S or equivalent Degree from a recognised University by the MCI.

PRACTICING After completing this course, graduates may get opportunities in areas like Government Hospitals, Private Hospitals, Medical Colleges, Universities, Private Clinics, Medical Labs, Research Labs, Medical Content Writing, etc.

These professionals may work in positions like Pathologist, Clinical Pathologist, Lab Executive, Clinical Manager, Medical Transcriptionist, Teacher, Lecturer, Research analyst, Medical Content Writer, etc.

The average salary for these graduates ranges between INR 2 to INR 15 lakhs as per their experience and expertise in this field.

ENTRANCE EXAM

Admission for Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Pathology is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

Most of the colleges select students based on the marks obtained in their MBBS degree or an equivalent degree examination for course admission.

Some reputed colleges conduct entrance exams for this course admission.

Some of the major entrance exams are NEET PG KUK Entrance exam Armed Forces Medical College Entrance Exam Students who are selected for entrance exam should attend the personal interview conducted by the college. Based on their performances, they will be selected for admissions.

TOTAL COST

The average tuition fee charged for Diploma in Clinical Pathology program in India ranges between INR 10,000 to 8 Lacs, for a span of 2 years.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Diploma in Pathology – 2 years Diploma in Clinical Pathology – 2 years Post Graduate Diploma in Clinical Pathology – 2 years Post Graduate Diploma in Human Genetics and Pathological Techniques (PGDHGPT) – 15 months The requirement for pursuing this program is successful completion of MBBS from a college and educational institution approved by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Admission to PGD in Anaesthesia depends upon the premise of the candidate’s performance in the relevant entrance exam, and ensuing round of counselling.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Every day a lot of clinical, genetic, and microbiological tests are recommended by the doctors to patients in order to find the actual disease from which the patient is suffering.

This will broaden the scope for pathologists.

Pathologists can work as diagnosticians in hospitals, investigators or researchers in medical laboratories and as teachers in colleges and Universities.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Clinical Pathologist is responsible to examine body liquid, blood, bone marrow and urine.

Lab Executive is responsible to maintain medical laboratory equipment and tools, performance through establishing a quality standard; troubleshooting procedures, quality, developing an operation, certifying instrument performance, ensuring staff compliance arranging equipment and tools replacements, repair and service.

Medical Transcriptionist: is responsible for listening to the recorded matters of a physician or any other healthcare experts. Interpret and transcribe the oral work into diagnostic test result, referral letters, operative reports and other documents.

Medical Examiner: is responsible for specialized training in forensic pathology. They also inspect organs and autopsy organs, tissue, and bodily liquids to examine the reason for death.

Clinical Manager: Clinical Manager is in charge for managing clinical, administrative, professional, and clerical staff; overseeing the recruitment, development, managing day-to-day management; and appraisal of staff; developing and implementing rules and regulations and directives; attending meetings and setting and monitoring budgets.

SUMMARY Diploma in clinical Pathology expects to give medical education to candidates to get readily capable masters sufficiently competent to perceive health requirements of an individual, group or a community and shoulder proficient responsibility judicially adjusting to the rules of the national health policy. Candidates should be skilled and sufficiently qualified with both theoretical as well as practical knowledge and able surgical skills and abilities to prepare, train and develop fellow faculties in their related specialties.

Diploma course in clinical pathology teaches candidates for working initially as clinical technologists and clinical pathologists in a broad range of medical institutions and centers where clinical pathology is worked as an important or ancillary task.

Some of these institutions are clinical laboratories, hospitals, community healthcare centres, medical testing, private medical clinics and research institutes, etc

LINKS 1. https://targetstudy.com/courses/diploma-in-clinical-pathology-dcp.html

DIPLOMA IN DERMATOLOGY, VENEREOLOGY AND LEPROSY STUDY FURTHER

The program intends to impart to the postgraduate student professional competence in diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases, common skin diseases, cosmetic dermatological diseases and leprosy independently.

Graduates must independently be able to attend medical emergencies related to skin, venereal diseases and leprosy and adopt preventive measures at individual and community levels against communicable and non-communicable venereal diseases, skin diseases, leprosy and other such ailments.

IN INDIA

The best course to study after this diploma would be an MD in Pathology. . You will have to first select the universities where you wish to study an MD in Pathology. After that, each university will conduct an entrance examination in their own format. You will have to clear that entrance examination. Only after clearing the test you will be able to study this MD course.

ELIGIBILITY Have qualified for the M.B.B.S degree of this University or any other University recognized as equivalent thereto by the authority of this University and the Medical Council of India and obtained permanent registration from any of the State Medical Councils.

1 year of internship after MBBS should be completed.

PRACTICING

Major Job profile and designations for these graduates are Dermatology Professor, Skin Specialist, Medical Representative, Clinical Application specialist, Therapy Manager – IVF Artificial Reproduction and Sales Coordinator etc.

Graduates with this degree have opportunity for industries like Healthcare environments including hospitals, physician practices, integrative healthcare clinics, public health clinics, college health centers, natural apothecaries, and in settings that care for military veterans etc.

ENTRANCE EXAM List of some entrance test conducted are:Â AIIMS PG NEET PG Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) Exam

REQUIREMENTS Under Graduate degree preferably MBBS or an equivalent degree from a recognized university are eligible to apply.They must be able to perform various procedures like cryotherapy, biopsies, etc.

TOTAL COST The tuition fees by average for Diploma in Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy come between INR 15,000 to 10 Lacs.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 3 months to 3 years

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Advance courses in after Post graduate diploma in dermatology, Venereology, and leprosy: Ph.D. in Dermatology M.Phil in Dermatology

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Dermatology Professor, Skin Specialist, Medical Representative, Clinical Application specialist, Therapy Manager – IVF Artificial Reproduction and Sales Coordinator Initially you can join as a junior intern in any hospital or nursing home. Your job will be to just diagnose the patient properly. If you gain seniority, you will have to treat those patients as well.After a few years as an intern, you can join any private nursing home as a venereal or skin specialist. You can also open a private chamber, at your house and diagnose patients.You can become medical professors after around 10 years of experience.

SUMMARY The program intends to impart professional competence in diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted diseases, common skin diseases, cosmetic dermatological diseases and leprosy independently.

After graduation students must independently be able to attend medical emergencies related to skin, venereal diseases and leprosy and adopt preventive measures at individual and community levels against communicable and non-communicable venereal diseases, skin diseases, leprosy and other such ailments. They should be qualified with skills to impart the necessary knowledge and laboratory skills to other

LINKS 1. https://www.sarvgyan.com/courses/medical/dermatologist 2. https://collegedunia.com/courses/diploma-in-dermatology-venerology-andleprosy-ddvl 3. https://educationasia.in/course-details/dermatology-venereology-and-leprosy 4. https://www.indiastudychannel.com/courses/2472-diploma-dermatologyvenereology-leprocy-ddvl

DIPLOMA IN EMERGENCY MEDICINE STUDY FURTHER

One year diploma course in Emergency medicine.Emergency Medicine is a competency-based training program that is conducted in the workplace.

The course curriculum includes study of following fields and subjects Advanced Pre-Hospital Care Patient Assessment Medical Emergencies Trauma Emergencies Emergency Drugs Special Consideration & Operations

ELIGIBILITY

MBBS, BHMS, BAMS, BNYS, BUMS, BPT, BDS, BSMS, B. Sc. Nursing, P. B. B. Sc. Nursing, B. Sc. Emergency Care & Trauma Care & Technology, or its Equivalent DHMS (with certificate from Homeopathic Council with its equivalence to a 5 year degree course).

Candidates should have completed an MBBS with Valid MCI registration or state registration from a recognised university board.

TOTAL COST The diploma costs upto INR 35000 and upto a Lakh in private institutes and abroad universities.

RESOURCES Oxford handbook of Emergency Medicine Tintinalli’s review of Emergency Medicine

PRACTICING

To practice in field Emergency Medicine and defensive services and run a ER. Also suitable for independent practitioners and as a base for learning diagnosis and on feet action in trauma situations.

They have many employment opportunities in provincial emergency and rescue services, private emergency services, SANDF, the mining industry, as well as international occupational health and safety and emergency services.

The course helps to select appropriate investigations, including laboratory and diagnostic imaging, with careful attention to patient safety, diagnostic utility and cost, and interpret the results accurately and within their clinical context.

ENTRANCE EXAM Following are a few entrance tests that are conducted by some of the Postgraduation Diploma in EM colleges in India: NEET Entrance Exam AIIMS (All India Institutes of Medical Sciences) PGIMER (Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research)

REQUIREMENTS Under Graduate degree preferably MBBS or an equivalent degree from a recognized university and a rotation in casualty/ emergency are eligible to apply.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION One year ( 10 months Theory/Practical + 2 months Hospital Rotation)

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Entice is doing its PGDEMS Course in association with Symbiosis Center of Health Sciences and in affiliation to Symbiosis International University.

The first University accredited programme, the PGDEMS programme conducted by the SCHS is recognised by the University Grants Commission (UGC), Ministry of HRD, Govt. Of India.

The Curriculum and its implementation are recognized by the Los Angeles Paramedic Training Institute and Department of Transportation, USA. The MRCEM examination which is based on the Royal College of Emergency Medicine curriculum offers an opportunity for the candidate to demonstrate both the breadth of his or her knowledge of Emergency Medicine as well as the application of that knowledge to common clinical scenarios.

SUMMARY

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Defence Services Hospitals & Clinics Medical Writing Medical Coordinator Quality Analyst Scientific Affairs Medical Advisor Strategy Manager Surgery Code

WHAT INTERESTS YOU It helps to the differential diagnosis of common illnesses presenting to the emergency department. It also helps to establish and maintain clinical knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to quickly assess and manage emergencies.

The course helps to select appropriate investigations, including laboratory and diagnostic imaging, with careful attention to patient safety, diagnostic utility and cost, and interpret the results accurately and within their clinical context.

LINKS

1. http://enticehealth.in/pgdems/ 2. https://nbe.edu.in/mainpdf/curriculum/EM ERGENCY-MEDICINE.pdf

Diploma in Emergency Medicine is a one year training course after graduation for all those interested in being first line treatment in trauma and accidents. It's an upcoming Medical field which was recognized a few years back, it attempts at developing skills of differential diagnosis and managing emergencies. This course has very promising upcoming opportunities in defense services, Emergency departments in Hospitals and clinics and many more. The course curriculum includes study in patient assessment, emergency conditions and drugs, first line treatments etc.

These courses cost up-to 35,000 to a lakh and aren't financially straining as well.

DIPLOMA IN ENT STUDY FURTHER Otolaryngologists (commonly referred to as ENT surgeons) deal with the diagnosis, evaluation and management of diseases of head and neck and principally the ears, nose and throat.

The principle sub-specialities of ENT surgery are: Otology Rhinology Laryngology Head and neck surgery Facial plastics Paediatrics

TOTAL COST

The diploma costs anywhere between INR 9,000 in government colleges to 20 Lacs in private institutes and abroad universities.

ELIGIBILITY

Have qualified for the M.B.B.S degree of this University or any other University recognized as equivalent thereto by the authority of this University and the Medical Council of India and obtained permanent registration from any of the State Medical Councils.

1 year of internship after MBBS should be completed.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 years

PRACTICING

An otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon provides medical and/ or surgical therapy for the prevention of diseases, allergies, neoplasms, deformities, disorders, and/or injuries of the ears, nose, sinuses, throat, respiratory, and upper alimentary systems, face, jaws, and the other head and neck systems

ENTRANCE EXAM Following are a few entrance tests that are conducted by some of the Postgraduation Diploma in EM colleges in India: NEET Entrance Exam AIIMS (All India Institutes of Medical Sciences) In the USA: matched to the programme on the basis of the USMLE results In the UK: Clearance of PLAB

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Otolaryngology is no longer confined to the areas of ear, nose, and throat. It has become a comprehensive discipline of medicine and surgery of the head and neck region.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Practising a mix of both medicine and surgery.

ENT Physicians pays its employees an average of $66,076 a year. Salaries at ENT Physicians range from an average of $37,915 to $109,107 a year. ENT Physicians employees with the job title Audiologist make the most with an average annual salary of $76,708, while employees with the title Audiologist make the least with an average annual salary of $76,708.

LINKS

1. https://www.ama-assn.org/residentsstudents/specialty-profiles/what-it-sspecialize-otolaryngology-shadowingdr-jones 2. https://www.abmsdirectory.com/pdf/R esources_guide_physicians.pdf 3. https://www.studentdoctor.net/schools /selector/details/19

SUMMARY

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Following the completion of this course, physicians can further subspecialize in: Neurotology: The neurotologist has special expertise in the management of diseases of the inner ear, temporal bone, and skull base, including tumours and other conditions.

Complex Pediatric Otolaryngology: A pediatric otolaryngologist has special expertise in the management of infants and children with disorders that include congenital and acquired conditions involving the aerodigestive tract, nose and paranasal sinuses, the ear and other areas of the head and neck, and in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of childhood disorders of voice, speech, language, and hearing.

Plastic Surgery Within the Head and Neck: An otolaryngologist trained in this area has additional expertise in plastic and reconstructive procedures within the head, face, neck, and associated structures, including cutaneous head and neck oncology and reconstruction, management of maxillofacial trauma, soft tissue repair, and cosmetic surgery.

Sleep Medicine: An otolaryngologist with demonstrated expertise in the diagnosis and management of clinical conditions that occur during sleep, that disturb sleep, or that are affected by disturbances in the wakesleep cycle.

An otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon provides medical and/ or surgical therapy for the prevention of diseases, allergies, neoplasms, deformities, disorders, and/or injuries of the ears, nose, sinuses, throat, respiratory, and upper alimentary systems, face, jaws, and the other head and neck systems. Head and neck oncology, facial, plastic, and reconstructive surgery and the treatment of disorders of hearing and voice are fundamental areas of expertise.The median compensation is $365,171.

The principal sub-specialties of ENT surgery are: Otology ,Rhinology ,Laryngology ,Head and neck surgery,Facial plastics and Pediatrics. The specialty is well suited for students seeking a balance between a medicine and surgery balance, working with their hands, seeing immediate effect in their patients lifestyle and a job with patient interaction.

DIPLOMA/MSC IN GENETICS STUDY FURTHER

PRACTICING

INDIA/ ABROAD

ENTRANCE EXAM

No licensing exam, it includes subjects like core areas in Molecular Genetics (microbial, Drosophila, plants and humans) as well as related areas like Biochemistry, Biostatistics, Developmental Biology, Recombinant DNA Technology and Computer Applications.

Can be done both in India and abroad.

Many universities in the USA offer excellent courses in the field like: Harvard University Department of Molecular Biology MIT Department of Biology University of California College of Biological Sciences University of Cambridge Department of Genetics Stanford University Department of Genetics

ELIGIBILITY A student seeking admission of M.Sc. (Genetics) must have passed B.Sc. (General) or B.Sc (Hons.) or an equivalent undergraduate degree in any branch of life sciences / physical sciences / chemical sciences / mathematical sciences / medical sciences / pharmacology / any branch of biology / paramedical sciences with at least 60% marks in their main subject (for Hons. stream) or in aggregate (for B.Sc general) or other equivalent undergraduate degree like MBBS.

People who complete this course play a vital part in research and development of new diagnostic and therapeutic medical techniques.

They play a huge role in pharmaceutical industry as well.

In universities like Delhi university, Admission in M.Sc. (Genetics) is through an entrance test consisting of Multiple Choice Questions based on various subdisciplines of biological sciences (B.Sc. level) i.e. Botany, Zoology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Biotechnology etc. with emphasis on Genetics. Some questions from basics in Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics and General Awareness may also be included and some universities like Maharshi Dayanand university select students based on graduation marks.

Entrance exams for colleges abroad vary according to their own personal policies and immigration policies of the respective country.

REQUIREMENTS

Applicant age should be of minimum 20 years Provisional certificate of results of final year of graduation have to be submitted by end of July of concerned year.

TOTAL COST Varies in different universities and colleges but is mostly between INR 30,000 to 50,000

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 years (4 semesters)

WHAT INTERESTS YOU

In such times of scientific and medical progress, knowledge about genetics and health is of paramount importance.

With new mutational diseases and infections on the rise, a degree in genetics might just be your ticket to play a part in ground breaking research and breakthroughs.

Since this is a core field, scope of research and development is very wide.

LINKS

1. http://www.du.ac.in/du/uploads/Revise dSyllabi1/Annexure32.%20M.Sc.%20Genetics_%20Final_%2 0modified%20after%20standing%20co mmittee.pdf 2. http://entrance-exam.net/bsc-andmsc-genetics-colleges-in-india/

SUMMARY

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Research scientist(medicine) Research scientist(life sciences) Genomic counselling Phd and then academia Biotechnology Genetic engineering Agriculture sciences

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Since the entrance exam has questions from botany, maths, physics and chemistry also, it is advised to separately prepare for these subjects .

There is also a course of DM/DNB in medical genetics but its a post doctoral course and can only be availed by post grad students who did MD/DNB is either paediatrics/internal medicine/OB GYN. Therefore it cannot be directly pursued after MBBS.Various scholarships viz., Merit Scholarship, All India Post Graduate Scholarship and Monsanto Post Graduate Scholarship are also available for the M.Sc. students. Students are encouraged to clear UGC/CSIR-NET while pursuing their M.Sc. course.

Diploma or Msc. in genetics is a degree that very few colleges and universities provide. It is mostly a two year course in India with many core subjects and 2 elective subjects.

Students can apply for this course after completion of any relevant graduation course in the field of biology and medicine. Depending on the university, the student has to appear for an entrance exam which happens once a year and since there is no common exam, it is recommended that the student apply for multiple colleges. Fee structure is in the range of 30,000 to 50,000 Rs. after completion of course , the scope for research is very wide where the geneticist can conduct and take part in researches varying from drugs and pharmacology upto agricultural sciences. After completion of degree, the student can apply for international fellowship degrees further enhancing his skill. The student may also apply for PHD and later start teaching also.

DIPLOMA IN HEALTH EDUCATION STUDY FURTHER

Students learn theories and methods of health behavior and health education and gain the knowledge and skills they will need to develop health education programs.

INDIA

Top recruiting organizations OMG Labs Private Limited, Cancer Healer Center, Soul fit Nutrition, Ayush Mantra, Karma Ayurveda Top recruiting areas Government sectors, Health departments, Mass media, NGOs, Government and Private hospitals

PRACTICING Health educators typically do the following: Assess the health needs of the people and communities they serve Develop programs, materials, and events to teach people about health topics Teach people how to manage existing health conditions Evaluate the effectiveness of programs and educational materials Help people find health services or information Provide training programs for community health workers Collect and analyze data to learn about a particular community and improve programs and services Advocate for improved health resources and policies that promote health

ABROAD

Three professional associations for health educators are outlined below.

Society for Public Health Education: SOPHE – an association representing health education professionals in the U.S. and worldwide – promotes healthy behaviors, communities and environments through advocacy and education. Member benefits include subscriptions to peer-reviewed health education journals, continuing education opportunities, discounts on conference fees and access to career resources.

American Public Health Association: APHA members work in more than 40 countries to help improve public health and establish health status equity.

Member benefits include discounts from the APHA Press, access to the member newsletter and networking opportunities. APHA hosts an annual meeting and exposition. Members also have access to job listings.

Health Care Education Association: HCEA is a multidisciplinary organization made up of health care educators focused on patient, consumer and family health education. Membership benefits include professional development and networking opportunities, and additional tools and resources.

ENTRANCE EXAM Certain colleges may conduct an interview for admission.No separate entrance exam

REQUIREMENTS

10 + 2 exams with a minimum of 60% marks Those who have relevant work experience in the area of Medicine, Nursing, etc. will prove beneficial for admission.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The following are descriptions of duties for health educators, by work setting: In healthcare facilities, health educators may work one-on-one with patients or with their families. They may be called patient navigators because they help consumers understand their health insurance options and direct people to outside resources, such as support groups or home health agencies. They teach patients about their diagnoses and about any necessary treatments or procedures. They lead hospital efforts in developing and administering surveys to identify major health issues and concerns of the surrounding communities and developing programs to meet those needs. Health educators also help organize health screenings, such as blood pressure checks, and classes on topics such as installing a car seat correctly. They also create programs to train medical staff to interact more effectively with patients In colleges, health educators create programs and materials on topics that affect young adults, such as smoking and alcohol use. They may train students to be peer educators and supervise the students’ delivery of health information in person or through social media.

Health educators also advocate for campus wide policies to promote health.

In public health departments, health educators administer public health campaigns on topics such as emergency preparedness, immunizations, proper nutrition, or stress management. They develop materials to be used by other public health officials. During emergencies, they may provide safety information to the public and the media. Some health educators work with other professionals to create public policies that support healthy behaviors and environments. They may also oversee grants and grant-funded programs to improve the health of the public. Some participate in statewide and local committees dealing with topics such as aging.

In nonprofits, health educators create programs and materials about health issues faced by the community that they serve. They help organizations obtain funding and other resources. They educate policymakers about ways to improve public health and work on securing grant funding for programs to promote health and disease awareness. Many nonprofits focus on a particular disease or audience, so health educators in these organizations limit programs to that specific topic or audience.

In private businesses, health educators identify common health problems among employees and create programs to improve health. They work to develop incentives for employees to adopt healthy behaviors, such as losing weight or controlling cholesterol. Health educators recommend changes in the workplace to improve employee health, such as creating smoke-free areas.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Dietician Nutrition Specialist Food scientist Public health organizer Professor Research Data Support Manager Health Care Manager Emergency Response Officer Polio Eradication Officer Job payscale: INR 2 to 10 lakhs

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 1 year

TOTAL COST

Varies in different universities and colleges but is mostly between INR 1,000 to 2.5 lakhs

SUMMARY

A health education bachelor’s degree program teaches students how to use preventive health strategies to improve the general wellness of individuals, groups and communities.

Students learn how to plan, implement, evaluate and deliver health promotion programs.After completing Diploma in Nutrition and Health Education course, candidates can further study the post-diploma degree in Nutrition and Health education or an equivalent degree to improve their knowledge and skills in this field. Or they can find jobs offer by many reputed health organizations. They can develop from jobs in nutrition and new product development to roles in the logistics, supply chain, purchasing, and distribution.The practical work helps their communication and teamwork skills, sharpening their attention to detail and their ability to accurately record results. Some are roles within this area in the industry, that also within government and local authority food inspection departments. Some other job roles include industrial buyer, production manager retail buyer, or quality assurance manager

LINKS 1. https://collegedunia.com/courses/diploma-in-nutrition-and-health-education 2. https://www.truity.com/career-profile/health-educator-or-community-health-worker 3. https://www.usnews.com/education/online-education/health-education-bachelorsdegree

DIPLOMA IN OB GYN STUDY FURTHER

PRACTICING

INDIA/ ABROAD

ENTRANCE EXAM

Post Graduate Diploma in Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGO) is a postgraduate-level course in medicine.

This program has been designed to prepare medical faculty in the obstetrics and gynecology specialty.

The program coupled with clinical training prepares candidates in:surgical management of clinical pathology pertaining to female reproductive organs, providing care for both non-pregnant and pregnant patients.

Available in both India and abroad. Abroad: available as MSc PHD Research Masters degree

ELIGIBILITY Listed below are the minimum criteria which candidates interested in pursuing the course are required to fulfil, in order to be eligible to apply for the course.

Successful qualification of MBBS from a university recognized by the Medical Council of India or any of the State Medical Councils.

A minimum aggregate score of 45%Â at the level of MBBS. Successful completion of a 1-year long compulsory rotating internship.

Top Recruiting Companies Fortis Healthcare, MAX Healthcare, Care Hospitals, Indian Council of Medical Research, Apollo Hospitals, Kailash Hospital, Adecco India Private Limited, Jaypee healthcare limited, Meditrina Hospitals Private Limited, etc.

Top Recruiting Areas Colleges & Universities, Medical Colleges, Govt./Pvt. Hospitals, Content Writing (medical), Nursing Homes, Medical Labs, and such.

Most institutes offering the course admit students based on performance in a relevant entrance test. Admission process generally varies across colleges.

Listed below are some of the entrance exams conducted in the country for admission to the course.

NEET PG (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) JIPMER PG AIIMS PG COMEDK PGET CMC Vellore

TOTAL COST

The average tuition fee charged for the course in India ranges between INR 10,000 and 5 Lacs for a span of 2 years.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 years

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Major components of the course’s curriculum include: obstetrics pathology pregnancy-related common diseases abnormalities during pregnancies gynecological pathology obstetrical operations infant care breast feeding and artificial feeding premature child treatment general diseases of new-born labor-related complications and research study of clinical and surgical training in gynecology.

SUMMARY

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

The average annual salary offered to successful professionals of the discipline in India ranges between INR 3 and 20 lacs, increasing with the candidate’s experience and skillset.

Such professionals are hired in capacities such as: Obstetrician/ Gynecologist Senior Registrar Lecturer Clinical Associate Junior Consultant Senior Resident Consultant Key Accounts Manager General Physician, etc.

LINKS

1. https://www.idp.com/india/search/obst etrics-and-gynaecology/

Among the many specialisations that an MBBS graduate can pursue at the postgraduate level is the 2-year Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics. The PG diploma course has been designed to train and qualify the graduates in completely understanding the anatomy of female reproductive organs.Those aspiring to pursue a career path in the field of a gynaecologist or obstetrician, Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics is a good option, with lucrative career opportunities and future scope. The additional training and skill development through the PG Diploma programme will ascertain that the graduate will be able to suggest surgical solutions through clinical analysis.In India, the course curriculum of a Diploma in Gynaecology and Obstetrics is designed to train the students in certain aspects of the field, such as pregnancy-related diseases, general diseases in new-born infants, treatment required by a pre-mature child, different obstetric and gynaecologyrelated methodologies, along with other aspects of the specialisation.Career prospects are brighter for gynecologists in India and abroad, as the demand for skilled professionals in this field is increasing as the days are passing because of increasing awareness from the start of pregnancy, which has lead to lots of jobs opportunities for the young and talented gynecologists in metros and even in small cities and rural areas.

DIPLOMA IN OPHTHALMOLOGY STUDY FURTHER

Diploma in Ophthalmology expands on medical and surgical ideas learnt in life systems and anatomy, physiology and ophthalmic sicknesses amid the graduate degrees. Ophthalmology proposes to avert blindness, ascertain ocular health and rehabilitate patients with visual imparity.

The program relates to yet is not restricted to the examination in visual life structures, ocular anatomy, physiology, optics, hereditary qualities, genetics, pathology, practical ophthalmic science.

INDIA/ ABROAD Available in both India and abroad. Abroad: available as MSc PHD Research Masters degree

ELIGIBILITY Listed below are the minimum criteria which candidates interested in pursuing the course are required to fulfil, in order to be eligible to apply for the course.

Successful qualification of MBBS from a university recognized by the Medical Council of India or any of the State Medical Councils.

A minimum aggregate score of 45% at the level of MBBS. Successful completion of a 1-year long compulsory rotating internship.

PRACTICING Top Recruiting Companies Indian Red Cross Society, Indian Nursing Council, State Nursing Councils, Kailash Hospital, Metro Hospital, Max hospital, AIIMS, Fortis Hospital, Orphanage etc.Top Recruiting Areas Colleges & Universities, Medical Content Writing, Medial Labs, Defense Services, Government Hospitals, Nursing Homes etc.

ENTRANCE EXAM

Many institutions and colleges offers admission on the basis of national level or state level examinations like NEET PG AIIMS AMU Entrance Exam AIIMS Entrance Exam AIIOS Entrance Exam AIMSRC Entrance Exam BFUHS Entrance Exam Bangalore University Entrance Exam Baraktullah University Entrance Exam BLSO Entrance Exam

TOTAL COST

The average tuition fee charged for the course in India ranges between INR 10,000 and 5 Lacs for a span of 2 years.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 years

LINKS

1. https://collegedunia.com/courses/diplo ma-in-ophthalmology 2. https://www.postgrad.com/courses/op hthalmology/europe/

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

A fresher in Ophthalmology working under government hospitals can start earning between INR 15,000 to 25,000 per month excluding other perks and benefits. Private sector hospitals offer very high pay which ranges from Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 40,000 per month.

Apart from these salaried jobs, an Ophthalmologist can also earn from parttime private practice in eye-clinics. Senior eye-surgeons can earn somewhere between INR 60,000 to 1 lac for a month.

SUMMARY Diploma in Ophthalmology is a postgraduate Medical Ophthalmology program.

Ophthalmology is the branch of prescription that works with the life systems, physiology and ailments of the eye. During the program, candidates learn the geometric optics and properties of light, including reflection and refraction. Some of the topics secured incorporate that how glasses and contact lenses can enhance reflection problems and refraction in the human eye.

The Diploma program is vital and career orienting one which opens many job opportunities for the applicants after the completion of this program. As demanded by the greater part of the postgraduate diploma programs, the course equips students with expertise in auxiliary and tertiary level of the health care delivery system through the time of successful completion of the course. P.G. Diploma in Ophthalmology course basically demands selfdirected investigation and study methodologies and requires acquiring information radiating from clinical and scholarly work. There is massive requirement for Indian ophthalmologists in abroad mainly in USA, Australia, UK, Gulf countries.

DIPLOMA IN ORTHOPAEDICS STUDY FURTHER

It is a 2 year course,involving the study of the musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal system includes: bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and nerves. As a medical specialty, it focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and repair of bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints.

INDIA/ ABROAD Available in both India and abroad. Abroad: available as MSc PHD Research Masters degree

TOTAL COST

Based on the college of study, either government or private the course fee can vary. Ranging between Rs 6,000-27 lakhs An Orthopaedic Specialist can start with an established hospital in the bracket of INR. 300000-350000 annually in the private sector.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Orthopaedic Surgeon.

Sports Medicine Physician.

Orthopaedic Nurse Physical Therapist Researchers Consultants.

Orthopaedic Distributors for Surgery and Musculoskeletal Products.

PRACTICING

As a medical speciality, it focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and repair of bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints.

ELIGIBILITY

MBBS, BHMS, BAMS, BNYS, BUMS, BPT, BDS, BSMS, B. Sc. Nursing, P. B. B. Sc. Nursing, B. Sc. Emergency Care & Trauma Care & Technology, or its Equivalent DHMS (with certificate from Homeopathic Council with its equivalence to a 5 year degree course).

Candidates should have completed an MBBS with Valid MCI registration or state registration from a recognised university board.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 years Content would include: Basic Sciences related to Locomotor System.

Physiology of Bone, Cartilage, Muscle & Nerve.

Orthopaedic Diseases.

General principles of Surgery and Traumatology.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

LINKS 1. https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty 2. https://targetstudy.com/courses/orth opaedics-courses.htm

To have a good career in Orthopedics, one needs to have a high scholastic aptitude, mechanical ability, a high degree of manual dexterity and excellent three-dimensional visualization skills.

Some Employment Areas Hospitals.

Nursing Homes.

Private Practice.

University.

Research.

Consultancy.

Orthopedic Surgery Product Manufacturers.

SUMMARY Orthopedics is a specialty focused on the Musculoskeletal system. It involves clinical focus on disorders of the bones, muscles, joints, ligaments, nerves, tendons, and skin.Admission into the course requires completion of the MBBS course,followed by NEET exam for entry into the organisation teaching the course. Orthopedics is ranked as one of the better paying medical specialties and Rs. 300000-350000 annually in the private sector.The course is available both in India and Abroad,practice abroad would have separate procedures.

Students entering this field have a high scholastic aptitude, mechanical ability, a high degree of manual dexterity and excellent three-dimensional visualization skills.

DIPLOMA IN PEDIATRICS STUDY FURTHER

PRACTICING

INDIA/ ABROAD

ELIGIBILITY

The Diploma in Pediatrics is aimed at doctors working with children who wish to update their knowledge on common pediatric presentations, as children often present to their GP or local Emergency Department with common childhood illness.

Available in both India and abroad. Abroad: available as MSc PHD Research Masters degree

TOTAL COST

Based on the college of study,either government or private the course fee can vary. Ranging between INR 6,000-1 lakh

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Assist. Doctor Associate Professor Nutrition Coordinator Nutrition Specialist Personal Physician Project/Research Officer Sports Nutritionist

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 yearsÂ

Pediatric care encompasses a broad spectrum of health services ranging from preventive health care to the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases.

Pediatricians understand the many factors that affect the growth and development of children.

MBBS, BHMS, BAMS, BNYS, BUMS, BPT, BDS, BSMS, B. Sc. Nursing, P. B. B. Sc. Nursing, B. Sc. Emergency Care & Trauma Care & Technology, or its Equivalent DHMS (with certificate from Homeopathic Council with its equivalence to a 5 year degree course).

Candidates should have completed an MBBS with Valid MCI registration or state registration from a recognised university board.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU

BPaediatric nursing or child health nursing is the speciality nursing care of infants, children and adolescents. In this course, the main emphasis is given on nursing care of infants, children and adolescents at the community level and at primary and secondary levels of health care.

LINKS

1. https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/pediatrics 2. https://www.rcpch.ac.uk/education-careers/examinations/about-diploma-child-health

SUMMARY Pediatricians practice the specialty of medical science concerned with the physical, emotional, and social health of children from birth to young adulthood. It is a 2 year long course. The admission in MD Pediatrics is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.Following the completion of the course the physician can choose to start working or further sub specialize in the field.

EXECUTIVE DIPLOMA IN PHARMACOECONOMICS STUDY FURTHER

No licensing exam required.Subjects of the course are divided into modules and they are: Module 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Industry and Pharma Product Management Module 2: Principles of Management Module 3: Pharmaceutical Marketing Management Module 4: Pharmaceutical Sales & Advertising Management Module 5: Pharmaceutical Logistics Management Module 6: Healthcare System in US, India and Other Countries Module 7: Pharmaceutical Industry: Models and Market Research Module 8: Pharmacoeconomics (Pricing Laws) Module 9: Legal and Regulatory Framework of Pharmaceutical Industry Module 10: Business Communication in the Pharmaceutical Industry Module 11: Industry Based Case Studies

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Health insurance Drug development Marketing and sales of health products

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION It is a 6 month online course but can be completed in a maximum of 12 months.

PRACTICING

People who complete this course are directly linked to the pharmaceutical industries and charged with the role of maintaining the financial aspect of the industry.

ELIGIBILITY Graduation in Pharma/ Medical/ Biomedical/ Biotechnology/ Microbiology/ Science and Candidates appearing for the final year of Bachelor's degree/equivalent qualification exam or awaiting their results, are eligible to apply.

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION In the distance learning mode, lectures are scheduled on weekends which the students might find suitable.

TOTAL COST Part time mode- INR 90,000 Distance cum e learning mode INR 22,000

WHAT INTERESTS YOU

Pharmaceutical marketing is a huge industry with tremendous scope for science as well as non-science graduates. The industries call in for talented and professional individuals who are ready to take challenging career paths in this industry.

In this program the time related concerns and issues of working candidates have been answered through in form of a part-time course, designed to comfort the working schedule of employees while time guiding and training them about each major to minor detail of the clinical research industry at their convenient pace. hassle free accessibility in the form of e- learning tools like webinars, e-lectures and online examinations

SUMMARY

LINKS https://igmpiindia.org/ExecutiveDiplo mainpharmaceuticalmarketing.html

Pharmacoeconomics is a sub discipline of health economics.The executive diploma in pharmaceuticals sales and marketing is an online course of 6 months that can be completed in the comfort of home. After completion of MBBS we can apply for the course on the official website of ‘Institute of good manufacturing practices’. It is a course conducted bi annually and does not have very strict eligibility criteria. IGMPI follows a credit system based on all learning activities involved in studying for all PG Diploma, Executive Diploma and Certificate Programs. Each of your modules is equal to 4 credits.

To successfully complete the program, you will have to earn all the credits assigned to your program.

All the participants are obliged to appear for the annual exam at the end of the course.

After successful completion, the participants will be awarded Executive Diploma in Pharmaceutical Sales and Marketing Management by Faculty of Product Management, IGMPI. For all the above mentioned modules elaborate course material and project work details would be provided by the Institute from time to time. Details get updated on the webpage as well.Executive Diploma in Pharmaceutical Sales and Marketing Management is a comprehensive course offering candidates with knowledge and practically important information about the industry type, working modalities, methodology used, techniques of quality control, drug development precisely but the whole emphasis remains on Pharmaceutical Sales and Marketing Management.

MANAGEMENT

CIVIL SERVICES STUDY FURTHER

UPSC Exam Syllabus : The exam is conducted in a three tier system comprising of : Preliminary examination (objective type) :General studies 1 and 2. (GS2 is just a qualifying exam) Mains ( Written Test) Personal interview. The syllabus is attached on the following link https://m.jagranjosh.com/articles/amp /upsc-civil-services-ias-syllabus1515065536-1

PRACTISING

All India Services Indian Administrative Service (IAS) Indian Police Service (IPS) Central Services (Group A) Indian Foreign Service (IFS) Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IA&AS) Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS) Indian Corporate Law Service (ICLS) Indian Defence Accounts Service (IDAS) Indian Defence Estates Service (IDES) Indian Information Service (IIS) Indian Ordnance Factories Service (IOFS) Indian Postal Service (IPoS) Indian P&T Accounts and Finance Service (IP&TAFS) Indian Railway Accounts Service (IRAS) Indian Railway Personnel Service (IRPS) Indian Railway Protection Force Service (IRPFS) Indian Railway Traffic Service (IRTS) Indian Revenue Service (IRS-IT Indian Revenue Service (IRS-C&CE) Indian Trade Service (ITrS)

Group B Services Armed Forces Headquarters Civil Services (AFHCS) Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Civil Service (DANICS) Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Police Service (DANIPS) Pondicherry Civil Service (PCS) Pondicherry Police Service (PPS)

ENTRANCE EXAM

UPSC CSE. The Civil Services Examination is a nationwide competitive examination in India conducted by the Union Public Service Commission for recruitment to various Civil Services of the Government of India, including the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Foreign Service, and Indian Police Service.

REQUIREMENTS & ELIGIBILITY Eligibility Criteria comprises two halves.

Age Criteria (No of attempts) : General - 32 yrs (6) OBC - 35 yrs(6) SC/ST - 37yrs (till age restriction) Physically disabled - 42 yrs (General/OBC- 9 attempts) (SC/ST - Age Restriction).

TOTAL COST Free of cost unless you apply for any coaching institutes.

Online institutes - 10-20K Offline centres - Variable.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Enlist as an officer in the list of 23 services mentioned by the UPSC. The most popular services are Indian Administrative Services (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Revenue Service (IRS) and Indian Foreign Service (IFS).

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? To be able to administrate the welfare of a city and communities, hereby, touching and influencing lives and their daily struggle.

Bringing in the personification of Good Governance through our own work.

ADDITIONAL INFO The Duty is also marred by the fact that there can be a lot of transfers and change in lifestyles that could be a tedious job for someone who wants a settled, calm life.

Job also brings in its lows of : Threat to life.

Odd working hours.

Having to settle away from cities to villages or towns, even hamlets of the most remote areas.

SUMMARY This is an opportunity that possibly personifies “Raja ka beta Raja nahi banega”, a service that brings in power to frame public policies and work in sectors and bring in change, Creating India in your vision. Excluding the cons of constant transfer and at times threat to life, the ones who are interested in making a dent in the society with their heads held high (the sole reason you’ve a threat is that you’re a threat and an end to all the malpractices in the society.)

Reading more about works of Armstrong Pame, Tukaram Mundhe, Durga Rani, Vishwas Nagare Patil would let you understand the gravity of responsibilities as well as the powers that you are bestowed upon.

LINKS

1. https://m.jagranjosh.com/articles/amp/ upsc-civil-services-ias-syllabus1515065536-1 2. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/civilservices-post-one-may-get-into-upsc/

MASTERS IN HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION

STUDY FURTHER

SUBJECTS: Health law Healthcare Financial Management Marketing, Healthcare Innovation etc. Detailed list in the link. http://catalog.uab.edu/graduate/scho olofhealthprofessions/healthservicesa dministration/healthadministration/# mstext

PRACTISING Hospital CEO Hospital Administrator Consultant in firms like Deloitte, Boston Consulting Group, PwC Policy making Insurance company Centre of Disease Control(CDC)

IN INDIA/ABROAD INDIA Master of Hospital Administration is offered by the Prasanna School of Public Health of Manipal Academy of Higher Education- Rs.8 lakhs for 2 year course Admission by National Entrance Exam AIIMSMD MHA – Two Years Programme10 seats Resident Administrators man the Control Room round the clock as Duty Officers, and coordinate various hospital activities.

They also assist the faculty in hands-on management of various hospital activities and in turn gain valuable experience of hospital management. A Ph.D. program in hospital administration is also conducted. Our alumni hold top administrative positions in various organizations of national and international importance.

Many of them are also serving as independent consultants in Hospital Administration in the corporate sector. www.aiims.edu or www.aiims.ac.in.

MD MHA degree from PGI Chandigarh2 year program- 10 seats Apollo Institute of Hospital Administration http://www.apolloiha.ac.in/ Tata Institutes of Social Sciences(TISS) https://admissions.tiss.edu/view/10/adm issions/ma-admissions/master-ofhospital-administration-mha/

USA University of Alabama BirminghamBest in the US https://www.uab.edu/shp/home/graduate/ masters/health-administration-residential University of North Carolina https://sph.unc.edu/hpm/hpmresidentialmha/ MHA at John Hopkins https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/healt h-policy-and-management/degreeprograms/master-of-healthadministration/index.html

AUSTRALIA Curtin University https://study.curtin.edu.au/offering/co urse-pg-master-of-healthadministration--mc-hladmn/

ENTRANCE EXAM Institutes like AIIMS, PGI conduct their own exams twice a year.PGI exam conducted in January & June. Exam in for 90mins with two parts- Part 1 is an MCQ test based on MBBS knowledge and Part 2 is an MCQ test on Hospital administration.. GMAT/GRE with TOEFL/IELTS (should not be more than 2 years old) for foreign countries only

REQUIREMENTS A strong undergraduate record is expected and the personal statement, a central element to the application, is an opportunity for the applicant to explain their commitment to the field. Letters of Recommendation and Resume

ELIGIBILITY

India-MBBS degree with 3-5 years of working experience in a hospital setupUSSome work experience appreciated

TOTAL COST India Less than Rs.50,000 Manipal- Rs.7lakhs US $60,000 excluding stay and food + Visa fees

TIME FRAME 2 years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Hospital CEO Hospital Administrator Consultant in firms like Deloitte, Boston Consulting Group, PwC Policy making Insurance company Centre of Disease Control(CDC)

WHAT INTERESTS YOU solid academic foundation, leadership, strong interpersonal skills, a capacity to work in teams, a strong desire to make a difference in the lives of those served in the field of health administration and an interview with faculty, alumni and current students.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The Master of Hospital Administration (MHA) aims to develop professional managers for the rapidly growing healthcare and hospital sector.

It prepares students for leadership roles through in depth training in subjects that cover planning, operations and project management of hospitals.

This includes orientation in the managerial aspects of clinical and support services.

This course also provides training in managing financial, material and information systems in hospital settings and builds the perspectives, attitudes and skills needed for managing people.

LINKS 1. https://www.aiims.edu/en/hos_ad_edu. html 2. https://cdn.digialm.com//EForms/confi guredHtml/2650/65327/Index.html PGI MHA coursehttps://manipal.edu/doph/progra m-list/mha-master-of-hospitaladministration.html

SUMMARY MD Hospital Administration in premium Indian medical institutes have their own examination with questions based on UG medical subjects and business/management questions. Very few seats are available in AIIMS, PGI for this course.

This course will train you to handle the healthcare infrastructure,the Administration that goes in to run a hospital.MHA in foreign countries needs you to take the GMAT & TOEFL. Along with these scores your CV, letters of recommendation, essays play a crucial role in your selection. It prepares students for leadership roles through in depth training in subjects that cover planning, operations and project management of hospitals.

MBA STUDY FURTHER

MBA can be pursued post MBBS or post PG Most MBA programs prefer candidates with Work experience of 2 to 5years except IIM. 1 year of MBBS internship is equivalent to 1 year of work experience.

Subjects taught in these programs: Accounting, finance, marketing, organisational behaviour, strategy management

PRACTISING

Hospital Administrator Hospital CEO Policy Analyst Pharmaceutical Project manager Health Consultant Medical entrepreneurship

Post Graduate Certificate in Healthcare Management in IIM Calcutta https://timestsw.com/course/iimcalcutta-post-graduate-certificate-inhealthcare-management-pgchm/ Apollo Institute of Healthcare Management (only online) http://apolloihcm.ac.in/

USA A General MBA or MBA with a healthcare major are good options. Universities like University of North Carolina, UPenn(Wharton), University of Michigan, Yale and many more have healthcare concentrated programmes.

B-schools always look for Work experience in leadership roles. https://hcmg.wharton.upenn.edu/programs /mba/course-descriptions/

UK

IN INDIA/ABROAD INDIA Candidates can opt for either a General MBA degree or a specific degree like MBA in Healthcare Management.

Good MBA institutions are IIMs, ISB(Indian School of Business), XLRI Xavier School of Management, SP Jain, few IITs, NMIMS, Symbiosis.

Some courses: General Management Programme for Healthcare Executives in IIM Bangalore https://www.iimb.ac.in/eep/product/21 3/General-Management-Programmefor-Healthcare-Executives-GMHE

Judge Business School( University of Cambridge) https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/executiveeducation/customer-stories/leading-inhealthcare-cambridge-university-hospitals/ Imperial Business School Masters in International Health Management https://www.imperial.ac.uk/study/pg/busine ss-school/international-healthmanagement/

AUSTRALIA Deakin University https://www.deakin.edu.au/course/masterbusiness-administration-healthcaremanagement-international

ENTRANCE EXAM INDIA CAT (Common Admission Test): Syllabus- 1. Quantitative Ability (all topics of Maths from class 9 to 12) 2. Data interpretation & Logical Reasoning(analytical interpretation of data like puzzles, tables, graphs) 3. Verbal Ability & Reading Comprehension.

If a candidate is selected, he/she is called for a Personal interview, Group Discussion round anytime between January to May. Course starts in June.

XAT (Xavier Aptitude Test): SyllabusQuantitative Ability & Data Interpretation, Decision Making, Verbal Ability, General Knowledge Selected candidates called for Group Discussion, Personal Interview or/and Essay Writing For few Indian Business Schools (ISB,IIMs) and Foreign Business Schools GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test): https://www.mba.com/exams/gmat Exam conducted all round the year.

Student has the liberty of choosing his/her own exam date. Student can take the exam max 5 times a year.

Exam score is valid for 5 years.

Accepted by USA, UK, Australia Exam fee: $250 ( Rs.18,000)

Subjects: Quantitative Reasoning Verbal Reasoning Integrated Reasoning Analytical Writing Assessment It is a computer based adaptive exam i.e. the difficulty of questions asked depends on the answer you give for the previous question. No two students have the same paper.

GRE https://www.ets.org/gre TOEFL/IELTS English Proficiency Tests for International admissions https://www.ets.org/toefl https://www.ielts.org/

REQUIREMENTS Any Graduate degree, competitive exam score, work experience advised and in some cases compulsory.

Amount of work experience required varies from 3 to 5 years depending on the desired programme. Work experience in healthcare startups, pharma companies, work have your managerial skills reflected..

ELIGIBILITY

MBA can be pursued by any graduate student with at least 3 years of work experience.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 1 to 2 years depending on the course selected.

TOTAL COST

INDIA Rs.15lakhs to Rs.25lakhs for the whole programme. This excludes stay and food.

USA $70,000-$100,000 = Rs.50lakhs to Rs.70 lakhs per year. This excludes stay and food.

UK £55,000-£80,000 excluding stay and food AUSTRALIA AUD 42,000= Rs 21 lakhs a year excluding stay and food

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Hospital Administrator A hospital administrator's duties include hiring doctors, implementing new medical procedures, public relations, developing budgets and ensuring compliance with government security requirements for handling sensitive electronic health records Policy analyst Policy analysts and researchers work with government agencies, insurance companies and private enterprises to test policies that guide decisions in health care and to assist in developing new programs and policies to keep pace with rapidly changing healthcare best practices and new technologies and treatments.

Pharmaceutical Project Manager Your duties might include developing promotional plans for drugs, arranging for clinical trials, conducting marketpenetration studies and analyzing investments. Most pharmaceutical firms hire people who have an MBA in Healthcare, strong IT skills and the ability to work with multiple stakeholders that include biochemical engineers, chemists, technicians,

Medical Entrepreneurship Medical technologies are among the fastest growing and most lucrative industries, and getting an MBA in health care could qualify you to start or lead a medical technology company or a university-based program that manufactures equipment or develops new treatments using the latest biologic technologies such as those that create drugs from living cells.

Healthcare Consultant A healthcare consultant develops strategies based upon standard business practices to create budget recommendations for a variety of companies including hospitals, insurance companies, and a wide variety of healthcare organizations.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? Managerial roles, non-clinical job roles, entrepreneurship, business skills Subjects taught in these programs: Accounting, finance, marketing, organisational behaviour, strategy management Medical Entrepreneurship and Hospital managements are emerging as the highly paid allied healthcare jobs with reduced clinic time.

WHY MBA?

Healthcare industry is a booming industry and post-Covid, the need for healthcare leaders is only going to rise.

Making healthcare affordable and high quality demands combination of medical and business skills.

SUMMARY

If you have an inclination towards non-clinical job roles, MBA is a good option. Management skills, business skills, entrepreneurship, if these are the interests you resonate with, MBA is a great option.

One important factor- work experience is highly recommended. You can pursue MBA anytime in your lifetime, if you want to refine your private practise with some business skills, an online MBA is at your rescue.Â

MEDICINE AROUND THE WORLD

USMLE STUDY FURTHER The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is a three-step examination for medical licensure in the U.S. After clearing these 3 steps a student can apply for residency programs and on the basis of their application and interview they are selected as residents by the program directors of a residency program.

The USMLE assesses a physician's ability to apply knowledge, concepts, and principles, and to demonstrate fundamental patient-centered skills, that are important in health and disease and that constitute the basis of safe and effective patient care.

PRACTICING After completing a residency program successfully an IMG becomes can practice as a General Practitioner or as a specialist in the USA. USMLE Step 1 covers content related to the following disciplines: anatomy, behavioral sciences, biochemistry, biostatistics & epidemiology, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and physiology. It also covers content related to the following interdisciplinary areas: aging, genetics, immunology, molecular & cell biology, and nutrition.

USMLE Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) covers content related to most organ systems and questions are divided into physiological and pathological processes.

USMLE Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) covers content similar to that covered by the Step 2 CK. USMLE Step 3 covers almost all topics related to clinical medicine and will assess whether you can apply medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical sciences essential for the unsupervised practice of medicine, with emphasis on patient management in ambulatory settings.

As a physician/surgeon in the USA, your primary role would be to impart world class healthcare quality to the patients. You can also focus on research, if that is your interest area.

IN INDIA/ABROAD Abroad - The United States of America

ENTRANCE EXAM The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE)Â a 3 step examination.

Step 1 is a one-day examination. It is divided into seven 60-minute blocks and administered in one 8-hour testing session. The number of questions per block on a given examination form may vary, but will not exceed 40. The total number of items on the overall examination form will not exceed 280. Starting in 2022, the USMLE Step I examination will be reported as pass/fail rather than a three-digit score. The subjects that are tested are - Anatomy, Behavioral Sciences, Biochemistry, Immunology and Interdisciplinary topics such as nutrition, genetics, and aging, microbiology, fundamental pathology and pharmacology.

Step 2 CK is a one-day examination. It is divided into eight 60-minute blocks and administered in one 9-hour testing session. The number of questions per block on a given examination will vary but will not exceed 40. The total number of items on the overall examination will not exceed 318.The examination also includes a minimum allotment of 45 minutes of break time and a 15-minute optional tutorial. The amount of time available for breaks may be increased by finishing a block of test items or the optional tutorial before the allotted time expires. Step 2 CK includes test items in the following content areas: internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, preventive medicine, psychiatry, surgery and other areas relevant to provision of care under supervision.

Step 2 CS of the USMLE assesses the ability of examinees to apply medical knowledge, skills, and understanding of clinical science essential for the provision of patient care under supervision, and includes emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. Step 2 CS ensures that due attention is devoted to the principles of clinical sciences and basic patientcentered skills that provide the foundation for the safe and effective practice of medicine. Step 2 CS uses standardized patients to test medical students and graduates on their ability to gather information from patients, perform physical examinations, and communicate their findings to patients and colleagues.

Step 3 of the USMLE assesses whether you can apply medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical science essential for the unsupervised practice of medicine with emphasis on patient management in ambulatory settings.

It is the final examination in the USMLE sequence leading to a license to practice medicine without supervision.

The examination material is prepared by examination committees broadly representing the medical profession.

The committees comprises recognized experts in their fields, including both academic and non-academic practitioners, as well as members of state medical licensing boards. Step 3 reflects a data-based model of generalist medical practice in the United States.

The test items and cases reflect the clinical situations that a general, as-yet undifferentiated, physician might encounter within the context of a specific setting. Step 3 provides a final assessment of physicians assuming independent responsibility for delivering general medical care.

Step 3 is a two-day examination. The first day which is referred to as Foundations of Independent Practice (FIP),includes 232 multiple-choice items divided into 6 blocks of 38-39 items; 60 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items.

There are approximately 7 hours in the test session on the first day, including 45 minutes of break time and a 5minute optional tutorial. The second day is referred to as Advanced Clinical Medicine (ACM).There are approximately 9 hours in the test session on the second day. This day of testing includes a 5-minute optional tutorial followed by 180 multiplechoice items, divided into 6 blocks of 30 items; 45 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items.

The second day also includes a 7minute CCS tutorial. This is followed by 13 case simulations, each of which is allotted a maximum of 10 or 20 minutes of real time. A minimum of 45 minutes is available for break time.

You are ineligible to take a Step or Step Component if you have made six or more prior attempts to pass that Step or Step Component, including incomplete attempts.

REQUIREMENTS Many residencies list their program requirements for applicants on their websites, such as medical school graduation year, types of visas accepted, or number of allowed attempts on the USMLE. Research residency requirements before applying, and direct the submission of your applications appropriately.

To participate in U.S. graduate medical education programs, IMGs who are not citizens or lawful permanent residents must obtain the appropriate visa. The two most common visas are the H1-B (Temporary Worker) or the J-1 (Exchange Visitor). Some institutions will sponsor the visa for residents in the residency program

ELIGIBILITY Medical School Students- To be eligible for Step 1, Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK), and Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS), a student must be officially enrolled in a medical school located outside the United States and Canada that is listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools (World Directory) as meeting eligibility requirements for its students and graduates to apply to ECFMG for ECFMG Certification and examination, both at the time that he/she applies for examination and on his/her test day. In addition, the “Graduation Years” in the ECFMG note on the Sponsor Notes tab of the World Directory listing for the student’s medical school must be listed as “Current” at the time he/she applies and on his/her test day.

An authorized official of the student’s medical school must certify his/her current enrollment status; instructions are provided at the time of application for examination.

In addition to being currently enrolled as described above, to be eligible for Step 1, Step 2 CK, and Step 2 CS, a medical school student must have completed at least two years of medical school. This eligibility requirement means that the student must have completed the basic medical science component of the medical school curriculum by the beginning of his/her examination eligibility period.Although a medical school student may apply for and take the examinations after completing the basic medical science component of the medical school curriculum, completion of the core clinical clerkships, including actual patient contact, before taking Step 2 CK and Step 2 CS is recommended.

Medical School Graduates- To be eligible for Step 1, Step 2 CK, and Step 2 CS, a medical school graduate must have graduated from a medical school located outside the United States and Canada that is listed in the World Directory as meeting eligibility requirements for its students and graduates to apply to ECFMG for Certification and examination. The applicant’s graduation year must be included in the “Graduation Years” listed in the ECFMG note on the Sponsor Notes tab of the medical school’s World Directory listing.

Additionally, he/she must have been awarded credit for at least four credit years (academic years for which credit has been given toward completion of the medical curriculum) by a medical school that is listed in the World Directory as meeting ECFMG eligibility requirements. An authorized official of the graduate’s medical school must certify his/her status as a graduate of the school; instructions are provided at the time of application for examination.

TOTAL COST 1. Application for ECFMG Certification$145 2. Step 1- $965 - Examination Fee + International Test Delivery Surcharge, if testing outside the United States and Canada.

3. Step 2 CK- $965 - Examination Fee + International Test Delivery Surcharge, if testing outside the United States and Canada.

4. Step 2 CS- $1,600 - Examination Fee. 5. Extension of Eligibility Period (Step 1/Step 2 CK only)- $90 per exam.

6. Step 1/Step 2 CK Testing Region Change$85 per region change.

7. Step 1/Step 2 CK Rescheduling Fee$0 – $604 (depending on exam, testing region, and date of cancellation).

8. Step 2 CS Rescheduling Fee- $0 – $1,300 (depending on date of cancellation).

9. Score Recheck (Step 1/Step 2 CK/Step 2 CS)- $80 per exam 10. Step 3- $895.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The time period for residency programs one chooses after clearly all steps of USMLE ranges anywhere from 3-8 years.As such there is no specific time limit that students are required to follow and they can give various steps according to their convenience. But ECFMG policy requires that international medical students/graduates pass the USMLE Steps and Step Components required for ECFMG Certification within a sevenyear period.This means that once you pass a Step or Step Component, you will have seven years to pass all of the other Step(s) or Step Component(s) required for ECFMG Certification.

This seven-year period begins on the exam date of the first Step or Step Component passed and ends exactly seven years from that exam date.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Upon clearing the exam, the students are permitted to practice medicine in the US and they can apply for residency programs to specialize.After completing their respective residency a student can apply for different fellowship programs in the field of their interest.

Step 2 CS of the USMLE assesses the ability of examinees to apply medical knowledge, skills, and understanding of clinical science essential for the provision of patient care under supervision, and includes emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. Step 2 CS ensures that due attention is devoted to the principles of clinical sciences and basic patientcentered skills that provide the foundation for the safe and effective practice of medicine. Step 2 CS uses standardized patients to test medical students and graduates on their ability to gather information from patients, perform physical examinations, and communicate their findings to patients and colleagues.

Step 3 of the USMLE assesses whether you can apply medical knowledge and understanding of biomedical and clinical science essential for the unsupervised practice of medicine with emphasis on patient management in ambulatory settings.

It is the final examination in the USMLE sequence leading to a license to practice medicine without supervision.

The examination material is prepared by examination committees broadly representing the medical profession.

The committees comprises recognized experts in their fields, including both academic and non-academic practitioners, as well as members of state medical licensing boards. Step 3 reflects a data-based model of generalist medical practice in the United States.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The residency program in the USA is unified with central board authority (Graduate medical education accreditation), that means the training will be uniform like all the other residents in the country. This makes sure that every resident who is getting on board, is certified as a physician/surgeon and equal in every aspect of their training. For example in surgery, it means a certain number of cases in a year, a certain amount of hours spent in certain aspects of training.

As a matter of fact, these regulatory bodies won’t even give residency training authorizations to programs which are not qualified enough, they send their residents to places other than their hospital to get training in sections that is lacking in their own hospital, like surgical residency programs send their residents to different hospitals for burns, transplant, pediatric surgery, trauma training if they don’t have enough cases in their own hospital. So that you are a well-trained doctor after the end of residency.

Due to the advancement of technology and financial strength in the US healthcare system, you get trained with the latest technology available for a particular disease. For example; all prostate cancers are being operated robotically in the entire USA.Plenty of Research Opportunities in the US Healthcare System.

PCPs (primary care physicians) reported earning an average salary of $243,000 in 2020, while specialists earned an average of $346,000.IMG Matchrate in obtaining first-year residency positions was 58.8%in the 2019 Match season.

The residencies, Radiology, Surgery, OB/GYN and Orthopedics have been a tough entry for the IMG. However, it is comparatively easier to Match in Internal Medicine, Psychiatry, Paediatrics, Primary Care and Neurology PROS Much higher mean pay packages during residency.

Excellent work environment and work ethics.

Great opportunities for substantial clinical and non clinical research.

Very clear and fixed syllabus. Less probability of ambiguous questions.

Analysis and reasoning are more important than cramming of facts.

Better living conditions and higher standard of living.

CONS It is quite an expensive proposition with approximate costs ranging from 8-16 Lakhs INR. All your hardwork and money spent may get wasted in case you fail to get matched.

It is difficult to get surgical branches, and other high end branches such as radiology, ophthalmology, ENT etc.

Complex and time consuming pathway, with no simple straight forward exam-rank-counselling type system.

Requires a lot of patience

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

LINKS 1. https://www.usmle.org/ 2. https://www.usmle.org/apply/index.html 3. https://www.ecfmg.org/fees/index.html 4. https://www.usmle-courses.eu/unitedstates-medical-licensure-requirements/ 5. https://www.fsmb.org/step-3 6. https://studentsresidents.aamc.org/applyingresidency/applying-residencies-eras/ 7. https://www.ecfmg.org/certification/elig ibility-for-examination.html 8. https://www.ecfmg.org/news/2019/03/15/ imgs-continue-to-show-gains-in-2019match/ 9. https://weatherbyhealthcare.com/blog/a nnual-physician-salary-report 10. Horvath, K., Coluccio, G., Foy, H., & Pellegrini, C. (2004). A program for successful integration of international medical graduates (IMGs) into US surgical residency training. Current surgery, 61(5), 492-498.

SUMMARY The USMLE is a three-Step examination for medical licensure in the United States. It is sponsored by the FSMB and the NBME. The USMLE program supports medical licensing authorities and physicians in the United States through development, delivery, and continual improvement of highquality assessments across the continuum of physicians’ preparation for practice.

The USMLE assesses an examinee's ability to apply knowledge, concepts, and principles and to demonstrate fundamental patient-centered skills.

These skills constitute the basis of safe and effective patient care. Health care consumers throughout the nation enjoy a high degree of confidence that doctors who have passed all three Steps of the USMLE have met a common standard.

The path to a US residency is not a simple one like the centralized counseling of NEET-PG, where after giving the exam, your rank is the sole criterion of selection. Instead, a host of factors come into the application process for postgraduate training. The path requires a lot of decision making and advanced planning. For instance, somebody wanting surgery in the US, must plan at least 4-6 years ahead.

The USMLEs lead to ECFMG certification, which is a legal requirement for people who have done medical school abroad, to do clinical training in the US. Therefore, if you wish to settle in the US (by doing a residency), you need to be ECFMG certified.

Now coming onto the details of the exam, USMLE Step 1 is a one-day examination. It is divided into seven 60-minute blocks and administered in one 8-hour testing session.

The USMLE Step 2 CS emphasizes on clinical skills. Step 2 CS of the USMLE assesses the ability of examinees to apply medical knowledge, skills, and understanding of clinical science essential for the provision of patient care under supervision, and includes emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention. USMLE Step 2 CK emphasizes on clinical knowledge.

Step 2 CK is a one-day examination. It is divided into eight 60-minute blocks and administered in one 9-hour testing session. The USMLE Step 3 tests clinical principles essential for the unsupervised clinical practice and is taken by most physicians during a residency program in the United States. Step 3 is a two-day examination. The first day of testing includes 232 multiple-choice items divided into 6 blocks of 38-39 items; 60 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items. There are approximately 9 hours in the test session on the second day. This day of testing includes a 5-minute optional tutorial followed by 180 multiplechoice items, divided into 6 blocks of 30 items; 45 minutes are allotted for completion of each block of test items.

The second day also includes a 7minute CCS tutorial. This is followed by 13 case simulations, each of which is allotted a maximum of 10 or 20 minutes of real time.

A minimum of 45 minutes is available for break time.In a nutshell, giving USMLE is a costly and time consuming affair with some risks involved, but as a physician practicing in the USA you also gain access to better facilities, pay packages, research opportunities and in general a higher standard of living.

PLAB STUDY FURTHER Licensing exam required for assessing if an individual is fit for practicing medicine in the UK. PLAB will be replaced by the UKMLA exam as per the General Medical Council (GMC) from the year 2023 for all IMG - Part 1 is the entry-level examination accessible to doctors with a minimum of 12 months' postgraduate experience in medical employment. It covers a broad range of topics to ensure the level of knowledge is appropriate to physicians at the beginning of postgraduate training.

- The MRCP(UK) Part 2 Written Examination can be taken by physicians in training who have passed the MRCP(UK) Part 1 Examination. It builds on the knowledge assessed in Part 1 and tests the acquisition of a representative sample of medical knowledge, skills and behaviour as specified in the UK Specialty Training Curriculum for Core Medical Training / Curriculum for Internal Medicine.

PRACTICING Physician in the UK

IN INDIA/ABROAD Abroad-United Kingdom

ENTRANCE EXAM PLAB - prior to early 2024 UKMLA - starting 2024 The MRCP(UK) Diploma and Specialty Certificate Examinations are designed to test the skills, knowledge and behaviour of doctors in training. It has three parts: MRCP(UK) Part 1, MRCP(UK) Part 2 Written, MRCP(UK) Part 2 Clinical (PACES)

REQUIREMENTS Valid assessment of English Proficiency with tests including IELTS, OET, primary medical qualification.

OET criteria: - you took the medicine version of the test - you got at least a grade ‘B’ in each testing area (speaking, listening, reading and writing) - you got those grades in the same test - you obtained the grades in your most recent sitting of the test.

IELTS criteria: - that you took the academic version of the test - that you got a score of at least 7.0 in each testing area and an overall score of 7.5 - that you got these scores in the same test - that you got these scores in your most recent sitting of the test

ELIGIBILITY Primary Qualification in Allopathic medicine Qualification awarded by an institution listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools Must have done clinical rotations having met the criteria - must have been of an acceptable duration - included exposure to medicine and surgery - were overseen or approved by the institution you attended - formed part of your overall programme of study.

MRCP part 1 can be taken just after your completion of the internship, but to take the other parts, especially PACES, it is advised that you have at least 2 years’ clinical experience working in hospitals following the award of your primary medical qualification.

TOTAL COST Part 1 of the PLAB test:£235 until 31 March 2020, £239 from 1 April 2020.

Part 2 of the PLAB test:£875 from 1 April 2020.

Updates in the price can be found on the GMC website

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION PLAB-1 is an MCQ exam of 180 minutes PLAB-2 is a practical exam of 3 hours, 10 minutes Duration required for the preparation is variable and dependent on the appearing student.

Levels of doctors: Foundation training The 2 years foundation training by UKFPO is the “internship” equivalent in the UK. If an IMG has completed an acceptable pattern of internship as discussed here, GMC approved internship and UKFPO foundation training, they don’t need foundation training by UKFPO Core Level Training This is the start of specialty training in the UK after successful completion of the foundation training.

Source: ROADTOUK.COM

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Upon the clearing, the exam students are permitted to practice in the UK and study further to specialize.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU An opportunity to expand your knowledge base and study in a different environment.

MISCELLANEOUS/ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Steps involved in the exam(PLAB) PLAB-1: Written exam,180 multiple choice questions, must answer within three hours.

You can sit part 1 in a number of countries Bangalore chennai.enquiry@in.britishcouncil.org | +91 044 42050600 Chennai chennai.enquiry@in.britishcouncil.org | +91 044 42050600 Hyderabad chennai.enquiry@in.britishcouncil.org | +91 044 42050600 Kolkata Kolkata.Customercare@in.britishcouncil.org | +91 33 282 5370 Mumbai mumbai.exams@in.britishcouncil.org | +91 22 6748 6748 New Delhi delhi.enquiry@in.britishcouncil.org | +91 11 4219 9000 PLAB-2: Objective structured clinical exam. It's made up of 18 scenarios, each lasting eight minutes and aims to reflect real-life settings including a mock consultation or an acute ward. Part 2 tests run throughout the year at their clinical assessment centre Steps involved in the exam(UKMLA) The applied knowledge test (AKT) The clinical and professional skills assessment

Below are the universities GMC doesn't accept evidence of English language . proficiency from Al-Ameen Medical College Baba Farid University of Health Sciences – Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research B.J. Medical College - University of Pune Bundelkhand University Dr D.Y. Patil Medical College - Maharashtra University of Health Sciences Dr NTR University of Health Sciences - Deccan College of Medical Sciences Dr NTR University of Health Sciences – Guntur Medical College Dr NTR University of Health Sciences – MNR Medical College Dr NTR University of Health Sciences – Sri Venkataeswara Medical College Dr MGR Medical University – Vinayaka Mission’s Kircupananda Variyar Medical College Kashmir University – Government Medical College Srinagar Kasturba Medical College Mangalore Kasturba Medical College Manipal Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute - Pondicherry University Rajah Muthiah Medical College - Annamalai University Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences – Mysore Medical College Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences - Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College S.R.M. Medical College Hospital and Research Centre SMT. Kashibai Navale Medical College – Maharashtra University of Health Sciences

Source: ROADTOUK.COM

LINKS 1. https://www.gmc-uk.org/ 2. https://roadtouk.com/blog/planning-plab-journey/ 3. https://naseersjourney.com/2017/02/08/plab-vsusmle/#:~:text=There%20is%20a%20small%20difference,find%20a%20training%20job% 20immediately.&text=Until%20then%2C%20they%20work%20as%20doctors%20at%20 non%2Dtraining%20posts.

4. https://www.mrcpuk.org/mrcpuk-examinations/part-1

SUMMARY

The Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board test, known as the PLAB test, verifies that the doctors who qualified abroad have the right knowledge and skills as doctors in the second year of their Foundation Programme training in the UK.Process starts with a GMC Online account ,uploading medical qualification and testing of knowledge of English. Following that,PLAB-1 is a written multiple-choice exam with 180 questions and of 3 hours duration. Upon clearance, students are required to present for the PLAB-2 in one of their testing centres. This second exam is clinically oriented and is targeted to assess knowledge and practice in a clinical set-up.

Source: ROADTOUK.COM

NEET PG STUDY FURTHER NEET-PG is a qualifying-cum-ranking examination prescribed as the single entrance examination for admission to various MD/MS and PG Diploma Courses in India. (No other entrance examination, either at state or institution level, shall be valid for entry to MD/MS/PG Diploma Courses.)

NEET is mandatory even for foreign nationals seeking admission in medical courses in India.

In the coming years NEET-PG will be replaced by NEXT. National Exit Test (NEXT) is a proposed Licentiate Medical Examination which will constitute the final year of MBBS Program in India.

NEXT will also serve the purpose of Screening Test for Foreign Medical Graduates who are now required to qualify the Medical Council of India Screening Test (Foreign Medical Graduates Examination or FMGE) and will be required for admission into postgraduate medical courses.

However the year of its commencement is yet to be finalised by the Government of India.

PRACTICING MD/MS and PG Diploma Courses in India for Clinical, Para-Clinical and Pre- Clinical subjects

IN INDIA/ABROAD India

ENTRANCE EXAM National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (Post Graduate) NEET-PG for admission to MD/MS/Post Graduate Diploma Courses The examination comprises 300 Multiple Choices, single correct response questions in English language only.

The question paper shall be divided into 3 parts (Part A, B and C) each containing 50, 100, 150 MCQs respectively. Time allotted is 3hr 30 min.

Marks - Total Marks: 300x4=1200 1. Correct Response : 4 marks 2. Incorrect Response: 1 mark deduction 3. Unattempted Question: Zero Date of exam: Usually conducted in the first week of January.

The cutoff - Minimum qualifying percentile which must be secured to pass NEET PG exam and for NEET PG admission, it is the last rank and marks at which admission to a particular candidate will be allotted under respective specialty and category. It varies for different categories.

For the General category, aspirants need to secure at least the 50th percentile with a corresponding score of 366, while for SC/ST/OBC, it is the 40th percentile with equivalent scores of 319. Candidates who will secure NEET PG minimum qualifying percentile will be included in the merit list.

REQUIREMENTS Online submission of application form for NEET-PG: Steps in online submission of application form: a. Fill the registration form for obtaining User ID and Password. b. User ID and Password will be sent through SMS and Email ID. c. Fill the application form and upload your photograph & signature. d. Choose your Test City. e. Submission of fees. f. Take a print out of the filled Application form with Transaction ID printed on it.

MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized as per the provisions of the Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council.

Foreign Medical Graduates are required to bring their FMGE Pass certificate issued by NBE on their testing day.

Original Compulsory Rotating Resident Internship completion certificate at the time of admission in allotted Medical College/Institute.

Registration with M.C.I. / State Medical Council is necessary and its documentary proof should be furnished by the candidates on the day of examination and at the time of counseling/admission.

Candidates MUST bring to the test centre the following documents: - Printed copy of the Admit Card with Photo of the candidate pasted on it.

- Photocopy of Permanent / Provisional SMC/MCI registration, to be retained by the test centre.

- Any one of the authorized photo IDs (must be original, valid and nonexpired).

Indian/OCI citizens who have obtained their Primary Medical Qualification outside India and do not have SMC/MCI registration should bring their original screening test pass certificate issued on NBE letterhead. Foreign Nationals who are desirous to appear in NEET-PG are required to bring their passport (original & valid) to the test centre along with any other documents as a proof of they being a medical practitioner in their country.

ELIGIBILITY

Candidates in possession of MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized as per the provisions of the Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and possessing permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and have completed one year of internship or are likely to complete the internship on or before 31 March of the year of exam.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR FOREIGN MEDICAL GRADUATESa. Indian citizens or overseas citizens of India (OCI) who have obtained their Primary Medical Qualifications from Medical Colleges outside India should have qualified the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (Screening Test) which is conducted by the National Board of Examinations (NBE).

Further, they should have been registered with MCI/SMC and should have completed their internship or likely to complete their internship on or before 31 March of the year of exam. b. Foreign Nationals can write NEET-PG without MCI registration, provided such a person is duly registered with appropriate registering authority in their own country from where they have obtained their Basic Medical qualification, and are duly recognized by the corresponding Medical Council or concerned authority. c. There is no age limit for the candidates who wish to appear for NEET PG.

TOTAL COST NEET-PG 2020 Exam fee was Rs. 2750*/- (For SC/ST/PWD (PH) candidates) and Rs. 3750*/- (For General/OBC candidates)*Exclusive of payment gateway charges as may be applicable.

Course fees are highly variable

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Duration of MD/MS Course- 3 years. Duration required for the preparation is variable and depends on the appearing student.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completion of the exam, declaration of result and counseling, the candidate is allowed to take admission in the designated medical college/hospital where he/she can complete his/her MD/MS/PG course.

After completion of MD/MS/PG course the candidate can work as a specialist doctor anywhere across the country in govt. or private hospitals and can apply for super specialty courses(DM/ MCh etc.) for further study.

Candidate can also apply for the post of teaching faculty in medical colleges.

(Refer to TEACHER in the toolkit for more information).

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Pros It’s easier to get a surgical stream in India with a decent NEET score, whereas to be able to get surgery abroad is extremely tough despite a great score in foreign medical exams.

Serving your nation back.

Being closer to your roots and your home/family.

Cost of the examination is lesser.

Cost of living is comparatively lower as well.

No additional language barrier unless posted in a state you don't know the local language of.

Cons Limited seats and increasing demand.

Highly competitive exam where rank matters.

Reservation system of India.

Poor security for doctors.

Increasing violence against doctors.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The eligibility criteria for participation in counseling towards allotment of PG seats conducted by DGHS or State Counseling Authority shall be in accordance with Post Graduate Medical Education Regulations (as per latest amendment) notified by MCI with prior approval of MoHFW, Govt. of India.

1. General: 50 Percentile 2. SC/ST/OBC (including PWD of SC/ST/OBC) : 40 Percentile 3. UR PWD : 45 Percentile The counseling authorities for allotment of various types of seats to eligible and successful candidates is as follows: 1.The Designated Authority for counseling for the 50% All India Quota seats of the contributing States, as per the existing scheme for Diploma and M.D./M.S. courses - Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India shall conduct counseling for all post graduate courses (Diploma, M.D./M.S.,D.M/M.Ch) in Medical Education Institutions of the Central Government, Universities established by an Act of Parliament and the Deemed Universities.

2.The counseling for admission to Diploma and M.D./M.S. in all Medical Educational Institutions in a State/Union Territory, including Medical Education Institutions established by the State Government, University established by an Act of State/Union Territory Legislature, Municipal Bodies Trust, Society, Company or Minority institution shall be conducted by the State/Union Territory Government.

LINKS

1. https://nbe.edu.in/ 2. https://mcc.nic.in/ 3. https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/

SUMMARY NEET-PG is a qualifying-cum-ranking examination prescribed as the single entrance examination for admission to various MD/MS and PG Diploma Courses in India. In the coming years NEET-PG will be replaced by NEXT. However the year of its commencement has not yet been decided by the Govt. of India. The points given below mention NEET PG eligibility criteria: -Candidates are required to possess MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognised by Indian Medical Council Act 1956.

-Certificate of Registration - Candidates must have MBBS qualification registration (permanent/provisional). This registration is supposed to be issued by MCI or State Medical Council (SMC). -Internship - As per the eligibility criteria of NEET PG, candidate must complete their one year internship on or before March 31 of that year.

-The Foreign Medical Graduates must qualify the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) (Screening Test) .

- Foreign Nationals must get themselves registered with MCI/SMC. - Since the year 2019, it is no more mandatory for Foreign Nationals to be registered with MCI while writing NEET PG 2021. Foreign Nationals have to be mandatorily registered with the competent registering authority of their country in order to get temporary registration.

The examination comprises 300 Multiple Choices, single correct response questions in English language only. Time allotted is 3hr 30 min. The question paper shall be divided into 3 parts (Part A, B and C) each containing 50, 100, 150 MCQs respectively.

Marks 1. Correct Response : 4 marks 2. Incorrect Response: 1 mark shall be deducted 3. Unattempted Question:Â Zero Duration of MD/MS Course- 3 years After completion of the MD/MS/PG course the candidate can work as a specialist doctor anywhere across the country and can apply for super specialty courses for further study.

DNB STUDY FURTHER The National Board of Examination (NBE) grants admission to Diplomate of National Board - DNB post MBBS courses.

The scores obtained in NEET-PG are utilized by the National Board of Examinations for admission to various DNB courses. No separate DNB CET is conducted.

NEET-PG is a qualifying-cum-ranking examination prescribed as the single entrance examination for admission to various MD/MS and PG Diploma Courses. No other entrance examination, either at state or institution level, shall be valid for entry to MD/MS/PG Diploma Courses.

Three-year postgraduate residency programme is available in the following broad specialties: 01. Anaesthesiology 02. Anatomy 03. Biochemistry 04. Dermatology 05. Emergency medicine 06. Family Medicine 07. Field Epidemiology 08. Forensic Medicine 09. General Medicine 10. General Surgery 11. Health Administration 12. Immunohematology & Transfusion Medicine

13. Maternal and Child Health 14. Microbiology 15. Nuclear Medicine 16. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 17. Ophthalmology 18. Orthopedic Surgery 19. Otorhinolaryngology 20. Paediatrics 21. Pathology 22. Pharmacology 23. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 24. Physiology 25. Psychiatry 26. Radio Diagnosis 27. Radio Therapy 28. Respiratory Diseases 29. Rural Surgery 30. Social and Preventive Medicine

PRACTICING

DNB (Diplomate of National Board) in the chosen specialty.

A person with a DNB degree is as eligible as an MD/MS to work as a specialist in private or government hospitals, institutions. Â Post DNB, the graduate can also work as faculty members in medical colleges after fulfilling the required eligibility criteria. (For more information refer to the TEACHER document in this toolkit.)

IN INDIA/ABROAD The DNB is a course available in Indian colleges.

ENTRANCE EXAM National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (Post Graduate) NEET-PG is the entrance exam for admission to MD/MS/Post Graduate Diploma Courses.

No separate exam will be conducted for admission to DNB courses. Merit list will be decided on the basis of NEET-PG scores. The candidate has to fill a registration form to sit for the counselling procedure for DNB seats in India.

The NEET-PG examination comprises 300 multiple choices, single correct response questions in English language only. Time allotted is 3hr 30 min. The question paper shall be divided into 3 parts (Part A, B and C) each containing 50, 100, 150 MCQs respectively.

Marks 1. Correct Response : 4 marks 2. Incorrect Response: 1 mark deduction 3. Unattempted Question: Zero Date of exam: The exam is usually conducted in the first week of January.

The cutoff - Minimum qualifying percentile which must be secured to pass NEET PG exam and for NEET PG admission. For the General category, aspirants need to secure at least the 50th percentile with a corresponding score of 366, while for SC/ST/OBC, it is the 40th percentile with equivalent scores of 319. Candidates who will secure NEET PG minimum qualifying percentile will be included in the merit list.

Subject wise distribution of marks in NEET PG-2020 is as follows-

REQUIREMENTS A valid MBBS Degree.

Permanent/Provisional Registration certificate issued by MCI/State Medical Council for registration of MBBS qualification.

Internship Completion Certificate (internship completion date must be on or before 31st March of that year).

SC/ST/PWD/OBC/EWS certificate issued by competent authority, if applicable. Caste certificate must be issued by competent authority. The sub-caste should tally with the central Govt. list.

Special category certificate issued by the competent authority, if applicable.

Valid Identity proof i.e. PAN card, Indian Passport, Voter ID card, Driving License or Aadhaar Card (with photograph).

ELIGIBILITY Candidates who are in possession of MBBS degree/Provisional Pass Certificate recognized as per the provisions of the Indian Medical Council Act 1956 and possess permanent/ provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India/State Medical Council and have completed one year of internship/likely to complete on or before 31 March of that year are eligible for admission to DNB courses through merit based counseling conducted by NBE utilizing the merit list of NEET-PG.Â

Candidates already pursuing a DNB course are not eligible for admission in DNB Course till such time they have completed the entire duration of the prescribed course or have been discharged from the course.

Candidates who have joined DNB Broad Specialty course in or after January 2018 admission session are not eligible for admission to January 2020 session. This shall be irrespective of their resignation or discontinuation from the course due to any reason.

Candidates must have qualified NEET PG 2020 to be eligible to participate in DNB counselling.

TOTAL COST NEET-PG 2020 Exam fee was Rs. 2750*/- (For SC/ST/PWD (PH) candidates) and Rs. 3750*/- (For General/OBC candidates)*Exclusive of payment gateway charges as may be applicable.

Registration fees for DNB counselling is separate ( nearly Rs. 2500/-) Average fees of pursuing DNB varies from college to college. It's much higher in the private colleges and hospitals as compared to the government colleges. Approx range can be INR 36,000 to 2.40 lacs or much more.

It's variable and subject to change every year.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION

CONS

FUTURE OPPORTUNUTIES

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

DNB is a Three-year postgraduate residency programme and is available in the specialities mentioned earlier.

After completion of the exam, declaration of result and counseling, the candidate is allowed to take admission in the designated medical college/hospital where he/she can complete his/her DNB course.

After completion of the DNB course, the candidate can work as a specialist doctor anywhere across the country in govt. or private hospitals and can apply for super specialty courses(DM/ MCh, DNB-SS etc.) for further study. Candidates can also apply for the post of teaching faculty in medical colleges, if the required eligibility conditions are fulfilled. (For more information on this, refer to the TEACHER document in this toolkit.)

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS DNB in a stream like paediatrics from a good institute eg. Ganga Ram Delhi, St. Stephen’s etc is better than MD paediatrics from a peripheral place with poor faculty, high fees and bad bond. Always focus on branch and interest except when there is a strong bond or the place is infamous/ has bad academics.

DNB in a stream like surgery is not advisable as the amount of hands on experience that one would get in MS will always be more than that in DNB unless DNB is available in a very good hospital/city where the amount of surgical/hands on clinical exposure is high.

To appear in DNB (Post MBBS) Admission Session counseling, the candidates have to register with NBE through the designated website(http://counseling.nbe.edu.in/) and also have to fill the choice of preferences during the registration process.

The schedule of DNB (Post MBBS) Centralized Merit Based Counseling is available on NBE website https://natboard.edu.in/ and http://counseling.nbe.edu.in/ Difference b/w MD/MS and DNB:

LINKS 1. https://natboard.edu.in/ 2. https://nbe.edu.in/curriculum.html

SUMMARY The National Board of Examination (NBE) grants admission to Diplomate of National Board - DNB post MBBS courses. The scores obtained in NEET-PG are utilized by the National Board of Examinations for admission to various Post MBBS DNB courses. No separate DNB CET conducted. The requirements and eligibility criteria is the same as that for NEET-PG. Candidates already pursuing a DNB course are not eligible for admission in DNB Course until they have completed the entire duration of the prescribed course or have been discharged from the course. Candidates must have qualified NEET PG 2020 to be eligible to participate in DNB counselling. This threeyear postgraduate residency programme is available in around 30 broad specialties.

After completion of the course, the candidate can work as a specialist doctor anywhere across the country and can apply for DNB-super specialty courses or fellowships for further study. Candidates can also apply for the post of teaching faculty in medical colleges. Although DNB is equivalent to MD/MS, except in few conditions like- If someone has done their DNB from a college/hospital with 100-500 beds, it is mandatory for them to work for an additional one year as a senior resident in MCI recognised institution/ hospital to be equivalent to MD/MS and to be eligible to apply for a faculty position - If someone has done their DNB from a place with less than 100 beds and no PG degree facilities apart from DNB, it is mandatory for them to work for additional 2 years as a senior resident in MCI recognised institution/ hospital to be equivalent to MD/MS and to be eligible to apply for a faculty position.

In a nutshell, the pros of DNB are that most of the standard protocols are followed as well as advanced procedures can be learned. Very few govt medical colleges have these facilities, While most of the DNB institutes have those.Also DNB is more recognized in other countries than MD. On the other hand DNB is easy to enter and difficult to exit, the exit exams have quite lower pass rates as compared to MD/MS. Practical exams are conducted at other institutes / another city / another state, so language might act as a barrier for most of the students.

CANADA (MCCQE) STUDY FURTHER

The Medical Council Licensing of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) is a two step examination required to obtain the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC). It assesses if an individual is fit for practising medicine in Canada.

PRACTICING

After completing a residency program successfully, an IMG can practice as a General Practitioner or a Specialist practicing in Canada.

IN INDIA/ABROAD Abroad - Canada (Some IMG Friendly Colleges are: University of Manitoba, Â Saskatchewan, and Ontario and Kazan State Medical University)

ENTRANCE EXAM You must take and pass the MCCQE Part I and the MCCQE Part II to obtain the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC). Canadian medical regulatory authorities may require you to have the LMCC to apply for a medical license within their province or territory.

The MCCQE Part I is a summative examination that assesses the critical medical knowledge and clinical decision-making ability of a candidate at a level expected of a medical student who is completing his or her medical degree in Canada.

The MCCQE Part I is a one-day, computer-based test. You are allowed up to four hours in the morning session to complete 210 MultipleChoice Questions.

You are allowed up to three and a half hours in the afternoon session for the Clinical Decision-Making component, which consists of 38 cases with shortmenu and short-answer write-in questions.

You can apply for the MCCQE Part I through your physiciansapply.ca account. If you do not already have an account, you can create one at physiciansapply.ca and follow the steps after you log into the porta.

Once you have paid your application fee, your MCCQE Part I application will be reviewed. Once approved, you will receive a message through your physiciansapply.ca account.

You can apply to take the MCCQE Part I at any time. There are up to 5 opportunities to take the MCCQE Part I Exam. The subjects that will be tested by the exam are - Medicine, OBGYN, Pediatrics, Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Psychiatry & Surgery.

Your total MCCQE Part I score is reported on a scale from 100 to 400 with a pass score of 226.

The MCCQE Part II assesses the candidate’s core abilities to apply medical knowledge, demonstrate clinical skills, develop investigational and therapeutic clinical plans, as well as demonstrate professional behaviours and attitudes at a level expected of a physician in independent practice in Canada.

Candidates must have successfully completed the MCCQE Part I and be completing their postgraduate medical education (currently there is a requirement for one year of postgraduate education).

The MCCQE Part II is a two-day examination that consists of a series of clinical stations including pilot stations that do not count towards your total score. The exam, based on the Blueprint, assesses your performance across two broad categories: Dimensions of care, covering the spectrum of medical care & Physician activities, reflecting a physician’s scope of practice and behaviours.

You can take the MCCQE Part II in either English or French at a centre that offers the exam in that language. The centres are subject to change.

A candidate gets two opportunities to take this test in a year.

Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) stations are scored by examiners. Examiners observe you interacting with Standardized Patients (SPs) and score your performance according to scoring instruments developed by the MCCQE Part II Test Committee. The MCC also provides case materials for training the SPs for each role

REQUIREMENTS IMGs must provide proof of language proficiency. This may involve taking the TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) and the TSE (Test of Spoken English).

Canadian clinical experience (Medical School Electives or Clinical Traineeships) is extremely important for international medical graduates or Canadians studying abroad. It is preferred for those applying to match with a residency program through CaRMS. Potential Sections to include in Program-Specific CV: Academic Credentials, Certifications, Clinical Experience, Leadership Experience, Research Experience and Grants and Volunteering Experience.

ELIGIBILITY Physicians applying for the first time to become licensed to practice medicine in a Canadian jurisdiction may achieve full licensure only if they: Have a medical degree [from a medical school that, at the time the candidate completed the program, was listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools]; and Are a Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada; and Have satisfactorily completed a discipline-appropriate postgraduate training program in allopathic medicine and an evaluation by a recognized authority; and Have achieved certification from the College of Family Physicians of Canada or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada or the Collège des médecins du Québec.

To be eligible as a student: You are eligible to apply up to 15 months prior to your expected date of graduation. Once your application is approved, you will have a 12-month eligibility window to schedule an exam appointment. During this eligibility window, you may schedule an appointment as soon as six months prior to the first date of an exam session.

To be eligible as a graduate:Your medical degree/diploma must be in progress of source verification or have been successfully source verified.

If you have not previously submitted identity documentation, you will also be required to submit a certified identity confirmation form and a certified copy of a valid/non-expired passport.

The basics eligibility include having Canadian citizenship or permanent resident status, successfully completing exam requirements, and demonstrating language proficiency.

You’ll meet the language requirements if you attended a medical school where the language used for instruction was English or French. If you attended a program that was taught in another language, you’ll need to complete an assessment.

TOTAL COST

(IN CANADIAN $) Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part I Application fee- $1,305 Examination withdrawal fee $653 Eligibility window extension – Administrative fee $97 Score recheck fee $251 Appeal fee $1,000

Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part II Application fee- $2,780 Administrative fee- $1,390 Pre-scheduling request fee- $111 Centre or date change request fee$111 Score recheck fee- $251 Appeal fee- $1,000 National Assessment Collaboration (NAC) Examination Application fee$2,830 Examination withdrawal fee- $418 Administrative fee- $1,415 Pre-scheduling request fee- $111 Centre change request fee- $111 Score recheck fee- $251 Appeal fee- $1,000 MCCQE Part I Practice Tests Preparatory Examination- $510 Multiple-Choice Questions Practice Test- $120 Clinical Decision-Making Practice Test$120

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The length of post-graduate training varies with choice of specialty. Family medicine is a 2-year program accredited by the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC), and third year programs of residency training are available in various areas of practice, including Emergency Medicine, Maternal/Child, Care of the Elderly, Palliative Care or Sports Medicine.

All other medical specialty residencies are accredited by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; most are 5 years long. Internal Medicine and Pediatrics are 4-year programs in which the final year can be used to complete a fellowship in general internal medicine or general pediatrics, or used towards a longer fellowship (eg., Cardiology).

A few surgical residencies, including Cardiac Surgery, Neurosurgery, and some General Surgery programs, last 6 years. Subspecialty fellowships are available after most residencies.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The MCCQE Part I and MCCQE Part II form two components of the LMCC, which, in turn, is one of the prerequisites for licensure and entry into independent practice in Canada.

Passing the MCCEE is a prerequisite for taking the National Assessment Collaboration (NAC) Examination, which you must pass in order to qualify for medical residency in Canada A range of job opportunities for qualified general practitioners are available throughout BC in urban and suburban communities, as well as rural and remote locations. Options range from permanent full-time and part-time work in a family practice clinic to short-term and long term locum positions.

Opportunities for GPs can also include teaching medical students and residents, being part of a maternity care group, working in special clinics (mental health, youth, seniors), and residential care. .

As of 2018, the average annual salary for a doctor in Canada was $281,000 for family doctors, $360,000 for a medical specialist, and $481,000 for a surgical specialist. Doctor salary in Canada ranges from $278,000 for psychiatrists and over $769,000 for ophthalmologists.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The standard of residency training in Canada is set by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. It is uniform across the country and all residency programs are based at Universities and teachers are university faculty who will be engaged in teaching,clinical work and research.

The hospitals in Canada are extremely well equipped and the quality of care is good.

A number of Research Opportunities are available.

You get to study and practice in a different environment.

Due to the advancement of technology and financial strength in the Canadian healthcare system, you get trained with the latest technology available for a particular disease.

Residents earn upto $ 44k-62k in PGY 1 with a $5k increase every year

MISCELLANEOUS/ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

RECOMMENDED BOOKS BY MCC: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 5th ed., 2013.

Andreasen, Nancy C., Black, Donald, W., Introductory Textbook of Psychiatry, 6th ed., American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2014.

Behrman, K., et al (eds.), Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 20th ed., Elsevier, 2016.

Benjamin, I., et al. (eds.), Andreoli and Carpenter’s Cecil Essentials of Medicine, 9th ed., W.B. Saunders, 2015.

Decherney AH, Nathan L, Goodwin TM, Laufer N: Current Diagnosis & Treatment, Obstetrics & Gynecology, 11th ed., McGraw Hill, 2012.

Hacker, N.F., Gambone, J.C., Moore, J.G. Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6th ed., Elsevier, 2016.

Kasper, D., et al (eds.), Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 19th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2015.

Lawrence, P.F., Essentials of General Surgery, 5th ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

Rudolph, A.M., et al. (eds.), Rudolph’s Pediatrics, 22nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2011.

Schwartz, S.I., et al. (eds.), Principles of Surgery, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2014.

LINKS 1. https://mcc.ca/examinations/examination-service-fees/ 2. https://mcc.ca/examinations/mccqe-part-i/ 3. https://mcc.ca/examinations/nac-overview/ 4. https://mcc.ca/about/route-to-licensure/

SUMMARY The Medical Council of Canada grants a qualification in medicine known as the Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada (LMCC) to physicians who have met its requirements. It assesses if an individual is fit for practising medicine in Canada. Candidates must take and pass the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part I and the MCCQE Part II to obtain the LMCC. The MCCQE Part I is a one-day, computer-based test that assesses the critical medical knowledge and clinical decision-making ability of a candidate at a level expected of a medical student who is completing his or her medical degree in Canada. The Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE) Part II is a two-day clinical exam that assesses competence, knowledge, skills and attitudes essential for entry into independent clinical practice.

The National Assessment Collaboration (NAC) Examination assesses candidates’ readiness to enter a Canadian residency program. The examination fee for the same is $1305 and $2780 (Canadian Dollars) whereas for the NAC Examination it is 2830$ Eligibility for the same includes Have a medical degree from a medical school that, was listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools, Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada, successfully completing the exam requirements and learning medicine in college which teaches in the medium of English and French. Other requirements include TOEFL scores , Canadian Clinical Experience and CV ( which preferably has Academic Experience, Leadership Experience, Research Experience,Volunteering Experience,etc.) Possible Leads are Canadian Federation of Medical Students (CFMS) Electives Review Database (for electives) , Toronto Notes and Tutor IMG. Some IMG friendly colleges are University of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Ontario and Kazan State Medical University.

Practicing Medicine in Canada is the one for those who want uniform standardised training, work in hospitals equipped with better technology, more research opportunities and a pay roll of $ 44k-62k from PGY1 itself.

GERMANY STUDY FURTHER

Two exams of the Ärztekammer (Organisation for providing licensing exams)- Fachsprachenprüfung (FSP) (German speaking exam) and Kenntnisse prüfung (Medical Knowledge exam) need to be cleared in order to practice medicine in Germany. Both are viva based. FSP is for a provisional license with which one can apply for a job/hospitation/residency and Kenntnisse is a permanent license (approbation) .Before the FP and KP completion of language levels of German from a certified German language training institute is required.

A 6 week course in Germany to be completed to study “Medical German for Foreign Physicians” or “FSP” preparation course in Germany. The course can be booked from India.

Another 6 week course for “Preparation of German Licensing exam” or “KP” preparation course to be done in Germany. The course can be booked from India.

Document submission and verification is handled by LAGeSo.

PRACTICING Job as a registered medical practitioner in Germany.

Hospitation (clerkship/ apprenticeship) in Germany to further build a strong CV for applying to German Residency programs.

Studying - German Residency program

IN INDIA/ABROAD German Language levels until B1/B2 in India.B2 is preferably better to be given from German as it makes one's visa application strong.

FSP and KP in Germany. The Residency starts only after clearing KP. LAGeSo shall give the clearance letter after viewing all your documents to apply for the actual FSP and KP exams.

ENTRANCE EXAM Fachsprachenprüfung and KenntnisPrüfung for licensing (Provisional and Permanent, respectively). [As of date: July 2020.]

Both these exams are based on vivas, clinical skills and medical documentation skills and communication skills (History taking and Doctor-Patient, Doctor-Doctor communications).

FSP exam passing requirements are to answer 75-80% of the questions correctly. The questions asked and the cases given are really easy and test the basic pathophysiology of the diseases.

The KP exam is variable and depends on the examiner, the only difference is that in KP the candidate is asked to perform signs/ tests. The passing rate for KP exam is 53%.

REQUIREMENTS

TOTAL COST

Official language level requirement is German level B2 from a certified institute.

Other requirements for applying for residency includes completion of appropriate clinical internships (hospitation) and KP exam in the German hospitals to build a stronger CV. After getting the provisional license (FSP exam) one can work in Germany for 2 years. In this period, the candidates can work on improving their CV by applying for a job to various hospitals as an assistant and this experience can get you letters of recommendation from that hospital, which will be useful to apply for residency after giving Approbation/ KP exam.

Other desirable, but not compulsory, CV requirements include research and volunteer work.

ELIGIBILITY Must have a primary qualification in Allopathic medicine from an institute recognised by the World Directory of Medical Schools.

High proficiency in German language (Level B2).

The cost of exams varies from state-tostate. Roughly, the cost of the FSP and KP courses from a reputable institute in Germany (telc Germany, Charite) varies from 2040-2370 Euros per course.

The cost of the FSP and KP exams are at around 400-450 Euros per exam, depending on the region of Artzekammer you choose to apply to.

Travelling, accommodation, food, visa application and other expenses for a year/year and a half depends upon the individual.

The total cost of getting the KP cleared, by taking into consideration all the costs mentioned above is in the range of 10000-15000 Euros (830000 INR to 1245000 INR).

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Completion of German language till B1 - 8 months to 1 year (Can be done in internship/prior to it).

Completion of German language course till B2 - 6 weeks in Germany.

Completion of FSP course in Germany 6 weeks.

Obtaining provisional license for applying to hospitations (not residency) - 4 months.

Validity of FSP provisional license - 2 years. .

Waiting period for applying for KP exam (due to bureaucratic loss of time) approximately 8-10 months. In this period, one can complete the KP course, which was booked earlier from India, of a duration of 6 weeks. One can also join in a hospital by sending letters of Motivation to HoDs and interviewing for the desired speciality, but this shall not be counted as residency.

Obtaining license after KP exam - 2 months.

Applying for residency of choice by sending letters to the HoDs of hospitals and interviews - 3 months.

Residency: Medical field - 4 years Internal Medicine plus 2 years of speciality training, Surgical - 2 years of General Surgery plus 4 years of speciality training.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Upon clearing KP, the permanent license shall be granted to you. You can either choose to complete residency or take up a job. Average salary for a residency level/KP license holder ranges from 3500- 6000 Euros per month.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU One can choose any area of their speciality/ interest which they deem fit for themselves. One is not judged on the basis of their scores, but only if they have passed the FSP and KP exams satisfactorily or not. One is also judged on the basis of other criteria such as Voluntary work, research, Hospitations and language proficiency.

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION There are other pathways to get into Germany - by being selected for a dissertation topic, by being selected for a research, or by doing observerships by applying to German hospitals.

Although, for the licensing procedures, giving FSP and KP are the only pathway. German Medical license (approbation) is a necessity for applying to Postgraduate Residency programs in Germany.

The following picture provides information regarding various language levels

LINKS 1. https://www.berlin.de/lageso/ 2. https://www.goethe.de/en/index.html 3. https://www.charite.de/en/ 4. https://www.telc.net/en/shop/german.html 5. https://www.aerztekammer-berlin.de/ 6. https://www.mackwinseducation.com/medical-pg-in-germany/

SUMMARY

Apart from rich knowledge, impeccable quality and an array of programs offered by universities there are more pros to pursue your medical education from here: Germany is considered to have a world-class healthcare system, which means you will have the chance to work with sophisticated technology and modern infrastructure.

It is methodical for work training in a hospital approved for medical operations.

For most courses in Germany, there is no tuition fee, which means that the cost of education is close to zero.

The universities can provide a small stipend for students that can add up to up to EUR 4500 per month.

At the end of the training, students are rewarded as “Facharzt� (Doctor) which gives them a high opportunity to obtain permanent German citizenship (German Green Card).

A deep and rich educational tradition has helped medical schools in Germany to rank among the best, accompanied by a serious commitment to quality development in teaching and research.

Students from around the globe study in Germany, whose universities know the different potential of students. Hence, they offer a wide range of medical degrees best suitable for each student.

It is imperative to learn from the best as well as with the best equipment and techniques available. German universities provide an array of modern facilities for studies and living.

German medical students are in high demand across the globe which increases your employability and finances.

Germany is the focal point of learning medicine in the EU. The country and the people are incredibly warm and welcoming.

The job is lucrative and filling. The quality of life in Germany is really high.

On acquisition of German passports, the EU green channel for you is opened, giving you access to more than 167 countries worldwide.

Also, German highways have no speed limits! So, pump the gas and race your way into this beautiful country.

GULF (UAE, SAUDI ARABIA, OMAN, KUWAIT) STUDY FURTHER Residency/Jobs to be further opted for to develop a career in the Gulf Area (Western Asian countries).

The exams for taking up jobs in the UAE are - DHA, HAAD, DHCC, MOH exams for various states of the UAE .For residency, the exams to be taken are EMSTREX for the Dubai Residency Training Programme (DRTP) and TANSEEQ for Abu Dhabi Residency programmes.

For practicing medicine in Oman, please refer to the website of Oman Medical Speciality Board.

For practicing Medicine in Kuwait, please refer to the website of the respective Kuwait Ministry of Health.

For practicing Medicine in Saudi Arabia, one has to give the USMLE exam.

To practice in Qatar, one has to give the QCHP exam.

PRACTICING Physician in the Gulf countries of UAE/ Saudi Arabia/Kuwait/Oman. This job is only pertaining to ground level medical assistance, comparable to the internships in Indian colleges after graduation.

IN INDIA/ABROAD Abroad - UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait.

ENTRANCE EXAM Mentioned Above - Exams differ from country to country.

For taking up only jobs in the UAE, one can also do it on the basis of MCCQE (Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination), USMLE (United States’ Medical Licensing Examination) Step 3, NZREX (New Zealand Residency Entrance Examination), MRCP (Member of Royal College of Physicians) etc.

The number of questions of each exam vary - from 120 to 200, with time limits being 2-3 hours. The modes of examination are paper/pencil or Computer based tests. For further details, please check the links.

REQUIREMENTS

TOTAL COST

Basic requirements for most of the above exams are common -

As of May 2020 the costs of 1. EMSTREX exam (as of May 2020) - 620 AED. 2.TANSEEQ - 620 AED. 3. DHA exam - 3020 AED. 4. DHCC exam - 250 AED.

-Medical degree from a WDMS certified Medical School.

-Completion of Internship/2 years of medical experience.

-For applying to DRTP, there shouldn’t be a work gap of more than 1 year in one’s CV. -TOEFL score > 550 /IELTS score > 6 aggregated for EMSTREX. -To apply for Residency, it is advisable to have job experiences in any hospital of the respective country.

ELIGIBILITY Basic eligibility criteria include a completion of a Medical degree from a WDMS recognised college.

The requirement of clinical experience prior to applying for Jobs/Residency depends from country to country, being at a minimum of 1 year to maximum of 3 years (1 internship + 2 job).

Other additional requirements include a good CV/IELTS/TOEFL exam score.

There are no specific age prerequisites.

The Visa is granted after acquiring a job i.e. working visa of the UAE. In any case, UAE has Visa-on-arrival for Indian citizens, and can be extended as our requirements.

The pay grades provided range from 7000 to 14000 AED per month (depending on speciality of choice and experience).

Applicants can also convert DHA scores to HAAD scores (give an easy exam and convert to appropriate scores of a relatively difficult exam) by giving a small fee 510 AED for normal process and 1010 AED for urgent requirements.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Medical related specialities require 4 years for residency completion. This is an average, no semester wise division is available.

Surgical related specialities require 5 years for residency completion. This is an average, no semester wise division is available.

The normal timeline for a residency applicant in UAE would be applying for and giving the DHA/ DHCC exam in the internship year of MBBS. Then, they would have to do 2 years of job in the UAE to gain the experience. They will have to work for another year while applying for, studying and giving the EMSTREX exam. If the exam is passed in the first attempt, another 6 months - 1 year will be required for residency applications. Thereafter, the average time frame of above specialities is required.

Combining the above with the waiting periods and minimum experience requirements, the time frame can be approximated to 8 years post MBBS (for residency only).

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES DHCC (Dubai Health Care Centre) is scheduled to become a World hub of medicine by 2025 - biggest hospitals with the most modern healthcare facilities and equipment shall be present.

DRTP/ TANSEEQ licensing can help you practice Medicine anywhere in UAE.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Handsome pay grade and a relatively lesser workload - 40 hours per week. The job is also tax free.

One can choose their speciality of interest, but some specialities are reserved only for UAE/ home country graduates. (eg: General Surgery is reserved for UAE applicants.)

World class equipment and training. UAE is the metropolitan hub of the world and many people with rare diseases often present to the hospitals here. A large variety of patients may be seen.

The cons of applying to the Emirates/Gulf countries are only pertaining to doing an extensive review of Doctor-Patient communications because of a wide cultural gap. For example, in Gynaecology, the husband has to be present with the wife at all times; the indigenous women are not allowed to talk to the consultant without permission from their husband; most of the time, it’s always the husband who gives the history, etc.

Other cons include: Yearly Contract, PQR Requirements, Long Dataflow Processing Time, Payment in Dirhams, and Agents Alert

LINKS

1. https://www.scfhs.org.sa/examinations/ TrainingExams/OverallEntranceExam/D ocuments/SMLE%20Applicant%20Guid e.pdf - Saudi Arabian MLE. 2. www.omsb.org - Oman 3. https://www.moh.gov.kw - Kuwait.

4. https://www.prometric.com/testtakers/search/dha - DHA. 5. https://www.dhcr.gov.ae/en/AboutDHC R/regulatoryfunctions/ProfessionalLicensing - DHCC exam.

6. https://www.google.com/url? sa=t&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi aqreRjbTqAhVd_XMBHd18DuAQtwIwA HoECAcQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhaa dexam.com%2FWhat-is-HAADExam.html&usg=AOvVaw3xoGaEK1UL4 kIfiVxIG35i - HAAD exam.

7. https://doh.gov.ae - Department of Health, UAE. 8. https://www.qchp.org.qa - Qatar licensing exam.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Most of the above mentioned exams are Computer Based Tests (CBTs) and may comprise anywhere from 120 mcqs/3 hours to 300 mcqs/6hours with breaks.

HAAD and DHA exams are also viva based.

HAAD exam also has OSCE and a Pen and Pencil based mcq exam. (Three stages in total - CBT, pen and pencil, OSCE; on different days).

SUMMARY

The UAE are an emerging healthcare hub of the world. Medical Tourism is a niche that’s growing extensively in the UAE. Doctors from all over the world are accepted in the Gulf countries comparatively easier than other IMG accepting countries.The attractive salaries, low workload and quality of Medical Education make it a really sought after option of Jobs/PG of many MBBS graduates from India.

UAE and Gulf countries are also a great place to explore. It has become a tourism hub, which attracts a large variety of population from all over the world towards the countries.

Completion of training and establishing a private practice in any of these countries is extremely valuable as the tourists and indigenous populations of the Gulf countries have higher spending powers.

The exams for taking up jobs in the UAE are - DHA, HAAD, DHCC, MOH exams for various states of the UAE and For residency, the exams to be taken are EMSTREX for the Dubai Residency Training Programme (DRTP) and TANSEEQ for Abu Dhabi Residency programmes.For practicing Medicine in Saudi Arabia, one has to give the SMLE exam and to practice in Qatar one has to give the QCHP exam.

The number of questions of each exam vary - from 120 to 200, with time limits being 2-3 hours. The modes of examination are paper/pencil or Computer based tests.

Basic Requirements and Eligibility Include: Medical degree from a WDMS certified Medical School, job experience of minimum of 1 year to maximum of 3 years , TOEFL score > 550 /IELTS score > 6 aggregated for EMSTREX and a good CV. UAE offers visa on arrival for indian citizens.

As of May 2020 the costs of 1. EMSTREX exam (as of May 2020) - 620 AED. 2.TANSEEQ - 620 AED. 3. DHA exam - 3020 AED. 4. DHCC exam - 250 AED. The pay grades provided range from 7000 to 14000 AED per month (depending on speciality of choice and experience).

Medical Specialities require 4 years of course completion and surgical require 5 years making it 8 years post MBBS completion.

Possible leads include self study by solving past question papers however institutes such as Bemax and Charles provide coaching for the same.

AUSTRALIA (AMC) STUDY FURTHER

The AMC’s purpose is to ensure that standards of education, training and assessment of the medical profession promote and protect the health of the Australian community.

Know your eligibility for the exam-

How to get there: First step for any pathway is the primary source verification of medical qualifications,mandated under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law Act 2009 (National Law) for all IMGs seeking registration in any category in Australia.The International Credentials Services of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) serves international organisations and authorities involved in medical registration, licensing and assessment by obtaining primary source verification of the medical education and registration credentials of medical graduates who completed their medical education outside their jurisdictions.The AMC uses ECFMG’s Electronic Portfolio of International Credentials (EPIC) service for the verification of medical credentials.

- The EPIC verification outcomes will be uploaded to the AMC’s qualifications portal.

- This portal is used by the Medical Board of Australia for registration purposes, and by Australian specialist medical colleges for assessment purposes.

-

Through EPIC, physicians can build a digital career portfolio of the primary source verified credentials related to their medical education, training, and registration / licensure.

- They can then use EPIC to request that reports verifying the authenticity of their medical credentials be sent to any organisation in the world, including medical regulatory authorities and potential employers, such as hospitals and academic institutions.

Standard Pathway: The Standard pathway is for IMGs who are not eligible for the Competent Authority pathway or the Specialist pathway. IMGs who have a primary qualification in medicine and surgery awarded by a training institution recognised by both the Australian Medical Council and the World Directory of Medical Schools (WDOMS) can apply for assessment under this pathway.

The Standard pathway has two alternative processes leading to the award of the AMC Certificate: Standard pathway (AMC examinations) -Assessment is by examination only - the AMC CAT MCQ Examination and the AMC Clinical Examination. Most nonspecialist applicants will be assessed through this method.

Standard pathway (workplace-based assessment) - Assessment is by examination and workplace-based assessment - the AMC CAT MCQ Examination and workplacebased assessment of clinical skills and knowledge by an AMC-accredited authority.

There are limited numbers of assessment programs, and as a result, relatively few applicants are assessed through this pathway. The AMC has accredited the following authorities: Central Coast Local Health District Flinders Rural Health South Australia (in partnership with Mt Gambier Hospital) Hunter New England Local Health District Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District Launceston General Hospital Monash Health Mid North Coast Local Health District Western Australia Country Health Service Wide Bay Hospital and Health Service IMGs on the Standard pathway must successfully complete 12 months of supervised practice (minimum of 47 weeks full-time service) in an approved position.

Competent Authority Pathway: The Competent Authority pathway is for IMGs who are non-specialist or specialists (including general practitioners) and are seeking general registration with the Medical Board of Australia (the Board). The Board has approved a number of international authorities as competent to assess including: - General Medical Council (United Kingdom - for the PLAB examination or for graduates of GMC-accredited medical courses in the United Kingdom) - Medical Council of Canada (LMCC) - Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates of the United States (USMLE) - Medical Council of New Zealand (NZREX) - Medical Council of Ireland (graduates of medical courses in Ireland accredited by the Medical Council of Ireland).

IMGs who have a primary qualification: recognised by both the Australian Medical Council and the World Directory of Medical Schools (WDOMS) and who have completed training or assessment with an approved competent authority may apply for provisional registration via the Competent Authority pathway.

Please note that IMGs who qualify for provisional/general registration via the Competent Authority pathway are NOT eligible to apply for limited registration.

Short term training in a medical specialty pathway: The short term training in a medical specialty pathway is for international medical graduates (IMGs) who are overseas-trained specialists or specialists-in-training wishing to undertake a short period (usually up to 24 months) of specialist or advanced training in Australia.

This pathway does not lead to registration as a specialist in Australia. IMGs seeking to qualify for specialist registration apply for registration via the specialist pathway - specialist recognition.

Under this pathway: 1. the IMG secures a training position 2. the IMG must apply to the Australian Medical Council (AMC) for primary source verification of their medical qualifications 3. the IMG applies directly to the relevant college using an MBA application form for assessment by a specialist medical of their suitability for a training position (AAMC-30 Application for assessment by a medical college) 4. the specialist medical college assesses the suitability of the training position for the specific applicant 5. the IMG applies to the Board for ‘Limited registration for postgraduate training or supervised practice’. NOTE: If you also meet the eligibility criteria of the competent authority pathway, you apply for provisional registration and not limited registration.

Specialist pathway - specialist recognition: The Specialist pathway - specialist recognition is for international medical graduates (IMGs) who are overseastrained specialists applying for assessment of comparability to the standard of a specialist trained in that specialty in Australia.

Under the Specialist Pathway specialist recognition: The IMG must apply to the Australian Medical Council (AMC) for primary source verification of their medical qualifications.

The IMG should apply directly to the relevant specialist medical college using the college application form.

The college assesses comparability against the criteria for an Australiantrained specialist in the same field of speciality practice.

Specialist pathway - area of need: The Specialist pathway - area of need is for international medical graduates (IMGs) who are overseas-trained specialists applying for an area of need specialist level position in Australia.

Under the Specialist pathway - area of need: the IMG must apply to the Australian Medical Council (AMC) for primary source verification of their medical qualifications the IMG applies directly to the specialist medical college who assess qualifications and relevant experience against the specified requirements of a position in a confirmed area of need.

Please note that an IMG who qualifies for provisional/general registration, via the competent authority pathway, may work in an area of need with provisional registration but they are not eligible to apply for ‘Limited registration for area of need’.

This pathway does not lead to specialist registration. IMGs on the Specialist pathway area of need may also apply for the Specialist pathway - specialist recognition if they wish to gain specialist registration with the Board. The IMG can complete the requirements for specialist recognition while working in an area of need position.

The position description should include the following information: the position title a comprehensive statement of duties qualifications and experience—identifying and distinguishing between what selection criteria are regarded as 'essential' or 'desirable'; and clarifying whether candidates must show either that they have practical experience or that they have aptitude in a particular aspect of clinical practice special requirements of the position, which may be due to the geographic location or specific nature of the medical services to be provided clinical practice privileges or appointments relating to the position any special conditions of employment, and the remuneration package for the position, including whether the applicant will be providing services that need to attract Medicare rebates.

The employer then contacts the state or territory health authority to have the position declared an area of need position. The employer is expected to demonstrate that advertising has failed to attract a suitably qualified local applicant and that, unless the position is filled, service delivery will be affected adversely. The employer must provide evidence of reasonable efforts to recruit locally.

If a position is approved as an area of need position, the employer matches applicants for area of need positions against the position description and selection criteria, and selects a suitable applicant.

PRACTICING Advantage of working as a doctor in Australia: - high salaries - good living conditions - advanced society and well-being - adequate climate - Doctors from India were the fourth highest country to be granted a visa to work as a doctor ( as per 2017) Salary packages vary from about $70,000 AUD for a very junior level job to $300,000 AUD and more for consultant type positions.

ENTRANCE EXAM AMC EXAM conducted by the Australian Medical Council; has 2 partsPart 1 – Multiple Choice Questions ( given as a Computer adaptive Test - CAT )After registering for step 1 you have to give the exam within - 12 monthsAverage time required to prepare for Part 1 – 4 months . Venues available for step 1 are 1. Mumbai Maharashtra India 2. New Delhi National Capital Territory of Delhi India Part 2 – clinical- The clinical examination is a multi-station examination of three hours and 20 minutes duration and is administered on a single morning or afternoon.Candidates are required to meet the pass standard in the MCQ examination before being eligible to proceed to the clinical examination.-The candidate is required to:be familiar with the common and important health promotion strategies, health disorders, prevention strategies and related issues in the Australian community and to have some awareness of other less common health issues in the Australian community take a competent history, perform a competent physical examination, arrive at relevant diagnoses and differentials, order or interpret relevant investigations and describe/explain management plansbe familiar with the indications for, the mechanisms and actions of, and the adverse effects of, the major therapeutic agents

Assessment criteria Stations will assess clinical skills in medicine, surgery, child health, women's health, general practice and mental health. Scoring is structured, with individual aspects of each station specified under the following broad headings known as “predominant assessment areas”:· 1. history taking· 2. examination· 3. diagnostic formulation· 4. management/counselling/education.

Examples of material that could be included in the stations are:· 1. taking the history of a patient with symptoms of shortness of breath [history taking station]· 2. taking a history from a third party such as the parent or carer of a patient (history taking station)· 3. physical examination of a patient with symptoms of suspected vascular disease [examination station]· 4. physical examination of a patient with suspected thyroid disorder [examination station]· 5. interpretation of a clinical chemistry result [diagnostic formulation station]· 6. diagnosis of a common skin lesion [diagnostic formulation station] Minimum 50% is required to pass the exam

REQUIREMENTS

check your college on medical board of Australia OET score above 8 - to check the communication skills

ELIGIBILITY

Candidates must register for EPIC (Electronic Portfolio international credentials ) This is done for primary source verification of the Candidates Portfolio by the AMC

TOTAL COST ANNUAL TUITION FEES - AUS $30,000 to AUS $80,000.

LIVING FEES - AUD $20,000 AMC PART 1 Form - AUD $2720 AMC PART 2 - AUD $3530

TIME FRAME OF COURSE COMPLETION

Internship -1 year Pre vocational training-1-2 years Vocational training-3-6 years For Gp = 5 years For surgery ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,Ophthalmology =9 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Internship and training pay AUD$(40000-60000) per year Once employed you receive the same rates of salary and pay as other doctors, with some possible restrictions on where you can work. Salary packages vary from about $70,000 AUD for a very junior level job to $300,000 AUD and more for consultant type positions.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The majority of specialties have some vacancies and will provide opportunities for Indian and other IMG doctors from time to time.On the other end of the spectrum general practice, psychiatry and most parts of critical care medicine are often always looking for doctors.

India provides one of the largest sources of overseas doctors or International Medical Graduates (IMGs) working in Australia at both a trainee doctor as well as specialist level, an entry-level Physician / Doctor, General Practice with less than 1 year experience can expect to earn an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of AU$79,096. Jan 18, 2020 Australia is a great country to settle in.

LINKS 1. Melbournesurgery.com 2. https://advancemed.com.au/blog/indi an-doctors-australia/ 3. https://www.amc.org.au/assessment/c linical-examination/clinicalexamination-format/

SUMMARY

All IMGs must apply for primary source verification of their medical qualifications through the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) Electronic Portfolio of International Credentials (EPIC), regardless of which of the three assessment pathways are being pursued. The AMC is the verifications authority of Australia, responsible for maintaining the AMC’s qualifications portal with information and updates on verifications processed by ECFMG. The qualifications portal is used by the Medical Board of Australia for registration purposes and by the Australian specialist medical colleges for assessment purposes. The AMC conducts the assessment process for IMGs in the Standard Pathway (AMC examinations) only; it does not conduct assessments in the competent authority or specialist pathways. The AMC has no role in processing applications for registration or in granting registration, which is a function of the Medical Board of Australia (the Board).

How to apply-Refer to Establish an AMC portfolio. IMGs who have a primary qualification in medicine and surgery awarded by a training institution recognised by the AMC are eligible to apply for AMC assessment.

Primary source verification The first step for all IMGs seeking registration through any pathway in Australia. The Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) serves international organisations and authorities involved in medical registration, licensing and assessment by obtaining primary source verification of the medical education and registration credentials of IMGs who have completed their medical education outside their jurisdictions.

Before applying for any of the pathways outlined below, IMGs must apply for primary source verification of their qualifications. IMGs are required to submit medical qualifications directly to ECFMG’s Electronic Portfolio of International Credentials (EPIC) for verification, but also complete an AMC online application to establish an AMC portfolio. All qualifications previously submitted to the AMC for EICS verification and confirmed as verified, are still valid. An EICS certificate was issued to confirm the verification of the qualification.

Overview of registration pathways International medical graduates (IMGs) whose medical qualifications are from a medical institution outside of Australia or New Zealand, and who are seeking registration to practice medicine in Australia, must provide evidence of eligibility to undertake one of the following assessment pathways: 1. Standard Pathway 2. Competent Authority Pathway 3. Specialist Pathway The process of assessment associated with the pathways assesses the knowledge and clinical skills of IMGs seeking to qualify for general or specialist registration in Australia. This section provides important information for IMGs with basic medical qualifications and/or specialist qualifications who want to find out about the assessment pathways, including eligibility requirements, application processes, documentation requirements and methods of assessment. The brief descriptions that follow are preliminary guides to assist you to determine which pathways you are most likely to be eligible to apply for, and how to apply. Where relevant, links to more detailed information is provided.

Standard Pathway : The Standard Pathway is for IMGs seeking general registration with the Board. You need to have a primary qualification in medicine and surgery awarded by a training institution recognised by the AMC to be eligible to apply to the AMC for assessment under this pathway.

The AMC assesses IMGs under the Standard Pathway as following: Assessment is through the AMC CAT MCQ Examination and the AMC Clinical Examination or Workplace based assessment of clinical skills and knowledge by an AMC-accredited authority.On successful completion of the assessment requirements of either of the alternatives described above, you will be issued with the AMC Certificate.The AMC has no role in processing applications for registration or in granting registration, which is a function of the Board, the registration authority of Australia.

Competent Authority Pathway : The Competent Authority Pathway is intended for overseas-trained nonspecialists, but it is also available to specialists, including general practitioners. It is a pathway to general registration and does not result directly in recognition or registration as a specialist in Australia.IMGs who have completed the requirements of a Board-designated Competent Authority can apply to the Board for assessment under this pathway.If you wish to be assessed through the Competent Authority Pathway, you should apply directly to the Board.

The Specialist Pathway is for applicants in one of the following categories: overseas-trained specialists applying for assessment of comparability to the standard of a specialist trained in that specialty in Australia (specialist recognition) overseas-trained specialists applying for an area of need position in Australia (area of need) overseas-trained specialists or specialists-in-training wishing to undertake a short period of specialist or advanced training in Australia (shortterm training).

IMGs who have a primary qualification in medicine and surgery from a training institution awarded by a training institution recognised by the AMC, and who have satisfied all the training and examination requirements to practice in their field of specialty in their country of training can apply for assessment under this pathway (specialist recognition or area of need).

NEW ZEALAND STUDY FURTHER Primarily, any student thinking of going to New zealand after their MBBS in India must know that there are no direct steps for PG in New Zealand.

Formal Entrance Exam: NZREX clinical examination [OSCE type (objective structured clinical examination)]

PRACTICING Post-Graduate degrees from only five English-speaking countries, namely — the USA, the UK, Australia, New Zealand and Canada — are recognised in India by the NMC/MCI. After applying for residency in New Zealand, a two year internship is there (PGY1/PGY2).

In-House Job opportunities may also be available.

IN INDIA/ABROAD NEW ZEALAND

ENTRANCE EXAM The NZREX is the official exam required by the Medical Council of New Zealand (MCNZ).

The NZREX is the official exam required by the Medical Council of New Zealand (MCNZ).

NZREX is a clinical examination [OSCE (objective structured clinical examination)].

It consists of 16 stations (Duration: 3 hr long examination).

Successful clearance of this exam is a prerequisite.

For NZREX- NZREX Clinical handbook for candidatures For OSCE- History taking, investigation, management, communication skills

REQUIREMENTS Needs to hold a primary medical degree from a university medical school listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools.

An IELTS score above 7.0 is required (for English-Language competence).

ELIGIBILITY Have passed one of the following within the last 5 years Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board (PLAB) test Part 1.

Australian Medical Council MCQ test.

United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Steps 1 and 2 (Clinical Knowledge).

Additionally, Applicant must note that: All results, including both USMLE Steps, must be within 5 years of the exam date you are sitting.

Do not hold New Zealand registration within a Special purpose scope of practice (post-graduate training) scope of practice. There is no maximum limit to sit in this examination.

TOTAL COST

Annual Tuition Fees -NZ$44,310-$77,328 Accommodation: Student residence halls (approx. $200 per week), shared flats (approx. $120 per week) or private flats (approx. $180 per week) during your course in New Zealand.

Form Fees – application fees$470Exam fees -$3480 (Not refundable)

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 years internship 3-4 years for post graduation In total around 6 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Registrars working for a district health board (DHB) usually earn between $72,000 and $182,000 a year.

Qualified physicians working for a DHB usually earn between $155,000 and $219,000.

Physicians working in the private sector can earn more than this. Those at the top level can earn up to $600,000.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Studying at NZ institution would give you an advantage over other international job applicants should you choose to work in the NZ medical system since they prefer to hire graduates from local universities Foreign-trained doctors do face a lot of bureaucratic hurdles in terms of practising Medicine in New Zealand.

Hospitals and employers tend to give priority to local medical graduates.

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION In addition to the requirements above, there are other requirements that must be met by you and your employer. These are: Employer approval: Within a District Health Board (DHB), your post-graduate training application must be approved by the Chief Medical Officer of the DHB, or their delegate.

They must confirm that the position is part of a fellowship or training programme, and that the main purpose is for you to gain postgraduate experience (as opposed to delivering a service). Within an organisation other than a DHB, we require high level sign-off from an appropriate person or organisation (at the discretion of our Registration Manager).Induction and supervision:Your proposed supervisor must provide a robust onsite induction and supervision plan that includes details of your orientation to the New Zealand health system.

Funding: Your employer must confirm to us that your training will not be funded by the Investment Relationship and Purchasing arm of Health Workforce New Zealand.

Night cover: You must not take part in night cover for the first three months of your employment, and after that only if it is safe for you to do so.

Relief clinical attachments: You are only permitted to work in a relief clinical attachment during your registration if your training is in a cardiothoracic surgical training unit.

Limit on trainee numbers: There is a limit on the number of post-graduate trainees who can be placed at any one centre. A doctor holding a special purpose postgraduate scope of practice cannot make up more than a 1:3 ratio of doctors on a service.

Training: If you have special purpose postgraduate training registration you will not be able to enroll in a vocational training programme offered by a New Zealand or Australasian College Your employer must confirm that you will take part in at least 2 hours of teaching each week, and you will attend any relevant tutorials and grant rounds.

Your reports must confirm that this is happening.

LINKS 1. https://www.mcnz.org.nz/registration/getting-registered/registrationpathways/special-purpose-scope/postgraduate-training/

SUMMARY

New Zealand is an interesting career opportunity for aspirants all around the world but with it’s own unique criteria and requirements.

If you are up for the challenge then New Zealand can be the new beginning for you.

The country houses some of the most prestigious and noteworthy Medical Schools and Programs in the world.

You need to attend exams like IELTS, GRE for qualifying to study visa and college scores then if your MBBS has to be valid at New Zealand then you need to pass PLAB1,2 exams or USMLE 1,2 or AMC 1,2 then you can apply for any PG courses at NZ for pursuing higher PG .

For a foreign-trained doctor to study in New Zealand, you would have to apply to either the University of Auckland in the North Island or the University of Otago in Dunedin in the South Island. These would be the country’s two main medical schools.

MEDICAL JURISDICTION

CLINICAL FORENSIC MEDICAL ADVISOR STUDY FURTHER Forensic Medicine specialists perform autopsies and examine evidence to identify the time, manner, and cause of death. They may take part in criminal investigations and testify in court.

ABROAD UC Davis George Washington University Michigan State University Virginia Commonwealth University Pennsylvania State University Texas A&M University George Mason University University of Florida Entrance Exam USMLE

IN INDIA

IFS Education Department, Pune Institute of Forensic Science, Mumbai Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar.

Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

PRACTICING Forensic medical examiners are also called forensic pathologists or medical examiners.

A forensic medical examiner is a medical doctor who performs autopsies on the bodies of deceased individuals to determine the cause and manner of death.

The autopsy can also provide information on the circumstances of the death of the deceased individual.

ELIGIBILITY To pursue PG in Forensic Medical Science, the basic eligibility criteria is B.Sc. in Forensic Medicine or equivalent degree in a pertinent discipline completed from an approved university, with an aggregate score of at least 55 percent.

REQUIREMENTS After Graduating from high school Complete an undergraduate degree Complete medical school Get a medical license Complete a residency Apply for a medical examiner fellowship Get board certification Build a professional network

TOTAL COST INR 1 to 10 Lacs per annum

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Becoming a medical examiner typically requires completing prerequisite undergraduate course work, medical school, residency, and a fellowship, so it takes around 12-14 years.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A forensic medical examiner, also known as a forensic pathologist, is a medical doctor that is trained to evaluate the cause of death for people who die unexpectedly.

To make the determination, they compile criminal evidence, discuss the case with law enforcement and run laboratory tests.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES A forensic medical examiner studies the organs, cells, tissues and bodily fluids of a deceased individual.

Studying the medical history of the deceased individual.

Testing evidence from the crime scene including statements from witnesses.

Performing an autopsy to determine if there is evidence of disease or injury.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS Good pay Always different Very important job Good hours - never on call

CONS Hard to get job - sometimes have to be elected Can be hard - dealing with dead bodies and can be emotionally hard Always work with the same people A lot of schooling - loans

LINKS

https://www.indeed.com/careeradvice/finding-a-job/forensic-medicalexaminer

SUMMARY Forensic medical examiners are usually doctors who use a variety of sciences in order to gather data from autopsies to determine the most probable cause of death. In many cases, medical examiners work to find out what killed a person who died under unexpected or criminally suspicious circumstances.

After MBBS to pursue this field , one will have to gather information about certification as well, and give USMLE, and then after residency , pick this field.Forensic Medical advisors, perform autopsies and examine evidence to identify the time, manner, and cause of death.

They may take part in criminal investigations and testify in court. A doctor working in an emergency room who collects evidence from a crime victim's body may also be called a forensic doctor.

Additionally, candidates must then complete a 3-4 year residency, followed by obtaining a national license to practice medicine. Optional specialty certifications are also available. This career field might appeal to individuals with interests in medical sciences, criminal investigation, and the legal system.

FORENSIC PSYCHIATRIST STUDY FURTHER It is a postgraduate course of psychiatry in various countries It deals with assessment and treatment of offenders in prisons, secure hospitals and communities with mental health problems.

The various contents of the curriculum for the course include topics such as general psychiatry, applications of psychiatry to law, mental status examination, common psychiatric diagnosis, etc.

PRACTICING As a Forensic Psychiatrist (DM) in developed countries such as the USA. Specialists in forensic psychiatry work with others to assess, manage and treat people with mental disorders, associated with offending and dangerous behaviour. On completion of a competency based training, specialists in forensic psychiatry will be able to: Contribute to the assessment, treatment and management of forensic psychiatry patients within the relevant multidisciplinary team in collaboration with other agencies.

Contribute to the development and delivery of effective and comprehensive forensic psychiatry services

Demonstrate knowledge and application of law and relevant aspects of criminology to forensic, psychiatric practice.

Demonstrate expertise, knowledge and application of diversity issues in relation to forensic psychiatry, including gender, ethnicity, culture and special needs.

Demonstrate knowledge and application of organisation management to forensic psychiatry services. Demonstrate knowledge and application of organisation of clinical governance to forensic psychiatric practice.

IN INDIA/ABROAD It is yet under developmental stages in India, but in developed countries it is considered as a super-speciality for psychiatrists.

Top countries offering this course Canada USA UK Russia

ENTRANCE EXAM In USA, an entrance exam is undertaken by the “American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN)”

In India, there is a structured training program for psychiatry as a whole, which is a 3-year training program, in which only 2 weeks is allotted for training in the forensic psychiatry.

In the UK, the first step is to take a medical degree (MBBS or MBChB).

Medical degrees normally take 5 years. In these 5 years, the first 2 years will be your foundation training. After that, there is Core psychiatry training for 2 years, divided into 3 programmes of 1 year each, namely CT1, CT2, CT3, by the end of which you will need to give the MRCPsych exam, so that you can apply to the next stage of training.

Higher psychiatry takes normally 3 years, divided into ST4, ST5, ST6. During these 3 years, your training will reflect the subspecialty you have chosen, in this case, being forensic psychiatry. When you have completed your training, you will receive your CCT (Certificate of Completion of Training) For further details an email is required to be sent to examinations@rcpsych.ac.uk.

REQUIREMENTS In order to qualify for the exam, applicants must first seek board certification in Psychiatry from ABPN, then they are eligible to take the forensic psychiatry exam.

Applicants must pay a substantial testing fee ($134 as of 2020) and must have completed at least one year of forensic psychiatry training (usually a fellowship) prior to taking the exam.

While board certification is not strictly required to work as a forensic psychiatrist, it can certainly open professional doors for doctors.

ELIGIBILITY

Before you train as a psychiatrist you must complete a degree in medicine..

You must have obtained a MBBS or equivalent qualification In the UK, you then need to complete a two-year foundation programme and then three years of core training.

After successfully completing the first year of foundation training you become eligible for registration as a doctor with the General Medical Council (GMC).

Foundation training includes undertaking rotations in a range of specialties including psychiatry.

In the USA, the required education to become a forensic psychiatrist is:Prerequisite pre-med college courses (4 years), followed by Medical School (4 years), followed by Psychiatry residency (4 years), and finally forensic Psychiatry fellowship (1-2 years)

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION In USA, 2 years In the UK, 2 years : MSc Forensic Mental Health Canadian Forensic Psychiatry fellowship will be a one year PGY6 year, followed by an examination on forensic psychiatry

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The future for Forensic Psychiatry is very bright in developing countries by the beginning of the next year. The mental Health Care Act which is going to be enacted and implemented soon in India is a progressive and comprehensive Act. The Act defines the mental illness, mental illness, mental health professionals, and mental health establishments in a very clear way. It has controlling authority, i.e., the review board in the state, central and district levels.

All practicing psychiatrists and postgraduates should have a better understanding and knowledge about the interface between psychiatry and law. They should be familiar with the various aspects of psycho-criminology which includes the relationship between mental illness and crimes, criminal responsibility and others.

Various medical institutions having PG seats in Psychiatry should sensitize their students in forensic psychiatry with periodic Continued Medical Education (CME), guest lectures and also make it mandatory to have training in state psychiatry hospitals where there are forensic psychiatry units.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The art of understanding the criminal mind and then helping them cure.

The legal culmination and incorporation of means of punishment to the criminals but without affecting their mental health and comprehending the complete justice under respective jurisdictions.

CONS

Lengthy, competitive educational process: Psychiatrists are medical doctors, meaning they have to complete undergraduate degrees, medical degrees, and several years of a medical residency before they can practice.

Those can be stressful, challenging, sleep-deprived years.

Costly educational process: MedSchool can be extremely costly, especially at the most prestigious institutions (tuition at the John Hopkins University School of Medicine,for eg, is $54,900 per year).

Educational debt can make it harder for young professionals to get ahead, save for the future, or open their own private practice.

Irregular hours and overtime are common: At the end of the say, psychiatrists are medical doctors and doctors don’t always work normal office hours. Psychiatrists may have to work evenings, weekends, and holiday shifts, especially when they’re new to psychiatric practice.

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Forensic psychology focuses on social and behavioral elements of mental health care and how they affect the criminal justice system. Forensic psychiatry, on the other hand, focuses on the medical aspects of mental health.

There are very few countries which provide fellowships and superspeciality courses in Forensic Psychiatry. At present, India has only limited institutions offering a separate DM post for the same.

SUMMARY

Forensic psychiatry is a subspecialty of psychiatry, in which scientific and clinical expertise is applied to legal issues in legal contexts embracing civil, criminal, correctional, or legislative matters. It is a branch of psychiatry dealing with the assessment and treatment of offenders in prisons, secure hospitals and communities with mental health problems. It requires a sophisticated understanding of the links between mental health and law.

Law is the sanctioning discipline, and psychiatry is the therapeutic discipline.

Forensic psychiatrists are medical doctors who have specialized in psychiatry and subspecialized in forensic psychiatry.

Forensic psychiatry course is available in almost all developed countries but is still a topic to be realized in developing countries. In India, it is reared as Cinderella in our country, “which is much neglected, ignored, misinterpreted, and misunderstood.”

Legislation forms an integral component in the implementation of Mental Health Care; there is a dynamic relationship between the concept of mental illness, treatment of the mentally ill, and the law.

Mental Health legislation is essential in protecting the rights and dignity of persons with Mental Disorders and for implementing effectively the mental health services.

LINKS 1. https://www.forensicscolleges.com/blog/htb/how-to-become-a-forensic-psychiatrist 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5282612/ 3. https://study.com/articles/Forensic_Psychiatrist_Job_Description_Duties_and_Requirem ents.html 4. http://jaapl.org/content/38/2/158#:~:text=Canadian%20Forensic%20Psychiatric%20fellow ship%20will,an%20examination%20in%20forensic%20psychiatry 5. https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/rolesdoctors/psychiatry/forensic-psychiatry/entry-requirements-skills-and-interests 6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4040057/ 7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326097217_Forensic_Psychiatry 8. https://www.gmc-uk.org/-/mdia/documents/forensic-psychiatry-curriculum-march2019_pdf-77954934.pdf 9. https://www.nwpgmd.nhs.uk/national_Psychiatry_Recruitment 10. https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/rolesdoctors/psychiatry/forensic-psychiatry 11. https://www.noodle.com/articles/the-pros-and-cons-of-becoming-a-psychiatrist-howdoes-that-make-you-feel 12. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/training/exams/mrcpsych-and-COVID-19 13. https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk/explore-roles/doctors/rolesdoctors/psychiatry/forensic-psychiatr

LLB/LLM STUDY FURTHER Undergraduate Licensing degree(LLB) required for assessing if an individual is fit for practicing law in India.Bachelor of Law Degree curriculum includes Seminars, Moot Courts, Tutorial Work, and Practical Training Programs.

COURSE SYLLABUS The duration for the Bachelor of Laws [LLB] course is 3 years divided into 6 semesters. LLB course, in correspondence, can be pursued by students part-time or full time. To practice law before the courts or tribunals in the country, they have to enroll and clear the exam by the Legal education apex body in India i.e. Bar Council of India.

Students who do not wish to practice as advocates are eligible to take up LLB courses too.

LLM or Masters of Legislative Laws, is a recognized postgraduate degree in law that can be pursued only after completing an LLB degree.

PRACTICING Advocate/Lawyer in the India.

Possessing a degree in LLB course allows a person to take up an LLB job, i.e., enroll as a member of the legal fraternity and practice law in India. The LLB course is also offered as Bachelor of Law [B.L] in certain institutes or certain regions.

LLB JOB OPPORTUNITIES Bachelor of Laws [LLB] is not only considered in the aspect of getting a job but also helps a person to fight against the inequality and wrong deeds that affect society.

It is also considered as a prestigious profession.

Job opportunities after LLB are abundant in both private and public sector organizations.

LLB job scope allows aspirants to gain more exposure for employment in key areas like Law firms, Courts & Judiciary, Legal consultancies, Sales tax, and Excise Departments, etc Career opportunities for LLB graduates allow for a variety of prestigious job roles such as Public Prosecutor, Solicitor, District & Sessions Judge, Legal Advisor, Oath Commissioner, Teacher, and Lecturer.

LLB course, after graduation, can be further continued with higher education by opting for courses like MA or Diploma in Human Rights, Master of Law, Diploma in Intellectual Property Rights, Diploma in Labor Laws, P.G Diploma in Women’s Rights and Human Rights among several others.

SALARY The average course salary offered to a graduate of LLB is INR 3 lakhs - 1 crore per annum. This may vary from institution to institution depending on the sector of employment, seniority, experience, and diligence.

ENTRANCE EXAM 1. CLAT (Common-Law Admission Test): for both LLB and LLM 2. LSAT-India (Law School Admission Test): for both LLB and LLM 3. AILET (All India Law Entrance Test): for both LLB and LLM 4. ILICAT (Indian Law Institute Common Admission Test):for LLM a. .Maximum Marks=150 b. Duration of CLAT 2020 Exam= 02:00 Hours.

All fresh law graduates, or those who have already cleared their law graduation or BA LLB course in India but have not yet enrolled with the bar council, must clear a bar examination (All India Bar Examination) to be allowed to practice law in a recognized court of law or tribunal in India.

This enrollment procedure confers a legal license to the applicant to practice law in any recognized court of law or tribunal in India. The comprehensive process of enrolment and postenrollment professional conduct is legally regulated and supervised by the Bar Council of India. LLB Law degree qualifies a student to become a lawyer or work in a Legal Department.

REQUIREMENTS As regards minimum percentage of marks in the qualifying examination (i.e., 10+2 or an equivalent examination), the candidates must have secured: Forty five percent (45%) marks or its equivalent grade in case of candidates belonging to General / OBC / PWD / NRI / PIO / OCI categories Forty Percent (40%) marks or equivalent in case of candidates belonging to SC/ST categories.

ELIGIBILITY There will be no upper age limit for UG Programme in CLAT 2020.

Candidates who are appearing in the qualifying examination in March/April, 2020 are also eligible to appear in CLAT 2020 examination. However, they shall be required to produce an evidence of their passing the qualifying examination at the time of admission, failing which they shall lose their right to be considered for admission.

In case of equal marks, the break of tie shall be by the following procedure and order as under: Higher marks in the component / section on legal aptitude in the CLAT 2020 exam; Higher age; Computerised draw of lots

TOTAL COST The average course fees of LLB course ranges from INR 22,000-2,00,000 per annum. While this may vary from college to college depending on infrastructure, prestige and other factors.

Application fees can be paid only online.

Application fee for General/OBC/PWD/NRI/PIO/OCI candidates : Rs.4,000/Application fee for SC/ST/BPL category candidates: Rs.3,500/The cost of previous years' question papers is Rs.500/- (not included in the CLAT 2020 application fee of Rs.4,000/or Rs.3,500/- as the case may be.)

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The LLB course duration is 3 years, in which the LLB curriculum is divided into 6 semesters. In our legislative system, there are four types of laws, namely Criminal Law, Civil Law, Common Law, and Statutory Law. For the entrance exam the following needs to be noted:Maximum Marks=150Â Duration of CLAT 2020 Exam= 02:00 Hours.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Upon clearing, the students are enrolled to the affiliated colleges according to their merit and then upon completion of the 3 year course then they can apply for LLM specialization such as International Law, Corporate Law, Business Law, Criminal Law, etc. by doing extensive study and research to gain expertise in that particular area.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU After the completion of LLB 3 year course an MBBS graduate can practice as an advocate/lawyer and also can pursue specialization as Medical Negligence lawyer, Crime Lawyer etc by a 2 year LLB postgraduation course.

PROS Of LLB and LLM in general:Labour Law, Family Law, and others are some of the vital and important law constructive subjects which boast of a lot of employment opportunities in the 21st century. Bachelor of Legislative Law [LLB] programmes provide candidates with an intrinsic comprehension of the law, in addition to the analytical, critical and strategic thinking skills which are a prerequisite for the field of law.

Working with some of the finest Law firms in the country, not only instructs the aspirants in the process of practicing law but also helps implement the same in practical cases and opportunities for the same. LLB course provides candidates with a better understanding of the legal hierarchy and hands them a position to handle litigation.

Candidates get an opportunity to work alongside senior advocates who are representing their clients in front of the court, as interns, as well as to understand the methodology and protocol in the drafting of different legal documents. LLB course degree serves as a basis for further higher studies in this field such as LL.M, Ph.D., and M.Phil.

Of the 5 year course:The degree is an integrated course where the students do not have to undergo graduation twice, i.e. 3 years of graduation in any stream and then again 3 years of law; but here they will receive a consolidated “BA LLB” degree upon finishing the course in a period of 5 years. Earlier, the Bar Council of India (BCI) had an age limit of 20 years to pursue five year LLB course, but after facing criticism from the Supreme Court, the age limit was increased to 22 years.

Students get early access to courtroom practice as colleges include Moot Courts, research submissions, Mock Trial Courts in their curriculum.

Students also undergo internships every semester with top law firms, corporates, NGO’s and the likes and further enhance their knowledge on the practical aspects of the law.

Of the 3 year course:The age limit has been extended up to 45 years, which opens the doors for professionals with years of experience to still pursue the course, for students, for graduates, everyone to pursue law in case they want to change their career graph.

The positive aspect of this course is that, as the students in this course are already graduates, the University starts directly with hardcore legal subjects without wasting any time.

CONS Of the 5 year course:The drawback of this course is the age limit prescribed, which makes it difficult for someone over the age of 22, who has finished 12th much earlier, get access to this course.

Of the 3 year course:It is considered a drawback because students get less exposure to legal education in comparison to the five year LLB students because five-year law students get longer time and experience in the field.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CLAT-UG Question Paper Format Multiple-Choice Questions= 150 questions of one mark each Negative Marking= 0.25 Mark for each wrong answer

SUBJECT AREAS WITH WEIGHTAGE English Language Current Affairs, including General Knowledge Legal Reasoning Logical Reasoning Quantitative Techniques

LLB SUBJECTS The Bachelor of Legislative Laws [LLB] course syllabus does not vary much with the universities and the LLB course subjects are almost the same across the colleges. The LLB course duration is 3 years for graduates and 5 years for undergraduates. Students can pursue the LLB course part-time, full time or in correspondence.

The various 3 year LLB course syllabus include Labour law, Family law, Constitutional law, Human Rights and International law, Civil procedure code and many other. There are some optional LLB course subjects that can be opted by the students like Intellectual property law, Criminology, Women & law, Conflict of laws, etc.

Participating Universities in LLB U.G:NLSIU-Bengaluru, NALSAR-Hyderabad NLIU-BHOPAL WBNUJS-Kolkata NLU-JODHPUR. HNLU-RAIPUR GNLU GANDHINAGAR RMLNLU-LUCKNOW RGNLU-PUNJAB CNLU-PATNA UALS-KOCHI LUO-ORISHA NUSRL-RANCHI NLUJA ASSAM DSNLU-VISAKHAPATANAM TNNLU-TIRUCHIRAPPALLI MNLU-MUMBAI MNLU-NAGPUR MNLU-AURANGABAD HPNLU-SHIMLA DNLU-JABALPUR DBRANLU-HYDERABAD

LINKS 1. https://consortiumofnlus.ac.in/ (for both LLB and LLM) 2. https://www.lsac.org/ ( for LSAT-INDIA) 3. https://nludelhi.ac.in/home.aspx ( for AILET-LLB and LLM) 4. https://consortiumofnlus.ac.in/ (for both LLB and LLM) 5. https://www.lsac.org/ ( for LSAT-INDIA) 6. https://nludelhi.ac.in/home.aspx ( for AILET-LLB and LLM)

SUMMARY

The Consortium of National Law Universities was established on 19th August, 2017 with the aim of improving the standard of legal education in the country and justice system. It aspires to facilitate better coordination amongst National Law Schools to achieve the highest standards of legal education in the country. The UG-CLAT 2020 would focus on evaluating the comprehension and reasoning skills and abilities of candidates. Overall, it is designed to be a test of aptitude and skills that are necessary for a legal education rather than prior knowledge, though prior knowledge occasionally may be useful to respond to questions in the Current Affairs section.

The UG-CLAT 2020 shall be a 2-hour test, with 150 multiple-choice questions carrying 1 mark each. There shall be negative marking of 0.25 marks for every wrong answer.

These questions would be divided across the following 5 subjects: English Language Current Affairs, including General Knowledge Legal Reasoning Logical Reasoning Quantitative Techniques

MEDICAL ADVISOR/ MEDICAL SCIENTIFIC LIAISON STUDY FURTHER After MBBS,if you opt for this career , then you must have an MD degree or PHD

INDIA Institute of Forensic Science, Mumbai IFS Education Department, Pune Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar.

Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi.

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

ENTRANCE EXAM NEET-PG Candidates who want to practice as a Medical Examiner in any hospital should first obtain an MBBS degree. Then they should obtain an MD degree in Pathology. Candidates having these degrees can pursue their career as Medical Examiner. They should be licensed practitioners.

PRACTICING The main purposes of the job are to: educate key clinicians about specific drugs or medical devices, answer their scientific questions about these products, feed key information back to colleagues in commercial functions such as marketing and sales and to inform about relevant strategies.

ABROAD

UC Davis George Washington University Michigan State University Virginia Commonwealth University Pennsylvania State University Texas A&M University George Mason University University of Florida Entrance Exam USMLE

REQUIREMENTS After MBBS degree, degrees like (e.g., PhD, PharmD, MD)are needed.

Other common undergraduate subject degrees may include biochemistry, biological sciences, chemistry, pharmacy, pharmacology, medicine, and even engineering.

ELIGIBILITY Bachelor’s Degree or higher from a regionally or nationally accredited educational institution (a copy of the candidate’s highest degree or transcript must be provided at the time of registration)

TOTAL COST

MBBS-INR 10,000 to INR 6 Lakhs MD-(INR 10 K to 15 Lacs)

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 4 - 8 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The activities of MSLs focus, directly or indirectly, on engaging with Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs) and other Healthcare Professionals (HCPs).

The Medical Science Liaison – Board Certification (MSL-BC) is designed for professionals that have experience working as a Medical Science Liaison

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS As a career, MSL include the ability to combine business, science, and technical knowledge, ability to impact treatment options, meeting and building relationships with KOLs, being at the forefront of clinical research, a home-based office, and a healthy salary compensation package.

CONS This may probably include long hours of work,constantly working with dead bodies, and tough selection process.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

LINKS https://www.themsls.org/wha t-is-an-msl

A Medical Advisor career is usually the next career level for a Clinical Research Physician.

Medical Advisors play a crucial role within the medical affairs department of pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies.

Medical Advisors work closely with regulatory affairs, clinical operations, medical writing and other departments in the company

SUMMARY After MBBS,Some liaisons can get an MSL position with a Masters degree, but most positions require a minimum of a PhD in the area of medical expertise that a company or product requires.

A Medical Advisor provides significant contribution towards the evaluation, critiquing and communication of important medical / scientific information related to a company’s products.

Medical Advisors assist clinical research teams and often help training and supporting the sales force.

A Medical Advisor also provides an authoritative opinion regarding medical based questions, legal and regulatory matters thus enabling colleagues to comply with the required statutory requirements.No matter what their specialty. MSLs frequently interact with leaders in their area of expertise.

As a field representative for their company, they are vital to its success by establishing relationships, encouraging collaboration, and facilitating dialogue.Due to the nature of the work, extensive travel is common for a Medical Science Liaison (60-80%). They may be responsible for a geographic area or region.

MEDICO-LEGAL ADVISOR STUDY FURTHER Post graduation certification/diploma in medical law and ethics.

PG in Forensic Medicine.

Graduate Diploma in Law (Conversion Course available for those wishing to practise in the UK).

Professionals are required to be well versed in the followingDoctor-patient relationship, especially issues of consent and confidentiality, the substantive and administrative laws.

Understanding of the legal system and the roles and responsibilities of doctors in courts.

National and International Health Laws.

Emerging issues in law and medicine, like, HIV/AIDS, clinical trials, surrogate motherhood, euthanasia etc.

IN INDIA/ABROAD In India, it is still a niche field while abroad (especially in the UK) the market is flush with opportunities.

Countries offering the course- USA, England, Ireland, Scotland, Australia.

PRACTICING A medicolegal advisor can usually set up their practice in conjunction with their medical practice. It is most often pursued as an after hours engagement to expand income especially after retirement.

Medico-legal advisors usually get their earnings through appearances as expert witnesses in court where they are summoned by solicitors in non-criminal cases. So, one must be prepared for frequent court appearances and cross questioning.

ENTRANCE EXAM COURSE

ENTRANCE EXAM

1.PG in Forensic Medicine and Toicology

NEET (till 2021) NEXT (2017 batch onwards)

2.Diploma course in Medical Law

No entrance exam

For NEET PG, A single 3.5 hour long computer based examination divided into 3 parts of 50, 100 and 150 questions respectively needs to be cleared. There is no cap on the maximum number of attempts. The required marks and rank fluctuate from year to year, but generally Forensic Medicine (being a non-clinical branch) is available to relatively lower ranks as wellupto around 40,000. The same for a private college will be available at ranks lower than 40,000 as well.

REQUIREMENTS Training in the medicolegal aspect of medicine through any of the wide variety of courses available.

NOTE- 10-15 years experience as a medical practitioner required to be considered as an ‘expert witness’ in the UK.

ELIGIBILITY The job as such does not have any eligibility requirements, apart from training in medicolegal aspects of medicine.

Depending on the course

COURSE

ELIGIBILTY

1.MD Forensic Medicine

Score through NEET/NEXT

Graduate from 2.PG Diploma any recognised in Medical Law university 3.UK-LLM, Graduate Diploma in Law (GDL)

Graduate from any recognised university, English Language Proficiency for International Students

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Practice as medico-legal advisor.

TOTAL COST Total cost varies, depending on what course is pursued and whether it is pursued in India or abroad.

It will be higher for PG in Forensic Medicine than a Diploma course and will be higher if the course is pursued abroad.

While there are no entrance exams for diploma courses, appearing for NEET PG can cost from Rs. 2,750 to Rs. 3,750.

Cost for continued regular training through conferences and seminars or CMEs to keep up with the field should also be taken into account.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION PGDMLE- 6 months -2 years depending on the type of course.

PG in Forensic Medicine- 3 years

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS Good source to expand income while continuing medical practice. It is especially useful after retirement to have already established a medico-legal practice if you do not wish to continue practising medicine

Skills learnt during medical training are highly transferable. At the same time, scope for learning and development of new skills is also present Medico-legal advisors have the opportunity to help out their fellow doctors. This profession is especially relevant in today’s time and age where lawsuits and violence against doctors are at an all time high Easier for medical practitioners to set up practice as regular patients can be networked with to build clientele

CONS It pays less than medical practice Additional training in the form of post graduate courses and CMEs required. . It cannot be pursued as a full time career.

Medico-legal advisors can only act in their capacities as advisors.

Practise of law is not within the scope of this field.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION A medico-legal advisor is hired by solicitors/general public for their expertise in medicine. They themselves are not allowed to practise law.

Medico-legal advisors are valued for their expertise in specific areas of medicine pertaining to the case. As such, it is advisable to develop proficiency in the chosen area of medicine with respect to experience and education both.

It takes time to build a reputation as a credible medico-legal advisor. Owing to this, the work is sparse initially and networking with clients in medical practice is advised. Working with companies dealing with such matters also aids this process.

LINKS

1. https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6 978 2. https://www.privatepracticeninja.co.uk/h ow-to-start-a-medicolegal-practice/ 3. https://www.themdu.com/guidance-andadvice/guides/consultant-pack/actingas-an-expert-witness 4. https://www.gponline.com/gp-careersworking-medico-legaladviser/article/1359542 5. https://www.avma.org.uk/resources-forprofessionals/patient-safety/ 6. https://medicfootprints.org/a-guide-to-amedico-legal-career-for-doctors/ 7. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/f ullarticle/1843785

SUMMARY The job of a medicolegal advisor involves coordinating the defence of doctors, defending clinical negligence claims, clinical risk management and providing advice in relation to medico-legal and ethical issues.

They need to be able to provide detailed instructions to solicitors and independent experts, and to contribute to conferences with the defence team. Medico-legal advisers may then also be present at the subsequent trial or hearing as expert witness to support and advise.

Good communication skills are essential for this purpose so that the legal team is properly directed and the defendant adequately supported. Since they have to deal with a large number of claims every year, stamina, self confidence, an eye for detail, strong analytical skills and good time management are also required.

They are valued for their expertise in specific areas of medicine as well as their knowledge regarding the legal aspects of medicine, which can be built through a number of courses available. This should be aided by regularly updating oneself through seminars and CMEs. In addition to this, strong analytical skills are extremely important for this job.

This profession is taken up in addition to medical practice. It usually does not pay as well as medical practice but serves as a good source to expand income, especially after retirement. Establishment as a credible medico-legal advisor takes time and experience. This can be enhanced by working with companies dealing with such matters before setting up a private practice.

It is a good profession for doctors as the skills learnt during medical training are highly transferable, it adds variety to their daily job, expands their income and provides opportunity to help out fellow doctors and patients in times of crisis.

PG IN MEDICAL LAW AND ETHICS STUDY FURTHER The course addresses the followingDoctor-patient relationship with a special focus on issues of consent and confidentiality, the substantive and administrative laws.

Groundwork for an understanding of the legal system and law, including how to find relevant laws.

Role of doctors in courts.

National and international Health Laws.

Emerging issues in medicine in law and medicine, like, HIV/AIDS, clinical trials, surrogate motherhood, euthanasia etc.

It often also includes case studies for better understanding of the subject matter.

Students are required to clear 4-5 (depending on the course) subjectwise examinations at the end of the course to get their diplomas. They may also be required to submit a dissertation.

Based on their specific interests, candidates can choose from a variety of diploma courses being offered.Â

PRACTICING Medicolegal advisor- A diploma holder in Medical Law and Ethics can set up their practice in conjunction with their medical practice, or work in a Government or corporate set up.

Author for medico legal journal.

Professor/Lecturer.

IN INDIA/ABROAD In the last 2 decades, many universities have started offering courses in Medical Law and Ethics in India. There are many comprehensive courses available abroad as well. These are mainly offered as Distance Learning Programmes.

Note:-In certain courses, few components of the course are not available to students learning solely through correspondence.

Courses available abroadUK- LLM Medical Law and Ethics.

ENTRANCE EXAM

No entrance exams in India and abroad.

REQUIREMENTS Bachelor’s Degree in any discipline from any recognized University/Institutions.

For pursuing the course in the UK, universities often require foreign candidates to prove their proficiency in English through IELTS, TOEFL or PTE Academic.

ELIGIBILITY Bachelor’s Degree in any discipline from any recognized University/Institutions. So, any MBBS graduate from a recognised university is eligible.

No age limitations as of in 2020.

TOTAL COST Total cost usually varies between Rs. 10,000-34,200 for Indian residents.

For NRI students, it can go upto Rs. 1.14 Lakhs.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION It varies between 6 months to 2 years depending on the chosen course.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Medico-legal advisor/consultant.

Author for Medico Legal Journals.

Professor/ Lecturer.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS

The course equips a medical professional in understanding of law, health and its legal system It is a beneficial course for any medical professional wishing to gain better understanding of the medicolegal setup even if they don’t wish to pursue a career in it.

It can be pursued while practising medicine Shorter and less time consuming course which makes graduates eligible for many of the jobs as Forensic Medicine post graduates; opens up options for additional sources of income.

CONS Additional career options available to medical law and ethics graduates pay less than medical practice The course does not pave the way for a full time career. All career options available are usually practised part time in conjunction with medical practise

CONS Additional career options available to medical law and ethics graduates pay less than medical practice Less priority given to post graduate diploma holders than Forensic medicine post graduates for the same jobs.

Unlike Forensic Medicine post graduation course, this does not simultaneously provide employment

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Earning a PG in Medical Law and Ethics doesn’t qualify you to practise law (LLB is required for this).

One can only act in their capacity as a consultant owing to their unique experience in medicine which lawyers lack.

Most people continue their medicolegal duties along with medical practice.

This can serve as a good additional source of income, especially for retiring doctors who do not wish to continue practising.

LINKS

https://medicfootprints.org/a-guide-toa-medico-legal-career-for-doctors https://medicfootprints.or http://ignou.ac.in/? q=ignou/aboutignou/school/cpms/pro grammes/detail/554/3 https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/study/postgra duate/taught/courses/course/legalaspects-of-medical-practice-llm-parttime

https://www.law.ac.uk/study/postgradu ate/law/llm-medical-law-and-ethics/ https://ded.nls.ac.in/post-graduatediploma-in-medical-law-ethics/ http://www.thecampusindia.com/law/c ourses/pgdmle#tab_tab0

SUMMARY

The only requirement to pursue this course is an undergraduate degree from a recognised university.

The Course identifies the specific nature of the relationship that exists between medical practitioners and their patients.

It contextualizes the constitutional dimension to ‘right to health’ and discusses the various international legal documents which attempts to ensure ‘right to health’ to all.

Obligations of the medical professionals, the duty of care and the responsibilities of hospital administration towards the sick are highlighted.

Various remedies available to patients for breach of doctor’s duty, like civil, consumer protection, criminal and professional regulatory bodies are discussed.

The complex issues of ‘consent’ and ‘confidentiality’ are discussed at length to bring about better and effective compliance amongst the medical fraternity.

One can enroll in the course for simply improving their knowledge in relation to their day-to-day practice. Or they can utilise it to pursue careers like medico-legal advisor, professor/lecturer or author.

PUBLIC HEALTH

FLOATING DOCTOR STUDY FURTHER

ELIGIBILITY

PRACTISING

TOTAL COST

Programme to volunteer and work in remote locations.

As a volunteer. Volunteers can be healthcare professionals, medical students and even otherwise.

IN INDIA/ABROAD

Abroad-Volunteers and staff stay at the Floating Doctors base on Isla San Cristobal, a 10-minute boat ride from the town of Bocas del Toro on Isla Colon.

ENTRANCE EXAM

No entrance exam is required as the work is of volunteer nature

REQUIREMENTS

One copy of your resume (Licensed medical providers only): One copy of license (Licensed medical providers only): One copy of diploma (Licensed medical providers only): One background check to provide information of previous convictions or investigations relating to child protection: Police check, LiveScan, https://www.npdb.hrsa.gov check, copy of Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) or Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) check from country of origin (Healthcare Students only): One COLOR copy of your school identification (Healthcare Students only): One letter of intent outlining what you feel you would give to a program such as ours as well as what you hope to take away from the experience

Non-specific and dependent on level of education and the post for which the student is applying

Require a participation contribution from each volunteer that allows us to provide accommodations, meals, and all travel for our clinical and service deployments on site. Additionally, our volunteer contributions fund medications for our pharmacy, emergency and advanced care for patients, equipment repair and purchase, and almost all our other operational costs for maintaining a remote rural health care service providing help for over 10,000 patients annually. $800 for one week of stay + $100 application fee ($900 total) $750 per week for two weeks of stay + $100 application fee ($1,600 total) $700 per week for 3 weeks of stay (or longer) + $100 application fee ($2,200 for 3 weeks, $700 each additional week) $450 per week for minors (aged 15 or younger) imvolunteering with their parent(s) $1,150 total per week for 1 week Immersion Trip (regardless of age), which includes the application fee.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Varying lengths of time, from as short as one week to over a year.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Executive Director Operations Manager Facilities Manager Lead Medical Provider Lead Dental Provider Volunteer Coordinator Pharmacy and Clinical Supplies Manager Clinic Manager Financial Controller Health Education Coordinator

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? Based on the individuals interest and duration of volunteering, there are multiple types of jobs available.Medical students would be particularly interested in Medical Program Development,lead medical provider,reproductive health coordinator and as medical director.

LINKS 1. https://medium.com/@bekahgrant/float ing-doctors-delivers-critical-care-toisolated-islands-from-a-fishing-boat8455a874cad7 2. https://floatingdoctors.com/joinus/apply-now/

SUMMARY Floating Doctors is an organization that provides free acute and preventative health care services and delivers medical supplies to isolated areas, using boats. Via these “floating clinics,� they conduct primary care, administer treatment and do critical education on topics like maternal health, food safety, and hygiene.

Students volunteer and are required to pay a minimum amount. Food, resources and accommodation is taken care of by the organisation. Due to the area of coverage, students are required to speak Spanish, in the event of not being able to do they will be provided with translators.

HOUSE OFFICER STUDY FURTHER

As a medical officer students get the opportunity to help administer treatments and be involved in diagnosis.

Aid in Research.

They can opt for future post-graduation courses in the speciality of their preference.

PRACTISING

The House Officer will be responsible for diagnosing and administering general medical treatment to patients in a hospital or through extension services at a clinic, school or other designated place.

Work involves the examination of patients, performing investigations and carrying out necessary medical treatment in the prevention and control of diseases.

He/she will also be required to assist in major operations. Work is performed under the general supervision of the professional superior.

IN INDIA/ABROAD Applicable to both, in India and Abroad.

ENTRANCE EXAM

For the government services in India: UPSC exam must be cleared Respective licencing exams for other countries of interest need to be cleared.

REQUIREMENTS Training as evidenced by the possession of a recognized medical degree and the successful completion of one year’s internship at a General Hospital.

ELIGIBILITY

A candidate applying for a post of government medical officer should pass the UPSC Combined Medical Service Examination.

To be qualified and to apply for UPSC Combined Medical Service Examination the candidate must have passed with at least 50 % marks in his/ her Bachelor of Medicine or Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree.

The age of the candidate writing the UPSC Combined Medical Service Examination must be above 21 years and below 32 years

TOTAL COST

NHS Senior House Officer Salaries:Avg Base Pay £40,309

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Variable, and dependents on the student.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Research Medical specialities Government Services

WHAT INTERESTS YOU?

Working in the private or government sector to gain more experience as a doctor, following the completion of an undergraduate Medicine course.

Knowledge Requirements: Knowledge of principles and practices of medicine including the diagnosis of a variety of diseases and injuries.

Knowledge of the principles and practices of preventative medicine.

Knowledge of Public Health Ordinance and of medical jurisprudence.

Skill & Ability Requirements: Ability to examine patients, diagnose disease and to prescribe and administer necessary treatment.

Ability to establish and maintain an effective working relationship with other employees and the public.

ADDITIONAL INFO

KEY FUNCTIONS: Performs medical examinations of in and out-patients; diagnoses and makes prognoses; makes daily ward rounds; writes and maintains up-to-date case records and makes necessary medical reports.

Prescribes medical treatment based on medical examinations and diagnosis. ƒ Refers patients to professional superiors for more detailed attention, as may appear necessary.

Examines government employees and other categories of persons in accordance with government policies.

Participates in immunization procedures against infection or communicable diseases as directed and implements other preventive procedures outlined for the protection and promotion of public health.

SUMMARY

As per textbook definition, a House officer is "An intern or resident who is employed by a hospital to provide service to patients during the period the intern or resident is receiving training in a medical speciality."

Hence,this job opportunity will allow the student to practice their degree of medicine following the successful completion of their undergraduate course.

It allows the student to start earning after their MBBS,accounts for more exposure in the departments they are working under.

The requirements for becoming a Medical Officer varies among the countries and their licensing protocol.

In conclusion,students seeking an opportunity to be involved in patient care at an early stage would be interested in applying and practising this job.

LINKS

1. https://forums.studentdoctor.net/thread s/what-exactly-is-a-house-officer-usdefinition.735195/ 2. https://www.opennaukri.com/medicalofficer-government-jobs-in-indiaeligibility-and-careeroptions/#:~:text=A%20candidate%20app lying%20for%20,of%20Surgery%20(MBB S)%20degree.

3. https://www.glassdoor.co.uk/Salary/NHS -Senior-House-Officer-SalariesE12873_D_KO4,24.htm

MASTERS IN GLOBAL/ INTERNATIONAL HEALTH STUDY FURTHER

This degree program prepares students to aid in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of a variety of illnesses and disorders on a global scale. The objectives of this course include : understand the global burden and major determinants of disease; describe and discuss the role and contribution of epidemiology to health; critically appraise, analyse and interpret epidemiological studies; select, devise and develop appropriate study designs for epidemiological research;and conduct appropriate statistical analyses of epidemiological and health-related data.

PRACTISING

After earning a Master in Global Health, students are employed by a wide variety of organizations, academic institutions, and governments. They educate the public about preventing the spread of contagious diseases and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Many workers are required to travel and often assist poorer countries with combating public health issues. Others serve as consultants and educators, and may offer their expertise to private corporation and universities Job prospects include: Development agencies with national and international scope where graduates are involved in implementing, managing and monitoring development activities, such as WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNDP, The World Bank, European Center for Disease Prevention and Control, International Red Cross, Save the Children, etc.

Private companies, consultancies and industries dealing with health such as pharmaceutical and medical companies, the food industry, patent organisations and private consultancy firms.

Government bodies and public authorities where graduates are involved in policy related activities, such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Board of Health and Ministry of Refugee, Immigration and Integration Affairs.

Universities and research institutions where graduates are involved in research.

IN INDIA/ABROAD This course is rarely available in india.

Some Links to universities providing this course abroad is listed below: https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/gra duate/courses/msc-global-healthscience-and-epidemiology https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/postg raduate/degrees/index.php? r=site/view&id=413&gclid=Cj0KCQjwje r4BRCZARIsABK4QeU9rJVgD146nQ2 0jZiz-DZS5fy1k6dj3_fPXKbqsBcR6gN_m31ezIaAlkeEALw_ wcB https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/ international-health/ https://www.utoronto.ca/ https://sps.northwestern.edu/masters /global-health/

ENTRANCE EXAM Standard entrance exams vary depending upon the university and it is best to refer to individual University's website for details In general the criteria involves atleast 60% in bachelor's degree and English language qualifying examinations such as IELTS or TOEFL. GRE is also an important entrance criteria

REQUIREMENTS

Individual must possess a bachelor's degree in health sciences

ELIGIBILITY

Basic bachelor's degree in health sciences and varies depending upon the university and nation In general the criteria involves atleast 60% in bachelor's degree and English language qualifying examinations such as IELTS or TOEFL Age requirement varies as per University but generally the upper limit is 40 years of age although extensions maybe provided

TOTAL COST

Cost varies depending upon whether the course is taken online or offline and on the country of University The course costs an estimated - $40,000 - $60,000

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 1.5-3 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

After earning a Master in Global Health, students are employed by a wide variety of organizations, academic institutions, and governments.

They educate the public about preventing the spread of contagious diseases and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

Many workers are required to travel and often assist poorer countries with combating public health issues. Others serve as consultants and educators, and may offer their expertise to private corporations and universities

WHAT INTERESTS YOU?

PROS:

The idea of understanding global hurdles in health care and understanding how to mitigate these issues in a wide scale throughout the world.

Scope of research is wide Individuals with this degree can find employment in varied fields of healthcare and its policy developments

CONS: limited funding for research and expensive tuitions for this course

SUMMARY This degree program prepares students to aid in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of a variety of illnesses and disorders on a global scale. As the world becomes smaller, new health threats will steadily emerge, and global health workers will work tirelessly to stop them.

Courses in biology, chemistry, microbiology, public policy, and epidemiology are usually required. Earning a degree typically takes one to two years.

A Master in Global Health provides students with the skills and knowledge they need to assess global health threats.

Workers in this field are very much in demand, and students will have access to a worldwide job pool. A master’s degree also increases salary and makes job-seekers more appealing to potential employers.

The programme comprises, among others, the following disciplines: medical anthropology, biology and biomedicine, demography, epidemiology, medicine, nutrition, public and international health, economics, political and social science, and sociology.

Masters in Global Health is aimed at job functions related to a diverse national and international sector that holds many opportunities for professional jobs as advisors, consultants and programme managers.

As a graduate in Global Health one will be able to analyse the many interrelated determinants impacting human health and disease ranging on a scale from individual to society, with a focus on the global perspective - including politics, policies, trade and economy, frameworks, socio-cultural issues, and climate change.

LINKS 1. www.ox.ac.uk/masters/globalhealth 2. www.sydney.edu.au 3. https://www.utoronto.ca/ 4. https://www.ox.ac.uk/admissions/graduate/courses/msc-global-health-scienceand-epidemiology 5. https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/postgraduate/degrees/index.php? r=site/view&id=413&gclid=Cj0KCQjwjer4BRCZARIsABK4QeU9rJVgD146nQ20jZizDZS5fy1k6dj3_-fPXKbqsBcR6gN_m31ezIaAlkeEALw_wcB 6. https://www.jhsph.edu/departments/international-health/

WORK FOR UNICEF/WHO STUDY FURTHER The New and Emerging Talent Initiative (NETI) It is an entry point for external professionals interested in an international career with UNICEF. As part of UNICEF’s global talent management strategy to achieve its current and future goals, NETI focuses on attracting, selecting, developing and retaining new external talent from entry to mid-career levels to grow and to develop in the organisation. NETI participants work actively in a multicultural environment within the development and humanitarian arenas, while contributing to delivering results for children. https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/i ndex_74609.html UNICEF Junior Professional Officers (JPOs) programme It provides young professionals pursuing a career in development and humanitarian arena with hands-on experience working in the field or in Headquarters for 2 to 4 years. JPOs are recruited as regular Fixed Term international professional staff members and each JPO’s assignment is funded by one of the donors Governments based on the agreements between UNICEF and the donor governments. https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/i ndex_jpp.html UNICEF Internship programme The UNICEF Internship Programme offers eligible/qualified students at both Headquarters and country offices the opportunity to acquire direct practical experience in UNICEF's work under the direct supervision of experienced UNICEF staff. https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/i ndex_internship.html

WHO There are two key categories of staff at WHO: professional (P) or directors (D) who are internationally recruited and general (G) or national professional (NPO) staff who are recruited locally for both fixed or short-term positions. We also run internships and opportunities for junior professional officers (JPOs).

Internationally recruited (P or D) Professional staff and directors are hired internationally and occupy leadership functions or positions that require a significant level of technical expertise. P or D staff are mobile and are expected to work across the globe.

Locally recruited (G) or NPO General Service staff are hired locally at the respective duty station. Their main role is to work with and support internationally recruited staff in their roles and to assure the smooth functioning of all administrative matters.

National Professional Officers are nationals of the country in which they serve and perform functions of a professional nature requiring local knowledge, expertise and experience.

Junior professional officer programme The Junior Professional Officer (JPO) Programme provides young professionals at an early stage in their career with practical experience in multilateral technical co-operation. JPOs are sponsored by their respective governments: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland

PRACTISING

UNICEF - UNICEF staff work in a number of areas related to their mandate. These functional areas in which they operate have been categorized in four broad areas: programme and policy – our work for the children, operations – support to our programmes, external relations – communication and advocacy, and emergency response.

Programme (including cross-cutting functions): Adolescent Development, Child Protection, Communication for Development, Early Childhood Development, Education, Education, Environmental and Climate Change, Gender, Health, HIV/AIDS, Human Rights, Immunization, Innovation, Nutrition, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, Social and Economic Policy, Social Inclusion, Emergencies and Humanitarian Affairs Operations: Administration, Finance and Accounting, Human Resources, Internal Audit, Information and Communication Technology, Legal, Operations, Supply and Logistics External Relations: Communication, Private Fundraising and Partnerships, Public Partnerships, Resources Mobilization.

To find more information on UNICEF’s focus areas please click on the "what we do section" of the website.

WHO There are a variety of opportunities currently available through the WHO. These opportunities include working in biostatistics, epidemiology, health education, administration, accounting, finance, information technology, communications and media.

IN INDIA/ ABROAD

UNICEF UNICEF provides exciting job opportunities around the world, with approximately 85% of locations in the field in 190 countries and territories.

Seven regional offices and over 124 country offices worldwide and UNICEF HQ (New York, Brussels, Tokyo, Berlin, Copenhagen, Geneva) work on helping children thrive and survive, every day, everywhere. https://www.unicef.org/about/structure/i ndex_worldcontact.html WHO In India or abroad

ENTRANCE EXAM UNICEF Application form - https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/ Video to guide application - https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=ePgDIQ9RVYs&feature=youtu.be Assessment - Based on this analysis, the hiring office retains a few candidates and uses a number of assessment tools, including written examinations, (competencybased) interviews and assessment centre findings to arrive at a recommendation. https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/files /UNICEF_Competencies.pdf

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION

For the internship to be worthwhile and effective, the duration is usually between six (6) and twenty-six (26) weeks.

The duration of WHO internships is between six to twenty four weeks .

REQUIREMENTS Work For UNICEF The required employment qualifications differ by level. For mid and senior level positions in the International Professional category candidates should have: Advanced university degree in a relevant field Relevant professional work experience, preferable developing countries, with a minimum of 5 years for P-3 level roles 8 years for P-4 level roles 10 years for P-5 level roles Proficiency in English is required, with working knowledge in a second UN language being a strong asset (in certain locations required) UNICEF International Staff must be prepared to work in any region or country and to under-take in country field travel. International Professional Staff on Fixed Term contracts are usually subject to its mobility policy and required to move every 2-5 years.

For more information about the employment qualifications for potential UNICEF staff, please visit the "What we look for section" of the website.

WHO If you want to pursue a public health career within the WHO, your best bet is to study a field such as community health, public health or health education while in undergrad. Because the WHO is an international organization, it will also benefit you if you learn an official UN language such as French, German, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, Urdu or Hindi. The more languages you learn, the higher your chances are of landing a top notch job with the WHO. it is also recommended that you pursue a master’s degree in whatever field you decide to study. Most prospective

WHO workers have at least a master’s degree and your chances for landing a job with the WHO increase dramatically with a PhD or another doctoral degree.

For further requirements - https://www.who.int/careers/who-we-need /requirements/en/

ELIGIBILITY

UNICEF- https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/ WHO Restrictions Relatives of WHO Staff: Except where another equally well qualified person cannot be recruited, appointment shall not be granted to a person who bears any of the following relationships to a staff member: father, mother, son, daughter, brother or sister.

Candidates under the age of 20 and above the age of 62 will not be considered for any vacancy.

Policy on Non-Recruitment of Smokers: WHO has a smoke-free environment and does not recruit smokers or other tobacco users who do not indicate a willingness to stop smoking. This policy underscores the Organization's commitment to promoting a tobacco-free environment.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES UN Volunteers - https://www.unv.org/becomevolunteer/volunteer-yourcountry/conditions-service https://www.unv.org/becomevolunteer/volunteer-abroad/conditions-ofservice https://careers.un.org/lbw/home.aspx? viewtype=SAL WHO Working further and higher posts.

Involving in various policy projects.

TOTAL COST Internships at UNICEF can be unpaid or paid, subject to funds availability.

Regardless of the internship payment modality, all successful applicants are expected to make their own arrangements for travel, lodging and living expenses during the internship period. In case you are selected to a unpaid internship with UNICEF, there are a number of resources for supporting internships. Start the search at your own college.

As of January 2020, WHO provides stipends to students who need support. After selection, the interns will fill a disclosure form to indicate if they already have support (grant / scholarships, etc.). Based on this disclosure form, WHO will provide stipends up to a specific amount per duty station. The amount will be indicated for each position the students apply to.

WHO provides to all interns a medical and accident insurance. All costs of travel and accommodation are the responsibility of the intern candidate.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? PROSSalary Scales The remuneration of staff in the Professional and higher categories is made up of two main elements: a base salary and post adjustment. The post adjustment, a monthly base salary multiplier, takes into account cost-ofliving factors and exchange rate fluctuation as well as inflation.

The salary scales of the Professional levels are expressed as gross and net base salaries and applied uniformly, worldwide, by all organizations in the United Nations common system.

Benefits and Entitlements Employees’ benefit from family friendly, work-life, and diversity policies, and UNICEF is committed to maintaining a balanced gender and geographical representation. Other Benefits and entitlements include: Annual leave Dependency allowance Medical and dental insurance Pension scheme Rental subsidy Education grant Home leave Life insurance Paid sick leave Family leave Family Visit Maternity / Paternity adoption leave Special leave Please note that some benefits are paid depending on the duty station and type of assignment.

WHO Salaries with the WHO and with the UN in general can be very high. One of the most exciting benefits about working for the WHO is that individuals are able to make a tax-free income. There are other perks associated with working for the WHO as well. These include housing allowances, health insurance, and educational expense reimbursements.

CONSHigh workload, bureaucracy No job guarantee Slow career advancement.

Restricted to government compliances, less self implementation Might need to work away from home.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION UNICEF Contracts - UNICEF offers various employment contracts based on the needs of the organization.

You can learn more about these types of contracts in the "what we offer section".

Fixed-Term Appointment Fixed-Term or regular appointment – typically for a period of two years, renewable subject to the needs of the organization. You will be a UNICEF staff. Fixed-Term contracts can be issued in three categories of staff: International Professional, National Officer and General Service categories.

Temporary Appointment Temporary appointments are time-limited appointments issued for less than one year to meet specific short-term requirements, including in response to emergencies.

Temporary Appointments can be issued in all three categories of UNICEF staff. Staff members recruited under a temporary appointment modality receive full salary but slightly reduced benefits.

Consultancies UNICEF also hires individuals for consultancies to accomplish, within a specified period of time, a defined task for which the necessary expertise is not readily available within the organization.

Many UNICEF positions do not require applicants to have work experience from any specific organization. There are some positions that include experience within the UN Common System as a requirement or asset when knowledge of systems and procedures is critical. The qualifications section of a Vacancy Announcement will indicate the type of experience required for successful candidates.

LINKS UNICEF https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/index_careers.html WHO https://www.who.int/careers/en/ Jobs - https://www.who.int/employment/en/ Internship- https://www.who.int/employment/internship/en/ https://www.who.int/employment/WHO_competencies_EN.pdf

SUMMARY UNICEF

UNICEF has been working on the ground in 190 countries and territories to promote children’s survival, protection and development.

More than 13,000 staff work with UNICEF, with approximately 85 per located in the field in 190 countries. Seven regional offices and over 124 country offices worldwide, 34 national committees, a research centre in Florence, a supply division in Copenhagen, a shared services centre in Budapest and offices in Berlin, Brussels, Seoul and Tokyo, and UNICEF headquarters in New York and Geneva work on helping children survive and thrive, from early childhood through adolescence.

They employ committed professionals to work in our five focus areas: Child Survival and Development, Basic Education and Gender Equality, HIV/AIDS, Child Protection and Policy Advocacy and Partnerships. They also employ staff with expertise in administration and finance, human resources, information technology, supply and logistics as well as external relations and communication. UNICEF’s presence in humanitarian crises means that we also seek experts in emergency preparedness and response.

They have various internship programs, NETI, Junior professor officer Programme and other job opportunities.

One can visit their site and look for vacancies, work required , what they offer, selection process and benefits for individual jobs. https://www.unicef.org/about/employ/index_careers.html

WHO WHO is committed to achieving workforce diversity, aiming to achieve a broad representation of nationals of our member countries. Particular attention is paid to candidates from developing countries and gender balance. Selection of staff is made on a competitive basis. All posts are filled in accordance with WHOs competency model. https://www.who.int/employment/WHO_competencies_EN.pdf WHO is part of the United Nations Common System and its remuneration and benefit package is governed by the International Civil Service Commission.

Salaries in professional and higher categories are made up of two main elements: a base salary and post adjustment. The post adjustment is an allowance based on the cost-of-living, exchange rate fluctuations and inflation in the different locations of assignment.

Their recruitment process involves a number of steps which may include screening, written test, interview, and assessment centre.

The details for individual posts can be checked on there website - https://www.who.int/careers/en/

PRACTITIONER IN URBAN HEALTH CENTRE STUDY FURTHER

A review of the Subjects of General Surgery, Medicine, Neurology, Radiology, Paediatrics, etc. is required to appear for the CMS examination.

Part-I Computer Based Examination (500 Marks) The candidates will take the Computer Based Examination in two Papers, each Paper carrying a maximum of 250 marks.

Each Paper will be of two hours duration.

Paper I has General Medicine & Paediatrics.

Paper II has Surgery, OBGY, PSM Candidates who qualify in the Computer Based Examination are called for Interview or Personality Test.

The Interview or Personality Test carries 100 marks.

ENTRANCE EXAM

CMS examination conducted by the UPSC. NEXT exams for licensing from 2022.

REQUIREMENTS Completion of MBBS from an MCI recognised medical institute.

Completion of the allotted internships/ training years as per the State medical Authorities. Mostly it’s One year of internship, but in some colleges it can be One year of rural plus one year of normal internships.

Age less than 32 years.

PRACTISING

Registered medical Officer appointed in Urban Health Centres all across India.

The job requirements include completion of an MBBS course from an MCI recognised college and 1 year of mandatory internship.

Assistant Divisional Medical Officer in the Railways = 300 Assistant Medical Officer in Indian Ordnance Factories Health Services = 46 Junior Scale Posts in Central Health Services = 250 General Duty Medical Officer in New Delhi Municipal Counci =l 07 General Duty Medical Gr.-II in East, North and South Delhi Municipal Corporation = 362 Total = 965 positions.

ELIGIBILITY

Registered Medical Practitioner - with license number.

CMS examination rank.

After 2022, NEXT Certified Doctor.

TOTAL COST

200 INR for CMS examination.

Average Salary ranging from 40,000 to 70,000 INR depending on the post.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION

1 or 2 year(s) post MBBS compulsory internship training.

1 year for applying to and getting selected in CMS examinations.

CMS exams are held in October every year and final results are given in February of the subsequent year.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Admission in PG residencies after NEET PG/ NEXT through In-Service Quota (5% AIQ). Minimum requirement for becoming In-Service doctor is 3 years of Medical Officer experience in Government postings after Internship.

Can work in MoHFW in the future and also become the Official Health Advisor to the PMO/ President of India via giving UPSC/ MPSC exams.

Chance to be involved in various Health committees all across India and to formulate and regulate future Indian Health policies.

The medical officer will be recruited and posted in any central department.

The medical officer is supposed to do medical duties as performed by any doctor.

Indian Govt. can send the officer to any department to serve its employees, retired employees and their dependents.

The medical officer is responsible for allotting duties to the medical staff and makes the sure smooth running of OPD as well.

The medical officer makes arrangements to distribute work at the time of emergency.

The officer manages his staff in normal OPD hours and is allowed to organize laboratory services.

The officer manages his staff in normal OPD hours and is allowed to organize laboratory services.

The medical officer should be within 8 KM radius only as the medical officer's help may be required any time. The medical officer will get all the benefits as other central government employees get when it comes to accommodations, bonus, salary and other things.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? The opportunity to serve the Indian population at a rural level and be responsible for all the healthcare facilities of the area covered by the Urban Centre.

It helps to create an atmosphere of understanding of Indian Medical Practices which are prevalent amongst the population of that area and to effectively utilise them along with Modern medicine and provide integrated treatment.

Paves a way for working in the MoHFW of India and can provide possible leads to working in the PMO/ Presidential Offices as Official Health Advisor.

ADDITIONAL INFO

Urban Health Centre is a unit that operates under the National Urban Health Mission.

UHC is present in every major Tier 2/ above city in India.

They are responsible for Immunisation, Trauma management, Poisoning cases, Birth and Death registries, implementation of National Policies and providing ground level Health services to those in need.

SUMMARY The Urban Health Centre Practitioner is a post provided by the MCI to a RMO. The candidate is recruited in government services after clearing UPSC CMSE exams after graduate level study.

There can be relocations and transfers from one UHC to others. The pay grade ranges from 40,000 INR to 70,000 INR per month depending on the location of the UHC and Job profile(As of May 2020). The RMO is the chief of the UHC team (hence called CMO) and he controls all the cases and takes the decision of referrals.

UHC worker provides the Ground level medical services to the needy and is responsible for implementing all the National programs Immunisation and also responsible for controlling Outbreaks and Epidemics in the area.

The RMO is also responsible for analysing the disease trends and demographic analysis of the area to provide the information to Census of India and MoHFW.

LINKS 1. https://nhm.gov.in 2. https://mohfw.gov.in 3. https://www.careerindia.com/upsc/cms-exam-e19.html

MASTERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH STUDY FURTHER

A Master of Public Health (MPH) degree is a graduate-level program that emphasizes the practical aspects of public health.

This type of program is designed to prepare students for their role in promoting community awareness about injury, violence prevention, communicable diseases and other issues that affect health and safety.

PRACTISING

They are hired for roles such as Director of Programs and Services, Health Communications Specialist, Public Health Management Analyst, Research Scientist Areas of employment for such postgraduates include hospitals, research centers, educational institutions, research institutions.

IN INDIA/ABROAD

Organizations such as WHO, McKinsey & Company, UN Children's Fund, PHFI, The Clinton Health Access Initiative, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, etc. hire such postgraduates.

Hired both in India as well as abroad Universities with best courses include: Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, and Emory University and in India, Indian Institute of Public Health, Tata Institute of Social sciences.

ENTRANCE EXAM The mode of admission is a relevant entrance examination which is conducted at any of State, university, and national level.

REQUIREMENTS

Abroad The candidate must pass the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) to study in Universities of USA, UK, Canada or Australia. The score of the GRE which is needed for admission varies according to the chosen University. Some Universities conduct independent exams. Most of the Universities insist a good score in Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) India The mode of admission is a relevant entrance examination which is conducted at any of State, university, and national level.

ELIGIBILITY Eligibility criteria for doing MPH abroad The aspirant who has successfully completed Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) or Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) or Bachelor of Engineering (BE) or Master of Arts (MA) or Master of Science (M.Sc) or equivalent can apply for MPH abroad.

The course must be completed from a recognized University and also they should have an aggregate of at least 50% Eligibility criteria in India For applying to the course, candidates need to have attained a Bachelor’s degree in any discipline of Health Science from a recognized university, with a minimum aggregate score of 60%.

Maximum age limit in India is 40 years but age relaxation maybe given in some cases.

TOTAL COST

A master's degree in public health typically costs $16,000-$33,000 for instate tuition and fees or $25,000-$60,000 per annum Colleges in India have course/annual fees between 2-3 lakh.

The salaries ranges according to the field of work ( research, in private or government set ups, UN and related organisations) but a ballpark amount would be from 40,00 to 2 lakhs.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 1-2 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The responsibilities include researching on certain matters dealing with health issues, planning to overcome that issue and also to evaluate that process.

Once a candidate comes out successful after doing MPH they can look forward to a valuable career both in India and also abroad.Â

WHAT INTERESTS YOU?

PROS The idea of serving people and furthering medical knowledge to the grass root level Scope for research in the field of public health is immense A multi-faceted field that allows you to pursue a wide range of topics like environmental health, policy, etc. .Combining this degree with an MD, JD, PhD, whatever, it allows you to focus on those wide range of topics.

You can work in academia as a research assistant, coordinator, etc., so you don't need a research degree CONS: Funding will probably be divested over the next few years in environmental health, and several other places as well.

It can be very expensive to pursue Candidates from top universities are generally preferred.

LINKS 1. http://entrance-exam.net/how-to-studymph-abroad/ 2. Official websites of Various Universities mentioned above 3. https://www.publichealthdegrees.org/pr ogram/masters/mph/

SUMMARY Master of Public Health (MPH) is a postgraduate course which is an emerging course in the medical field. Course is of 2 year duration.

The candidate has to study matters dealing with public health. The responsibilities include researching on certain matters dealing with health issues, planning to overcome that issue and also to evaluate that process.

Once a candidate comes out successful after doing MPH they can look forward to a valuable career both in India and also abroad.Professionals holding Masters degrees in Public Health typically work in governmental public health agencies, communitybased service organizations, academic and research institutions, private organizations, hospitals, health insurance companies, and medical groups.

Due to the various types of work environments, salaries and job roles significantly vary, such as conducting health assessments to developing health policies.

Some common career options include occupational and environmental health specialists, epidemiologists, biostatisticians, health program administrators and educators, health economists, planners, and policy analysts.Using a standard two year MPH degree as an example, the common curriculum structure is as follows: A student will complete the required foundational courses often in the first year.

These courses teach and build upon the principles of epidemiology, biostatistics, health policy and/or management, environmental health, and social and behavioral sciences, which are the public health core competencies.

These courses will equip students with the skills needed for community assessments, conducting research, and grant writing. Additionally, these courses will help students gain an understanding of how behavior and environmental factors affect health and health policies. After completion of these core courses an individual will continue to take elective courses and focus on courses in their concentration. Depending on the program, some elective and specialization courses can be taken along side core courses.

RESEARCH

RESEARCH STUDY FURTHER Pursuing research after MBBS is quite varied and students have a lot of options.

This is not a licensing exam as such.

PRACTICING There are various roles a person could perform after completion of the course.

The research scholar could further pursue research or motivate and guide future research enthusiasts as a faculty member or in the post of a research assistant.

Additionally they can also join a public or private company.

INDIA/ ABROAD In IndiaAll India Institute of Medical Sciences - AIIMSPost Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research PGIMER Tata Institute of Fundamental Research - TIFR. Rajiv Gandhi Center for Biotechnology Trivandrum (RGCB)ICMR MD-MS/PhD research programme M.Sc.-Ph.D. Combined Program in Biomedical Sciences - Dr BR Ambedkar centre for biomedical research - Delhi University (ACBR) CSIR Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology - Hyderabad (CCMB) St John's Research Institute Doctoral Programme - Bangalore (SJRI)

ENTRANCE EXAM AIIMS Stage I - 30 Marks (30 MCQs of 1 Mark each) Aptitude related MCQs covering English (Written and verbal skills), Biostatistics, Research Methodology, Cell Biology, Lab Technology etc.

Stage II - 40 Marks (40 MCQs of 1 Mark each) Subject related theory based comprising Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs).

Total Marks (Stage I + II): 70 (30+40) Total Duration (Stage I + II): 90 Minutes Eligibility for Stage-III: Candidates must score at least 35 marks in Stages I and II (Combined) to be eligible for Stage III. Stage III: From the list of selected candidates, 3 times as many candidates as the number of seats advertised will be called for departmental clinical/practical/lab based assessment (carrying 20 marks). These marks will be added to the marks of stages I + II + special weightage to determine the final merit.

PGIMER The admission to the PhD course imparted at the Institute is made on merit on all India basis by holding an entrance examination by the Institute, after issuing a countrywide admission notice. The admission notice is published in leading English newspapers of India.

TIFR - The admissions procedure (in all subjects, except Science Education) consists of an online test at one of the several nationwide centres, followed by interviews of shortlisted candidates.

RGCB - All eligible candidates, irrespective of their fellowship status, will have to appear for a qualifying entrance test which will be conducted at RGCB for short listing candidates for the selection interview.

Results of the qualifying test will be announced within one hour and selection interviews for shortlisted candidates will begin on the same day.

Applicants qualifying in the written test will be interviewed by a duly constituted selection committee consisting of a panel of experts.

For PhD in translational science and medicine there is no entrance exam but the applicant needs to submit an application on plain paper with an application fee of Rupees One thousand (exempted for SC/ST candidates) as a crossed Demand Draft and detailed curriculum vitae can be submitted at any time to the Director, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology.

ICMR - It will be done through a written competition followed by an interview.

Selection would be made on the basis of merit. The scheme would be widely publicized through advertisement in leading newspapers, circulars to the medical institutions and ICMR website once a year.

ACBR - A Written Test for admission will be held by the University, After declaration of result of the written test, the selected candidates must appear for an interview.

The candidate shall present and discuss their research interests at the time of interview, Candidates shall bring a Statement of Purpose (SOP) for the same at the time of interview.

CCMB - Online applications will be screened and the eligible candidates will be called for a computer-based written test at one of their preferred centers among the 19 test centres across the country.

Candidates qualifying in the written test and having a valid fellowship for pursuing PhD will be shortlisted to appear for interview at CCMB. Candidates qualifying in both the preliminary and final interviews will be admitted into the PhD program SJRI-The selection and admission process will be in accordance with the UGC guidelines.

The call for submitting applications will be made, both on the institution website and in selected national newspapers.

The admission notification will include a number of posts available under specific subjects in which doctoral students will be enrolled. The candidate can apply online as per the admission notification.

Full time candidates without fellowship will undergo an examination of 3- hour duration conducted at the St John’s Research Institute, followed by an interview for shortlisted candidates.

REQUIREMENTS AIIMS - Candidates must score at least 35 marks in Stages I and II (Combined) to be eligible for Stage III. Candidates who secure 50% marks in Stage-I/II & III Combinedly (50/100) shall be eligible for admission.

PGIMER - A “Failure” in the examination, “Compartment” or “Reappear” in the examination will constitute an attempt. Candidates who have obtained MBBS/MD/MS /MDS/Master of Physio-therapist degree from Medical Colleges which are not recognized by the Medical Council of India are not eligible to apply.

TIFR - Candidates will be shortlisted for interview based on written test marks, CV, letters of recommendation and Scientific write-up. The above are mandatory and play an important role.

RGCB - The candidate should have mandatorily completed their qualifying degree in all aspects.

ICMR - The candidate should have mandatorily completed their qualifying degree in all aspects and should have no backlog.

ACBR - The candidate should prepare and present their research area and interest and interest at the time of interview and should bring a statement of purpose along with them.

CCMB - A valid fellowship is an ABSOLUTE requirement for pursuing Ph.D. at CCMB, and the eligible fellowships are: Any National level fellowship (JRF/SRF of CSIR, UGC, DBT, ICMR, etc.), DST-INSPIRE or any other equivalent fellowship for pursuing Ph.D. SJRI- Candidates who have qualified under the UGC-CSIR NET (including JRF/SLET/GATE/teacher fellowship) / ICMR -JRF / DBT-JRF/DST Inspire JRF /JEST Fellowships or any other equivalent fellowships (where selection is through a nationwide examination) are eligible. They are exempt from the entrance exam but will undergo an interview for selection

TOTAL COST AIIMS - The fees for the first year is 4125 Rs and for the subsequent years is 3100 Rs. PGIMER - The fees for the first year is 4170 Rs and for the subsequent years is 1970 Rs. TIFR - The registration fees is a 1000 Rs and the yearly fees is 4000 Rs. RGCB - For all incoming PhD students beginning June 2019, there will be a tuition fee of 5000 Rs per semester for the first eight semesters and 10,000 Rs for every semester after.

ICMR - There is no specific fee apart from the application fees.

ACBR - There is no specific fee apart from the entrance fees CCMB - There is no specific fee apart from the entrance fees.

SJRI- The first year fees for Indian Nationals is 59100 Rs for the first year and 43700 Rs for the second and third years.

ELIGIBILITY AIIMS - MBBS/BDS with minimum 55% aggregate marks.

PGIMER - MBBS/BDS with minimum 55% aggregate marks.

TIFR - Candidates require a Bachelor’s degree in Medicine. Candidates in the final year of the qualifying degree program are also eligible to apply RGCB - The applicant should have an MCI certified MBBS degree and should have cleared all exams. The upper age limit is 28 years.

ICMR - The candidate should have passed MBBS with a minimum aggregate of 60 percent. The maximum age limit is 45 years.

ACBR - The candidate should have passed MBBS with a minimum aggregate of 60 percent.

CCMB - Candidates require a Bachelor’s degree in Medicine. Candidates in the final year of the qualifying degree program are also eligible to apply.

SJRI- The candidate should have passed MBBS with a minimum aggregate of 55 percent.

POSSIBLE LEAD Self Preparation is the course that is followed by most candidates.

TIME FRAME AIIMS - The minimum period of registration in respect of all the candidates who are registered for Ph.D. shall be three years. The maximum period of registration shall not exceed five years.

PGIMER - The minimum duration is 3 academic years and the maximum duration is 5 years.

TIFR - The duration of the Ph.D. Programme is 5 Years and the Integrated M.Sc.-Ph.D. Programme is 6 Years.

RGCB - The minimum duration for PhD is 3 years and the maximum 5 years from the date of registration at RGCB. ICMR - Part-I thesis to be submitted for fulfillment of requirement of MD/MS at 2 ½ years after joining and examination at 3 years for MD degree after acceptance of thesis by two examiners (for MD+Ph.D).

Part-II thesis (final) to be submitted for fulfillment of requirement of PhD at 4½ years after joining and public defense at 5 years after acceptance of thesis by 3 examiners (for MD+Ph.D).

ACBR - Under the M.Sc.-Ph.D. Combined Program in Biomedical Sciences students usually spend the first two years in both course work and the laboratory, and the remaining years predominantly pursuing their thesis research.

CCMB - This is a full time Phd Course with a duration of 5 years SJRI- The PhD programme shall be for a minimum duration of 3 years and maximum of 6 years for full time candidates.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The curriculum of the course depends on the specific branch and the topic you choose to pursue research on.

The exact curriculum varies via college to college and course to course too but generally the student has to study some defined courses and as basically this is the research field, he/she/ze has to work on his own research and publish a thesis.

There are quite a lot of opportunities at the end of Ph.D. You can further pursue research by applying for a post doctoral fellowship. This is great for individuals who wish to do additional research.

Another opportunity is to join the same institution where you have pursued PhD or any other institution as a faculty member and help in shaping the young bright minds.

After PhD you can also pursue your career by joining various companies that work in the field of your specialisation. You can join pharma companies, biotech firms etc as an employee or provide consultation to such companies.

Another not so common path is going for entrepreneurship, you can start your own organisation if you have an interesting idea and want to pursue it further. You can also join the government and help shape future policies. The path after pursuing research is quite wide open and a lot of new opportunities are also coming up.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU AIIMS - AIIMS is one of the best institutes for medical studies in india.

This PhD programme offers 29 different specialities in which a student can do PhD from anatomy to surgical disciplines which is among the highest for any institute in India.

PGIMER - PGIMER is a renowned institution and has great infrastructure for the PhD students. The faculty is also experienced and quite helpful. There are also lot of fields related to medical sciences wherein the student can pursue research TIFR - TIFR is an 75 year old institute that is specifically focussed only on research and it also has class leading infrastructure across all of its campuses.

The TIFR has three institutes where PhD for MBBS graduates is available.

They are Department of Biological Sciences, TIFR, Mumbai National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bengaluru and TIFR Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences (TCIS), Hyderabad.

RGCB - There are vast opportunities for research fields in the topics of Cancer Research,Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Biology, Pathogen Biology, Regenerative Biology, Plant Biotechnology & Disease Biology, Neurobiology, Reproduction Biology and Transdisciplinary Biology.

ICMR - The programme is designed to identify young medical graduates with brilliant academic records for pursuing postgraduate qualifications & to motivate them to opt for a career in its research cadre.

Also only 25 fellowships are awarded in a year making it a programme for the best of the best.

ACBR - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR) is a unique center under the University of Delhi where a multi speciality group of scientists work as a cohesive team and participate in active teaching and research.

The absence of formal departmental setup provides an excellent environment where each faculty is free to interact with each other and contribute to better teaching and research in the complementary areas.

The emphasis of research investigations has been mainly on biology and is being carried out in some of the frontline areas of basic and applied biomedical sciences such as Drug Discovery and Drug Development, Medical Biotechnology, Molecular Modeling and DNA Diagnostics, Molecular Oncology, Immunology, Genomics & Proteomics, Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Genetics, Human Genetics and Neuropharmacology CCMB - The projects offered for Ph.D. would be in the broad areas of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Genomics, Developmental Biology, Plant Molecular Biology, Conservation Biology, Ecology, Protein Structure and Function, Biology of Macromolecules, Biology of Infection, Epigenetics, Chromatin Biology and Bioinformatics.

SJRI- Research is carried out under the following thematic areas. Public health and epidemiology, Biostatistics, Infectious Diseases, Nutrition, Molecular Biology and Humanities in Health. The SJRI was set up with a commitment to pursue excellence in research and to build capacities in health-related research.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

AIIMS - There are 2 kinds of seats in for the PhD namely FA that is Fellowship Seats available in the Project and OF that is Own Govt. Fellowship. The number of seats under each category change and the details can be found on the official website PGIMER - 25000 Rs per month and additional thesis grant of Rs. 5000/(one time) is admissible under fellowship. Candidates will not be entitled to DA/CCA. Number of PGI fellowships for each session are limited to 6-7 only.

TIFR - For Ph.D. and I-Ph.D. programmes, the academic year starts from August 1, every year. Ph.D. Students receive a monthly fellowship of Rs 31,000/- enhanced to Rs 35,000/after registration.I-Ph.D. Students receive a monthly fellowship of Rs 21,000/- for the first year. At the end of the first year, upon satisfactory performance, the fellowship is enhanced to Rs 31,000/- per month (further raised to Rs 35,000/- after registration for Ph.D.).

RGCB - The TSM Program is designed to allow students concentrate their thesis topics in one of three areas: (1) population-based translational science or (2) patient-based translational science or (3) laboratory-based translational science including biomarkers and diagnostic development. The four year programme is innovatively designed to train a next generation of translational scientists by equipping them to exploit excellence in basic research for improving the health of local, national and international patient populations.

ICMR - The candidate and the guide will indicate their choice of the research topic and will give a brief description of the objectives, methodology, design of the study, expected out come, Up-todate literature search, ethical considerations and facilities available at the institute for conducting the study as per the proposed protocol and an undertaking by the head of the institute that the candidate will be permitted to undertake the proposed research activity (within two years).

The Council will provide financial support equivalent to Junior Resident's salary & allowances on a running pay scale for 3 years followed by Senior Resident's salary + allowances on a running pay scale for 2 years to selected candidates.

ACBR - M.Sc. - Ph.D. Combined Degree Program in Biomedical Sciences has five core and compulsory courses in each of the first three semesters. In the last semester each student has to choose two optional courses among the courses offered and take up a dissertation project in consultation with faculty.

CCMB - The College has been chosen as a Centre of Excellence, by UNESCO's Global Network of Molecular and Cell Biology. The center is collaborated with the University of Nebraska Medical Center for translational research on Glaucoma. In addition, the center derives International funding for specific collaborative projects from agencies like National Institutes of Health, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S.A.

SJRI- SJRI is currently recognized as a Research Centre for the doctoral programme by the Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) since 2019 and from the University of Mysore from 2017.

Students registered will be guided by supervisors registered as guides under each of these universities.

SUMMARY If you wish to pursue research after MBBS, there are quite some pathways which you can follow.

The first way which you can pursue is to get into direct research for a public or private agency. This is quite difficult as most agencies require people who have prior experience in research. Still if you have done some amazing research during your course, you can apply for such positions.

You can also pursue a masters degree, like MPH (Masters of Public Health), M.Tech (some institutes offer courses in medical nanotechnology etc) or an Msc in clinical research before applying for a wide range of PhD courses in various institutes throughout the country.

Another way in which you can pursue research directly after MBBS is through various institutions that are mentioned above who accept MBBS graduates for their PhD programmes. You need to be a meritorious student and have a high passion for research to get a seat as the process is quite difficult and the seats are limited.

The most common way though, through which most medical graduates perform research is that the first do a post graduation like MD/MS etc and then apply for PhD and research programmes in various institutions throughout the country.

LINKS RGCB https://rgcb.res.in/phdadmission/documents/RGCB-PhD-Handbook-2019.pdf https://rgcb.res.in/admission.php https://rgcb.res.in/phd-translational.php ICMR https://main.icmr.nic.in/content/icmr-scheme-mdms-phd-programme ACBR http://acbrdu.edu/Phd_Degree.html http://exam.du.ac.in/ordinance-VIB.html http://acbrdu.edu/Msc_Degree.html

CCMB https://www.ccmb.res.in/About-CCMB/Profile https://www.ccmb.res.in/Academics/PhD-Program https://www.ccmb.res.in/Research/Research-Themes SJRIhttps://sjri.res.in/admin/images/resources_uploads/PhD%20Program%20Prospectu s%20SJRI%202020%20(MAHE).pdf https://sjri.res.in/phd AIIMS https://www.aiimsexams.org/pdf/PHD%20PROSPECTUS%20JANUARY-2020.pdf http://phd.aiimsexams.org/Welcome_DM.aspx PGIMER https://www.digialm.com//per/g01/pub/852/EForms/image/ImageDocUpload/642/1 114515519234727287191.pdf https://cdn.digialm.com//EForms/configuredHtml/2650/65490//Index.html TIFR http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2020/about/about.htm http://univ.tifr.res.in/gs2020/index.html

YOUNG INDIA FELLOWSHIP STUDY FURTHER The Young India fellowship is not a licensing exam as such.

PRACTICING

The path after YIF can be quite varied.

There are a lot of roles you can incorporate yourself in after this programme. You can be an entrepreneur or join a public or private organisation in various positions.

IN INDIA/ABROAD The programme is based in India and will take place at Ashoka University campus in Sonepat, Haryana.

REQUIREMENTS The requirements while filling up the application form are :Personal and Contact Details Academic Details Employment Details (Optional) Extra-Curricular Activities Parents/ Guardian Details Essays Referee Details Survey Details Honour Pledge

ENTRANCE EXAM

There is no entrance exam but the selection process consists of the following three steps:Application Assessment - The faculty and executive members of the programme evaluate the applications on the basis of academic performance activities and extracurricular. Candidates' interests and motivation as expressed are also considered.

Telephonic Interview - Short listed candidates will be notified in advance. It is typically a conversation regarding that the candidate has information mentioned on their application and may include a discussion about their areas of interests.

The duration of the interview is usually around 20 minutes.

Personal Interview - On the day of the Personal Interview, candidates will be required to take a comprehension test just before the interview which tests their understanding, articulation skills and critical thinking ability. Candidates are interviewed in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bangalore. International candidates have the option to interview on Skype.

TIME FRAME FOR COUSE COMPLETION The Young India Fellowship is a 1 year long program in liberal studies.

STUDY FURTHER The Young India fellowship is not a licensing exam as such.

PRACTICING The path after YIF can be quite varied.

There are a lot of roles you can incorporate yourself in after this programme.

You can be an entrepreneur or join a public or private organisation in various positions.

IN INDIA/ABROAD The programme is based in India and will take place at Ashoka University campus in Sonepat, Haryana.

REQUIREMENTS

The requirements while filling up the application form are :Personal and Contact Details Academic Details Employment Details (Optional) Extra-Curricular Activities Parents/ Guardian Details Essays Referee Details Survey Details Honour Pledge

TIME FRAME FOR COUSE COMPLETION The Young India Fellowship is a 1 year long program in liberal studies.

ENTRANCE EXAM There is no entrance exam but the selection process consists of the following three steps :Application Assessment - The faculty and executive members of the programme evaluate the applications on the basis of academic performance activities and extracurricular.

Candidates' interests and motivation as expressed are also considered.

Telephonic Interview - Short listed candidates will be notified in advance. It is typically a conversation regarding that the candidate has information mentioned on their application and may include a discussion about their areas of interests. The duration of the interview is usually around 20 minutes.

Personal Interview - On the day of the Personal Interview, candidates will be required to take a comprehension test just before the interview which tests their understanding, articulation skills and critical thinking ability. Candidates are interviewed in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bangalore. International candidates have the option to interview on Skype.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The curriculum consists of 6 core and 14 electives of your choice which you have to study within a period of one year.

There are 8 terms of 6 weeks each and the 14 electives have to be selected from a pool of more than 25 options.

OPPRTUNITIES AT ASHOKA UNIVERSITY Mother Teresa Fellowship - This is an 18 month long programme for those interested in social impact. It allows you to pursue your goals by providing mentorship, professional and personal support along with a monthly stipend.

Entrepreneur-in-Residence (EiR) This a 5 month long programme for the budding entrepreneur in you so as to incubate,develop, test your idea via the support of founders, entrepreneurs, mentors and investors.

Master of Arts in Liberal Studies (MLS) - The MLS is open to current Fellows and alumni who wish to spend a second year at Ashoka to earn a master's degree.

Specializations include but are not limited to philosophy, literature, environmental economics, anthropology and history.

OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH ASHOKA UNIVERSITY Graduate Degree at University of Pennsylvania and HEC Paris - You are eligible to apply for graduate degrees in liberal arts and management at the University of Pennsylvania and HEC Paris respectively, through a nomination process by Ashoka University. The YIF carries credit towards these degrees.

Exchange Programmes and Summer Schools - You may apply for an exchange programme in several fields of study at Sciences Po, or to summer school in media studies at the Salzburg Global Media Academy.

Campus Placements - If you are looking for employment, the Career Development Office understands your needs and scouts its vast network of prestigious corporates, NGOs, think tanks and startups for opportunities that match your interests and career goals.

ELIGIBLITY To be eligible for Young India Fellowship you must Have a recognised undergraduate/post graduate degree.

Final year students or those who have prior work experience can also apply.

Have a maximum age of 28 years.

Have an above average academic record combined with extra curricular engagement and communication skills

TOTAL COST The fee structure for the 10th YIF cohort (2020 -21) was :Tuition Fees :- 7.5 Lacs INR Hostel Fees :- 1.95 Lacs INR Total Fees :- 9.45 Lacs INR Ashoka University's need-based Financial Aid programme aims to provide necessary financial support which can help you bridge the gap between the cost of the programme and your ability to pay. Several benefactors, including YIF alumni, have made financial aid possible.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU This 1 year programme in liberal studies is quite a unique programme. The programme is designed quite meticulously and has students from all over India and from various different fields, and this is quite rare. The programme has no entry course limitations and what it provides is basically a multidisciplinary education.

The programme structure is flexible and allows you to choose the subjects that interest you and will help you with your future prospects.

Additionally you will be able to study six core and 14 electives within a period of just 1 year.

This programme also has ties with renowned international universities like Yale, Kings College etc. which comes as an added advantage.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION While pursuing this fellowship you can also work on an 8 month long Experiential Learning Module which will complement your academic coursework and provide an opportunity to work with your fellows in teams of 4-5. In this model you work on creating live projects from diverse sectors in collaboration with partner organisations.

This programme also offers a two layer mentorship. You may not only be mentored by an academic or industry leader but also by a alumni who share a similar background or interest.

There are a lot of professional development workshops year round like resume writing, case study analysis, gender sensitisation to name a few which will help you mould yourself to achieve your goals.

LINKS 1. https://yifp.in/Uploads/Brochure/YIFApplicant-Brochure.pdf 2. https://ashoka.edu.in//static/doc_uploads /file_1568620562.pdf 3. https://ashoka.edu.in/YIF

SUMMARY Alumni have pursued and excelled in a diverse set of career paths. They have pursued higher studies (across more than 30 fields) in the world's top research and teaching institutions, started their own ventures, pursued prestigious fellowships, and worked in top development policy and corporate organizations across the world.

Public intellectuals, activists, philosophers, journalists, diplomats, politicians, sports professionals, authors and several others regularly visit Ashoka University to deliver sessions. Speakers have included: Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee | Nobel Prize Winners Ramchandra Guha | Historian and Author Shashi Tharoor | Former Under Secretary General, United Nations Murali Karthik | Former Indian Cricketer Rajdeep Sardesai | Noted Journalist Sainath P | Noted Journalist Madeleine Albright | First Woman Secretary in the State of US Raghuram Rajan | Former Governor, Reserve Bank of Indi.

In case you have some financial difficulties then, Ashoka University's need-base Financial Aid programme aims to provide necessary financial support cost of the programme and your ability to pay. Several benefactors, including YIF alumni, have made financial aid possible.

To complement the aid offered to Fellows, Ashoka University has empaneled affiliates who provide education loans to help cover any gap between the aid offered and the programme fee. For eg 30% of Fellows 2019-20 are on 100% tuition waivers or more.

2/3rdof Fellows 2019-20are on some form of need-based financial aid.

63% of all Fellows (2012-20) have received 50% tuition waivers or more.

So If after MBBS, you have not decided a specific career path, or want a year to develop some holistic skills, then this programme will be quite beneficial for you. Also if you want to become an entrepreneur but require some training or a place where you can further develop your idea, then too this fellowship is for you.

To conclude - If you are intellectually curious, passionate, self-aware and eager to learn, then YIF is the place for yours.

The Young India Fellowship (YIF) is a year-long postgraduate residential programme in liberal studies at Ashoka University. Started in 2011, the YIF brings together 300 bright and curious individuals, from diverse academic professional, socio economic and geographical backgrounds, and exposes them to an array of educational experiences that help Fellows Imagine new or enhanced intellectual and professional possibilities.

The aim is to enable you to broaden your worldview, and to get or strengthen your 21st century skills: thinking critically and from multiple perspectives, communicating effectively, collaborating inclusively, and becoming empathetic leaders with a commitment to public service.

Ashoka University is a private, non-profit university that commenced operations in 2014. It is a pioneer in its focus on multidisciplinary liberal education, which is usually defined as one that transcends the boundaries between the arts and sciences, and carries a strong emphasis on learning across subjects.

The programme is divided into eight terms of six weeks each and you have to six core courses and 14 electives (out of a pool of 25+) which gives a lot of flexibility and helps you focus on your future prospects.YIF offers you a chance to enrich the educational depth that you simply gained in your undergraduate education, with intellectual breadth. The multiple ways during which you engage with the curriculum and extracurricular initiatives enables you to create or sharpen skills that are in high demand, no matter where you work or study i.e Collaboration,Communication, Problem Solving, Critical Thinking and Leadership. In addition to the courses, there are two flagship components of the programme, which run for eight months of the year. The Critical Writing programme trains you to read closely, think critically and write effectively. The Experiential Learning Module (ELM) allows you to work on real-world projects, to apply your learning and improve your skills.

Upon completing the YIF programme, you become part of an illustrious global alumni community, that is deeply connected with each other and the University through the Alumni Association (AAA). From meals and meetups, to career guidance and job opportunities, belonging to the Ashoka alumni community gives you a personal and professional support system across the world. The alumni is 2100 member strong spread across 30+ countries pursuing more than 100 different career trajectories.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MEDICAL IT STUDY FURTHER Programs are usually structured to accommodate two types of prospective students: those coming from a health or medical profession seeking knowledge and skills in information science and technology or those who possess knowledge and skills in information science and technology but whose background does not include preparation in the health sciences.

Students are expected to select courses so they can acquire sufficient understanding to work effectively in multidisciplinary teams and to function as boundary spanners or translators between biomedical and health domains and IT. An example curriculum for a master of science in health informatics following a 32 credit-hour format might look as follows: a) Introduction to Health Informatics b) Foundations in Management Information Systems c) Integrated Electronic Medical Records d) e-Healthcare Ethics e) Health Informatics Independent Study f) Health Data Management g) e-Medicine Business Models h) Legal Aspects of Health Info Management i) Managerial Communications j) Case Studies in Health Information Management k) Healthcare Project Management l) Medical Terminology

IN INDIA/ABROAD Comprehensive courses offered in India and abroad

PRACTICING

Hospitals/Clinic Medical Record Department Physician office Tumor registry Clinical Trial coordinator Hospital Information System Industry Govt. agencies Transcription/Coding industry Law firms/insurance companies Pharmaceutical companies Academics Faculty Universities, colleges Consulting firms W.H.O.

ENTRANCE EXAM Admission criteria and application process varies from institute to institute while adhering to standard guidelines

REQUIREMENTS The candidate should be a 10+2 in any background and can be an undergraduate of any discipline.

Proficiency in English and basic computing skills.

TOTAL COST The candidate should be a 10+2 in any background and can be an undergraduate of any discipline.

Proficiency in English and basic computing skills

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Academic/Researcher Clinical Data Manager Chief Medical Officer Clinical Information Manager Consultant Health Care Webmaster Information security/Risk/revenue /privacy manager Medical director for informatics Medical director for information system Pharmacy systems analyst

TIME FRAME FOR COMPLETION 2 years for campus course in MSc Health Informatics, consisting 4 semesters. Curriculum varies from university to university but adheres to minimum standard guidelines set There are self-paced online courses also available with variable duration

LINKS 1. https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/fil es/pdf/health-information-technologyfact-sheet.pdf· 2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic les/PMC3270933/· 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_ Science_in_Health_Informatics· 4. https://www.bestcolleges.com/features/ best-online-masters-in-healthinformatics-programs/· 5. https://www.nhp.gov.in/healthinformatics_pg#Institutes%20Offering% 20Courses· 6. https://mgumst.org/tele_medicine.php· 7. https://manipal.edu/content/dam/mani pal/mu/documents/Admissions/adm20 20/2020%20Post%20Graduate%20(PG)% 20Programs%20Eligibility%20&%20Adm ission%20Process.pdf· 8. https://manipal.edu/content/dam/mani pal/mu/documents/Admissions/adm20 20/Admissions%202020%20%20General%20Category%20Fees.pdf· 9. http://www.ehcfsmi.edu.in/fee.htm· 10. https://www.medvarsity.com/courses/ce rtificate-course-in-healthcareinformatics/· 11. http://fhts.ac.in/training/· 12. http://fhts.ac.in/wpcontent/uploads/fhts-ahi-brochure.pdf· https://phfi.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/Health_Inform atics_Brochure_2020_session.pdf· 13. http://ignou.ac.in/? q=ignou/aboutignou/icc/cpms/program mes/detail/553/3· 14. https://www.iihmrdelhi.edu.in/uploads/ documents/academic/AcademicBrochure.pdf

SUMMARY The term “health information technology” (health IT) refers to the electronic systems health care professionals – and increasingly, patients – use to store, share, and analyze health information. Health IT includes some of the following things: a. Electronic health records (EHRs) b. Personal health records (PHRs) c. Electronic prescribing (E-prescribing) d. Privacy and security It has a bright scope in future, however, there are only a limited number of institutions that offer this program in India.

For more opportunities one will have to go abroad. It presents numerous opportunities for improving and transforming healthcare which includes; reducing human errors, improving clinical outcomes, facilitating care coordination, improving practice efficiencies, and tracking data over time.

The advantages of health information technology (IT) include facilitating communication between health care providers; improving medication safety, tracking, and reporting; and promoting quality of care through optimized access to and adherence to guidelines.

However, there are high upfront acquisition costs, ongoing maintenance costs, and disruptions to workflows that contribute to temporary losses in productivity that are the result of learning a new system.

Moreover, EHRs are associated with potential perceived privacy concerns among patients. Classroom course duration is 2 years, consisting of 4 semesters. Curriculum along with the credit courses vary across different institutes and so does the fees.

However, it is in line with the set standard guidelines.

Selection process varies from institute to institute. Scores obtained in undergraduate programs along with interviews etc. have their own weightage.

One needs to have completed any UG course to be eligible.

The candidate should be a 10+2 in any background and can be an undergraduate of any discipline.

Proficiency in English and basic computing skills. Programs are usually structured to accommodate two types of prospective students: those coming from a health or medical profession seeking knowledge and skills in information science and technology or those who possess knowledge and skills in information science and technology but whose background does not include preparation in the health sciences.

Students are expected to select courses so they can acquire sufficient understanding to work effectively in multidisciplinary teams and to function as boundary spanners or translators between biomedical and health domains and IT. Job opportunities in form of researcher, consultant, data manager, medical director of informatics, pharmacy systems analyst etc.

MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur offers a 3 years post graduate program - Masters in Medical Science and Technology (MMST) for MBBS graduates.

This programme imparts Science and engineering skills to medical professionals and train them for the state-of-the-art medical research in frontier areas of Medical Imaging, Molecular Imaging and Image Analysis, Biomaterials and Implants, Biophysics, Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, Medical Statistics, Telemedicine, Biomedical Instrumentation, Early Detection of Cancer, Immuno-technology, Clinical Biomarker(s) Discovery and Personalized Medicine, Biosensors & pointof-care diagnostics, Recombinant DNA Technology, regenerative medicine, Biomedical Simulation, Wound research Preventive & Promotive Healthcare system and so on.

After the completion of this course the medical professionals become well equipped to fill the void that separates the medical sciences from advanced technology.

ABROAD IN UAE

Institutions in the UAE and the current strengths in different disciplines in the CMHS. Currently, the structure of the curriculum of Masters of Medical Sciences is organized into three tracks: “Microbiology & Immunology”, “Pharmacology and Toxicology” and “Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMB)”.

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology track is a multi-disciplinary program which provides students with a foundation in Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology as well as intensive state-of-the-art laboratory research training.

Research areas in the Biochemistry Department focus on the Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular basis of human diseases including Cancer Biology, Diabetes, and Neurodegenerative disorders, in addition to areas in Gene Regulation, Bioinformatics, Proteomics, Epigenetic, Signal Transduction, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Immunology and Biochemical Toxicology.

Microbiology & Immunology The Microbiology and Immunology track provides students with core knowledge at the respective levels in basic immunology, the pathogenesis of autoimmune and infectious diseases, the molecular details of host-pathogen interactions, the molecular biology and molecular epidemiology of selected pathogens, and the genetic manipulation of pathogens.

Pharmacology & Toxicology The Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics offers a multidisciplinary program designed to prepare highly qualified individuals to be successful scientists in academic and industrial biomedical research.

The pharmacology and toxicology faculty members carry out research in cancer pharmacology, neuropharmacology, cardiovascular pharmacology, drug metabolism, toxicology, proteomics, molecular pharmacology, receptors and signal transduction, and drug design.

PRACTICING

Medical Imaging & Image Analysis Telemedicine & Tele Surgery Reproductive Health Healthcare Information Management System Preventive & Promotive Health Care System Bio-markers and their application in Oncology Tissue Engineering BioMaterials Bio - MEMS in Medicine Bio -MEMS & Sensors Wound Healing Research Herbal Medicine Instrumentation, Rehabilitation Engineering

ENTRANCE EXAM In India for IIT KharagpurThe admission test has an objective question paper of 2 hours.

The candidates are required to answer 120 questions, out of which 75 questions are based on MBBS syllabus. The remaining questions are equally distributed to cover Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics of 10+2 level.

Each question carries 1 mark.

Each wrong answer carries a negative marking of 0.25 marks.

Abroad- a college application essay and resume

REQUIREMENTS AbroadA minimum cumulative GPA of 3.0 is generally required .

An old MCAT score of 25 and a new MCAT score of 500 is generally required.

Students who have already applied to medical school must submit official copies of their AMCAS, TMDSAS or AACOMAS application.

Students will most likely be asked to submit a detailed resume, which includes teaching, leadership and research experience, as well as a personal statement that conveys the student’s motivation for becoming a physician.

A statement of purpose that explains the student’s career goals and why they are a good fit the program may be required.

In India- an MBBS degree and an entrance exam.

TOTAL COST

Free in Northern countries such as Denmark, Sweden and Norway An opportunity of assistantship of Rs. 25,000 per month is awarded to all the eligible students of MMST who keep up a good academic performance, and provide clinical services in B.C. Roy Technology Hospital, IIT Kharagpur for 10 hours per week.

In UAE: 1,600 AED

IN INDIA/ABROAD Both

ELIGIBLITY

AbroadUndergraduate minor in one of the natural sciences. One year in physics, calculus, biology, general chemistry and organic chemistry.

In UAE: A Bachelor’s degree or its equivalent from an accredited university recognized by the UAE Ministry of higher education and scientific research.

A cumulative grade point average (GPA) of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale or equivalent in all undergraduate work.

A score of at least 6.0 on the IELTS Academic exam or equivalent.

This test score must be less than two years old at the time of application, with the following exceptions: Conditional Acceptance- An applicant with a Bachelor degree recognized by the UAE Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research may be granted conditional admission into the Master’s program in one and only one of the following cases: An applicant with an IELTS score of 5.5, or its equivalent. Such a Student must meet the following requirements during the period of conditional admission or be subject to a dismissal: Must achieve a minimum IELTS score of 6.0, or its equivalent, by the end of the student’s first semester of study; May take a maximum of six (6) credits hours in the first semester, not including intensive English courses; Must achieve an overall GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale in the first 9 credit hours of credit-bearing courses studied in the Master’s program.

An applicant with an undergraduate cumulative GPA less than 3.0 but equal or higher than 2.5, or its equivalent. Such a student must meet the following requirements during the period of conditional admission or be subject to a dismissal: May take a maximum of nine (9) credits hours in the first semester of study; Must achieve an overall GPA of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale in the first 9 credit hours of credit-bearing courses studied in the aster’s program.

Merit Fellowship Award To receive the Merit Award, students are expected to have high academic credentials and maintain their academic success at the UAEU. The Merit Fellowship Award offers a financial assistance in form of partial tuition waiver to qualified students.

Students in STEM and strategic areas of the country (renewable energy, transportation, health, water resources, technology, space) will have priority.

Student Eligibility: Have Excellent Academic Standing (GPA ≥ 3.6/4.0).

Maintain a GPA ≥3.6/4.0 during study at UAEU. Have no other financial sponsorship or award.

Benefits: 50% discount on tuition fees.

Duration: Valid until graduation as long as the student is abiding with the Student Eligibility conditions.

In IndiaCandidates must have an MBBS degree recognized by Medical Council of India (MCI) with minimum 55% marks.

Candidates must have studied Mathematics at 10 + 2 level or equivalent (even as an additional subject) from any recognized Open University.

Seats are reserved for SC / ST candidates and persons with disability as per Government of India rules.

FUTURE OPPOTUNITIES

A significant portion of the job involves testing and collecting bodily fluids and tissue samples. Those who work in blood banks are often responsible for manually counting blood cells and bone marrow.

After interpreting results, medical technologists may submit them to pathologists for further review.

If you elect to work in a private clinical environment, you may find yourself assisting scientists and other researchers.

Some medical technologists elect to educate others. If you choose to stop at a master’s, you will probably find employment at a technical or vocational school.

If you elect to earn a postgraduate degree, you will be able to teach at the university level. You will teach students the basic concepts of the field, and ensure that they can actively apply their knowledge. Other career paths may include, Medical scientists, Pathologist and Phlebotomist.

TIME FRAME In India- 3yrs Abroad- 5 yrs PhD Abroad- 3 years MS

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SALARY: After immediately graduating, an intern may earn Rs. 15,000 a month.

After a few years- 35,000 a month.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU

PROS: Technology can be used by doctors.

Everybody will therefore have access to new and modern methods of treatment.

Newer drugs and technology will be cost-effective and helpful.

In the midst of the pandemic we could really use some innovation that will save the population.

With a booming increase in population and incidences of diseases this is the best solution to all the problems.

It can cater to the masses so that all the citizens have an equal right to healthcare.

Deceased infant and maternal mortality rates.

It may also help to find the cure for cancer in the future.

CONS: Increased Cost of the Treatment for the Patients Lack of Information among Patients.

Time-Consuming

LINKS 1. https://www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/cgs/glance.shtml/? utm_source=Keystone&utm_campaign=Keystone&utm_medium=KeystoneListing 2. http://gate.iitkgp.ac.in/mmst/

SUMMARY MASTERS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (MMST) is a course that one can pursue after the MBBS that can satiate your love for both technology and medicine related studies.

MMST is a kind of an interdisciplinary course, designed for doctors who have a niche for technology. It is a three year long post graduate programme for MBBS degree holders that teaches them engineering skills.

To enroll for MMST one have to be an MBBS graduate with at least a 60% marks in aggregate and must have completed the internship to be able to apply. The course also requires its candidates to have studied Mathematics at the 10+2 level.In India,IIT Kharagpur offers MMST programmes.The course of MMST makes a medical student the bridge above the gap lying in between medical science and technology.

Consequently, they can provide the proper application of technology in medicine in their work field. They are frequently hired by hospitals and research faculties to identify the key aspects of a particular research and help the organisation to decide the direction in which the research work should head towards.

An MMST graduate receives intensive training in areas of immuno-technology, biomedical instrumentation, detection of cancer at early stages, medical statistics, biophysics, biomaterials and implants, molecular imaging and image analysis.

In India, the scope of MMST is still limited, which automatically opens up your prospects overseas. Most of the graduates who do not opt for research or PhDs, work in MNCs across the country and the globe alike. The average annual income of these professionals may range from INR 13 Lakhs to 25 Lakhs, based on the company and the designation.

Canada has a healthy economy, which help to find jobs with greater ease, especially if they work in the medical field.

The vast majority of students with this degree choose to work as medical technologists.

They work at hospitals, private practices, research companies and other medical establishments around the world.

They are responsible for performing various laboratory tests which include Diabetes and cancer screening, Prenatal blood tests, HIV/AIDS tests, Tests for bacterial and viral infections. These individuals usually work alongside physicians, nurses and pharmacists, and they sometimes come in close contact with patients.

They operate complex, expensive medical equipment and are usually responsible for cleaning and maintaining it. These individuals have an important job, and the results of the tests they perform will influence the treatment that a patient undergoes.After interpreting results, medical technologists may submit them to pathologist.

HEALTH INFORMATICS AND ANALYTICS STUDY FURTHER

These programs are usually structured to accommodate two types of prospective students: those coming from a health or medical profession seeking knowledge and skills in information science and technology and those who possess knowledge and skills in information science and technology but whose background does not include preparation in the health sciences.

Students are expected to select courses so they can acquire sufficient understanding to work effectively in multidisciplinary teams and to function as boundary spanners or translators between biomedical and health domains and IT. An example curriculum for a master of science in health informatics following a 32 credit-hour format might look as follows Introduction to Health Informatics Foundations in Management Information Systems Integrated Electronic Medical Records e-Healthcare Ethics Health Informatics Independent Study Health Data Management E-medicine Business Models Legal Aspects of Health Info Management Managerial Communication Case Studies in Health Information Management Healthcare Project Management Medical Terminology

ENTRANCE EXAM Admission criteria and application process varies from institute to institute while adhering to standard guidelines

PRACTICING

Hospitals/Clinics Medical Record Department Physician’s Office Tumor Registry Clinical Trial coordinator Hospital Information System Industry Government agencies Transcription/Coding industry Law firms/insurance companies Pharmaceutical companies Academics Faculty Universities, colleges Consulting firms At the World Health Organization (W.H.O.)

IN INDIA/ABROAD

Comprehensive courses offered in India and abroad

REQUIREMENTS

The candidate should be a 10+2 in any background and can be an undergraduate of any discipline.

Proficiency in English and basic computing skills.

TOTAL COST Variable according to the institution, the type of credit course offered and its method of delivery (on campus/online)

ELIGIBILITY

The candidate should be a 10+2 in any background and can be an undergraduate of any discipline.

Professionals, Graduates and Undergraduates from: Medicine, Dental, Environmental Science, Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Home science and allied health, Public Health, Public Health Management, Health Management, Healthcare IT, ICT, Computer Science, MCA, BCA and Social Service.

TIME FRAME 2 years for campus course in MSc Health Informatics, consisting 4 semesters.

Curriculum varies from university to university but adheres to minimum standard guidelines set. There are selfpaced online courses also available with variable duration.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Academic/Researcher Clinical Data Manager Chief Medical Officer Clinical Information Manager Consultant Health Care Webmaster Information security/ Risk/ revenue / privacy manager Medical director for informatics Medical director for information system Pharmacy systems analyst

WHAT INTERESTS YOU An opportunity to expand your knowledge base by learning something new and futuristic.

Amalgamation of medicine with Mathematics and data analytics.

PROS. Facilitating communication between health providers.

Improving medication safety, tracking and reporting.

Promoting quality of care through optimized access to and adherence to guidelines.

Easy access and management.

Economical progress.

CONS High upfront acquisition costs Maintenance costs (malfunction, power outages etc.)Disruption to workflows; temporary losses result of learning a new system.

Potential perceived privacy concerns No doctor-patient relationship; completely different from mainstream clinical field.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

List of institutes offering classroom courses: a. International Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR) b. Indira Gandhi National Open University(IGNOU) c. Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad d. Osmania University e. Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University f.

Mahatma Gandhi University of Medical Sciences & Technology List of institutes offering online courses a. Foundation of Healthcare Technologies Society b. Medavarsity online c. eHCF School of Medical Informatics Top universities for Master of Health Informatics in UK, Canada and Australia: University College London University of Leeds University of Manchester University of Sheffield University of Waterloo University of Sydney University of Toronto University of Wollongong Curtin University University of Victoria University of Melbourne Dalhousie University Top universities for MS Health Informatics (MHI) in USA: Stanford University University of North Carolina University of Minnesota-Twin Cities University of Denver Logan University Florida International University George Mason University Samford University

1) International Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR) Total Course duration & fees: 2 years/Rs. 7,25,000Eligibility: >50% marks in aggregate at graduation (45% in case of candidate belonging to reserved category).

Management aptitude test scores (CAT/MAT/XAT/ATMA/CMAT/GMAT) Selection procedure: Score in common entrance tests= 45 marks Group Discussion= 15 marks Interview= 15 marks Weightage for participation in sports, extra-curricular, academic diversity and gender diversity= 10 marks Academic Performances in X, XII Std. Degree/PG Degree= 15 marks 2) Indira Gandhi National Open University(IGNOU) Total Course duration and fees: 2 years/Rs. 10,000Eligibility: Bachelor’s degree in any discipline from any recognised University/Institutions.marks 3) Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad Total Course duration and fees: 2 years/Rs. 4,00,000 Eligibility: Bachelor’s degree, in any science discipline under 10+2+3 system.

Preference will be given to candidates with working experience in healthcare and information technology.

All applicants should have basic computing skills and proficiency in English.

Selection: Weightage of components:Qualifications-25%; Relevant experience-5% Statement of purpose-10%; Interview-60%

SUMMARY The term “health information technology” (health IT) refers to the electronic systems health care professionals – and increasingly, patients – use to store, share, and analyze health information. Health IT includes some of the following things: a. Electronic health records (EHRs) b. Personal health records (PHRs) c. Electronic prescribing (E-prescribing) d. Privacy and security It has a bright scope in future, however, there are only a limited number of institutions that offer this program in India.

For more opportunities one will have to go abroad. It presents numerous opportunities for improving and transforming healthcare which includes; reducing human errors, improving clinical outcomes, facilitating care coordination, improving practice efficiencies, and tracking data over time.

The advantages of health information technology (IT) include facilitating communication between health care providers; improving medication safety, tracking, and reporting; and promoting quality of care through optimized access to and adherence to guidelines.\ However, there are high upfront acquisition costs, ongoing maintenance costs, and disruptions to workflows that contribute to temporary losses in productivity that are the result of learning a new system.

Moreover, EHRs are associated with potential perceived privacy concerns among patients. Classroom duration is 2 years, consisting 4 semesters. Curriculum along with the credit courses varies across different institutes and so does the fees. However, it is in line with the set standard guidelines. Selection process varies from institute to institute. Scores obtained in undergraduate programs along with interviews etc. have their own weightage.

Need to have completed any Undergraduate course to be eligible. The candidate should be a 10+2 in any background and can be an undergraduate of any discipline.

Should be proficient in English and basic computing skills.

LINKS

1. https://www.bestcolleges.com/features/best-online-masters-in-health-informaticsprograms/· 2. https://www.nhp.gov.in/health-informatics_pg#Institutes%20Offering%20Courses· 3. https://mgumst.org/tele_medicine.php· 4. https://manipal.edu/content/dam/manipal/mu/documents/Admissions/adm2020/2020 %20Post%20Graduate%20(PG)%20Programs%20Eligibility%20&%20Admission%20Proc ess.pdf· 5. https://manipal.edu/content/dam/manipal/mu/documents/Admissions/adm2020/Admi ssions%202020%20-%20General%20Category%20Fees.pdf· 6. http://www.ehcfsmi.edu.in/fee.htm· 7. https://www.medvarsity.com/courses/certificate-course-in-healthcare-informatics/· 8. http://fhts.ac.in/training/· 9. http://fhts.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/fhts-ahi-brochure.pdf·

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE IN INDIA 1st year: Theory + Practical Mathematics 1 & 2 Physics Chemistry Material Sciences Environmental sciences Basics of civil and mechanical engineering Basics of electrical and electronic engineering Engineering Mechanics Thermodynamics Communicative English Projects 2nd year: Theory + Practical Mathematics 3 & 4 Electric circuit analysis Electronic circuits Electric devices Human Anatomy & Physiology Switch theory and Logical Design Electrical and Electronic Instruments C++ & Data structure Dynamics of Bio fluids Material strengths Medical Instrumentation 3rd year: Theory + Practical Control System Engineering Embedded systems in Medicine Microprocessors Principles of Diagnostics and Therapeutic Equipment Linear integrated circuits Medical informatics Signals and Systems Digital Image Processing Biomechanics Medical Instrumentation Biomedical Signal Processing

4th year: Theory + Practical Principles of radiological equipment Advanced biomedical instruments Biomaterials Engineering economics Hospital safety and management Biotelemetry

CURRICULUM

Biomedical engineering is known to have a broad interdisciplinary course curriculum. The study of biomedical science involves principles from both engineering and biological sciences.

The undergraduate level course curriculum in biomedical engineering involves rigorous training in engineering, mathematics and basic sciences. The study programmes are a blend of quantitative aspects of engineering, analysis and design with a range of biological sciences. The 2-year post graduate degree programme in Biomedical engineering aims to integrate the engineering technology with medical sciences in order to evolve a better system for medical research, diagnosis, treatments and support.

The syllabus for Biomedical Engineering courses is divided into eight semesters spread over a span of four years.

PRACTICING Design biomedical equipment and devices, such as artificial internal organs, replacements for body parts, and machines for diagnosing medical problems Install, adjust, maintain, repair, or provide technical support for biomedical equipment Evaluate the safety, efficiency, and effectiveness of biomedical equipment Train clinicians and other personnel on the proper use of biomedical equipment Research the engineering aspects of the biological systems of humans and animals with life scientists, chemists, and medical scientists Prepare procedures, write technical reports, publish research papers, and make recommendations based on their research findings Present research findings to scientists, non scientist executives, clinicians, hospital management, engineers, other colleagues, and in the public sector

ABROAD

Postgraduate Biomedical Engineering courses Australia The University of New South Wales.

University of Technology Sydney.

USA Johns Hopkins University.

SUNY Stony Brook University.

University of California - Irvine.

Texas A and M University University of Central Florida.

Tufts University.

UK University of Glasgow University of Bradford

IN INDIA

IN INDIA / ABROAD

ENTRANCE EXAM In IndiaUndergraduateJEE NEET KCET KEAM TANCET TNEA PostgraduateGATE (India)EligibilityEducational Qualifications Bachelor's degree holders in Engineering / Technology / Architecture Master's degree holders in any branch of Science/ Mathematics/ Statistics/ Computer Applications Candidates in the second or higher year of Four-year integrated master's degree programs (Post-B.Sc.) in Engineering / Technology.

Candidates in the fourth or higher year of Five-year integrated master's degree programs or Dual Degree programs in Engineering / Technology.

Candidates with qualifications obtained through examinations conducted by professional societies recognized by UGC/AICTE (e.g. AMIE by IE(India), AMICE by the Institute of Civil Engineers (India)-ICE(I), AMIETE By IETE(India)) as equivalent to B.E./B.Tech.

Age Limit- None SyllabusVerbal Aptitude Numerical Aptitude Technical Aptitude Engineering Mathematics

Abroad- at a postgraduate levelStudents interested in becoming biomedical engineers should take high school science courses, such as chemistry, physics, and biology.

They should also take math courses, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus. Courses in drafting or mechanical drawing and in computer programming are also useful.

Bachelor's degree programs in biomedical engineering and bioengineering focus on engineering and biological sciences.

Programs include laboratory and classroom-based courses, in subjects such as fluid and solid mechanics, computer programming, circuit design, and biomaterials. Other required courses may include biological sciences, such as physiology.

Accredited programs also include substantial training in engineering design.

Many programs include co-ops or internships, often with hospitals and medical device and pharmaceutical manufacturing companies, to provide students with practical applications as part of their study.

Biomedical engineering and bioengineering programs are accredited by ABET SAT TOEFL PTE IELTS

REQUIREMENTS

IN INDIA / ABROAD

Analytical skills. Biomedical engineers must analyze the needs of patients and customers to design appropriate solutions.

Communication skills. Because biomedical engineers sometimes work with patients and frequently work on teams, they must express themselves clearly. They must seek others' ideas and incorporate those ideas into the problem-solving process.

Creativity. Biomedical engineers must be creative to come up with innovative and integrative advances in healthcare equipment and devices.

Math skills. Biomedical engineers use the principles of calculus and other advanced topics in math and statistics, for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work.

Problem-solving skills. Biomedical engineers typically deal with and solve problems in complex biological systems.

INDIA In IIT MADRAS

TOTAL COST In India- Between INR 50,000 to 4.5 Lakhs Abroad-

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Expected payIn India- â‚š367,290/year

For B.Tech in colleges apart from IITs and NITs- 75% in boards is not required.

ABROAD A bachelor’s degree in Engineering Sciences A pure science degree High School diploma

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Undergraduate- 4 yrs Masters- 2 years PhD- 5 years

LINKS https://openbiomedicalengineeringjournal.com

WHAT INTERESTS YOU

Biomedical engineering represents new areas of medical research and product development; biomedical engineers' work helps pave the way for new ways to help treat injuries and diseases. As medicine is a field with vast numbers of specific disciplines, there are many different sub-fields in which biomedical engineers work. Some work to improve and develop new machinery, such as robotic surgery equipment; others endeavor to create better, more reliable replacement limbs (or parts which help existing limbs function better, such as joint replacements). New and more comfortable patient beds, monitoring equipment, and electronics are also products that often begin as concepts from the biomedical engineer's or involve some level of input from them.

SUMMARY Biomedical Engineering, also referred to as Bioengineering, BioMed or BME, is a multidisciplinary STEM field that combines biology and engineering, applying engineering principles and materials to medicine and healthcare.

The increasing demand for Biomedical Engineers is linked to society’s general shift towards everyday utilisation of machinery and technology in all aspects of life. The combination of engineering principles with biological knowledge to address medical needs has contributed to the development of revolutionary and life-saving concepts such as: Artificial organs Surgical robots Advanced prosthetics New pharmaceutical drugs Kidney dialysis Biomedical Engineering is a broad field with different areas of focus, and the exact nature of the work you can find yourself doing will vary depending on the specifics of your role. A few examples of some of the subdivisions of Biomedical Engineering include: Biomedical Electronics Biomaterials Computational Biology Cellular, Tissue and Genetic Engineering Medical Imaging Orthopedic Bioengineering Bionanotechnology

Biomedical engineers design instruments, devices, and software used in healthcare; develop new procedures using knowledge from many technical sources; or conduct research needed to solve clinical problems. They frequently work in research and development or quality assurance.

Their job entails designing electrical circuits, softwares to run medical equipment, or computer simulations to test new drug therapies. In addition, they design and build artificial body parts, such as hip and knee joints. In some cases, they develop the materials needed to make the replacement body parts. They also design rehabilitative exercise equipment.

The work of these engineers spans many professional fields. For example, although their expertise is based in engineering and biology, they often design computer software to run complicated instruments, such as threedimensional x-ray machines. Alternatively, many of these engineers use their knowledge of chemistry and biology to develop new drug therapies.

Others draw heavily on math and statistics to build models to understand the signals transmitted by the brain or heart. Some may be involved in sales.

The following are examples of specialty areas within the field of biomedical engineering: Bioinstrumentation uses electronics, computer science, and measurement principles to develop instruments used in the diagnosis and treatment of medical problems.

Biomaterials is the study of naturally occurring or laboratory-designed materials that are used in medical devices or as implantation materials.

Biomechanics involves the study of mechanics, such as thermodynamics, to solve biological or medical problems.

Clinical engineering applies medical technology to optimize healthcare delivery.

Rehabilitation engineering is the study of engineering and computer science to develop devices that assist individuals recovering from or adapting to physical and cognitive impairments.

Systems physiology uses engineering tools to understand how systems within living organisms, from bacteria to humans, function and respond to changes in their environment.

Some people with training in biomedical engineering become post secondary teachers.

From manufacturing, orthopedics and pharmaceuticals, to medical imaging and biosensors, there is no shortage of opportunities for those with a degree in Biomedical Engineering. In fact, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that the biomedical engineering field will grow 27 percent in the next decade – one of the fastest rates of any other occupation!

Not to mention the annual median salary for biomedical engineers is $87,000. Not a bad chunk of change for those looking to change the world!

Just five years ago, CNN Money ranked Biomedical Engineer as the #1 job in the United States; and the prospects are still looking good. Not only do these engineers make great money, they get to be creative and innovative as they work in universities, hospitals, labs, etc.

Some popular companies that hire biomedical engineers include: NASA Microsoft Tyco Electronics Johnson & Johnson GE Global Research Forbes ranked biomedical engineering as the #1 major that is most worth a student’s tuition. However, with modern technology and our growing society, it can be difficult to stay on top of the latest advantages. Biomedical engineers always need to be not just one or two, but 10 steps ahead of the game at all times. It’s an extraordinary field of work to pursue, but it’s also extremely complex.

It’s important to be passionate about this field; if the human body doesn’t interest you, biomedical engineering is not your calling. But, if you dream of bringing science fiction to life by growing human organs in a lab, a Master’s in Biomedical Engineering may suit you perfectly.

According to U.S. News & World Report, the highest-paying biomedical engineering jobs are located in California; specifically in the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, San Jose and Santa Rosa. Other high-paying markets include Richmond, V.A., Austin, T.X., Durham, N.C., and Columbus, O.H. Job opportunities are expected to expand dramatically as an entirely new class of products, instrumentation, and implants come to light. The impact to human health will be extraordinary as biomedical engineers continue to solve the toughest problems of the 21st century.

VOLUNTEERING OPPORTUNITIES

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS STUDY FURTHER The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an independent and neutral organization “ensuring humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and other situations of violence”. The ICRC’s work is based on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and it is active in working in response to emergencies while promoting respect for international humanitarian law and its implementation in national laws.

PRACTICING About 30 percent of the ICRC's operational activities are carried out in cooperation with National Societies.

IN INDIA/ABROAD In India, the HELP course is organized by the ICRC in partnership with International Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR), National Institute of Disaster Management, World Health Organization (WHO) and the Indian Red Cross Society.

It aims to enhance professionalism in health emergency response with an emphasis on decision-making. It uses the public health approach, fostering multidisciplinary responses and bringing out challenges, dilemmas, norms, standards and principles. This synergy between the field expertise of the ICRC and the academic expertise of IIHMR makes the course different from other HELP courses conducted around the world.

ENTRANCE EXAM No entrance exam is required. The applicants are selected on an interview basis.

REQUIREMENTS Professional training and knowledge.

Bachelor’s degree plus speciality and minimum 2 years experience for health specialists (eg: Mobile Anesthesiologist) Bachelor’s degree plus two years work experience for health delegates Primary Health Care worker.

Additional requirements eg: ACLS certification courses for Anesthesiologists

ELIGIBILITY Below is a selection of the main areas in which ICRC hire talent: Armed forces, Police and Weapon contamination Communication Economic and Food Security profiles Field, Protection & Detention Forensic science Health Care Human Resources, Finance and Administration Information and Communication Technology Languages Logistics Water and Habitat

TOTAL COST No additional costs other than the required courses to join the organisation.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Permanent job depending upon specialization.

Application: If no deadline is specified, you can apply anytime.

Screening: Two months Interviews: Process duration depends on your availability and our operational needs.

Selection Assignment proposal & employment: Process duration depends on your availability and our operational needs.

It can range from a few weeks to several months.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES ICRC recruits two kinds of staff: resident and mobile. Resident field staff are hired on local contracts to work in a specific position in a specific country.

By contrast, mobile field staff are hired on an expatriate contract and can be deployed to work in any country where there is a need. Mobile field staff typically change countries with each new assignment. Please note that mobile field staff cannot be assigned to a country of which they are nationals.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU There are a wide range of humanitarian issues related to remembering armed conflict: From the long-term impact of hostilities on both civilians and members of armed forces, to missing persons, to the prospects for transitional justice and reconciliation, just to name a few.

The committee two have won the Nobel Prize three times - being involved in humanitarian work and relief alongside eminent personalities in the field. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=fcn8QkwyM7k

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION They have 18,000 staff in over 90 countries, helping people affected by armed conflict and violence.

LINKS https://www.impactpool.org/organiz ations/icrc-international-committeeof-the-red-cross https://international-review.icrc.org/ https://www.ifrc.org/en/who-weare/the-movement/icrc/

SUMMARY One of the core values of the ICRC is treating and caring for the wounded and sick in armed conflict, other major violence and natural disasters. The ICRC is very active in addressing the main issues affecting the health of people by deploying its traditional health disciplines (i.e. first aid, war surgery, health care in detention) as well as primary health care, comprehensive hospital care, mental health and psychosocial support. The ICRC is committed to delivering and providing high quality health programs and often works with other organizations to bring together experts from different medical fields.

Therefore, the ICRC is always in search of professionals such as doctors, nurses, nutritionists, pediatricians, surgeons, detention doctors, psychologists and similar.

HEALTH VOLUNTEERS OVERSEAS PRACTICING

The job description includes teaching and training of healthcare workers in the local government of the respective country you have chosen to volunteer.

There are programmes available and based on your qualifications and programme requirement, you will be allowed to apply for them.

You will have to incur the cost of travel and in cases where the local govt cannot provide you accommodation, you would have to pay for it yourself.

You will be working in a hospital in urban settings mostly in capital regions of the state or province.

IN INDIA/ABROAD Abroad (Washington DC , USA)

REQUIREMENTS You need to be a licensed medical practitioner, unless you go for an undergrad or pre med programme.

ELIGIBILITY

Depending on the type of programme, qualifications and eligibility of the volunteer change.

Some programmes even take undergraduates and pre med students as volunteers.

TOTAL COST 150$(US) per annum for physicians, since it is a membership, it needs to be renewed every year. 70$/year for nurses and allied health professionals.

40$/year for those in training.

Physicians 150$ = 11250 INR Nurses and Allied Health professionals. 70$ = 5250 INR Training/ Undergraduates 40$ = 3000 INR.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION

Depends on the programme.

Mostly all programmes range from 1-4 weeks.

Prior to that, Application, selection, selection of program, and Project director review and reference check takes 2-4 weeks.

After this, Planning and logistics requires another month or so. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=7ma3VGVnYVQ&feature=emb_title

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Public and global health advocacy.

A career in academia.

Scholarships - Warfield scholarship, Wyss scholarship.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS: The programme offers you a chance to educate health care workers in other less privileged countries.

Visiting a new country will be a whole new experience in itself.

You can work up in both your teaching and practicing career with this new profound experience .

You will have done significant social work.

Since it is a short course, multiple projects can be undertaken.

Volunteers are applicable for scholarships, grants, and fellowship applications.

CONS: It is an expensive venture mostly because you will have to pay for most of the things like travel and membership.

Not every course is family/spouse accommodating.

There is a set of specializations the projects look for and your qualifications would not fit every project criteria.

Since you will be going abroad, passport and visa formalities may take up a lot of your time.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION This is not a course or degree per se, rather it is active volunteering or a charity programme.

The organisation aims at training and education of health care professionals in the countries it provides its services to. Therefore, it is more of a teaching based programme rather than actual medical volunteering.

Most programmes offer facilities for spouse/companion.

Since it is a training programme, it is recommended that you have a postgraduate degree in some specialty of medicine but it is not compulsory.

LINKS https://hvousa.org/

SUMMARY Health volunteers overseas (HVO) is a Washington based non profit organisation. HVO is a teaching and training organization. HVO volunteers train local health care providers, giving them the knowledge and skills to make a difference in their own communities. Volunteers are involved in a variety of activities – teacher training, developing or updating curricula, providing continuing education workshops, and mentoring students and residents. They may lecture, serve as clinical instructors, conduct ward rounds, and demonstrate various techniques in classrooms, clinics and operating rooms. Qualified professionals who are volunteers go overseas to train local health care providers in: anesthesia, dermatology, hand surgery, hematology, internal medicine, nursing education, oral health, orthopaedics, oncology, pediatrics, physical therapy and wound care.

These programmes last between 1-4 weeks. The first step is to become a member which requires you to submit a CV on the website https://hvousa.org and pay an annual membership fee of 150 US$. Since it is a non profit organisation, the volunteers must themselves incur most of the cost of travelling, accommodation and food. You will be posted in hospitals and clinics in urban settings where you are to train the health care providers. All the formalities and paperwork before and after the tour have to be completed in time. Some programmes may allow your spouse to accompany you where he or she may also teach in local schools. If you are not willing to travel abroad you could also volunteer by bringing more people into the organization and monetary donations are always welcome.

DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS OR MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES (MSF) STUDY FURTHER Doctors Without Borders, French Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), international humanitarian group dedicated to providing medical care to people in distress, including victims of political violence and natural disasters.

The founding members believed that people in distress had the right to medical intervention and that the need to provide assistance to those people transcended national borders.

They have been present in India since 1999 providing free-of-charge essential healthcare to people in remote areas, and specialist care for people affected

by HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, hepatitis C, antibiotic resistance, tuberculosis, kala azar and sexual and gender-based violence.

PRACTICING As a physician working for Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), you may be responding to an outbreak of cholera or meningitis, treating victims in the aftermath of an armed conflict, or setting up a treatment program for HIV/AIDS or malaria.

The only certainty with an MSF mission is that your clinical skills and resourcefulness will be put to the test.

Your managerial and teaching skills will also be called upon, as your responsibilities will include supervision and training of local medical staff.

Additional tasks may include assessments, data collection, medical reporting, and more.

IN INDIA/ABROAD Depending on the need Doctors can be expected to be posted within India or overseas.

ENTRANCE EXAM Submit application: Either online or offline at the appropriate MSF office.

One must upload a CV and skills list if they’re applying for a particular position.

Screening of necessary documents and applications by a Field HR officer within 2 weeks.

Interview: Candidates whose qualifications best meet the organization's needs are invited to a telephonic interview and/or an in-person interview to determine their suitability.

In-person interviews are held regularly in MSF's New York City office and in various U.S. cities.

Assessment Center: MSF-India office organises recruitment and assessment sessions periodically in India and neighbouring South Asian countries.

Reference Check: During the application screening process, your professional and educational credentials will be verified by an outsourced agency appointed by MSF. Information Days: All new MSF volunteers take a preparatory course that provides further insight into the organisation and the work carried out by MSF. Topics covered during this course include humanitarian emergency aid, safety, stress and cross-cultural communication.

Pool: Selected candidates are included in an active field staff pool. When the need arises, MSF offices match positions that must be filled to the most appropriate candidate, who is contacted and offered the position.

Departure: You will also have briefings in the Delhi office and, if appropriate, in the operational section prior to your departure to the field, followed by a full briefing on arrival in the field. The MSF also covers certain costs.

TOTAL COST For India: ₹56K - ₹1 L monthly with other perks mentioned below

REQUIREMENTS Availability for a minimum of 9 to 12 months (minimum 6 weeks for surgeons, anesthesia providers & obgyns) Previous experience working in a low resource setting (priority given to those with experience working in a humanitarian context).

At least 2 years of relevant professional experience Computer skills: Must be comfortable using Microsoft Office applications (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint).

ELIGIBILITY Doctors Without Borders is in particular seeking HIV and tuberculosis specialists, pediatricians, anesthetists, surgeons, ER physicians, obstetriciangynecologists and infectious disease specialists. However general physicians do not require a post grad degree to apply Essential: MBBS degree with full & valid registration from Medical Council of India or state medical councils.

Desirable: Post Graduate Degree/ Diploma/ fellowship in the following streams. Experience in following fields is a good asset: Infectious diseases, Public health, Minor Surgery, Obstetrics, HIV/AIDS, Emergency Medicine.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Currently, most candidates wait at least 5 months in the pool prior to receiving an assignment proposal.

The usual length of a first mission is between 9 and 12 months.

Medical doctors with an availability of only 6 months may be considered.

Surgeons and anesthesiologists deployed in acute crises may serve for a period of six weeks or more.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Salary increases after 12 months infield, and at regular intervals thereafter reflecting professional expertise, previous experience, and increasing levels of responsibility.

Paid vacation (25 days per year).

Comprehensive Leave Package (Paid Parental Leave, FMLA, Paid Sick Leave).

Workers Compensation, Short & Long Term Disability coverage.

401k Retirement Plan.

Life insurance & AD&D coverage.

Employer paid medical, dental & vision insurance for employee (not dependents).

Three-month extension of medical & dental insurance coverage post assignment.

Psychosocial care support before and after mission.

Access to Employee Assistance Program (Legal advice, tax advice, mental health services).

Confidential peer support network.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Ability to work and live with a diverse teamAn MSF team is made up of medical and non-medical professionals from an array of nationalities and cultural backgrounds.

Flexibility and adaptability: To reflect changing needs in the field, activities can shift quickly and job descriptions change accordingly.

Commitment to MSF's principles: Operates independently of any political, military, or religious agenda, observes neutrality, and provides impartial care delivered on the basis of need alone.

PROS: Benefits mentioned above Working with a humanitarian, Impartial, Non-political, independent organisation which provides a space to express your feelings and respect it Unmatched satisfaction after volunteering as you’re treating people beyond your borders.

Interaction with people from different cultures all over the world.

Change from the monotony of regular practice

CONS: High Uncertainty on the Job: The only certainty with an MSF mission is that your clinical skills and resourcefulness will be put to the test.

Language barriers may arise with the patients, locals or even your co-workers No fixed prior commitment, they can call you to work for 6-9 months at any point of time Working and living in a low setting environment Cultural differences may arise with the patients, locals and co-workers.

LINKS https://www.glassdoor.co.in/Salari es/doctors-without-borderssalary-SRCH_KE0,23.htm https://www.britannica.com/biogr aphy/Bruce-Cockburn https://www.msfindia.in/projectsin-india/ https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=qNPAEr1lc7w https://www.doctorswithoutbord ers.org/

SUMMARY Doctors Without Borders, French Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), international humanitarian group dedicated to providing medical care to people in distress, including victims of political violence and natural disasters. They have been present in India since 1999 providing free-of-charge essential healthcare to people in remote areas, and specialist care for people affected by HIV/AIDS, TB, hepatitis C, etc.

Any MBBS graduate from a college recognized by the MCI who can make themselves available for 9-12 months , with a previous experience of working in a low resource setting and has computer skills can apply via their website which will then be followed by an interview, reference check and induction after which they usually wait for 5 months before being assigned to work in India or Overseas.

Doctors Without Borders is in particular seeking HIV and tuberculosis specialists, pediatricians, anesthetists, surgeons, ER physicians, obstetrician-gynecologists and infectious disease specialists. However general physicians do not require a post grad degree to apply Experience in Public Health, Minor Surgery, Emergency Medicine, Obstetrics, etc. is an asset along with fluency in French, experience of working overseas and in tropical medicine.

One must be flexible, easily adaptable, aware about human rights in their country and have the ability to work with an array of cultures. Medical Doctors often get ₹56K - ₹1 L monthly, depending on their work with other perks including ( daily allowance, insurance and leaves).

MISCELLANEOUS

ARMY STUDY FURTHER Regular MD/MS/Diploma

REQUIREMENTS Nationality - Candidates must be Indian citizen. This does not apply to Priority II category candidates Registration - Candidates must be holders of permanent or provisional registration certificate issued by the Medical Council of India (MCI) or State Medical Council (SMC)

PRACTICING In the armed forces either army/navy/airforce (in the ratio of 80:10:10

ENTRANCE EXAM NEET PG

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Same as regular MS/MD/Diploma

ELIGIBILITY Candidates are required to fulfil certain eligibility conditions in order to qualify for AFMS PG medical admission 2020. In the points below AFMS PG eligibility criteria has been mentioned for candidate’s reference Age - There is a specific requirement in the age category for Priority V candidates only. Such aspirants must not be more than 35 years of age as on April 30, 2020 Degree - It is essential for all the candidates to possess MBBS degree from a recognised institution Qualifying examination and percentile As aforementioned, admissions will be granted on the basis of NEET PG score, thus candidates must secure minimum qualifying percentile as mentioned below.

TOTAL COST Application Processing Fee: ₹ 200/- will be charged from the applicants towards application processing.

The requisite amount is required to be paid at the end of the application submission through online payment (interned banking/ Credit Card/ Debit Card).

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

Permanent Commission: Remain in the Army until retirement Short Service Commission: as mentioned below

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS Getting to practice 2 of the most noble professions ie. serving the country (army) and being a doctor Quality professional work with adequate growth and satisfaction.

Unparalleled pride of serving mankind and motherland.

All round personality development required of a leader in all walks of life.

Free medical treatment for self and dependents.

Canteen (CSD) facilities.

Membership of premier clubs and Institutes Physical and mental fitness through sports and adventure.

Place of duty spanning the entire nation as well as abroad.

Leave travel concession (LTC), concessional air and rail travel and free railway warrants for self and dependents.

Bonhomie & camaraderie unique to Services.

Ample avenues for self & spouse for contribution to society

CONS Changing of residence frequently Compulsory bonds Strict routine

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Recruitment to the medical posts are through Permanent Commission (PC) and Short Service Commission (SSC).

50% of the graduates passing out from the Armed Forces Medical College Pune are taken directly into Permanent Commission and the rest are offered Short Service Commission. Doctors from civil medical colleges are offered only SSC entry.

SSC officers are required to serve for a minimum period of 5 years. The SSC may be extended by another two terms of 5 years and then 4 years upto a maximum of 14 years. AFMC graduates offered SSC are required to serve for a minimum period of 7 years extendable by another 7 years Upper Age Limit- 45 Years Notification for the post of doctors (married/unmarried – male and female) in Indian Navy through SSC are published in leading newspapers once a year.

Eligible candidates are called for interview at New Delhi to assess their merit and suitability for grant of Short Service Commission in the Army Medical Corps and subsequent secondment to the Navy.

Based on the results of the interview, candidates who have been short listed are subjected to medical examination at designated Armed Forces hospitals in New Delhi. Medically fit candidates are granted commission subject to verification procedures as deemed necessary as required for commissioning.

Post graduate degree holders i.e.

MD/MS/MCh/DM may also apply.

SUMMARY The Army Medical Corps is amongst one of the best options available to medical graduates of our country where there is an opportune professional environment of an exceptional order blended with high degree of professionalism, dignity and self esteem.

It offers a golden opportunity to be a part of the world's finest service and get trained not only to be an officer and a gentleman but also a highly skilled professional. Army Medical Corps promises both professional and personal growth at every stage of the career. In addition to the professional growth and development, the adventure and extra-curricular activities in the service ensure an all round development essential for today's world.

Apart from attractive pay and perks, service offers the best in lifestyle and professional growth.

Armed Forces Medical Services is the first tri-service (Army, Navy and Air Force) organization and one of the largest organized medical services in the country. It has state of the art tertiary care hospitals and speciality centres of excellence.

It provides medical support to the Armed Forces during war as well as comprehensive healthcare to all service personnel, ex-servicemen and their dependents during peace. The Army Medical Corps provides medical aid during natural calamities both at national and international levels.

LINKS http://www.amcsscentry.gov.in/ https://medicine.careers360.com/articles/ afms https://www.careers360.com/questionhow-to-join-army-after-doing-mbbs https://www.quora.com/How-do-I-jointhe-Indian-Army-as-a-doctor-after-doingmy-MBBS

COMBINED MEDICAL SERVICES (UPSC) STUDY FURTHER

Entrance exam for job - CMSE conducted by UPSC Doctors of Indian Railway Medical Service (IRMS)will have 3 months training.

Training for Indian Ordnance Factories Health officer -The induction training programme of probationary officers is of 64 weeks, comprising technical, managerial and administrative modules of theoretical, practical and field nature.

IN INDIA/ABROAD

The Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE) is conducted in accordance with the rules published by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in the Gazette of India. UPSC conducts a Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE) for recruitment of the following posts to be filled: Assistant Divisional Medical Officer in the Railways (300) Assistant Divisional Medical Officer in Indian Ordnance Factories Health Services (46) Junior Scale Posts in Central Health Services (250) General Duty Medical Officer in New Delhi Municipal Council (07) General Duty Medical Gr.-II in East Delhi Municipal Corporation, North Delhi Municipal Corporation and South Delhi Municipal Corporation (362) Total vacancies-965

ENTRANCE EXAM Exam- Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE) Conducted by- Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) Question format- Objective Official website- www.upsc.gov.in Frequency- once in a year No of papers- 2 Time Limit- 2 hours for each paper Exam level- National Exam mode- Computer based (online) Part - l COMPUTER BASED EXAMINATION – (500 marks) The candidates will take the Computer based examination in two papers, each paper carrying a maximum of 250 marks. Each paper will be of two hours duration.

Paper 1 - Total questions = 120 (96 from General Medicine and 24 from Paediatrics) Paper 2 - Total Questions = 120 (40 each from Surgery, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Preventive & Social Medicine) Part‐II Personality Test (100 Marks): Personality test carrying 100 marks of the candidates who qualify based on the results of the Computer Based Examination.

ENTRANCE EXAM The Interview for Personality Test is intended to serve as a supplement to the Computer Based Examination for testing the General Knowledge and the proficiency of the candidates in the fields of their academic study.

The candidates’ intellectual curiosity, critical powers of assimilation, balance of judgement and alertness of mind, ability for social cohesion, integrity of character, initiative and capability for leadership are also assessed.

Penalty for wrong answers There will be a penalty (negative marking) for wrong answers marked by the candidate in the objective type question papers. (i) There are four alternatives for the answers to every question. For each question for which a wrong answer has been given by the candidate, one third of the marks assigned to that question will be deducted as penalty. (ii) If a candidate gives more than one answer, it will be treated as a wrong answer even if one of the given answers happens to be correct and there will be the same penalty as above for that question. (iii) If a question is left blank i.e. no answer is given by the candidate, there will be no penalty for that question.

The Commission has the discretion to fix qualifying marks in any or both the papers of the examination.

There is negative marking in the UPSC CMS written exam. The quantum of negative marking is one by three.

REQUIREMENTS

Education requirements - For appearing in the exam, a candidate should have passed the written and practical parts of the final MBBS Examination A candidate who has appeared or has yet to appear in the final MBBS exam may also apply.

Such candidates will be allowed to appear in the exam, if otherwise eligible but the admission would be deemed to be provisional and subject to cancellation, if they do not produce proof of having passed the written and practical part of the final MBBS exam along with the detailed application which will be required to be submitted to the Commission by the candidates who qualify on the result of the computer-based exam A candidate who has yet to complete the compulsory rotating internship is educationally eligible for admission to the examination but on selection, they will be appointed only after they have completed the compulsory rotating internship BDS students can also apply for medical officer (dental) posts through the state or central governmen

ELIGIBILITY

Age limit: Candidates must be less than 32 years as on 1st January of the year of examination.

The upper age limit is relaxed up till 3-5 years for SC/ST/OBC and some other categories, as notified from time to time.

Frequency- Once in a year Nationality- Citizen of India, Subject of Nepal or Bhutan and some Tibetan refugees, a person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka or East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia or from Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India.

Restrictions on number of attemptsNone

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION FrequencyOnce in a year Schedule as per 2020 - Nationality- Citizen of India, Subject of Application from Tibetan July 22, 2020 Nepal or BhutanStarts and some Last Date to Apply August 11, 2020 refugees, a person of Indian origin who CMSE admit card September 2020 has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri CMSE exam date Countries October 22, Lanka or East African of 2020 Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic2020 of Tanzania, CMSE result November Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia CMSE Interview January 2021 or fromCMSE Vietnam with the intention of Final Result February 2021 permanently settling in India.

Restrictions on number of attemptsNone

TOTAL COST

Application fees- The application fees for the written exam is Rs 200. Female candidates, reserved category candidates and candidates with disabilities are exempted from paying Application fees- The the application fees.application fees for the written exam is Rs 200. Female candidates, reserved category candidates and candidates with disabilities are exempted from paying the application fees.

TOTAL COST

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The services the CMS selected doctors are TIME FRAME FOR COURSE posted to COMPLETION The Railways offer a fairly good career, and the ambitious Schedule as per ones 2020can - pursue higher education on paid study leave (after 5 years Application Starts from July 22, 2020 placed of joining service) to get themselves into the specialist slots in the railway Last Date to Apply August 11, 2020 hospitals for better professional satisfaction.

Some of the big 2020 names in CMSE admit card September cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery in the country wereOctober baked in these hospitals.

CMSE exam date 22, 2020 Natural leaders can grow well CMSE result November professionally in railway2020 hospitals.

CMSE Interview January 2021 Central Health Service offers some good professional career prospects especially in CMSE Final Result February 2021 Delhi based hospitals without much hassle, but no private practice is allowed

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES The services the CMS selected doctors are posted to The Railways offer a fairly good career, and the ambitious ones can pursue higher education on paid study leave (after 5 years of joining service) to get themselves placed into the specialist slots in the railway hospitals for better professional satisfaction. Some of the big names in cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery in the country were baked in these hospitals.

Natural leaders can grow well professionally in railway hospitals.

Central Health Service offers some good professional career prospects especially in Delhi based hospitals without much hassle, but no private practice is allowed

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS

Early settlement, Good salary & Benefits- Lucrative salary package attracts at the beginning of career.

Candidates getting recruited via the UPSC exam enjoy good salary and huge benefits along with immense respect and honor; salary- Rs. 56,1001,77,500/month Secure Job- In Government jobs there are strict rules and laws against firing of employees unlike private jobs.

Work LIfe Balance- The job will give enough time to spend with family as the working hours are shorter (8 hours/day).

Job Satisfaction- Satisfaction of working for the nation and not just for an organisation or a company.

Freedom to Work- One has huge freedom to work as a government officer, the power to make their own decisions according to their own judgement.

By about 20 years in service, one can expect to reach a status equal to that of the Joint Secretary to the Govt.

CONS Non-Clinical job Cannot open a private practice The competition has increased as more people are joining UPSC-CMS, because of job security and a secured government job.

Not an alternative to PG.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION LIST OF BOOKS FOR UPSC CMS EXAMS UPSC Combined Medical Services Examination By Sushil K. Vimal Review Of Combined Medical Services

By Nayak Elsevier Comprehensive Guide To Combined Medical Services UPSC Simplified Supplement 2011 By Prakash Nayak

LINKS 1. https://blog.oureducation.in/combinedmedical-science-examinations-upsc/ 2. https://www.shiksha.com/exams/upsccms-exam 3. https://www.careerindia.com/upsc/cmsexam-e19.html 4. https://www.quora.com/What-are-thecareer-prospects-for-a-doctor-whojoins-via-the-Combined-MedicalServices-CMS-examination 5. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_ Ordnance_Factories_Service 6. https://indianrailwayemployee.com/con tent/training-officers-indian-railwaymedical-service-irms 7. https://indianrailwayemployee.com/con tent/training-officers-indian-railwaymedical-service-irms

SUMMARY The Combined Medical Service Exam is conducted by Union Public Service Commission for recruitment of doctors in Railways, Ordinance Factories Health Services, Central Health Services, New Delhi Municipal Council etc. for a total 965 vacancies. CMSE is a computer based online exam conducted annually in 2 parts, Part 1 consists of 2 online objective question papers with 1/3 negative marking and Part 2 is a personality test for students who have qualified the computer based exam.

MBBS students who have qualified final year theory and practical exams or are yet to appear can apply but they have to show proof of passing during Part 2 Personality Exam.

Also, the ones yet to complete their internship can apply but will be appointed only after completion of internship.

The age limit for appearing in the exam is 32 yrs on 1st January of the year of appearing with some flexibility in age for reserved categories. There are no restrictions in numbers of attempts till the age limit. Nationality requirements are extensive and strict.

The Railway Medical Officers can study further and work in special Railway hospitals as surgeons, cardiologists etc. The officers can expect to eventually attain a status equal to Joint Secretary to the Government.

They get a good salary and respect along with a secure job, freedom and power to make their own decisions according to their own judgement and less working hours.

HEALTH/MEDICAL JOURNALISM AND WRITING STUDY FURTHER Professional Diploma in Medical Journalism Program Structure: Introduction to Medical Journalism Barriers, Facts and Fiction in Medical Journalism Observation, Evidence, Interpretation and Persuasion Common errors in Medical Reporting Critical Journalism and challenging issues Use of technology and making effective presentations Publishing papers in Journals/Publication writing Preparation of Thesis/Dissertation Computer skills Sentence control Writing flow and Cohesiveness Advanced PG Diploma in Scientific writing and Medical Journalism Program Structure: General Introduction to clinical research Basics of good medical writing Computer skills Overview of the regulatory, marketing, and drug promotion processes Common technical document Protocol, investigator’s brochure and case report forms Clinical study report Sentence control

Writing flow and cohesiveness Publication writing Documents in medico-marketing Managing the review process Introduction to medical journalism Barriers, Facts and Fiction in Medical Journalism Observation, Evidence, Interpretation and Persuasion Common errors in Medical Reporting Critical Journalism and challenging issues Use of technology and making effective presentations Publishing papers in Journals/Publication writing Preparation of Thesis/Dissertation Short trainings and courses Fellowship programmes

PRACTICING Although it is not mandatory to have a degree or training in medical journalism and writing, it adds to the CV and the candidate is given greater preference.

Having excellent writing skills and motivation for this also puts you up on the ladder.

This opens up a number of career opportunities in the area of scientific writing as well as medical journalism.

PRACTICING As a scientific writer you can explore multiple career opportunities with pharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations, medical communications companies, healthcare websites, journals, magazines etc.

In addition to working as a full time writer you can also explore freelance medical writing opportunities.

Career opportunities as a medical journalist can be explored with major newspapers, magazines, television production companies, radio networks etc.

IN INDIA/ABROAD Can be pursued anywhere around the globe Top countries include the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, Italy, Spain and many other countries in Europe.

REQUIREMENTS Strong motivation towards journalism and writing (eg-a portfolio) Above average standard of written and spoken English A medical writing training program is not mandatory but is definitely a plus point

ELIGIBILITY MBBS degree Or, final year student of MBBS No age criteria or limit as such

TOTAL COST These are online courses 39,999 dollars for Medical writing and 39,999 dollars for Medical journalism (ClinSkill) Rs. 36,000 for APGD in scientific writing and medical journalism (James Lind Institute) Rs. 27,000 for Prof Diploma in Medical Journalism (James Lind Institute)

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Self paced 3 or 4-6/8 months (Maximum duration allowed-18 months) - 10-15 hours required/week

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Freelancing For full time professionals, employment options include pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, clinical research organizations (CROs), health regulatory authorities, communications agencies, healthcare journals and websites etc.

Writers in contract research and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies contribute towards documents for submissions to international regulatory agencies like US FDA, DCGI, etc.

Write manuscripts for publication in various national and international medical journals.

Writer in communication agencies.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU If you have a flair for writing, reporting and possess creative and analytical thinking skills Multitasking and journalistic skills Good people skills and effective communicator

PROSOpportunity to work on challenging projects Lifelong learning Benefits of a press card Socialising, meeting new people and having contact with influential people Travel opportunities Opportunity to become an expert in your field

CONSNot lucrative Long workdays Stressful - meeting a deadline Fast-paced field in which one needs to be constantly updated about new advances and technologies May feel overworked and underpaid

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Many institutes offer an online course

LINKS 1. https://www.jli.edu.in/blog/a-career-asa-medical-journalist/ 2. https://www.jli.edu.in/blog/qualification s-and-skills-to-become-a-medicalwriter/ 3. https://www.jli.edu.in/blog/career-inmedical-writing-its-future/

SUMMARY Medical journalism is a diverse field and is always evolving, so it never becomes stagnant. It can be divided into two main divisions: those who write for the general public and, those who write for doctors and other medical professionals in peerreviewed journals. Media plays a crucial role in disseminating health information. Health news reports need to be accurate, so professionalism in health journalism is the need of the hour. Any inaccurate, incomplete, and unreliable news could lead to unrealistic expectations in the public. For health writers and journalists, it is important to handle the progressively increasing amount of data. This requires excellent research, analytical, writing and reporting skills. The field involves design, implementation, analysing, writing, editing and managing research and other articles in the field of medicine and healthcare. To become equipped to pursue this career, one can take several online courses which usually cost between Rs. 27,000-36,000 in India or around 40,000 dollars abroad. These courses take 3-8 months for completion and require around 10-15 hours of work per week. One can also do this part time alongside their clinical practice. Job opportunities involve working as editors, or at medical research centres as research and publishing consultants. The average payscale differs with the aspect of the job. If you’re on the editing side, the pay is less but it’s a good way to break in. Full time medical writers can earn starting from 24,000 dollars to 70,000 dollars a year abroad. This job will enable one to write and deliver impacting stories about healthcare.Â

INDIAN RAILWAYS STUDY FURTHER Study for the common eligibility exam to join the Indian Railway Health Services (IRHS) A review of the Subjects of General Surgery, Medicine, Neurology, Radiology, Paediatrics, etc. is required to appear for the CMS examination.

Candidates who qualify in the Computer Based Examination are called for Interview or Personality Test.

The Interview or Personality Test carries 100 marks. The interview or personality test is intended to serve as a supplement to the Computer Based Examination for testing the general knowledge and ability of the candidates in the fields of their academic study and also in the nature of a personality test to assess the candidate's intellectual curiosity, critical powers of assimilation, balance of judgment and alertness of mind, ability for social cohesion, integrity of character, initiative and capability for leadership.

PRACTICING To be practising in the forefront in providing efficient, comprehensive and effective healthcare in the government sector of Railway Services to all railway employees, retired railway employees and their dependents as well as other categories of staff in Railway such as contractors, vendors and licensed porters

The medical officer is responsible for allotting duties to the medical staff and makes the sure smooth running of OPD as well The medical officer makes arrangements to distribute work at the time of emergency.

The officer manages his staff in normal OPD hours and is allowed to organize laboratory services The Railway Medical Services is now called Indian Railway Health Services after merger of certain sectors

ENTRANCE EXAM National UPSC CMSE (Common Medical Services Examination) Its is conducted in PART 1 ( 2 papers each of 250 marks) and Part 2 Personality test ( 100 marks) The exam is conducted in 2 papers, Each of 2 hours carrying 250 marks in Objective format in One Day. Passing marks and results are based on percentile and number of people appearing , for 2019 the cut off for CMSE exam was 389 out of 600 for the General category.

Number of attempts are unlimited but the age limit to appear for the exam is 32 years.

The exam is said to be of moderate to high difficulty level.

IN INDIA/ABROAD In Railway Health Services in India.

The job entails the followingThe medical officer is supposed to do medical duties as performed by any doctor

REQUIREMENTS For being able to appear in the exam, a candidate should have passed the written and practical parts of the final MBBS Examination Candidate should be less than 32 years of age Candidate must be of the following nationality: Citizen of India Subject of Nepal Subject of Bhutan A Tibetan refugee who came over to India before the January 1, 1962, with the intention of permanently settling in India A person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka or East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zaire and Ethiopia or from Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in india.

ELIGIBILITY Should have completed internship rotations and passed final year MBBS examination Clear the UPSC, CMSE examination fulfilling all the criteria. The candidate called for an interview once the CMSE exam is cleared.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The UPSC CMSE exam can be given after MBBS completion and the preparation time depends on person to person, while the age limit to appear for the exam is 32 years.

TOTAL COST

The UPSC MSE exam fee is Rs. 200.

If selected the training and medical officer position is stipend and government subsidized.

The salary depends on the post and level of officer one is in the Indian Railway; it starts from Rs. 15,000 - 70,000 depending on the post

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Assistant Divisional Medical Officer in the Railways At the Railway board level, the DG/RHS is assisted by Principal Executive Director , Executive Directors, Director/Health and Family welfare, Director/Industrial Health and other officers.

At the zonal level, the operations of the medical services are headed by a Principal Chief Medical Director (PCMD) who acts as the administrative head of the entire zone.

The PCMD is assisted by Chief Health Director (CHD) and by Additional Chief Medical Director (ACMD) & Dy. Chief Medical Directors (Dy.CMD).

Zonal hospitals named Central hospitals are there at each zone headed by Medical Director MD and supported by his team of doctors administratively and for various specialities.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES At the divisional level, the operations are headed by a Chief Medical Superintendent (CMS). In some divisions, Additional Chief Medical Superintendent (ACMS) or Medical Superintendent (MS)-in-charge head the functioning of the medical department.

At the sub-divisional or peripheral level, the operations might be headed by Additional Chief Medical Superintendent (ACMS) or Senior Divisional Medical Officers (Sr.DMO) and in some cases, by the Divisional Medical Officer (DMO).

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS

An opportunity to work in the Indian Railway Services Broad based Learning in Railway camps and trainings Taking up a job in the government sector.

Free railway pass and facilities that a railway officer receives 25 % Non practicing allowance and time bound promotions.

CONS Can’t have a private practice.

Fixed pay grade.

There is no advantage of being a postgraduate. You have to perform as a general duty practitioner in addition to specialized work which includes night duties Transferable job.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION The medical officer will be recruited and posted in any central department Indian Govt. can send the officer to any department to serve its employees, retired employees and their dependents The medical officer should be within 8 KM radius only as the medical officer's help may be required any time. The medical officer will get all the benefits as other central government employees get when it comes to accommodations, bonus, salary and other things.

To prepare for the exam, maintain a plan and systematic routine and study for the exam; refer previous year papers

LINKS 1. https://www.careerindia.com/upsc/cmsexam-e19.html 2. https://irtpms.in/site/wpcontent/uploads/2017/09/IRMS-AnOverview.pdf 3. http://irmsconnect.com/about.php 4. http://irmsconnect.com/ 5. https://www.shiksha.com/exams/upsccms-exam 6. https://www.upsc.gov.in/faqs 7. https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//upl oads/files/1508995907518PAY_OFFICERS_CH.pdf

SUMMARY Indian Railway Health Services are full of opportunities if you are interested to take up a job in the government sector and particularly with Railway forces which have many facilities same as that of Railway officers including time bound promotions.

The pay scale depends on the level of the post and the job might be transferable.

Broad based learning is done in training and railway services in order to equip one to deal with all kinds of conditions and trauma. Aspirants can apply for it through a common entrance exam UPSC CMSE To be recruited in the railway healthcare services, after clearing the UPSC CMSE examination, one is required to have passed the MBBS final exam with passing scores and completed all the internship rotations. One can also take up this job opportunity after PG but being a postgraduate doesn't make any difference in job description. It brings with it many future opportunities in the cadre of the many high yielding posts over the years in the Railway Healthcare Sector with high scale salaries and future securities, but one downside is that establishment of private practice is strictly prohibited. The UPSC CMSE exam has a fairly moderate to high difficulty level with no cap on attempts but there is an age limit of 32 years. For being able to appear in the exam, a candidate should have passed the written and practical parts of the final MBBS Examination. The UPSC MSE exam fee is 200 Rs. If selected the training and medical officer position is stipend and government subsidized.The salary depends on the post and level of officer one is in the Indian Railway; it starts from Rs. 15,000-70,000 depending on the post.

MEDICAL TOURISM STUDY FURTHER One Year Programmes - Post Graduate Diploma Medical Tourism (PGDMT) Medical Tourism Courses in India ·Certificate in Medical Tourism ·Diploma in Medical Tourism ·Graduate Diploma in Health Care Management, Hospital Operation Management and Medical Tourism ·MBA Medical Tourism ·Post Graduate Diploma in Health Care Management, Hospital Operation Management and Medical Tourism ·Post Graduate Diploma in Medical Tourism

PRACTICING

The role of medical tourism provider / facilitator commences here.

Medical tourism facilitators serve as a bridge between the patient and healthcare provider to ensure the patient has a very positive experience from beginning to end.

They play an important role as educators, organizers, advocates etc. for the safe delivery of overseas healthcare individuals.

The facilitator plans the entire medical trip for an individual from contracting for flight and hotels to organizing transportation, working with the patient to determine the best destination, coordinating with doctors regarding medical records and setting up calls for them to speak with their healthcare providers etc.

IN INDIA/ABROAD The following courses are available: 1. MBA 2. Diploma 3. Postgraduate Diploma Over 60 countries have identified medical tourism as a national industry and some of the most popular among them are Greece, South Africa, Jordan, India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore

REQUIREMENTS As most medical tourists do not speak their native language, the facilitator makes sure that someone at the hospital speaks the patient’s language, creates an efficient system and insulates a patient from any of the language barriers that might arise.

Medical tourism providers or facilitators should have good knowledge of the topography of various places and hospitals offering medical tourism, so that they can give proper guidance to the foreign tourists and patients from abroad in choosing the best hospital.

They should be aware of even minute particulars of the health care and travel industry, laws and regulations governing medical tourism industries, Visa and other related requirements.

They must possess excellent communication, organization and leadership skills and must have the ability to handle people, develop an understanding of the quality issues and general customer services.

They must have up to date knowledge of pricing, content/treatments, hospital ratings, accreditation information plus latest updates on local and destination country's political/ visa restrictions policies and procedures.

ELIGIBILITY

Graduate in any discipline from recognized university/ institute of national importance.

Graduate or 10+2/equivalent exam Graduates/ 10+2 or its equivalent qualified candidates with good communication skills can opt for Medical Tourism courses.

Graduates (medical/ non-medical) or a diploma holder in Medical Tourism with at least two years professional experience in either administrative or management level can join for the MBA Medical Tourism course.

Graduates in any discipline including Allopathy, Ayurveda, Dentistry, Unani, Nursing and Homeopathy are eligible to apply.

Certain Institutes in India offer Certificate, Diploma, Post Graduate Diploma and MBA courses in Medical Tourism.

These courses, intended to train a candidate in the medical tourism field, provide sufficient knowledge about the travel and tourism industry, logistics and hospitality industry, legal/ ethical issues, medical facilities and conditions etc.

MBA in Medical Tourism are mainly for those working in the healthcare and tourism industry with the intention to increase their knowledge and skill set, enabling businesses to operate on a more sophisticated level.

TOTAL COST

Course Fee: Between INR 8,000 and 2,70,000

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION 2 months to 2 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Today Medical Tourism is an open area where job opportunities are available in the fields of health care as well as tourism sectors. Besides doctors, nurses and physician assistants, there are employment opportunities available in the field of medical tourism in various positions such as guest relationship managers; hospital administrators; medical tour consultants etc. Candidates with relevant qualifications in the fields of medical tourism and hospital administration are preferred by most of the employers.

A career in medical tourism involves providing facilities for a client to travel, financing options for visas, arranging the hospital, boarding, lodging, best treatment, and tourism after treatment. Spa and wellness industry; Hospitality and Hotel Industry; health and allied services; Clinics, Health Spas; Ayurveda and Naturopathy Centers; Travel Agents; Tourism Agencies; Aviation Industry; Insurance companies etc. are some of the career avenues for the medical tourism professionals.

Indian hospitals and pharmaceutical companies are investing heavily in infrastructure and other required facilities for attracting foreign tourists. Hospitals that offer treatment for foreign patients tie up with travel agencies or can employ individuals who have graduated in travel and tourism management.

Medical tourism is a growing sector in India. In October 2015, India's medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US$3 billion. It is projected to grow at a CAGR of 200% by 2020, hitting $9 billion by 2020.

Government also eased the visa policies for various countries in order to allow people to avail the benefit of low cost and world class healthcare facilities in the current scenario, the scope of the healthcare industry is tremendously widening, bringing in a large pool of opportunities in terms of employment.

CERTIFICATE IN MEDICAL TOURISM AT MEDVARSITY , JUBILEE HILLS, HYDERABAD INR 8,696 2 months (Online) Highlights Course validity is of 3 months and there will be an extra charge on the extension of the course validity.

56 hours of Learning Content and Webbased learning.

The program prepares & trains efficient students in different aspects of medical tourism like hospital treatment, travel management, accommodation booking, sightseeing & medical packaging services.

The 3 month-long web-based Certificate Course in Medical Tourism offered by Medvarsity run by Apollo Hospitals The 4-6 months long Professional Diploma in Medical Tourism & Healthcare Marketing Program (PDMTHM) online course offered by James Lind Institute.

3 month long course for Certification in Medical Tourism (CMT) offered by the Institute of Clinical Research India (ICRI).

CERTIFICATE IN MEDICAL TOURISM COLLEGES IN INDIA Bharat Institute Of Paramedical and Management Technology, New Delhi AADI MediTour India, New Delhi Institute of Clinical Research (ICRI Delhi Campus) , New Delhi Medvarsity Online Limited, Hyderabad Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITM), Gwalior Duration: 2 months to 1 year DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL TOURISM COLLEGES IN INDIA NBA Group of Institutions, New Delhi Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Vadodara Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, New Delhi ICRI Health Campus, New Delhi GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT, HOSPITAL OPERATION MANAGEMENT AND MEDICAL TOURISM COLLEGES IN INDIA NBA School of Health Care Management, New Delhi Duration : 1 year POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL TOURISM COLLEGES IN INDIA NBA Group of Institutions, New Delhi ICRI Health Campus, New Delhi Eligibility : graduation Duration : 2 years

MBA MEDICAL TOURISM COLLEGES IN INDIA Agra College of Management and Technology (ACMT), Firozabad Academy of Business and Management Studies (ABMS), Kolkata Eligibility : graduation Duration : 2 years

WHAT INTERESTS YOU ADVANTAGES Shorter waits Patients can usually be scheduled for a surgery within a few days or weeks allowing patients convenience.

Relaxing Recovery : Travelling for medical treatment gives people the added benefit of helping themselves to a relaxing vacation while they are in recovery .

Insurance Coverage : While it isn’t a guarantee , there are some insurance plans that will cover treatment that is performed outside of your home country . More and more insurance providers are covering treatment abroad , as it saves them in costs also.

Same Facilities And Equipment As Home : Since medical tourism is such a big industry, hospitals are making big investments in equipment and technology to help them draw more patients .

Package deals : If people are unsure where to start when getting medical tourism abroad , package deals can be a great time saver.

Surgical Options : While most popular options are cosmetic and dental surgeries, the reality is that there is a growing market for a wide variety of procedures including heart surgery , orthopedic hip and knee replacements , etc.

Luxury Accommodations : Many hospitals that cater to medical tourists are corporately owned , this can be real boon to patients , who benefit from private rooms and accommodations.

Medical Tourism Destinations Cost and quality are obviously the most important factors patients consider in choosing specific destinations for treatment. But many patients also consider amenities commonly found in resort & hotels Cost savings is one of the predominant factors that has made medical tourism a lucrative option for patients from countries with expensive medical care. Some complex medical surgeries such as organ transplants and cardiac surgeries have extremely steep prices.

Patients don't have to break their accounts to furnish their medical expenses when they choose medical tourism. They are able to pay travel, medical treatment and accommodation expenses in emerging medical tourism destinations for a lesser price than how much the treatment alone would cost in home countries, while receiving quality medical care at many health tourism destinations.

Medical tourism gives patients access to instant medical care with a short to zero waiting period. Medical tourism serves as a timely and effective solution to patients whose health condition requires immediate attention, and who aren't able to receive such medical care in domestic hospitals.

There are over 600 JCI-accredited medical facilities worldwide. These hospitals give patients access to high standards of medical care which may otherwise not be available in their home countries.

DISADVANTAGES Going to foreign country for medical treatment has its own risks as the country you go to may not regulate professional licensing and certification of the medical professionals.

You might end up traveling too soon after a surgery and this can cause serious complications like blood clots or pulmonary embolism. In addition, you can suffer from swelling and/or infections. Usually post-operative care is minimum and limited as most hospitals believe in getting in patients and then releasing them quickly and there will be hardly any post-operative care.

Going to a foreign country for treatment means that you will not have immunity prevalent in that country and this can pose the risk of catching an infection If something goes wrong during the medical procedure you will have very little legal recourse Legal paperwork and permits can be tedious and/or serve as a hindrance to patients in medical tourism destinations. Furthermore being unaware of the legalities in a foreign country can also undermine their medical care travel.

The cultural and language barrier puts medical tourists at a disadvantage.

Medical tourists may find it tough to communicate with healthcare professionals and locals during their visit. The change can also make some medical tourists apprehensive.

There have been instances where a patient is promised of high-quality medical care services to receive inefficient medical treatment, or has chosen a medical vacation earmarking a pre-planned budget only to have hidden costs crop up later on. Any kind of misinformation in the treatment or cost, can defeat the whole purpose of a medical vacation.

WEIGHING THE PROS AND CONS To experience the true benefits of medical tourism, patients should avoid the commonly associated pitfalls. For instance, patients can ensure that they receive quality medical care by choosing facilities that have been certified or accredited as per international standards. If language is an issue, patients can rely on interpreters or facilitators, to help bridge the gap. Taking some time to carry out a thorough research of a medical tourism facilitator or institution can pay off, as patients can filter out the available options to only choose those with high standards.

Fresh graduates working in various medical tourism sectors such as private and government hospital, travel companies etc. can expect an initial salary ranging from Rs. 8,000/- to Rs.5,000/- per month.

Depending upon the firm, the individual's qualification, experience and performance, within a short span of time, the pay scale may rise to Rs. 20000/- or above per month. Â MBA graduates with work experience can earn anything between Rs. 30,000/to Rs. 50,000/-.

India is one of the most lucrative and leading destinations for medical tourism because of its international quality of medical care at the lowest rates in comparison with other countries.

India is an attractive medical tourism destination with a specialized team of doctors and superlative treatments along with world-class exotic tourist attractions comparable to other countries in the world.

India holds some great advantages, such as, the use of English language throughout the country, availability of world class hospitals, highly qualified medical practitioners etc.

ELIGIBILITY The minimum eligibility criteria for Professional Diploma in Medical Tourism and Healthcare Marketing would include either of the following: - Any degree in Bioscience/Life Sciences such as Biochemistry, Microbiology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Botany, Zoology etc - Any degree in Medicine such as MBBS, BDS, BPT, BAMS, BHMS, BUMS etc - Any degree in Pharmacy / Pharmaceutical Sciences - Any degree in Chemistry / Biostatistics / Bioinformatics - Any degree in Nursing / Allied Health.

- Students in their final year of graduation for the above courses are also eligible to apply.

If you lack the above mentioned educational prerequisite you may still be eligible to apply if you have some prior work experience in healthcare / tourism/ medical tourism. Please contact our admission representatives / counsellor to discuss your case.

CERTIFIED MEDICAL TRAVEL PROFESSIONAL (CMTP)Â 8+ Hours of Learning Courses 10 Easy-to-Consume Modules Access to 43+ Online Continuing Education (CE) Resources 100-Question Multiple-choice Exam 300+ Page Workbook The official certification of Global Healthcare Accreditation

LINKS 1. https://www.careers360.com/questionwhat-is-medical-tourismhow-can-iapply-for-that-coursewhat-type-of-jobfacilities-are-therewhat-is-medicaltransportationbhms-finalyr-0 2. http://nationalskillindiamission.in/updat es/3187/ 3. https://www.icriindia.com/course/certifi cation-in-medical-tourism 4. https://www.medicaltourism.com/cmtp 5. https://www.jli.edu.in/course/profession al-diploma-in-medical-tourismhealthcare-marketing/ 6. https://career.webindia123.com/career/i nstitutes/list_colleges_Institutes.asp? group=401&cat=Medical_Tourism_Traini ng_Institutes 7. https://medicaltourismstrategy.com/m edical-tourism-training-courses/ 8. http://www.usihs.org/776-2/ 9. https://www.medvarsity.com/courses/c ertificate-course-in-medical-tourism/ 10. https://www.newsmedical.net/health/What-is-MedicalTourism.aspx 11. http://www.mymedholiday.com/articleinfo/50/585/medical-tourismadvantages-disadvantages

SUMMARY Medical tourism basically refers to people travelling from their country to another country in order to receive medical care (various types) that is equal to or better than the care available in their own country. People travel to the new country for better care, affordability and better access.

Depending on what exactly you are aiming for, you can choose from the aforementioned courses.

The job of a medical tourism facilitator requires you to have extensive knowledge of the healthcare sector of our country along with its laws, rules and regulations. For eg: best place for so and so treatment, most affordable, best facilities with respect to treatment needed, visa restrictions.

Apart from these obvious duties, you need to provide a visa and lodgings.

All in all, you serve as the link between the foreign tourists/patients and our healthcare providers. So, naturally, it also involves the language barrier and the communication solution for it.

You can further provide post treatment tourism.

Certificate and courses in medical tourism is designed to prepare students for employment in a variety of organization in the field of medical tourism, including leading private and government hospital, Travel companies and other related organization, this program equips the students with sufficient knowledge about the travel industry, medical facilities and conditions, legal/ ethical issue, Logistics and Hospitality industry.

TEACHER STUDY FURTHER MD or MS in the specialization you intend to teach OR MSc in the specialization you intend to teach OR MSc in a medical specialty with a PhD in same OR MSc in a medical specialty with a DSc in same

PRACTICING Can start out during Residency as well and continue after it Managerial function (planning, implementing the plan and controlling the educational process) Planning in education (formulating educational objectives-departmental and institutional) and planning teaching-learning activities.

Evaluation-not only monitors the progress and achievements of the students, but also provides important information towards modification and improvement of the teaching-learning process.

Motivate, engage and interact with students and use relevant teaching aids

IN INDIA/ABROAD Can be pursued and practised anywhere

ENTRANCE EXAM No entrance exam

REQUIREMENTS Research skills - good analytical insights Good speaking and communication skills Innovative and unique teaching skills

ELIGIBILITY Master degree/Doctoral degree Post doctoral degree in some universities

TOTAL COST Depends on the degree, specialization area and type of college/university Range is from 2 lakhs-20 lakhs

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Depends on the course -2 years/ 3 years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Teaching in a medical institute starts as the following posts:Assistant Professor → Associate Professor → Additional Professor → Professor (Promotion every 3 to 5 years)

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Social interests- work and assist othersArtistic interests - selfexpressionLeader, administrator and managerScholar, researcher and lifelong learner

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

For a Professor’s designation -4 years teaching/research experience in a recognized medical college as a Reader or Associate Professor in preferred specialization(Highly recommended- at least 4 research publications indexed in Index Medicus/National journal and 1 research publication in an international journal)

SUMMARY Teachers mould and build a student’s mind. It is rightly said that school is a second home and teachers are a second parent as they directly and indirectly shape the future minds of the generation. A great teacher leaves a huge impact on their students. For this, a teacher needs to be able to develop trusting relationships with students, have a patient and kind personality, possess excellent listening skills and dedication to teaching. This is a stable and safe career option but it requires immense patience and perseverance.

Teachers need to be motivating, engaging and capable of directing students in the right path. This career option provides good working conditions, stable salary, independence, recognition and achievement. It requires enthusiasm, confidence, conflict resolution skills, organisational skills apart from others mentioned earlier.

LINKS 1. https://www.indiaeducation.net/medical/ medical-topic/medical-path/medicalprofessor 2. careers.htmlhttps://www.researchgate.net /publication/327090037_The_Duties_and_ Responsibilities_of_a_Medical_Teacher

TELEMEDICINE STUDY FURTHER

An online program will be developed and made available by the Board of Governors in supersession of Medical Council of India.

All registered medical practitioners intending to provide online consultation need to complete a mandatory online course within 3 years of its notification.

The curriculum includes : Multimedia lessons Interactive learning activities Simulated patient encounters Participation in actual patient care via telemedicine Pre-tests, post-tests, and a course evaluation

PRACTICING

Primary care physicians, family care and specialty physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and nurse practitioners.

A Registered Medical Practitioner is entitled to provide telemedicine consultation to patients from any part of India.

RMPs using telemedicine shall uphold the same professional and ethical norms and standards as applicable to traditional in-person care, within the intrinsic limitations of telemedicine.

To enable all those RMPs who would want to practice telemedicine get familiar with these Guidelines as well as with the process and limitations of telemedicine practice.

IN INDIA/ABROAD The government is committed to providing equal access to quality care to all and digital health is a critical enabler for the overall transformation of the health system.

Hence, mainstreaming telemedicine in health systems will minimize inequity and barriers to access.

India’s digital health policy advocates use of digital tools for improving the efficiency and outcome of the healthcare system and lays significant focus on the use of telemedicine services, especially in the Health and Wellness Centers at the grassroots level wherein a midlevel provider/health worker can connect the patients to the doctors through technology platforms in providing timely and best possible care.

In India, Telemedicine programs are actively supported by: Department of Information Technology (DIT) Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) NEC telemedicine program for North Eastern states.

The telemedicine software system developed by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing connects three premier medical institutes of the country viz. All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS). Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SPGIMS). Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh.

Now it is being connected to include medical centers like Rohtak, Shimla and Cuttack. The Ministry of External Affairs, Govt. of India is in the process of deploying e-Network for teleeducation and tele-medicine in five central Asian countries in the same way as in PAN Africa e-Network Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan, Turkmenistan & Uzbekistan.

Already being practiced in the US and China.

ENTRANCE EXAM

An online program will be developed and made available by the Board of Governors in supersession of Medical Council of India.

Registrants participate in the learning process by answering multiple-choice questions that are dispersed throughout the case presentations.

A variety of media, including audio clips of sample phone conversations, are presented to enhance the material.

The Course Flow 1. Registration 2. Pre course quiz 3. The course a. Introduction to Telemedicine b. Introduction to Tele-triage c. Legal aspects of the Telemedicine Practice Guidelines d. Setting up your telemedicine practice – A DIY approach 4. Question and Answer Session5. Post course quiz 5. Certificate of completion of course.

This training is open to doctors and health administrators from Asia, Africa and the Middle East. After the training is complete, attendees will be sent a posttraining quiz.

Certificates will be issued to participants on successful completion of the quiz (scoring 80% or higher).

TOTAL COST Fee structure:- (Inclusive final exam fee)Rs. 20,000/- per year (no stipend to be given) NRI Candidates : Rs. 1,00,000/- or Equivalent Foreign Currency. (no stipend to be given)

ELIGIBILITY

For the purpose of this document a ‘Registered Medical Practitioner’ is defined as a person who is enrolled in the State Medical Register or the Indian Medical Register under the IMC Act 1956 Eligibility:- One of the following minimum qualifications- MBBS/ BDS/ BHS/ BCA / BSc. / BSc. (IT)/ Diploma ( Engg. – Electronics, Instrumentation, Communication, IT, Computer Science from a Polytechnic),B.Sc. (Medical Laboratory Technician), B.Sc. in Nursing ( recognized by NCI) or its equivalent.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION An online program will be developed and made available by the Board of Governors in supersession of Medical Council of India.

All registered medical practitioners intending to provide online consultation need to complete a mandatory online course within 3 years of its notification.

In the interim period, the principles mentioned in these guidelines need to be followed.

Thereafter, undergoing and qualifying such a course, as prescribed, will be essential prior to practice of telemedicine.

Doctors must complete the course within 3 years of notification of norms

REQUIREMENTS

Pass in any undergraduate program of 3 years duration or equivalent with minimum aggregate of 50% marks in any discipline.

A candidate also must have passed in English as a subject of studies in the qualifying examination OR Any health science graduate with MBBS/ BAMS/ BHMS or equivalent with a minimum aggregate of 50% marks.

Age:Maximum 30 years, relaxation as per Govt. rules.No age limit for sponsored candidates.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES “Telehealth is an industry that's full of promise. As a start, it can potentially bring medical care to people who would not otherwise have access to it.”

Indian Telemedicine Programme is getting matured with indigenous technology, system and process.

Digital India Mission has further strengthened the policy for adoption of telemedicine in Indian Health Delivery System.

However, Large countries with over a billion population, diverse social and cultural background, federal nature of governance where health is a state subject are acting as impediments for rapid acceptance.

Difficult Geographical regions - North and North East, Deserts and Rural Communities having poor connectivity are challenges.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS: Higher level of flexibility Convenience Reduction of risk for infections Less waiting time Better medical support for rural areas Telehealth is more efficient Can reduce doctor’s shortage More patients can be treated on average Information sharing between doctors Reduction in travel expenses Lowers costs for minor issues Patients may be more eager to get medical advice Can give doctor a competitive advantage CONS: No physical examination possible Doctor’s may have problems to adapt Excessive consultations Specific software and training may be needed Number of wrong diagnosis may increase Job losses Privacy issues Hacking Technical problems May not be covered by health insurance yet May not be affordable for small doctor’s offices Doctors may be sued more often Varying levels of regulations regarding telehealth

LINKS

1. telemedicine-certification-course-for-all-registered-doctors66905•https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/mci/mci-moves-to-developmandatory 2. https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Telemedicine.pdf•https://tsi.org.in/• 3. http://telemedindia.org/•https://mciindia.org/MCIRest/open/getDocument? path=/Documents/Public/Portal/LatestNews/Final_FAQ-TELEMEDICINE%20%206-42020..pdf 4. https://www.mgumst.org/tele_medicine.php•https://www.intelehealth.org/blog/2020/ 4/12/telemedicine-training-webinar-for-doctors 5. https://www.eventbrite.com/e/online-training-incorporating-telemedicine-intohealthcare-practice-tickets-110770660026 6. https://www.apollohospitals.com/academics-research/courses/medvarsity• 7. https://nmcn.in/nrc/ppt/Development%20of%20Telemedicine%20in%20India%20GHF. pdf• 8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2782224/•Parks Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine by K. Park•Community Medicine with Recent Advances by AH Suryakantha

SUMMARY

TELEMEDICINE :‘The delivery of health care services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health care professionals using information and communication technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and for the continuing education of health care providers, all in the interests of advancing the health of individuals and their communities. TELEHEALTH : ‘The delivery and facilitation of health and health-related services including medical care, provider and patient education, health information services, and self-care via telecommunications and digital communication technologies.Telemedicine cannot be the answer to all problems, but it can be very important in addressing a vast range of problems. International telemedicine initiatives are bringing the world closer and distance is no longer a barrier in attainment of quality healthcare. Despite having so much potential still telemedicine has not attained the ‘boom’ which it was meant to create. Lack of awareness and acceptance of new technology both by the public and the professionals are holding it back. Governments are now starting to take a keen interest in developing telemedicine practices resulting in a slow but steady rise in its utilization in public health. It is now perfectly legal to provide teleconsultation by registered medical practitioners(M.B.B.S and above) in line with the requirements of the Telemedicine Guidelines. Hopefully in a few years, telemedicine practices will reach their true potential.

TRANSPLANT COORDINATOR STUDY FURTHER

Various training courses are provided as Post Graduate Diploma and Certification by IGNOU and Mohan Foundation which is of one year in India.For some institutes there is provision of training of various cadres related to Transplant including Transplant Coordinators. PostDoctoral Certificate in Dialysis Medicine course has been launched in collaboration with IGNOU, New Delhi to augment the availability of trained manpower.

PRACTICING

The Transplant Coordinator is responsible for coordination of the evaluation and preparation of patients for organ transplantation and long-term management of patients after transplant. The Coordinator is responsible for coordinating patient care across multiple areas – transplant office, the outpatient clinic, the inpatient nursing unit and the community – in order to provide continuity of patient care across settings. Also from procurement of organs to grief counselling as well as overlooking the proper chain of custody of the organs from donor to the recipient and eligibility of the recipient. Transplant coordinator means a person appointed by the hospital for coordinating all matters relating to removal or transplantation of human organs or tissues or both and for assisting the authority for removal of human organs as per the Transplantation of Human Organs (Amendment) Act,

IN INDIA/ABROAD

USA ABTC is an independently incorporated, not for profit organization managed by a volunteer governing board – a group of fully certified organ donation and transplantation professionals which strongly believes all patients deserve safe, high quality care.

With experts at the helm and a mission driven by the importance of lifelong learning, ABTC certification is a mark of true excellence in organ donation and transplantation.

To be eligible for a certification examination – which tests knowledge on all solid organ transplants – candidates must complete the following requirements: Certified Procurement Transplant Coordinator (CPTC): Candidates must complete 12 months of work experience as a vascular organ procurement coordinator.

Certified Clinical Transplant Coordinator (CCTC): Candidates must complete 12 months of clinical vascular organ coordinator work experience.

Certified Transplant Preservationist (CTP): Candidates must complete 12 consecutive months of work experience in organ preservation (though organ preservation does not have to be the full time work responsibility).

EUROPE The process of Certification of TC(s) in Europe occurred in two phases, the first one strongly linked to the University of Barcelona (and also to the Vienna and Oporto ones) and the second one under the auspices of the UEMS. INDIA India doesn't have any centralized certification systems yet

ENTRANCE EXAM

In India there are no entrance exams per say for Certification programs for Transplant Coordination.

REQUIREMENTS No secific requirement apart from Basic graduate degree from a recognised system of medicine Or Bachelors in Sciences

ELIGIBILITY

According to the Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Rules, 2014, the transplant coordinator shall be an employee of the registered hospital having qualification such as: Graduate of any recognised system of medicine; or Nurse; or Bachelor’s degree in any subject and preferably Master’s degree in Social work or Psychiatry or Sociology or Social Science or Public Health

The concerned organization or institute shall ensure initial induction training followed by retraining at periodic intervals and the transplant coordinator shall counsel and encourage the family members or near relatives of the deceased person to donate the human organ or tissue including eye or cornea and coordinate the process of donation and transplantation.

TOTAL COST

There are various courses available and based on time frame the cost varies from INR 5000 -15000 There are various scholarships and subsidized fees by the government and Tata Industries.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION Courses vary from a time frame of one week, to one month to one year Post Graduate Diploma courses.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Placement guidance is provided.The various courses provide a candidate multiple opportunities to seek employment. These include:

1. Hospitals undertaking transplants 2. NGOs working in this field 3. Intensive care units for counselling relatives The average pay scale of a Transplant coordinator is around Rs. 50,000 per month in India.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU PROS: Equips with a good organisational and administrative skills that can add on to medical knowledge in application Interesting for students interested in psychology as well grief counselling of patients' families, and provides opportunity to make the difficult process of transplantation easier for the donors’ and recipients’ families An alternative option for conventional PG route Opportunity to operate in various work environments-reduces monotony CONS: Can not establish private practice More work on administration and evaluation side instead of clinical Long irregular hoursHigh stress job

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Transplant coordinators are being trained

by NDO and MOHAN foundation, and in some states, for example, in Telangana as a part of Jeevandan Programme, Osmania General hospital has been given the task of training the coordinators and certificates are being provided

LINKS 1. https://dghs.gov.in/content/1353_3_Nation alOrganTransplantProgramme.aspx 2. https://www.itnnews.co.in/indiantransplant-newsletter/issue33/TransplantCoordinators-Training-Programme-PostGraduate-Diploma-by-IGNOU-9.htm 3. https://abtc.net/Abouthttp://career.iresear chnet.com/career-information/transplantcoordinator-career/ 4. https://www.mohanfoundation.org/image s/training-brochure-2018-v1.pdf 5. https://sci-hub.tw/ 6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 263289531_The_Certification_of_Transplant _Coordinators_in_Europe 7. https://abtc.net/Candidates/Examination.a spx 8. http://www.ijtonline.in/article.asp? issn=22120017;year=2018;volume=12;issue=2;spage=8 4;epage=89;aulast=Sahay#topABTC Candidate handbook 9. https://abtc.net/ABTC/media/abtc_docum ents/ABTC-handbook-Eff-July2020_CM2.pdf

SUMMARY Transplant coordinators are professionals who are appointed by the Hospitals and NDOs to coordinate matters involving organ donation, grief counselling, procurement from donor, eligibility of recipient evaluation and ensuring proper removal of organs or tissues. After having done graduation in Medicine or Nursing one can take up various courses in India provided by MOHAN foundation and NGO organisations.

These have training courses that vary from one week crash courses to one year long Post Graduate Diploma courses that train you in organisational skills required for being a transplant coordinator. They also provide the candidate with certification for the same which states the candidate’s proficiency to work as a Transplant coordinator and is usually required during placement. There are certification courses available outside India as well, namely in the USA (ABTC) and in Europe. The certifications in India do not yet have a centralised system but as mentioned many recognised national organisations work for the same to train students in transplant coordination.

The job requirements vary from administrative work to evaluation of candidates and grief counselling of donor families. The work is not much clinical oriented. The courses may cost anywhere between Rs 5,000-15,000. But, scholarships and subsidized fees are provided by the Government and TATA Industries. Future job opportunities include working for Hospitals undertaking transplants, NGOs working in the transplant field and intensive care units for family grief counselling. Better insight into the same would be advantageous for a MBBS graduate wishing to pursue this career.

The average pay scale of a Transplant coordinator is around Rs. 50,000 per month in India.

MS

ENT STUDY FURTHER MS ENT is a subject that trains a candidate in diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat and its allied aspects.

A student after completing MS ENT is trained in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases related to ear, nose and throat

PRACTICING After completing MS ENT, one can join any government or private hospital as a consultant in ENT or can run a private clinic/hospital.

One can also join a medical college as a professor.

Aspirants can also join research programmes after the completion of MS (ENT) for advancement in studies.

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MS ENT as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Armed Forces Medical College, Pune Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MS ENT is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MS ENT in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MS degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees per annum ranges from INR 10,000 and 16 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES A person after completing MS ENT one can work as a ENTProfessor, ENT Specialist.

Some sub-specialities that can be taken up after MD ENT are: Facial surgery: ENT physicians can perform plastic and reconstructive procedures to correct face, neck, and ear abnormalities. They may perform face lifts, remove lesions and other growths, and correct cleft palates or deformities of the ear.Head region: ENT specialists can operate on head and neck tumors, including tumors and other abnormalities found in the nose, throat, mouth, larynx, voice box and food pipe. Throat: ENT doctors can address swallowing disorders. They treat problems such as unusual voice changes, dysphagia (which can occur at different stages of the swallowing process), reflux disorders, and various infections and inflammations.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The course provides you with an opportunity to have a future in clinical medicine along with an option to have private practice. It also provides opportunity in research related to ENT.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Some specialities in ENT are Otology,Head Neck Surgery, Facial Plastic Surgery, Neurotology or Surgery of the skull base,Surgery of the Thyroid,Surgical removal of Tonsils/ Adenoid and Pediatric ENT

LINKS https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/ai ims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf https://www.newsmedical.net/health/Otolaryngology(ENT)-Sub-Specialties.aspx

SUMMARY MS ENT is a subject that trains a candidate in diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat and its allied aspects .After completing MS ENT, one can join any government or private hospital as a consultant in ENT or can run a private clinic/hospital. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MS ENT in maximum medical colleges of India. The avg. fees per annum ranges from INR 10,000 and 16 Lacs. The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY STUDY FURTHER M. S. in Obstetrics & Gynaecology is a three-year postgraduation course.

Obstetrics and gynaecology is the medical specialty dealing with fields of obstetrics and gynaecology through only one postgraduate training program.

This combined training prepares the practicing OB/GYN to be adept at the care of female reproductive organs health and management of obstetric complications, even through surgery.

The program provides adequate knowledge in clinical acumen, procedural skills and attitudes which will enable him/her to manage pregnancy and its complications, manage disorders affecting the female genital tract and problems in relation to human reproduction

PRACTICING After completing the course, one can start practicing as a gynecologist and obstetrician.

One can also join a medical college and teach the medical undergraduates and post graduates.

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology in

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MS Obstetrics & Gynaecology as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal maximum medical colleges of India. Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS

Typically, to pursue an MS degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 50,000 to 40 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing the course, one can function as a gynecologist, one can work in a private/government hospital.

One can also join a medical college and teach the post-graduates and undergraduates.

One can also engage in research related to obstetrics and gynecology

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The subject helps one to develop knowledge in obstetrics and gynecology and conditions related to it.

A person interested in clinics, maternal health and research is best suited for the course.

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

At the end of 3 years of post graduate training, a resident must acquire knowledge, skills and competencies as a result of training under the resident education programme syllabus which includes the following : Normal & abnormal development, structure and function of (female & male) urogenital system and female breast.

Applied anatomy of genito-urinary system, abdomen, pelvis, pelvic floor, anterior abdominal wall, upper thigh (inguinal ligament, inguinal canal, vulva, rectum and anal canal).

Physiology of Spermatogenesis.

Endocrinology related to male and female reproduction.

Anatomy & physiology of urinary & lower GI (Rectum / anal canal), tract.

Development, structure & function of placenta, umbilical cord & amniotic fluid

LINKS 1. mds%20mha.pdf

SUMMARY MS Obs/Gynae is a 3 year long course. After completing the course, one can start practicing as a gynecologist and obstetrician. The admission in MS Obs/Gynae is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MS Obs/Gynae in maximum medical colleges of India.

OPHTHALMOLOGY STUDY FURTHER It deals with the clinical aspects of ophthalmology along with its aspects in the community.

It involves diagnosis and treatment of the diseases and defects related to the eye and vision.

PRACTICING After completing MS ophthalmology, one can practice in a hospital as a consultant and eye specialist.

One can also join a medical college and teach undergraduate as well as postgraduate students.

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MS Ophthalmology as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MS Ophthalmology is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MS Ophthalmology in maximum medical colleges of India. Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MS degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the TIndian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 55,000 to 40 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing the course, one can function as a clinical ophthalmologist, one can work in a private/government hospital as an eye specialist.

One can also join a medical college and teach the post-graduates and undergraduates. One can also engage in research related to ophthalmology.

LINKS https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic /aiims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Given adequate opportunity to work on the basis of graded responsibilities in outpatients, in patients and operation theatres on a rotational basis in the clinical section of the Centre from the day of entry to the completion of the training programme, the students should be able to: 1. Acquire scientific and rational approach to the diagnosis of ophthalmic cases presented.

2. Acquire understanding of and develop inquisitiveness to investigate, to establish cause and effect of the disease.

3. To perform all routine and special ophthalmic investigations ( e.g. Slit lamp examination, Genioscopy, Ophthalmodynammonetry, perimetry, scotometry, Tonography, ERG, EOG, EMG, etc., Dark adaptometry, Dark room procedures, Funds photography, Fluorescein angiography, Hess & Less screen Synoptophore and other procedures, of these investigation in the light of clinical presentation.

SUMMARY MS ophthalmology is a subject that deals with the diseases and defects of the eye and the vision. It is a three year long course. After completing MS Ophthalmology one can join a medical college as a Professor and lecturer, one can practice clinics as an eye specialist. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MS Ophthalmology in most of the colleges in India

ORTHOPEDICS STUDY FURTHER A postgraduate in orthopaedics surgery at the end of its 3 year course should develop proper clinical acumen to interpret diagnostic results and correlate them with symptoms from history taking and become capable to diagnose the common clinical conditions/ disease in the specialty and to manage them effectively with success without making any serious complications and sincerely to take such accurate decision, for the patient’s best interest.

PRACTICING After completing the course, one can start practicing as an orthopedician.

One can also join a medical college and teach the medical undergraduates and post graduates, or study further for superspecialty.

IN INDIA

Few colleges that provide MS Orthopedics as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MS Orthopedics is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Orthopedics in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MS degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below:Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEETPG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 50,000 to 60 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing the course, one can function as an orthopedic doctor, one can work in a private/government hospital.

One can also join a medical college and teach the post-graduates and undergraduates. One can also engage in research related to orthopedics.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The subject helps one to develop knowledge in orthopedics and conditions related to it. A person interested in clinics and research is best suited for the course.

MISCELLANEOUS /ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Theory: There shall be four papers: Each being of three hours duration. Each paper will have 8-10 short questions from the curriculum. Paper I Basic Sciences related to Orthopedics. Paper II Principles and Practices of orthopaedics.

Paper III Recent advances in orthopaedics & trauma surgery. Paper IV General Surgical Principles & allied specialties.

Practical Examination: Identification of Surgical Pathology, excised specimens & discussion, reading X-rays & CT Scan/MRI, identification of Instruments & discussion, identification of braces & calipers & discussion thereon.

Clinical Patient presentation/discussion: i) One long case: The long case will be structured comprising – history taking, clinical examination, investigations, decision making, proposed treatment modalities, ethical justification and personal attributes. (ii) Three short cases: The short cases will also be structured in which only one particular system may be considered and therapy decision/discussion made.

SUMMARY After completing the course, one can start practicing as an orthopedic doctor. The admission in MS Orthopedics is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Orthopedics in maximum medical colleges of India

LINKS 1. https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/aiims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf

SURGERY STUDY FURTHER MS General Surgery is a Postgraduate Academic Course imparted in the medical field of General Surgery.

General Surgery is a subfield of Surgery which deals with the surgical treatment of abdominal organs, e.g. intestines inclusive esophagus, stomach, colon, liver and furthermore of the thyroid gland and hernia.

PRACTICING After completing MS surgery, one can practice in a hospital as a consultant. One can also join a medical college and teach undergraduate as well as post-graduate students.

One can also opt to do superspecialty in Onco Surgery, Surgical Gastro-enterology, Endocrine Surgery, Neurosurgery, Vascular Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Paediatric Surgery. Apart from this, there are many short-term fellowships available ranging from 3–24 months duration in below-mentioned subjects : Cosmetic Surgery Laparoscopic Surgery Colo-rectal surgery Oral Surgery Bariatric Surgery Metabolic and Endocrine Surgery

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MS Surgery as a course are :AIIMS, New DelhiGrant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MS degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MS Surgery is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MS Surgery in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS and JIPMER also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Surgical Posting: Each postgraduate (PG) is posted in one of the four surgical units soon after joining the course 2. Rotations in Specialty Departments is for a period of one year This is done after the PG has spent six months in learning basic ward work and surgical skills in the surgical unit.

This rotation includes a three month posting in Casualty 3. ICU Posting is for a period of one month. All postgraduates are required to carry out a research project under the guidance of faculty of the department.

They are encouraged to select the project of their choice. They must submit the protocol within four months of joining the MS degree course.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 10 to 60 Lacs p.a. depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU

The subject helps one to develop knowledge in surgery and conditions requiring utmost clinical intervention..

A person interested in clinics and research is best suited for the course.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES MS General Surgery graduates can work as Cardiac anesthesia, Anesthesiologist, Anesthesia Technician (AT), Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA), Anesthesiologist Assistant (AAs) and Medical Consultant in Apollo hospital, Ganga Hospital, UPSC, and AIIMS etc.

LINKS 1. https://collegedunia.com/courses/ma ster-of-surgery-ms-general-surgery

MD

ANAESTHESIA STUDY FURTHER Anaesthesia is the study of use and effects of various kinds of anaesthetics to human beings.It imparts the basics of intensive transphysio therapy, pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of inhaled anaesthetics, anaesthesia in traumatology and orthopaedics, paediatrics and neonatology, toxicology etc.

PRACTICING An anaesthesiologist majorly practices clinics in hospitals in the operation theatres. The duty of the anesthesiologist is to keep an eye on the breathing, blood pressure & heart rate of the patient.

One can also serve as a general practitioner and as a professor of anesthesiology in medical colleges.

IN INDIA Some colleges that provide MD Anatomy as a course in India are-AIIMS, New Delhi MAMC, New Delhi UCMS, New Delhi King George Medical College, Lucknow Armed Forces Medical College, Pune Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Anaethesia is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Anaethesia in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEETPG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for the course ranges from INR 5000 to 25 Lakh depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The total duration for this course is 3 Years

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing MD Anesthesia, one can join medical colleges and training hospitals as a trainer/ professor One can practice as a general practitioner.

As an anesthesiologist one can join government/ private hospitals and work in the operation theater and ICU.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? The subject plays like an integrative role in unifying medicine with surgery.

It provides knowledge about operative care, its investigations as well as management of issues arising during the operation.

Anesthetists work in close coordination with the surgeons during the surgeries.

MISCELLANEOUS Subjects included in MD Anesthesia are: Applied Anatomy and physiology, Applied Clinical Pharmacology, Principles of Anesthesia, anesthesia for specialities, intensive care medicine, pain management along with practicals.

LINKS

1. https://targetstudy.com/courses/mdanasthesia.htm 2. lhttps://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/ aiims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf

SUMMARY MD Anesthesia is the study of use and effects of various kinds of anaesthetics to human beings. The duty of the anesthesiologist is to keep an eye on the breathing, blood pressure & heart rate of the patient. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Anaesthesia in maximum medical colleges of India. The avg. fees for the course ranges from INR 5000 to 25 Lakh. The total duration for this course is 3 Years. After completing MD Anesthesia, one can join medical colleges and training hospitals as a trainer/ professor or practice as an anesthetist in private and government hospitals. The course has six basic subjects along with practicals.

ANATOMY STUDY FURTHER

Anatomy is the identification and description of the structures of living things. It is a branch of biology and medicine. Human anatomy deals with the way the parts of humans, from molecules to bones, interact to form a functional unit.

PRACTICING After doing MD anatomy, one can join a medical college in the private or government sector as a professor.

One can also join Research & Educational Institutes, Private Nursing Homes, Healthcare Management Centres, Clinical Mentoring Services.

IN INDIA Some colleges that provide MD Anatomy as a course in India areAIIMS, New DelhiMAMC, New Delhi UCMS, New Delhi King George Medical College, Lucknow Armed Forces Medical College, Pune Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

TOTAL COST The avg. fees per annum ranges from 5000 to 5 lac per year depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Anatomy is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Anatomy in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TIME FRAME The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES A person after completing MD Anatomy can work as a LecturerLecturers are responsible for teaching at undergraduate and graduate levels in areas allocated by the higher authorities, carrying out research and producing publications, or other research outputs, in line with personal objectives agreed in staff review processes.Anatomy Reader- Anatomy Readers are responsible for implementing different methods for students with various educational backgrounds. They develop and implement research strategies in a certain field, participating and coordinating in research activities.

Medical Coder- Medical Coders are responsible for correctly coding healthcare claims in order to obtain reimbursements from insurance companies and government healthcare programs, such as Medicare. Completion of a certificate or associate's degree program in medical coding or a related field is typically required.

LINKS 1. https://sarvjanakari.com/md-anatomy/ 2. https://www.biu.edu.in/md-anatomy/

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? The subject lets you understand the human body from molecular level to the gross level and has a scope in propagating the knowledge you acquire.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL DATA The course has total 9 subjects: Gross Anatomy; Embryology; Histology; Cytogenetics; Histochemical methods; Neuroanatomy; Immunology; Applied anatomy; Radiology & Surface marking.

SUMMARY MD Anatomy is a post graduate course that imparts a detailed knowledge about Anatomy of the human body. It is a 3 year long course with an average fees of 5000 to 5 lac rupees per annum.

In order to do this course, one needs to have completed his undergraduate education in health sciences and should possess a valid license to practice medicine. The entrance exam that one needs to crack in India in order to get admission in MD Anatomy is NEET. One can become a lecturer, anatomy reader or medical coder after completing this course. The course in general has 9 subjects.

COMMUNITY MEDICINE STUDY FURTHER Goal of teaching and training of postgraduates in Community Medicine is directed towards achievement of the goal of “Health for All�.

MD community medicine gives insights about topics like epidemiology, prevention, social medicine and trains the health care workers in working for the society.

PRACTICING After completing MD Community Medicine, one can join a medical college as a Professor and lecturer, one can practice clinics as a general practitioner.

One can work in community service as an epidemiologist.

One can actively take up research in healthcare and epidemiology. One can also study further in MPH and work in organisations like WHO.

IN INDIA

Few colleges that provide MD Community Medicine as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Community Medicine is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Community Medicine in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 55,000 to 40 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES Aim of postgraduate training is to prepare the students to be – Teachers, Researchers & Epidemiologists, Health Planners, Organizers and Administrators, Workers in the Community, Other service Personnel in this specialty.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The subject helps one to develop knowledge in community service. It helps in imparting knowledge about the same to students as a teacher in future, it also helps in developing projects and research in the public health sector.

It can help one to work in organisations like WHO. One can also practice as a general practitioner.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Towards this end, by the completion of his/her training, the Postgraduate student will be : 1. Aware of physical, social, psychological, economic and environmental aspects of health and disease in individual, family and community.

2. Able to apply the clinical skills to recognize and manage common health problems including their physical, emotional, social and economic aspects at the individual and family levels 3. Able to manage and deal with medical emergencies at the community level.

4. Able to identify, plan and manage the health problems of the community he/she serves. To achieve this, he/she will be able toOrganize epidemiological research studies in various aspects of health. For this, he/she should be able to design a study, collect date, analyse it with appropriate statistical tests and make a report.

Identify the health needs and health demands of the community and prioritise the most important problems and help formulate a plan of action to manage them under National Health Programmes guidelines including population control and family welfare programme. He/she should be able to assess and allocate resources, implement and evaluate the programmes. Demonstrate ability of organizing prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Organize health care services for special groups like mothers, infants, under-five children, school children, handicapped children and juvenile delinquents etc.

LINKS 1. https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/aiims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf

SUMMARY Goal of teaching and training of postgraduates in Community Medicine is directed towards achievement of the goal of “Health for All�. After completing MD Community Medicine, one can join a medical college as a Professor and lecturer, one can practice clinics as a general practitioner. One can work in community service as an epidemiologist. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Community Medicine in maximum medical colleges of India. The avg. fees for the course ranges from INR 55,000 to 40 Lacs. The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

DERMATOLOGY STUDY FURTHER MS General Surgery graduates can work as Cardiac anesthesia, Anesthesiologist, Anesthesia Technician (AT), Certified Registered The course imparts knowledge in diagnosis and management of skin diseases, cosmetic dermatological diseases.

Graduate must independently be able to attend medical emergencies related to skin, venereal diseases and leprosy and adopt preventive measures at individual and community levels against communicable and noncommunicable venereal diseases, skin diseases, leprosy and other such ailments.

Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA), Anesthesiologist Assistant (AAs) and Medical Consultant in Apollo hospital, Ganga Hospital, UPSC, and AIIMS etc.

PRACTICING After completing MD Dermatology, one masters in the diseases related to skin and hair along with veneral diseases and leprosy.

Graduates can become Dermatology Professor, Skin Specialist, Medical Representative, Clinical Application specialist. Graduates with this degree have opportunities for industries like Healthcare environments including hospitals, physician practices, integrative healthcare clinics, public health clinics, college health centers.

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MD Dermatology as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical CollegeJIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Armed Forces Medical College, Pune Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Dermatology is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Dermatology in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below:Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below:Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS.Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees per annum ranges from INR 5K to 25 Lakh depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES A person after completing MD Dermatology one can work as a Dermatology Professor, Skin Specialist, Medical Representative, Clinical Application specialist.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The course provides you with an opportunity to have a future in clinical medicine by integrating it with applied medical microbiology and pathology related to skin.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

LINKS 1. https://www.getmyuni.com/www. mci.org

Dermatology as a branch of medicine deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases regarding skin, nails, and hair which include cancer, eczema, acne, psoriasis, skin allergies and nail infections.

SUMMARY MD Dermatology is a course which imparts knowledge about various diseases, their diagnosis and management related to skin, hair and venerology. It is a 3 year long course which can be done only after attaining an undergraduate degree in medicine (MBBS). The cost ranges from INR 5000 to 25 lac per annum. In order to get admission in MD Dermatology one needs to have completed his undergraduate education in health sciences and should possess a valid license to practice medicine. The entrance exam that one needs to crack in India in order to get admission in MD Dermatology is NEET. .

GYNECOLOGY STUDY FURTHER The main goal of the educational curriculum is to provide an opportunity for resident physicians to achieve the knowledge, skills and attitudes essential to the practice of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and provide opportunity for increasing responsibility, appropriate supervision, formal instruction, critical evaluation and counseling for the resident.

PRACTICING After completing the course, one can start practicing as a gynecologist and obstetrician. One can also join a medical college and teach the medical undergraduates and post graduates.

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MD Obs/Gynecology as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Obs/Gynae is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Obs/Gynae in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEETPG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 50,000 to 40 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments

TIME FRAME The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing the course, one can function as a gynecologist, one can work in a private/government hospital.

One can also join a medical college and teach the post-graduates and undergraduates.

One can also engage in research related to obstetrics and gynecology.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The subject helps one to develop knowledge in obstetrics and gynecology and conditions related to it. A person interested in clinics, maternal health and research is best suited for the course.

MISCELLANEOUS/A DDITIONAL INFORMATION At the end of 3 years of post graduate training, a resident must acquire knowledge, skills and competencies as a result of training under the resident education programme syllabus which includes the following (a) Normal & abnormal development, structure and function of (female & male) urogenital system and female breast. (b) Applied anatomy of genito-urinary system, abdomen, pelvis, pelvic floor, anterior abdominal wall, upper thigh (inguinal ligament, inguinal canal, vulva, rectum and anal canal). (c) Physiology of Spermatogenesis. (d) Endocrinology related to male and female reproduction. (e) Anatomy & physiology of urinary & lower GI (Rectum / anal canal), tract. (f) Development, structure & function of placenta, umbilical cord & amniotic fluid.

LINKS 1. https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academi c/aiims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf

SUMMARY MD Obs/Gynae is a 3 year long course. After completing the course, one can start practicing as a gynecologist and obstetrician. The admission in MD Obs/Gynae is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Obs/Gynae in maximum medical colleges of India.

MEDICINE STUDY FURTHER

The main goal of the training program is to produce physicians with the necessary knowledge, skill and attitude to diagnose and manage in a cost effective manner, a wide range of clinical problems in internal medicine as seen in the community or in secondary/tertiary care settings.

Special emphasis is placed on the relatively common and treatable disorders.

Possession of clinical skills required for making a diagnosis is given utmost importance.

As a result of training in General Internal Medicine, the physician should become competent in the use of the various diagnostic tests, and interpret their results intelligently, keeping in mind their cost effectiveness. In addition, a physician trained in General Internal Medicine should have learnt adequate skills in communication and teaching.

PRACTICING

After completing the course, one can start practicing as a general physician.

One can also join a medical college and teach the medical undergraduates and post graduates.

ENTRANCE EXAM

The admission in MD Medicine is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Medicine in maximum medical colleges of India. Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

IN INDIA

Few colleges that provide MD Medicine as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEETPG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for the course ranges from INR 60,000 to 60 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The total duration for this course is 3 Years

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION he Junior Residents in medicine undergo the following rotation-training during their 3 years’ course towards M D (Med.): (i) Medicine Units : 6 months in each unit (Total: 18 months) (ii) Nephrology : 2 months (iii) Gastroenterology : 3 months (iv) Casualty : 2 months (v) EHS : 2 months (vi) Cardiology : 4 months (vii) Neurology :4 months (viii) Endocrinology : 1 months Total : 36 months

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing the course, one can function as a general physician, one can work in a private/government hospital.

One can also join a medical college and teach the post-graduates and undergraduates. One can also engage in research.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The subject helps one to develop knowledge in general medicine,clinical cases, diseases and conditions related to it.

A person interested in clinics and research is best suited for the course.

LINKS 1. https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/ aiims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf

SUMMARY MD Medicine is a 3 year long course.

After completing the course, one can start practicing as a general physician.

The admission in MD Medicine is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Medicine in maximum medical colleges of India

ORTHOPEDICS STUDY FURTHER A postgraduate in orthopaedics surgery at the end of its 3 year course should develop proper clinical acumen to interpret diagnostic results and correlate them with symptoms from history taking and become capable to diagnose the common clinical conditions/ disease in the specialty and to manage them effectively with success without making any serious complications and sincerely to take such accurate decision, for the patient’s best interest.

PRACTICING After completing the course, one can start practicing as an orthopedician.

One can also join a medical college and teach the medical undergraduates and post graduates.

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MD Orthopedics as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Orthopedics is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Orthopedics in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 50,000 to 60 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing the course, one can function as an orthopedic doctor, one can work in a private/government hospital. One can also join a medical college and teach the post-graduates and undergraduates.

One can also engage in research related to orthopedics.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU The subject helps one to develop knowledge in orthopedics and conditions related to it. A person interested in clinics and research is best suited for the course.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Theory: There shall be four papers: Each being of three hours duration.

Each paper will have 8-10 short questions from the curriculum.

Paper I Basic Sciences related to Orthopedics.

Paper II Principles and Practices of orthopaedics.

PaperIV III General Recent advances in Paper Surgical Principles & orthopaedics & trauma surgery. allied specialties.

Practical Examination: Identification of Surgical Pathology, excised specimens & discussion, reading X-rays & CT Scan/MRI, identification of Instruments & discussion, identification of braces & calipers & discussion thereon.

Clinical Patient presentation/discussion One long case: The long case will be structured comprising – history taking, clinical examination, investigations, decision making, proposed treatment modalities, ethical justification and personal attributes.

Three short cases: The short cases will also be structured in which only one particular system may be considered and therapy decision/discussion made.

SUMMARY MD Orthopedics is a 3 year long course. After completing the course, one can start practicing as an orthopedic doctor. The admission in MD Orthopedics is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam. NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Orthopedics in maximum medical colleges of India

LINKS 1. https://www.aiims.edu/aiims/academic/aiims-syllabus/Syllabus%20%20md%20ms%20mds%20mha.pdf

PATHOLOGY STUDY FURTHER Clinical pathology is a branch in which the diagnosis of diseases are made by conducting tests on body fluids like blood, urine etc.

It also uses microscopic study of various body tissues in order to arrive at a diagnosis.

PRACTICING After completing this course, graduates may get opportunities in areas like Government Hospitals, Private Hospitals, Medical Colleges, Universities, Private Clinics, Medical Labs, Research Labs, Medical Content Writing, etc.

These professionals may work in positions like Pathologist, Clinical Pathologist, professors, research analysts.

IN INDIA Few colleges in India that provide MD Pathology are: AIIMS, New Delhi Christian Medical College, Vellore Armed Forces Medical College, Pune Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore Government Medical College, Nagpur

ENTRANCE EXAMS The admission in MD Pathology is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Pathology in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The avg. fees per annum ranges from INR 42,000 - 12.3 L per annum depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing MD Pathology, one can work as a Pathologist, Discovery Breeder, Research Assistant, Professor/Associate Professor - Pathology.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU Every day a lot of clinical, genetic, and microbiological tests are recommended by the doctors to patients in order to find the actual disease from which the patient is suffering. This will broaden the scope for pathologists.

Pathologists can work as a diagnostician in hospitals, investigators or researchers in medical laboratories and as teachers in colleges and Universities.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Pathology consists of 4 main specialties: Hematology – the study of disorders of the blood.

Histopathology – the study of disease in human tissue.

Medical Microbiology – the study of infection.

Chemical Pathology – the study of the biochemical basis of diseases.

LINKS 1. https://www.getmyuni.com/mdpathology-course 2. https://www.mciindia.org/CMS/

SUMMARY MD Pathology is a postgraduate course which takes 3 years to complete. It imparts detailed knowledge about various disciplines of diagnostic measures taken up in clinical practice. It prepares the students to identify and diagnose diseases on the basis of laboratory tests. The average cost is about INR 42,000 - 12.3 L. In order to do this course, one needs to have completed his undergraduate education in health sciences and should possess a valid license to practice medicine. The entrance exam that one needs to crack in India in order to get admission in MD Pathology is NEET PG. After completing MD Pathology, one can work at Nursing Homes, Hospitals and Clinics – (government and private), academic Institutions.

PEDIATRICS STUDY FURTHER The goal of M D course in Pediatrics is to produce a competent pediatrician who: (i) recognizes the health needs of infants, children and adolescents and carries out professional obligations in keeping with principles of National Health Policy and professional ethics; (ii) has acquired the competencies pertaining to pediatrics that are required to be practiced in the community and at all levels of health care system; (iii) has acquired skills in effectively communicating with the child, family and the community; (iv) is aware of the contemporary advances and developments in medical sciences as related to child health.

PRACTICING After completing the course, one can start practicing as a pediatrician.

One can also join a medical college and teach the medical undergraduates and post graduates.

IN INDIA Few colleges that provide MD Pediatrics as a course are: AIIMS, New Delhi Grant Government Medical College, Mumbai Maulana Azad Medical College JIPMER, Pondicherry King George Medical College, Lucknow Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Pediatrics is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Pediatrics in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES After completing the course, one can function as a pediatrician, one can work in a private/government hospital. One can also join a medical college and teach the postgraduates and undergraduates. One can also engage in research related to pediatrics.

TOTAL COST

The avg. fees for course ranges from INR 60,000 to 40 Lacs depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Some topics included during the course are-Growth and development, Neonatology Nutrition, Organ Systems, Infections, emergency and clinical care, immunology and rheumatology, Genetics etc.

WHAT INTERESTS YOU?

The subject helps one to develop knowledge in pediatrics and conditions related to it. A person interested in clinics, child health and research is best suited for the course.

SUMMARY After completing the course, one can start practicing as a pediatrician. One can work in a private/government hospital. It is a 3 year long course.

The admission in MD Pediatrics is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Pediatrics in maximum medical colleges of India

PHARMACOLOGY STUDY FURTHER Pharmacology is a branch of medicine and pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action.

It involves research and development of new drugs, understanding the action of drugs available and extrapolating their new uses if any.

PRACTICING After doing MD Pharmacology, one can join a medical college in the private or government sector as a professor. One can practice as a general physician in private or government clinics/hospitals. One can get into the research field in drug development and clinical trials.

IN INDIA Some colleges that provide MD Pharmacology as a course in India areAIIMS, New Delhi MAMC, New Delhi UCMS, New Delhi SKing George Medical College, Lucknow Armed Forces Medical College, Pune Christian Medical College, Vellore Kasturba Medical College, Manipal

ENTRANCE EXAM The admission in MD Pharmacology is done on the basis of merit or on the basis of entrance exam.

NEET PG is the entrance exam that facilitates the admission of students in MD Pharmacology in maximum medical colleges of India.

Some reputed medical colleges like AIIMS also conduct their own entrance exams for admissions.

REQUIREMENTS Typically, to pursue an MD degree, candidates need to satisfy the eligibility criteria mentioned below: Candidates should have obtained an MBBS Degree from an institution recognized by the Medical Council of India (MCI).

Candidates should have completed a 1- year compulsory rotating internship after passing the final professional examination which is MBBS. Candidates in possession of an MBBS degree or Provisional MBBS Pass Certificate recognized by the Indian Medical Council Act 1956, besides a permanent or provisional registration certificate of MBBS qualification issued by the Medical Council of India or State Medical Council and having completed 1 year of internship may apply for NEET-PG through the online application system.

TOTAL COST The average course fees ranges from INR 30,000 to 32,00,000 depending upon the sector and guidelines set by various state governments.

TIME FRAME FOR COURSE COMPLETION

The total duration for this course is 3 Years.

FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES

After completing MD Pharmacology one can work as Pharmacology Professor, Tutor, Senior Manager, Medical Advisor, Professor Associate, Academic Head, Academic researcher, Analytical chemist, Biomedical scientist, Clinical research associate

WHAT INTERESTS YOU? The subject lets you understand the working, designing and development of drugs. It also helps in understanding research and clinical trials alongwith an opportunity to enter into the teaching field as well.

MISCELLANEOUS/ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MD Pharmacology has four sections in theory that is, General pharmacological principles and allied sciences (section I) Systemic pharmacology, chemotherapy and therapeutics (section II) Experimental pharmacology, screening of drugs and statistics (section III) Clinical pharmacology and recent advances in pharmacology (section IV)

LINKS 1. https://targetstudy.com/courses/mdpharmacology.html 2. https://www.getmyuni.com/mdpharmacology-course

SUMMARY MD Pharmacology is a 3-year full-time Postgraduate Pharmacy course. It requires an undergraduate degree in medicine. After completing MD Pharmacology, one can work as a professor, as a general physician or enter into the research field. The entrance exam required to get admission in MD Pharmacology is NEET PG. During its course, it has 4 sections alongwith practicals. One can get into drug development and clinical trials after completing MD Pharmacology. Average course fees for MD Pharmacology is INR 30,000 to 32,00,000.

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