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30 â‚ľ November Issue
Table of Contents Articles in Order of Appearance
o
Impact of New Communication
o
By: Carsyn Knebel
o
Post Isolation
By: Najha Jones
o
By: Carsyn Knebel
o
Credit and Installment Buying
Immigration Tensions
Economic Boom By: Najha Jones
o
Impact of New Celebrities By: Katie Fliehler
By: Carsyn Knebel
o o
Post War Disarmament
Impact of Film By: Katie Fliehler By: Lily Lucas
o o
Henry Ford
19th Amendment By: Katie Fliehler By: Lily Lucas
o
Advertising By: Lily Lucas
o
Impact of Sports By: Sofia Perez
o
Scopes Trial By: Sofia Perez
o
Forms of Transportation By: Sofia Perez
o
Urban v. Rural By: Simran Sarin
o
18th Amendment By: Simran Sarin
o
Unions and Strikes By: Simran Sarin
o
Dating Patterns By: Najha Jones
2
3 First commercial radio station in the U.S.
Impact of Communication By: Carsyn Knebel
In
the
media
1920’s,
(newspapers
magazines)
and
big
Americans
deal.
they
radio
could
audiences
by
and were
Newspapers
really
liked
controversy.
a Radio
realized
reach
large
selling
papers,
was
also
a
very
popular thing in the 1920’s. The
things
being
in
the
radio.
now had a voice put to them.
Americans started reading and
Americans turned to the radio
listening
for
or
information
on
to
being
sent
media
and
the
information
nationwide. the
radio
also
important
elections, and
radio
magazines
events,
sports,
music.
commercial
helped lead to celebrities.
and
about
broadcasting
magazines,
newspapers
read
The
comedy, first
station
was
KDKA. Radio led to the idea Print
media
everywhere Most
in
was
the
Americans
newspapers,
of television.
1920’s. bought
magazines,
or
both. People were reading the same
things
that
everyone
else in America was reading. Newspapers events, and
wrote
about
political
elections,
celebrities.
no
There
longer
differences
in
big
were
regional the
United
States because newspapers and magazines
showed
the
newest
fashions and ideas.
4
foreign trade for their jobs.
Post-war Isolationism
The
United
States
becoming
By: Carsyn Knebel
isolated from other countries After World War I, most people
in
the
United
States
would
affect
their
greatly;
and
did not want to be involved
Americans
would
with
jobs.
anything
again.
like
it
ever
Isolationism
Most
a
jobs
lot
of
lose
their
Americans
liked
was
the idea of isolationism but
strong in the Senate when it
they also wanted world peace.
voted
Also,
no
to
Versailles. no
to
the
The
Senate
the
Versailles
Treaty
countries
the United States a lot after the war, so they needed a way
did
to get that money. The United
they
States
began
to
countries
and
would
The
really
hurt
United States had the
realize
isolationism
their
problems.
owed
of
not want to be involved with other
other
voted
Treaty
because
of
the
economy.
strongest The
isolationist feelings because
towards they
States
Europe
did
not
world
want
involvement in anything to do
1920’s.
with
reduction
the
last
war.
After
also
peace
They and
United wanted in
the
wanted
weapon
navies
to
be
World War I the United States
smaller. The U.S. wanted this
wanted
to help prevent future wars.
to
normalcy,�
“return as
to
President
Many
countries
United
Harding said.
States
Kellogg-Briand Harding,
Coolidge,
Hoover
realized
trade
connected
States
to
world.
American
business
the people
and
that
foreign
the
United
rest
of
the
farmers
and
relied
on
treaty
including
the
signed
the
Pact.
rejected
This war.
Americans thought this was a good
step
towards
world
peace.
5
money to the buyer, so that
Credit and Installment Buying
they buyer
By: Carsyn Knebel
loan In
the
1920’s,
can
get
has in
the
to
pay
monthly
item.
The
back
the
installments
credit and if they don’t, the seller
and installment buying became can take the item away from very
popular.
Americans them.
couldn’t goods
afford
that
all
they
of
the
wanted
and
needed. The new products that were
coming
than
the
out
cost
and
Americans installment
ones
credit
buying
and
thought that things would be great
for
a
long
time.
more Americans
old
loved
bought
things
that
people they often times didn’t need
already
had.
At
the
end
of in the 1920’s. They did not
the 1920’s, 15% of all retail realize that this could cause sales were an installment. future economic problems. Credit
helped
Americans
get what they needed without having
to
pay
right
away.
They would buy something with borrowed
money
and
pay
the
loan off over time. People in America used to think it was not okay to borrow money to purchase
items.
In
the
1920’s, buying things without credit
or
installment
was
very uncommon. Installment
buying
is
when the buyer makes a down payment on the item and the seller loans the rest of the
6
7 Advertisement for the motion picture Modern Times
Impact 1920’s
of
Film
in
the
By: Lily Lucas
Motion
pictures
were
first
time,
there
were
celebrities.
Movies
exposed
people
to
new
fashions,
hairstyles,
and
different
first social behaviors. A historian
developed
the
1890s.
At
the quoted,
time,
movies
were
“Radio
told
the
silent. masses what to do, and movies
Many
people
went
to
watch
they
could
showed them how to do it.� movies
so
that
escape post-war problems. The annual
income
from
movies
rose from $30 million in 1921 to
$721
Also,
million
weekly
in
1929.
attendance
rose
from 50 million in 1920 to 90 million in 1929. When
they
found
add
sound
to
completely
out
Jazz
first
movie
Movies
with
to
movies,
changed
world.
how
the
Singer
it
movie
was
with
the
sound.
sound
made
a
large impact because not only could but
people they
add
could
dialogue, also
add
music. Dialogue was also good for
writers
because
it
gave
them more job opportunities. Movies
helped
stars.
They
become
famous,
make helped and
movie people for
the
8
The 19th Amendment
Some
groups
thought
that
since they worked so hard to
By: Lily Lucas
get the right to vote, they The the
nineteenth
right
to
gave
vote.
women
It
would
vote
as
a
well.
Women
argued
group
as
that
the
was
ratified on August 18, 1920. “women’s vote” could end war, This
was
good
for
women crime,
because
it
meant
that
and
corruption
in
they politics.
Some
women
formed
could finally vote. The same year
that
the
amendment
grass
roots
These
were
organizations.
was known
as
the
ratified, women were able to League of Women Voters. These vote
for
the
president
for women
the
first
time.
For
this
was
worked
themselves suffragists,
and
to other
educate voters
on public issues. everything they wanted.
9
Advertising By: Lily Lucas
Advertising 1920’s
helped
consumer culture enjoys
is
a
the
create
culture.
a
Consumer
culture
purchasing
finds
that
goods
and
happiness
consumerism. as
in
Companies
Listerine
advertising
in
to
such
psychologists
to
figure
what they should put in their advertisements would
so
buy
people
them.
consumers
that
it
used
false
the
latest
promote
their
advertising eventually led to
installment
buying.
let
buy
the
radio,
in
magazines, and newspapers.
big
people
wanted Companies
even
was
of
if
False
credit
and
Credit
what they
they didn’t
stopped have
product
use
fashions.
advertised
telling
was
important to be up-to-date on
a
clearly
Also,
advertisers tried to convince
products. These products were on
out
what
their
in
their
and
instead
later.
enough
money,
Installment
and buying
pay is
when the buyer makes payment advertisements,
when they buy a product, and twisted
the
truth
around
to then keep paying off the rest
appeal
to
consumers. of
Advertisers
began
to
the
product
in
hire installments every month.
10
11 Famous baseball player, Babe Ruth
Impact of Sports in the 1920’s By: Sofia Perez
Sports changed a lot in the
unbroken record for 34 years.
1920’s.
Ruth
Watching
attending
sports
popular.
and
became
Attendance
athletic
events
records
broke
during
the
attracted
so
many
fans
very
to Yankee Stadium that people
at
nicknamed it “The House That
all
Ruth Built.”
1920’s. A big change for women was
Spectator
Sports,
or
sports being able to become
that
attract
large famous
numbers
of
fans
athletes.
who Helen
attend very
games,
Wills,
also
became
common
known
as
“Little
Miss
Poker
Face,”
during
this time. was Sports
celebrities
known
ability
were a big reason why
tennis
spectator
than
sports
became
popular.
Everyone know
wanted
about
players,
and
hit
the
to ball
harder
any
of
calm favorite
Gertrude
this,
national
with
sports celebrities were born.
records
The
Before,
most
her
her
opponents and with a
to
their
for
famous
sports
Ederle
broke
world
swimming
and on
manner.
a
women
regular weren’t
basis. seen
celebrity of the era was Babe
this way. Women were to cook
Ruth,
the
and clean at home and devote
Sultan of Swat. In the season
their lives to their family.
of
Sports
also
1927,
runs,
known
Ruth which
hit
as
60
home
became
an
helped
women
become
more independent.
12
Scopes Trial By: Sofia Perez
Traditionalists
believed
and
taught
a
lesson
of
that the Bible is the world
evolution the next day in
of God, and since the Bible
his
said that all creations are
Scopes
biology Trial
class.
The
started
July
God’s,
10,
evolution
1925.
Clarence
didn’t
Darrow,
make
Scopes’
sense.
In
lawyer,
other
was
words,
to
evolution
able trick William
conflicted
Bryan,
a
with
creationism. the
law
for
That’s
when
banning
the
teaching of evolution took place. first
Tennessee was the state
to
enact
the
law. John
fundamentalist, admitting
that
into he
himself
didn’t interpret every word in the Bible as the actual, literal truth. In the end, Scopes was found guilty and
Scopes,
young
was
fined
science teacher, wanted to
Supreme
show the law was ridiculous
the
$100,
Court
but
the
overturned conviction.
13
Forms of Transportation By: Sofia Perez
Henry big
Ford
was
innovator
a
distances
during
from
their
job
because they could just drive
the 1920s. First, he
to
made automobiles more
life a lot easier for people.
affordable.
But
this
He
by
did
increasing
work.
they
Automobiles
weren’t
vehicles
that
the
only
made
the
distance
efficiency
easier.
of
made
long
traveling
his After
assembly
World
War
I, airplanes became
lines. With
cars
being
more
very
useful.
U.S.
Post
Office
bought affordable, people them.
The
surplus
more
could
buy
the
late
by
1920’s,
military planes and used them to deliver mail between some large cities. Henry Ford was
Americans
partly
responsible
for
the
owned more cars than evolution
of
this
vehicle.
bathtubs. By: 1926, Ford was producing With automobiles being more
all-metal
airplanes.
common in American families,
airplanes
were
it gave women and teenagers a
three engines instead of one,
new
and
sense
cars
of
ended
freedom.
the
Also,
isolation
of
could
passengers
farmers because it was easier
hour.
to travel long distances, and
airplanes
urban
common
needed
workers to
no live
longer walking
at
These
powered
by
carry 100
This were people,
ten
miles
per
changed
how
used
for
and
will
evolve much in the future.
14
15 New York City in the 1920’s
Urban vs. Rural By: Simran Sarin
In 1920 in the United States, World War I had just ended. The country was prospering and had gained a significant amount of world power; however, tensions began to occur. After the war, many soldiers left their small towns and moved to the city. More and more people moved to urban cities, leaving less and less people in the rural towns. The people living in the cities began to form new trends that shocked rural dwellers, and tensions between the two areas began to increase. About 19 million people moved from small, rural towns to the city in the 1920s, and the 1920 census revealed that 50 percent of the country’s population was living in the city. People moved to the city for working opportunities, causing an economic boom and an increase in the demand for workers. Worker’s wages increased while the consumer price index stayed the same, resulting in a higher standard of living for
people who lived in the city. People in the city began to form a new culture. They explored different ways of living and thinking, and in their free time, people went to movies, museums, and concerts. People also began to meet others from different cultures, buy and read magazines, drink, gamble, and go on casual dates without being seen as immoral. However, things were very different outside the city. Rural areas were small, quiet communities. People living in rural communities did not like the new ideas and cultures forming in the cities. Many people living in rural towns supported prohibition and felt that it stopped the influences of foreigners on traditional moral values in America. People who lived in the rural areas were also against children being taught about evolution and felt that cities defied religious beliefs.
16
18th Amendment By: Simran Sarin
“After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.” The th 18 Amendment was passed in 1919. It was the only amendment to be repealed from The Constitution because of all the troubles and tensions it caused. The 21st Amendment was passed in 1933; this amendment th repealed the 18 Amendment. The 18th Amendment split the country into two groups: the “wets” and the “drys.” The drys were people who supported the prohibition of alcohol. Many drys lived in rural areas. They believed that the prohibition of alcohol would help make society healthier and happier. They
also thought that prohibition would dull life in the city, and at first, the amendment did deliver these advantages. The wets were the people who were against the prohibition of alcohol. At first, there were few wets in the country, but once the 18th Amendment was passed, the number of people who opposed it grew. The 18th Amendment resulted in an increase in illegal behavior. Wets would make their own bathtub gin, there were many bootleggers, or people who illegally carried alcohol, and many people went to speakeasies, which were secret drinking clubs. Bootlegging became a huge business and one of these famous bootleggers was Al Capone. Al Capone bribed and murdered many people for money during prohibition, but in 1931, he was only arrested for tax evasion.
17
Unions and Strikes By: Simran Sarin
During World War I, the National
War
government
Labor
Board,
funded
a
program,
World
(IWW)
union.
Instead
improve
was of
another trying
conditions
to for
settled labor issues and made
skilled workers, IWW believed
sure that workers were happy
in
so
would
these helped workers stand up
Wages
for
that
continue
products to
be
made.
increased,
unemployment
socialism. their
there
Unions
rights.
were
like
In
1919,
over
3,600
levels decreased, there were
strikes, and one out of every
better
10 workers quit their jobs.
and
working
only
conditions,
8-hour
workdays. Besides
After World War I, this all changed. no
The
longer
government
was
in
for
need
supplies, so the National War Labor
Board
left.
decreased, levels
Wages
unemployment
increased,
conditions
got
working
worse,
and
workers sometimes had 12-hour workdays.
People
tried
to
form unions and go on strikes to
protest
the
unfair
of
Labor
that
American
Federation
(AFL)
was
attempted
to
wages
and
skilled Industrial
a
union
improve
conditions
workers. Workers
unions,
people also started strikes. Seattle had a general strike where were
about
100,000
involved.
The
workers military
had to interfere, and it took five days to end the strike. Also,
in
force’s they
Boston, wages
went
on
the
were
police cut
strike.
so
Calvin
Coolidge, who was the mayor, fired all the police officers that were on strike and hired
treatment of workers. The
joining
for
new
ones.
lots
of
Coolidge
publicity
gained
from
this
action, and it would help him become
president
in
the
future.
The of
the
18
19 A flapper with her boyfriend
Dating patterns By: Najha Jones
often would just go to the Dating in the 1920'S was a serious thing. The person you
were
become life
dating
the and
love the
could of
your
person
you
spent the rest of your life with.
When
you
went
on
person’s house long enough to
drink,
joined.
would
outfit; just
the men
throw
Women
would
outfit, their
teeth
an brush
do
their
ask the parents’ permission to date the daughter.
patterns younger changing
the changed
their
the started
ways.
child
dating. of
The
clothes it
was
dresses,
new
hairstyles
and
lot
more
makeup.
Also
a
new
a
thing
where your friend would set you up on a date and you wouldn't person
people
know was
looked dating
generation
their
know
was “blind dating,”
and
hair. The man would have to
Soon,
whom
short
something
and
hardly
changed;
wouldn’t
shower,
separate
would
style
perfect
find
your
was
that was lying around they
go
meet this person and they
a
nails, and makeup done find
and
ways. The parents wouldn’t
would get their hair,
and
high,
have sex. After this, you
first date the parents often
get
or
like. who
patterns
who
this
what
they
These
new
changed were
dating
known
as
“flappers.”
You
20
Immigration Tensions By: Najha Jones
In
the
started
1920s
taking
Immigrants jobs
Americans
felt
were
and
lead
to
this
Nativist
mainly
that theirs,
Nativism.
focused
on
also targeted hatred towards anyone
who
case,
which
also
lead
Defamation
Europeans
organization
they
looked
only
because
different,
an
Anglo
Saxon descent. The Leo Frank
Catholics, Jew, and Southern not
wasn’t
started to
the
KKK
the
Anti-
Ledge,
an
of
Jews.
The
but
goal of this organization was
also because they also spoke
to stop the false accusation
different
languages.
of
people
faced
Chinese
Jews.
The
long-term
was
to
goal
secure
discrimination
justice
so
from
all
citizens
the
U.S
government because
could they
all
with
looked
alike
be
that
treated
the
same
respect.
and
nothing
like
Americans.
In
In
the 1920’s, an emergency act
some
communities, refused
landlords
to
let
Jews
and
was passed which established others
who
weren’t
American
a quota system that decimated the
amount
of
immigrants
rent
and
live
in
their
apartments.
Colleges
also
limited
number
of
Jews
When
the
granted access to the states. Social conflict often came
they
the
accepted.
from the KKK (Ku Klux Klan).
number
This
increase to 2.4 million this
was
that African
an
mainly
all-white focused
Americans.
But
group on they
started
of
Jews
the
started
to
anti-Semites
prejudge against them.
21
Economic Boom By: Najha Jones
After World War I, the U.S entered
a
period
extraordinary
of
but
it
wasn’t
everyone.
economic
still
now
an
lived
in
increase in sales of products
there
in
They
growth.
There
the
was
economy.
The
easy
African
for
Americans
struggled
and
they
the
ghetto
where
was
lots
of
also
had
to
violence. watch
out
development of new inventions
for the KKK. People wouldn’t
let
and
let blacks work so at times
money
African Americans got evicted
people
people on
work
began
to
less, spend
unnecessary
America
products.
discovered
from their homes.
great Another
way
of
purchasing
stock of natural resources to goods was to use installment work with after World War I. America
also
took
over
many
oversea markets while Europe
buying.
In
buying,
someone
purchase
installment could
something
and
not
was recovering from the war. pay full price. Instead, they Credit made it easier for middle
class
people
to
buy
would pay
make
the
down
rest
payment
of
the
and
money
things. It became fashionable
back in monthly installments.
for
If they got behind or stopped
people
People and
would
the
they
to
spend buy
person
bought
it
from
would
make
the
product
and
money.
something
making
payments
the
seller
could
reclaim
their
product.
People and
then go and spend
that
the
economic
money
right
away.
This
soon
would
became
a
cycle
end.
hoped thought the boom never
22
Impact
of
New
Celebrities
By: Katie Fliehler
After the discovery on how to add sound to motion pictures, a
new
group
emerged.
of
celebrities
These
celebrities
became nationally known and had fans
all
over
worshipped
the
and
country
obsessed
who over
them. These celebrities exposed American’s
to
hairstyles,
new
and
fashions,
loosened
the
rules of social behavior. Rudolph otherwise
Valentino,
known
as
“The
Great
Lover,” was a very popular movie star in the 1920s. When he died at
only
31
years
old
100,000
people lined the streets for him in
New
York
City.
People
had
become very dedicated fans and were died.
extremely Valentino
important
upset became
celebrity
in
when a
he very
popular
culture.
23
The Kellogg Briand Pact was an
Post-War Disarmament
agreement among nations to try By: Katie Fliehler
to settle international disputes by In 1921, President Harding invited
Great
France,
Britain,
Italy,
countries
to
reduction. called
This
the
Conference.
States
other
outlaw
war
naval
countries.
weapon
eventually
meeting
Washington
was Naval
Charles Evan Hughes
rather
than
war. This treaty began with the United
and
and
means
Japan,
discuss
disarmament
peaceful
and
France
to
between
their
Sixty-two
nations
signed
this
treaty.
Many Americans liked the Kellogg Briand
Pact
because
reach peace with
it
helped
other nations
without having to go to war.
shocked delegates by offering to scrap 30 U.S. war ships. This is when other countries agreed to limit the size of their navies also.
Supporters
this
would
wars,
but
hoped
discourage those
who
that future
disagreed
feared that we wouldn’t be able to
contain
this
easily.
The
people who disagreed were right because limited,
although
navies
were
ships
and
small
submarines weren’t affected. Many
Americans
longed
for
world peace after World War I.
24
Ford’s
Henry Ford
innovation
reduced the time it took to
By: Katie Fliehler
build cars from twelve hours Henry
Ford
changed
the
way many people lived in the 1920s.
Cars
sense
became
of
a
new
freedom
for
everyone,
especially
for
women
teenagers.
They
and
were now able drive anywhere they
wanted,
and
teenagers
could go places without their parents. far
Cars made traveling
away
enjoyable were
no
could time
from and
fun.
longer
drive
line
into
different
eighty-four
steps.
He
trained
each of his workers so they were
each
able
to
do
a
different step. Ford was able to cars
lower and
the
price
still
of
make
his good
profit.
Farmers and
town
any
In
the
wanted.
almost
broke the model T’s assembly
more
isolated
into
they
1920’s
home
to just two and a half. Ford
all
middle
class families had cars. Assembly helpful
and
because
of
inspired
lines
are
became Ford. by
popular Ford
the methods
flourmills,
breweries,
He
lines
for
installed
manufacturing built
pieces
of and moving
of
process.
machines
was flow
production
more.
very
that
the Ford could
stamp out parts automatically instead of by the human hand. 25
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Lily Lucas: Textbook: Hart, Diane. History Alive!: Pursuing American Ideals. Palo Alto, CA: Teachers’ Curriculum Institute, 2013. Print. Book: Websites:
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Katie Fliehler: Textbook: Hart, Diane. History Alive!: Pursuing American Ideals. Palo Alto, CA: Teachers’ Curriculum Institute, 2013. Print. Websites:
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