LIBRO ABSTRACTS NUMERADOS

LIBRO ABSTRACTS CONGRESO FINAL DE PROYECTOS PIIISA 2016 Mรกlaga, 27 de Abril de 2016

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VISUALIZATION OF CEREBRAL PATHOLOGY IN A TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE USING EPIFLUORESCENCE AND LASER CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY A.Chacón1, A. Correro2, M. Gémar 3, M.J. Guerrero4, R.J. Ochoa4, J. Ruiz5, J.C. Davila6, A. Gutierrez6 y R. Sanchez-Varo6 1 I.E.S. Isaac Albéniz (Málaga) 2 I.E.S. San Lucas (Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz) 3 I.E.S. Pedro Espinosa (Antequera, Málaga) 4 I.E.S. Martín Rivero (Ronda, Málaga) 5 I.E.S. Pérez de Guzmán (Ronda, Málaga) 6 Dpto. Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga/IBIMA/CIBERNED (Málaga) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid peptides (Abeta), which aggregate giving rise to amyloid plaques in the cerebral parenchyma.

Transgenic mouse models, bearing human genes with mutations associated to familiar forms of AD, have become a valuable tool to investigate this neurodegenerative disorder. Microglia and astroglia are two different types of glial cells that give support and protection to the central nervous system, and may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases as AD. In this project, we aimed to investigate the effect of Abeta deposition on glial response in the hippocampus of an APP/PS1 mouse model of AD. For this purpose, 40 µm thickness brain sections were obtained on a freezing microtome. Then, glial cells were immunostained using specific polyclonal primary antibodies (antiGFAP for astrocytes and anti-Iba1 for microglia) followed by fluorochrome conjugated secondary antibodies. Additionally, fibrillary plaques were evidenced with Thioflavin-S staining, and double stained sections were mounted onto gelatin-coated slides, coverslipped and examined under a confocal laser microscope (Leica SP5 II). Both types of glial cells were found to be closely associated with amyloid plaques, showing morphological changes associated to their activation. Therefore, Abeta deposition induces a neuroinflammatory response conducted by microglia and astroglia in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer’s disease.

Keywords: Alzheimer disease, amyloid plaques, neuroinflammation, glial cells.

2 EFECTO DE LA CAFEÍNA SOBRE LA FRECUENCIA CARDIACA EN EL EMBRIÓN DE POLLO R. Muñoz-Chápuli1, A. Marcos Naz Lucena3, A.I. Fernández Muñoz2, L. González Durán3, P. Pacheco García4, I. Pareja Cerbán5, G. Romo Espinosa6 1

Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga 2 IES Pedro Espinosa (Antequera) 3 IES Martín Rivero (Ronda) 4 IES San Lucas (Sanlúcar de Barrameda) 5 IES Isaac Albéniz (Málaga) 6 IES Pérez de Guzmán (Ronda)

Caffeine is an alkaloid found in coffee, tea and other substances. Caffeine increases the cardiac rhythm by stimulating the sinoatrial node, the natural pacemaker of the heart. In chick embryos of three days of development, the heart is beating regularly indicating the presence of a functional cardiac pacemaker. Our aim was to check if this pacemaker is already sensitive to the stimulation by caffeine in embryos of this age. We designed an experiment comparing two different concentrations of regular expresso coffee in culture medium, using decaffeinated coffee as a negative control. Culture medium (Dulbecco Minimum Essential Medium or DMED) was used to measure the basal heart rate before the treatments. Thus, the experiment included four treatment groups, with four embryos by group. Group A: DMEM+1% coffee, Group B: DMEM+5% coffee, Group C: DMEM+1% decaffeinated coffee, Group D: DMEM+5% decaffeinated coffee. In all cases, the embryos were carefully extracted from the egg and placed in DMEM. The number of heartbeats was counted for 1 minute. Then, the embryos were transferred to the treatment solution and the number of heartbeats was counted for 1 minute again.

The temperature was controlled and kept constant with an infrared lamp. The results showed a 40% increase of the heart rate in embryos of the group B (5% coffee), but the differences were not statistically significant (Student`s t test) due to the high variability of the results. No differences were observed with the other treatments (1% coffee or decaffeinated coffee) respect to the basal heart rate. We think that a higher number of embryos might confirm the hypothesis of an activity of caffeine on the chick embryo pacemaker at this developmental stage.

Keywords: caffeine, cardiac pacemaker, chick embryos, sinoatrial node

Contact: amarcosnaz@gmail.com

3 BIOASSAY WITH PLANTS TO DETECT THE LEVEL OF POLLUTION IN WATER. Alicia Rivera Ramírez1, Belén Gago Calderón2, A.Marcos Naz Lucena3, Elena García Castaño3, Ainhoa Barrios Merino4, Malena Salesi Grana5.

1 Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología. Universidad de Málaga 2 Dpto. Fisiología Humana,Histología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Físico Patológica y Educación Físico Deportiva Universidad de Málaga 3

IES Martín Rivero (Ronda, Málaga)(amarcosnaz@gmail.com) 4 IES Pérez de Guzmán (Ronda, Málaga) 5 IES Juan Ramón Jiménez (Málaga, Málaga)

In this project a complete investigation about the pollution that is created by specific products in water has been made. This investigation begins by putting an special number of garlic to germinate separating them in 6 groups of two or three, putting each group with polluted water by different products or without any product. The first group contains detergent with a concentration of 5%, the second one has a concentration of 25%. To the third group, we add pesticide with a concentration of 5% and the fifth has a concentration of 25%. The last two groups have, one of them colchicine, a substance which stops mitosis of cells, and the other one normal water, without any product (control). These substances usually end in water because they are used for example at the washing machine, or the dish washer,etc. After a few days, after leaving the roots grow and putting them preserved so they would not be spoil, they are measured to observe the level of growth had with each of the potentially toxic products and we do an arithmetic average of the different values. A pair of roots of each group is picked and is watched through the telescope so we can count how many cells are there, which of them are in mitosis, in which phase of mitosis are they…. It was concluded that the roots of the garlic grown in water polluted by detergent have grown a lot less than the others and that with pesticide there isn’t much difference.

Keywords: mitosis, cell, pollution, germinate.

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ESPECTRO DE UN COLORANTE Y SU CONFRONTACIÓN CON MODELOS TEÓRICOS L. N. Centurión1, M. García2, B. González3, C. Jiménez2 Profesor investigador: J. J. Quirante4 Profesor tutor PIIISA: R. López3 1 I.E.S. Pedro Espinosa (Antequera, Málaga) 2 I.E.S. Martín Rivero (Ronda, Málaga) 3 I.E.S. Isaac Albéniz (Málaga) 4 Dpto. Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias (Universidad de Málaga)

El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo chequear modelos teóricos que describan los niveles de energía de tres moléculas de la familia de las cianinas. Éstas presentan un sistema de enlaces conjugados de diferente longitud en cada molécula. La validez de la modelización se ha evaluado comparando los valores de las longitudes de onda asociadas a los tránsitos electrónicos π – π* (orbitales HOMO y LUMO) de dicho sistema, calculadas a partir del modelo teórico, con los valores experimentales. La deslocalización de los electrones tipo pi en una cadena conjugada permite aplicar el método F.E.M.O. (Free Electrón Molecular Orbital), que supone que aquéllos se pueden mover libremente de un extremo a otro de la misma, sin más restricción que la impuesta por el Principio de Exclusión de Pauli. Dicho movimiento se puede describir mediante el modelo de la “partícula en una caja de potencial monodimensional” (particle-in-a-box model). La resolución de la ecuación de Schrödinger para este sistema cuántico conduce a una expresión de la longitud de onda asociada a los tránsitos electrónicos que es función de la “longitud” del sistema conjugado. Dos aproximaciones se pueden considerar en este modelo: en la primera, se calcula la longitud de la cadena considerando su plegamiento “natural” en zig-zag; en la segunda, se estima su longitud suponiendo que fuese lineal. Una segunda modelización ha consistido en hacer un cálculo semiempírico (mediante el método de variaciones) para obtener valores teóricos de energía para los orbitales moleculares de las tres sustancias. A partir de ellos se han calculado las longitudes de ondas asociadas a los tránsitos electrónicos implicados. En ambos casos se reproduce correctamente la tendencia al aumento de los valores de λ con la longitud de la cadena observados experimentalmente. La mejor correlación se obtiene con la aproximación de la cadena plegada, por lo que concluimos que a pesar de su simplicidad, dicho modelo es el que mejor reproduce los valores empíricos.

Palabras Clave: Cianinas, sistema conjugado, transiciones electrónicas, modelización.

AGRADECIMIENTOS Queremos agradecer a nuestro investigador José Joaquín Quirante, del Departamento de Química-Física de la Facultad de Ciencias de Málaga, y a nuestro profesor Rafael López por habernos ayudado durante todo el proceso.

REFERENCIAS Autschbach, J. (2007). Why the Particle-in-a-Box Model Works Well for Cyanine Dyes but Not for Conjugated Polyenes. Journal of Chemical Education, 84(11), pp.1840-1845.

5 APPLYING FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS TO FOLLOW AND EVALUATE PATHOGENIC BACTERIA INTO THE PLANT. Profesores investigadores: C.R.Beuzón1, J.Ruiz-Albert1, J.Rufián1, D.López1 Profesor tutor y coordinador (amarcosnaz@gmail.com): A.M.Naz3 Profesores: M. M. Ariza5, J. Rodríguez4.

Autores del trabajo: I.Calvo2, L.González2, A.Díaz5, A.Matas5, E.Díaz3, M.Malaver4 1

Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga I.E.S. Jardines de Puerta Oscura ( C/ Mirazucenas, 6, 2901, Málaga ) 3 I.E.S. Martín Rivero ( C/Fernando de los Ríos, 1, 29400, Ronda Málaga) 4 I.E.S. Pérez de Guzmán ( C/Dolores Ibarruri, 3, 29400, Ronda Málaga) 5 I.E.S. Pedro Espinosa ( C/Carrera De Madre Carmen, 12, 29200, Antequera Málaga) 2

Introductory summary We made two types of growth medium , one of them solid and the other one liquid. This growth medium will be used to carry out the inoculation and growing of the different bacterial strains. We diluted the cultures to obtain the idoneus amount of bacteria for the inoculation, by carrying out serial dilutions into a magnesium chloride solution. Before inoculating, we had to take into account that everything must be done in sterile conditions.

After the inoculation of bean plants with Pseudomonas syringae bacteria, we observed each strain dilution under the fluorescence microscope at the UMA Investigation System.

Two weeks after the inoculation, we observed the symptoms which each strain caused in the bean leaves inoculated, firstly just at first sight, and later, using a fluorescence microscope to observe a small section of the leaf. In these observations, we count the amount of bacteria found in the leaves inoculated with the different bacterial strains Finally, we analyzed and discussed the different results we obtained during the entire Project.

Keywords: pathogenics bacterias,innoculation ,Pseudomonas syringae, growth medium, bacterial strains and lineages.

6 DIGESTION Y ABSORCIÓN DE CARBOHIDRATOS EN EL TUBO DIGESTIVO DE HAMSTER Autores: Carolina Becerra Canto, Francisco Conde Rodríguez (IES Pérez de Guzmán de Ronda (Málaga)), Carmen Ruiz Moreno IES Martín Rivero de Ronda (Málaga), Juan Manuel Cárdenas Recio (IES Pedro Espinosa de Antequera (Málaga)), Ana Borrego Muñoz, Raúl Pérez Aguilar, Ana Carmen Sánchez Jimenez (IES Jardines (Málaga), Carmen Agudo Ropero (IES Juan Ramón Jiménez (Málaga)) Tutor: Investigadores Margarita Pérez Martín, Manuel Cifuentes Rueda. Dpto.

Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología. Fac. Ciencias. Universidad de Málaga.

Los alumnos participantes en este proyecto tendrán la oportunidad de analizar con detalle el proceso de digestión y absorción de carbohidratos en el tubo digestivo de hámster. A partir de la obtención de extractos enzimáticos de diversas regiones del tracto digestivo y glándulas anejas (estómago, duodeno, páncreas e intestino grueso), se determinará la localización de distintas enzimas digestivas (amilasa, sacarasa y maltasa), usando para ello ensayos colorimétricos cualitativos. Utilizando el modelo experimental del saco intestinal invertido, actualmente muy utilizado para estudiar el transporte de sustancias en el intestino delgado, se estudiará la absorción intestinal de glucosa y galactosa.

Para ello, se incubarán los tejidos aislados bajo distintas condiciones de temperatura, oxigenación y composición iónica, así como en presencia de distintos tipos de inhibidores. En todos los casos, determinarán la concentración de glucosa mediante una reacción de tipo colorimétrico. Las conclusiones obtenidas de este trabajo experimental son: •

La digestión de carbohidratos sólo ocurre en la boca y en el intestino delgado, con el concurso del jugo pancreático.

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Las carbohidrasas son enzimas dependientes del Ph y de la temperatura.

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La absorción de glucosa y galactosa sólo ocurre en el intestino delgado.

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La absorción de glucosa y galactosa es un proceso de transporte activo, dependiente de sodio y la energía procedente del metabolismo oxidativo.

•

Existe competencia entre la glucosa y la galactosa por el trasportador.

7 STUDY OF THE 19TH CENTURY SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS IN THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM OF PATRIMONY AT IES “PEDRO ESPINOSA” I. M. Grana1, M. M. Ariza1,2, A. M. Naz3 V. M. Oviedo3, C. de la Rosa3, M. Ordóñez4, M. Sáez5, M. Caballero5, A. Fábregas5, R. Moreira5 1 Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Málaga 2 IES “Pedro Espinosa” (Antequera, Málaga) 3 IES “Martín Rivero” (Ronda, Málaga) 4 IES “Pérez de Guzmán” (Ronda, Málaga) 5 IES “San Lucas” (Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Cádiz) The research that had been made in this project covers the cataloguing of totality of Physics instruments kept by the IES “Pedro Espinosa”, belonging to the scientific patrimony of its museum, owning an outstanding and unique inventory summing more than seven hundred invaluable items, both historical and scientific.

This research begins with a review on the Secondary Education history and foundation of high schools at middle XIX century and its further development deepening on the scientific and technologic development of the scientific instruments on use back then on educative centers, its classification and the different types of instruments presents nowadays and its cataloguing process. The devices held by Physics department are aimed at assisting the experimental side of scientific learning and their classification had been on track of Science development. The classification process of scientific devices at IES “Pedro Espinosa” has been made at Learning Sciences Faculty at Universidad de Málaga and, by online means, at Virtual Museum of Patrimony at IES “Pedro Espinosa” comparing it against the devices listed on late XIX and early XX century Physics manuals. To end up, those devices had been correlated with the guidance material required for Science teaching at Pidal Law (1846).

Keywords: cataloguing, scientific instruments, scientific heritage, types of instruments, virtual museum.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Also we appreciate the coordination in the project of teachers Dª Mercedes García Cárdenas, Don José Rodríguez Pérez, and particularly of Mª Matilde Ariza Montes and Antonio Marcos Naz Lucena for their help in developing the blog: http://museovirtualiespedroespinosa.blogspot.com.es/ REFERENCES Museo Virtual del Patrimonio del http://museovirtualiespedroespinosa.blogspot.com.es/

IES

“Pedro

Espinosa”:

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Descubriendo la Materia Oscura del Universo.

A. Fall; C. García; N. Martín; I. Guerrero; E. Santiago; E. Rosado; M. Robles; J. Aranda; G. Hristova; N. Yuste; A. Arocha; R. Astete; C. Mellado; B. Márquez; M. Ávila; L. Fernández; R. Pedrosa; S. Fuentes; A. Bache; F. González; G. Rodríguez; P. Romero; P. Cruz; J. Núñez; C. Sánchez; V. Márquez; C. Martínez; N. Sánchez; J. Escaño; B. Moreno; C. Peña; E. Parras; A. Sánchez; P. Silva; 1 2 3 A. Molino ; J. Cáceres ; A. Sota

IES de Educación Secundaria: Isaac Albéniz (Málaga), Juan R. Jiménez (Málaga), Jardines de Puerta Oscura (Málaga), Martín Rivero (Ronda), Pérez de Guzmán (Ronda), Pedro Espinosa (Antequera), San Lucas (Sanlúcar de Barrameda).

1 2 3 FAPESP-­‐Brasil; Departamento de Didáctica de las Ciencias Universidad de Granada; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía IAA-­‐CSIC

*Corresponding author: e-­‐mail: javiercacerespiiisa@gmail.com

Resumen

En este trabajo hemos reproducido el primer experimento que descubrió la materia oscura en el Universo (Zwicky 1933). Inicialmente, se han estudiado cuestiones básicas sobre cosmología (el Big Bang, expansión del Universo ó medir distancias a otras galaxias), así como algunas cuestiones básicas de astrofísica (qué son las galaxias, de qué están formadas, cómo medir la luz emitida de las galaxias, cómo calcular su masa cómo se distribuyen y qué son los “cúmulos” de galaxias). Posteriormente, mediante la utilización de datos científicos, se ha realizado un estudio de las velocidad de las galaxias en del cúmulo de COMA. Teniendo en cuenta que esta velocidad “centrífuga” puede expresarse como una fuerza “hacia afuera” (que tiende a alejar las galaxias del centro del cúmulo), se ha calculado cuál debía de ser la cantidad mínima de fuerza “hacia adentro” para que las galaxias no salieran despedidas y el cúmulo no se disgregara (no se deshiciera). Asimismo, la fuerza “hacia adentro” nos dio la gravedad total del cúmulo obtenida al sumar las masas individuales que aportan cada una de las galaxias.

Gracias al desarrollo de unas ecuaciones básicas de física (teorema del Virial), hemos relacionado esa fuerza “hacia afuera” debida al movimiento de las galaxias (energía cinética) con esa fuerza “hacia adentro” debida a la gravedad generada por la masa del cúmulo (energía potencial).

Mediante una selección de objetos con magnitudes mayores de R<19, dentro de un radio de búsqueda centrado en el centro del cúmulo de radio R<1’ y con colores similares a las galaxias de COMA confirmadas espectroscópicamente, encontramos >900 galaxias candidatas a ser miembros del cúmulo.

Con esa muestra calculamos la masa dinámica y la masa estelar, encontrando que la masa dinámica (1014M¤) es ~10 veces mayor que la masa estelar(1013M¤). Resultado en acuerdo con el experimento de Zwicky en el año 1933.

La comparación de ambas fuerzas (potencial y cinética), nos ha permitido comprender que la fuerza de gravedad generada por las masas de las galaxias del cúmulo COMA era insuficiente para vencer a la fuerza centrípeta y que, por lo tanto, las galaxias deberían haberse disgregado hace mucho tiempo. Es decir, que el cúmulo de COMA se mantienen todavía unido porque ha de existir una fuente adicional de materia que aumenta la fuerza gravitatoria total del cúmulo. Es decir, la materia oscura en el Universo.

Agradecimientos – Financiación A Dr. Alberto Molino Benito (FAPESP -­‐ Brasil, Proyecto 2014/11806-­‐9); D. Fco. Javier Pérez Cáceres (Departamento de Didáctica de las Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, España); D. Alfredo Sota (Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía IAA-­‐CSIC, Granada, España).

Agradecemos la participación del Observatorio de Sierra Nevada (OSN) y la Universidad de Málaga, UMA.

Referencias: • Zwicky, F., 1937. “On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebulae”. ApJ…1937, 86..217Z • The Dark Universe: https://player.vimeo.com/video/83791897 • Zwicky: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky • Dark Matter & Energy: ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTAUnwOvknc • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coma_Cluster

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ESTUDIO DE LA VARIABILIDAD GENÉTICA PARA LA DETECCIÓN DE SABORES EN HUMANOS. A.C.Garriga1, E.R.Bejarano1, A.J. Franco-Mariscal2, A.M.Melgar3, P. Rivas3, D. Akrouh2, E.J. Gallardo4, M. Beltrán4, M.M. Bermúdez, M. Rivas, M. El Mekhantar5 M. Orozo6

1

Instituto de Horticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (Univ. Málaga)

2 3 4

I.E.S. Juan Ramón Jiménez (Málaga)

I.E.S. “Martín Rivero” (Ronda, Málaga)

I.E.S Pedro Espinosa (Antequera, Málaga)

5

I.E.S. Jardines de Puerta Oscura (Málaga)

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I.ES. Pérez Guzmán (Ronda, Málaga)

Esta investigación trata de averiguar la capacidad de los seres humanos para la detección de los sabores de tres sustancias, y de determinar si existe heredabilidad de los fenotipos. Para ello, realizamos una investigación a compañeros de los institutos y a nuestras familias, con tres sustancias químicas: feniltiocarbamida, tiourea y benzoato de sodio.

Tras la recogida de los datos de los institutos, se compararon con los de los compañeros, comprobando que existían semejanzas entre las distintas poblaciones. Con los datos de las familias, se realizaron árboles filogenéticos para cada una de las sustancias químicas utilizadas. A partir de ellos pudimos comprobar si nuestros sabores eran transmitidos por la herencia o no. Con estos árboles, intentamos averiguar, si existía también algún tipo de semejanzas entre poblaciones.

Por último, con la técnica del PCR amplificamos para nuestras muestras el gen que detecta la feniltiocarbamida (TAS2R38) para comprobar con total certeza que coincidía con los resultados obtenidos experimentalmente.

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11 Resumen

“INFLUENCIA DE LA TEMPERATURA SOBRE EL CONTENIDO DE PARACETAMOL EFECTIVO EN COMPRIMIDOS”

El proyecto consiste en determinar el contenido de paracetamol en comprimidos sometidos a diferentes temperaturas y tiempos de exposición. La concentración de paracetamol se determinará por valoración conductimétrica. Ésta consiste en la disolución de cada una de las pastillas de paracetamol en agua y amoniaco, adicionando alícuotas de hidróxido de sodio y registrando los correspondientes valores de conductancia. Una vez completada la curva de valoración conductimétrica, se determinará el punto final matemáticamente para calcular el contenido total de paracetamol en pastillas.

Palabras clave: Neutralización, Estandarización, Conductancia, Paracetamol

PROYECTO JÓVENES CON INVEST IGADORES CUR SO 2015-2016 SEVILLA

Prof. D ra. Ruth Fernández Torr es.

Facultad de Quí mi ca. Uni versid ad de Sevill a.

Cr is tina R om án H idalgo.

Facultad de Quí mi ca. Uni versid ad de Sevill a.

Dr a. Mª del Pilar Villa r Nav arr o.

Profesora de Física y Quí mi ca del I. E.S . Í taca de Tom ares (Sevil la).

Sergio Ca rra sco Ruiz.

Alum no de l I.E.S. Ma rtín Riv ero de R onda (Málaga) Em ilia Mar tín Tá vora.

Abstract The project consists of determining the content paracetamol pills submitted to different temperatures and times of exhibition. The concentration of paracetamol will be calculated by a conductimetric titration. This consists in dissolving each paracetamol tablets in water and ammonia , adding aliquots of sodium hydroxide and writing down the corresponding values of conductance .

Once completed conductometric titration curve, the end point is determined mathematically to calculate the total content of paracetamol in pills.

Al umna d el I. E.S . Ítaca de To mares (S evil la).

Á nge l de Pa ndo Ga rcía.

Al umno del I .E. S. Ch áves Nogal es de Sevill a.

Esther Ma cías Cote.

Al umna d el I. E.S . L lanes de Sevill a.

Keywords: Neutralising, Standardization, Conductance, paracetamol

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ESTUDIO DE LA FAUNA DE INVERTEBRADOS PRESENTES EN LA DÁRSENA DEL GUADALQUIVIR Profesores investigadores: Prof. Dra. Esperanza Cano Sánchez, Prof. Dr. José Pablo López González, Prof coordinadora: Concha Flores Llanos.

Alumnos: Tania Fuentes Andrade,Hans Valdemar López Krabbe,Elena Lobato Castaño, Saray García Pérez, María Martín Mesa,Cristina Sánchez Moreno.

I.E.S Chaves Nogales, C/ Dra. Navarro Rodríguez, s/n 41020 - Sevilla.

I.E.S Llanes, C/ Escultor Francisco Buiza s/n., 41008 Sevilla.

I.E.S Juan Ciudad Duarte, Calle San Pedro, s/n, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla I.E.S.Martín Rivero de Ronda (C/Fernando de los Ríos s/n, Ronda, Málaga) .

Este proyecto trata de estudiar la fauna de invertebrados o zooplancton en la dársena del río Guadalquivir, relacionándola con la cantidad de clorofila presente en el medio. Para lograr nuestro objetivo, los miembros del grupo se trasladaron a la dársena del río Guadalquivir localizada cerca del campus de la Universidad de Sevilla donde se recogieron varias muestras de agua del río en dos niveles de altura. Para estimar la clorofila presente, se tomaron muestras de fitoplancton mediante una botella oceanográfica, y para capturar el zooplancton se utilizó una red de malla. Posteriormente, se analizaron las muestras en el laboratorio, localizado en la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Sevilla. Por un lado, se filtró el medio del fitoplancton, para así después centrifugar y comprobar la absorbancia de la biomasa resultante.

Se comparó la diferencia resultante entre los distintos niveles de altura y de alícuota. Por otro lado, se realizó un conteo de las diferentes muestras de zooplancton distinguiendo tres especies distintas. Por último, los datos se analizaron en tablas y se calculó el nivel de biodiversidad gracias al índice Shannon y Pielou. Este estudio ha permitido extraer una serie de conclusiones finales acerca de cómo afecta la profundidad y el nivel de plancton vegetal respecto al zooplancton.

Palabras claves: fitoplancton, zooplancton, clorofila, dársena del río Guadalquivir.

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Esclavos y minorías étnicas en Sevilla en la Edad Moderna Autoras: Andrea de la Loza ( IES Chaves Nogales), Andrea Suárez ( IES Ítaca), Isabel Alfonso ( IES Juan García Duarte), María Gómez (IES Chaves Nogales).

Coordinadores: Dr. Juan José Iglesias Rodríguez, Dr. Rafael Pérez García, Dr. Manuel Fernández Chaves (Departamento de Historia Moderna de la Universidad de Sevilla).

Tutora: Jara Salguero Palma ( Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Filosofía del IES Chaves Nogales).

Abstract: The aim of this project is to inform about the role that Seville played in the slave trade during the XVIII century. Slavery is a form of subjugation that has existed since ancient times until the present day assuming different names. This trade has developed between three continents within the XV and XIX centuries, Europe, America and Africa.

Seville has played an important role in this commercial event as it was the central point of the traffic and commercialisation of slaves, being the meeting point of the European and American businessmen because its location.

We have based our investigation on the documentary source of the “Archivo Histórico Provincial” of Seville. We have read, studied and organised the information of these documents. A document is a written or printed paper that bears the original, official, or legal form of something and can be used to provide decisive evidence or information. These documents are collected in an archive, which is a place or collection containing records, documents, or other materials of historical interest. By studying these documents we have arrived at several conclusions.

Key words: Archivo, Documento, Comercio de esclavos, Variedad de etnias, Sevilla.

Archive, Document, Slave trade, Ethnic variety, Seville.

14 CELDAS GRÄTZEL

Carmen Sánchez Reguera1, Lucía Navarro Monje2, Gemma León Vergara3.

1) IES Martín Rivero – C/ Fernando de los Ríos, 1, 29400 Ronda, Málaga.

2) IES Llanes – C/ Escultor Francisco Buiza, s/n, 41008 Sevilla.

3) IES Itaca – C/ Cristina Hoyos, 41940 Tomares, Sevilla.

Profesor investigador: Jesús Idígoras León.

Profesora coordinadora: María de los Reyes de la Vega Sánchez.

Este trabajo consiste en fabricar e investigar las llamadas celdas Grätzel, también conocidas como DSSCs (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells). Son celdas algo menos eficientes que las de silicio (las más utilizadas a día de hoy), en cambio tienen unos costes económicos asociados a su proceso de fabricación muy bajos. Primero aprenderemos a fabricar las DSSCs, cuya estructura consiste en una capa de dióxido de titanio nanoestructurado depositado sobre en un cristal conductor al que llamaremos FTO. Teniendo en cuenta que el dióxido de titanio absorbe luz UV, es necesario teñirlo con colorantes, los cuales serán extraídos de frutas y verduras. Todo esta parte será llamado electrodo de trabajo. Por otro lado, sobre otro FTO preparamos el contraelectrodo. Para ello aplicamos una capa de platino, cuyo objetivo será favorecer la reducción (reacción redox) del par redox del electrolito (disolución que se encuentra entre el electrodo de trabajo y el contraelectrodo). Antes de preparar las celdas, estudiamos la absorción de luz visible de cada pigmento (granada, curry, fresa…) para saber cuál podría ser válido para fabricar las celdas. Para ver cuál será más eficiente mediremos la corriente y el voltaje mediante la curva IV con un simulador solar de las celdas teñidas con los colorantes. La mayor eficiencia fue obtenida con un colorante sintético (del investigador). Los resultados son comparados con los obtenidos con una celda de silicio. Y al compararla con las de silicio podemos comprobar que la eficiencia de las de silicio es algo mayor bajo el simulador solar pero que en días nublados las celdas Grätzel funcionan mejor (su eficiencia cae menos que la de la celda de silicio). Estas celdas tienen otras ventajas, por ejemplo son transparentes y pueden ser flexibles.

Palabras clave: celda Gratzel, DSSCs, eficiencia fotovoltaica, colorante orgánico, dióxido de titanio, par redox, curva IV.

15 SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMERS. DESIGN AND PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF A METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION AND SEPARATION OF PLASTICS BY PHYSICAL PROCESSES.

J. Cámpora1, P. Palma1, A.M.Naz1, 3, C. Espinar4, A. Chmielewski4 M. Álvarez3, D. Nieto2, D.González5, M.Sánchez4, A. Pérez2 1

Instituto Investigaciones Químicas-CSIC (Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla) 2 I.E.S. Ítaca (Tomares, Sevilla) 3 I.E.S. Martín Rivero (Ronda, Málaga) 4 I.E.S. Juan Ciudad Duarte (Bormujos, Sevilla) 5 I.E.S. Chaves Nogales (Sevilla-Este).

This project had consisted in the research of efficient methods for reducing environmental contamination produced by the accumulation of plastic waste. To do this, we have investigated about the characteristics of polymers surrounding us everyday and we have prepared a plastic collection (called “polimeroteca”), which we have used to try to create a way for separating plastics using physical methods (solubility, floatability, ignition, heat…) which can be done at home or in a lab. We have created our own polymer too.

We also have investigated about the polymerization reaction, paying special attention to the catalysts synthesis, the creation of solutions and the classification of the resulting polymer; comparing the results (infrared spectrometry and ethylene consumption) with the obtained in 2014-2015 project. Everything made with machines from IQQ (Seville).

Key words: plastic, “polimeroteca”, catalyst, infrared spectroscopy.

Email: amarcosnaz@gmail.com. Web: www.polímerosyplasticos.blogspot.com

16

PREPARACIÓN Y SINTETIZACIÓN DE ASPIRINA Profesores: Prof. Dr. Javier Iglesias Sigüenza, Prof. Carmen Sáez de Oña Sánchez.

Alumnos: Marcos García Trujillo, María Cobo Garrido, Helena Domínguez Meléndez.

I.E.S Chaves Nogales, C/ Dra. Navarro Rodríguez, s/n 41020 - Sevilla.

I.E.S Llanes, C/ Escultor Francisco Buiza s/n., 41008 Sevilla.

I.E.S Juan Ciudad Duarte, Calle San Pedro, s/n, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla .

Este trabajo se basa en el estudio y sintetización del ácido acetilsalicílico principio activo de la aspirina para una posterior purificación del producto mediante cristalización, este es el proceso por el cual se separa un componente de una solución líquida transfiriendolo a una fase sólida en forma de cristales que precipitan. Todo esto en dos diferentes sesiones de proyecto, llevados a cabo en los laboratorios de la Facultad de Química de la Universidad de Sevilla. Una vez conseguido nuestro producto totalmente sintetizado decidimos hacer un test de “calidad”, para saber si era totalmente puro después de todos los procesos hechos anteriormente. Para esto usamos unas pruebas colorimétricas. Al reaccionar nuestro ácido salicílico con cloruro de hierro (III), si no estuviera totalmente pura nuestra aspirina, reaccionaria con los productos de deshecho y se pondría en un color violeta intenso. En la tercera sesión nos concentramos en la determinación de la cantidad de ácido acetilsalicílico existente en una pastilla de aspirina comercial (Bayer). Para ello hicimos una valoración ácido-base, usando NaOH como agente valorante. Tras el estudio de los resultados, pudimos sacar varias conclusiones, entre ellas, la función del reactivo limitante: al aparecer en la reacción en menor cantidad condiciona dicha reacción. Lo pudimos observar también, al sintetizar ácido acetilsalicílico, principio activo de la aspirina, ya que tras una reacción, el resultado tiene impurezas y hay que purificar el producto para eliminarlas. Comprobamos lo complejas que son las reacciones químicas y cómo cada pequeño detalle influye.

Palabras claves: Sintetizar, Separación, Purificación, Valoración.

17 Resumen

“DETERMINACIÓN DEL GRADO DE ACIDEZ DE VINAGRES COMERCIALES DE DISTINTA MATERIA PRIMA” PROYECTO JÓVENES CON INVESTIGADORES CURSO 2015-2016 SEVILLA

Prof. Dra. Mercedes Villar Navarro.

Facultad de Química. Universidad de Sevilla.

Noemí Aranda Merino.

Facultad de Química. Universidad de Sevilla.

Dra. Mª del Pilar Villar Navarro.

Profesora de Física y Química del I.E.S. Ítaca de Tomares (Sevilla).

Santiago Isaí Ballesté Jaramillo.

Alumno del I.E.S. Ítaca de Tomares (Sevilla).

Mónica Lora Martín.

Alumna del I.E.S. Cháves Nogales de Sevilla.

Noelia Pérez Domínguez.

Alumna del I.E.S. Juan Ciudad Duarte de Bormujos (Sevilla).

Celia Pérez Becerra.

Alumna del I.E.S. Martín Rivero de Ronda (Málaga)

El objetivo principal de esta investigación es la determinación de la cantidad de ácido acético en diferentes vinagres comerciales mediante una valoración ácido-base para determinar el grado de acidez de los mismos. Además los vinagres serán analizados con el objetivo de determinar el residuo seco.

Palabras clave: ácido acético, vinagre, grado de acidez, parámetros de calidad, valoración ácido-base, residuo seco Abstract

The purpose of this research is to determinate the concentration of acetic acid in different commercials vinegars by an acid base titration in order to verify if they can legally be in trade.

Afterwards, the concentration of the acetic acid will be evaluated. The commercial vinegars will be analyzed, in order to determinate the acetic acid concentration and dry residue.

Keywords: acetic acid, vinegar, grade acid, quality parameters, acid-base titration, dry residue

18

ENSAYOS DIDÁCTICOS DE ELECTROQUÍMICA: PILAS ELÉCTRICAS Y ELECTRODEPOSICIÓN. Profesor investigador: José Luis Olloqui Sariego Profesora coordinadora: Carmen Sáez de Oña Sánchez Autores del trabajo: Antonio Mateos Barea y Herminia Librero Rodriguez I.E.S.Martín Rivero de Ronda (C/Fernando de los Ríos s/n, Ronda, Málaga), I.E.S.Juan Ciudad Duarte (C/ San Pedro s.n, Bormujos, Sevilla) e I.E.S.Chaves Nogales (41020 Sevilla).

En el presente proyecto se ha llevado a cabo una introducción de los fundamentos de la electroquímica y las principales aplicaciones de los dispositivos electroquímicos presentes en objetos de nuestra vida cotidiana. Para ello, se han realizado una serie de experimentos didácticos en los que se ha abordado el diseño, construcción y caracterización de celdas galvánicas para poner de de manifiesto cómo se puede transformar energía química en energía eléctrica, y celdas electrolíticas caseras para la electrodeposición de cobre sobre objetos metálicos. Se han realizado experimentos de electrodeposición de níquel, bajo condiciones industriales a escala laboratorio, con el objeto de conocer un proceso electroquímico comúnmente utilizado en la industria de galvanoplastia con fines decorativos.

Palabras clave: Reacción de oxidación-reducción, Electroquímica, Electrodo, Celda galvánica, Celda electrolítica, Electrodeposición, Niquelado.

19 PLEGARIAS DE IDA Y VUELTA: LAS HUELLAS DE GENTES Y CREENCIAS DE LA ITÁLICA ROMANA Profesoras Coordinadoras: Oliva Rodríguez Gutiérrez, Eva Mª Quintana Izquierdo Autores del proyecto: Amanda Bravo Hidalgo, Francisco Tovar Pérez, Diego Melguizo, Claudia Cárdenas Fernández

Centros de procedencia: IES Martín Rivero en Ronda (Málaga). C/Fernando De Los Ríos 1, cp 29400 IES Itaca en Tomares (Sevilla.). C/ Cristina Hoyos s/n, cp 41940 IES Chaves Nogales en Sevilla. C/ Dr. Madrazo Osuna, s/n, cp 42020 IES Juan Ciudad Duarte en Bormujos (Sevilla). C/De Gines, S/N, cp.41930.

El título del proyecto “Plegarias de ida y vuelta” se debe a la singular representación protagonista de estas placas votivas que se conocen, por ello, como de “plantas de pies” (plantae pedum, en latín). Hay bastantes ejemplos, repartidos por muy diferentes puntos del Imperio romano y, generalmente, se encuentran asociados al culto a determinadas divinidades, algunas de origen oriental pero plenamente incorporadas al panteón romano, como Isis o Bubastis, Némesis o Caelestis. El hecho de que algunas de estas diosas estuvieran relacionadas en la Antigüedad con la fortuna o con un futuro incierto, es lo que ha llevado a los estudiosos a proponer que estos exvotos deban entenderse como plegarias desafortunadas. En la ciudad romana de Itálica se han encontrado dos conjuntos de estas por parte de los devotos para “ir” y “regresar” ilesos de situaciones peligrosas, infortunios, asociados a dos de sus más importantes edificios: el anfiteatro y teatro; hoy se conservan en el Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla. De lo que sí tenemos certeza es que unas gentes, de acuerdo a sus creencias y por motivos que pueden ir desde la desdicha y la indefensión hasta la búsqueda de éxito y seguridades, se preocuparon de encargar estas placas, escribir sus nombres y sus oraciones, y dejarlas en un lugar destinado a su divinidad protectora. No es muy diferente de votos y ofrendas que se siguen haciendo hoy en muchos lugares del Planeta.

The project title "Plegarias return" is due to the unique character representation of these votive plaques known therefore as "soles" (plantae pedum in Latin).

There are many examples, spread very different parts of the Roman Empire and generally are associated with the worship of certain deities, some of Eastern origin but fully incorporated into the Roman pantheon, like Isis or Bubastis, Nemesis or Caelestis. The fact that some of these goddesses were related in antiquity with fortune or with an uncertain future, is what has led scholars to propose that these be seen as unfortunate votive prayers. In the Roman city of Italica found two sets of these by the devotees to "go" and "return" unharmed from dangerous situations, misfortunes, associated with two of its most important buildings: the amphitheater and theater; today preserved in the Archaeological Museum of Seville. What we do have for sure it is that some people, according to their beliefs and for reasons that can range from misery and helplessness to finding success and securities, worried order these plates, write their names and their prayers, and leave them in a place intended for protective divinity. It is not very different from vows and offerings are still made today in many parts of the Planet.

Palabras clave: plegarias, plantae pedum, Isis, Némesis, Caelestis, exvotos, Itálica.

20 ACCESS TEST TO THE UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD Coordinator teachers: Carmen del Camino Martínez and Eva María González Martínez Authors of the work: José Francisco Campos Figueredo, Carmen María Moriana Bonilla, Elena Domínguez-­Palacios Barros.

I.E.S Juan Ciudad Duarte. Calle de San Pedro, s/n, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla.

I.E.S Chaves Nogales. Calle Dr. Madrazo Osuna, s/n, 41020 Sevilla.

I.E.S. Ítaca. Calle Cristina Hoyos, s/n, 41940 Tomares, Sevilla.

This work is based on the study of different requirements that were demanded to access to the University of Seville in the Early Modern Period. It should be taken into account that previous to the existence of the University of Seville, as it is nowadays known, there was a Major College called Santa María de Jesús. This college was the predecessor of the University and was founded by Rodrigo Fernández de Santaella. To check that the candidate met the criteria, they researched about the person, family and ancestors. The process was based on a 18-questions survey that were answered by people who lived on their places of residence and birth. These questions were made by a scribe or fellow of the University to verify aspects like racial purity, the condition of old Christian, the social status, virtues and life customs. This study has been based on the analysis of a dossier dated on the 17th century and it has been supported on a bibliography about the Old Regime, the situation of different Universities all around the country and in particular about the University of Seville. In this way, the main focus of the investigation is the dossier of a Theology scholarship candidate (a secondary school graduate) who was called Juan de Porras y Atienza. The information was carried out on his places of residence and birth, Palma and Cabra towns, and also the places where his ancestors lived, Lucena and Córdoba. Thanks to this dossier, it is possible to know: the procedure to get the required information, the conditions that the candidate must collect and the familiar environment.

Key words: University, access, racial purity, witness.

21 DETECTION OF BACTERIA IN HEALTHY CARRIERS AND POROUS TITANIUM IMPLANTS Researchers: Dr. Yadir Torres, Dra. Dolores Garvi and Dr. José Antonio Rodríguez Coordinator: Carolina Clavijo Aumont Students: Silvia García Soto, Rocío Ruiz Montaño, Roberto Morillo Ruda, Alejandro Rizo Borrego, Isabel Bejarano Valverde and Javier Hernández Tello.

Schools: IES Martín Rivero, IES Ítaca, IES Juan Ciudad Duarte, IES Chaves Nogales.

ABSTRACT Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) and Ti6Al4V alloy are considered the best metallic biomaterials to replace bone tissue.

However, there are some risks of mistake in implants, most of them are associated with three main difficulties: bone resorption caused by stress shielding, the deficient osseointegration and superficial problems related with bacteria. In this research, a solution to these problems is addressed, as well as an exhaustive analysis of the colony-forming units, focused on Escherichia Coli (titanium) and Staphylococcus (healthy carriers) bacteria. Titanium porous substrates will be produced by using space-holders technique (in order to solve Young’s Modulus differences) and executing a chemical surface treatment utilizing HF (to modify the surface of the material and make possible the improvement of the osseointegration). The results obtained from the bacteria found in titanium samples will be analyzed along with the existing ones on healthy carriers with the purpose of solving the third problem.

The characterization of titanium porous samples is done by image analysis and afterwards, by the Archimedes method. Superficial roughness is calculated with confocal microscopy and bacteriological results are measured with the count of colonyforming units (CFU).

Key words: biomaterials, stress shielding, Young’s modulus, Archimedes

22

EL OLIVO FUENTE DE SALUD. ¿QUÉ NOS OCULTAN SUS HOJAS? Investigadores: Ángeles Guinda, José Mª Castellano, Mirela Rada y Laura Macías Coordinadores: Mª del Carmen Gutiérrez Fernández, A. Marcos Naz Lucena Alumnos/as: Despoina Kampyli, Sergio Salgado, Álvaro Alemany, Claudia Dominguez, Paula María Parra, Miguel Esteban, Carmen Cobano, Julia Pérez, Juan Benítez, Jorge Zamudio, María Parra, Esther Becerra, Miriam García, Esperanza Valverde, Lucía Gilabert, Celia Merino I.E.S. Ítaca. Sevilla. Avda. Cristina Hoyos, s/n . 41940. Tomares. Sevilla I.E.S. Chaves Nogales. Avda República de China 13H. 41020. Sevilla I.E.S. Martín Rivero. Calle de Fernando de los Ríos, 1. 29400. Ronda. Málaga I.E.S. Juan Ciudad Duarte. Calle San Pedro, s/n. 41930. Bormujos. Sevilla

El ácido oleanólico está siendo investigado para prevenir la Diabetes mellitus Tipo 2. Este ácido puede obtenerse directamente de las hojas del olivo con excelentes rendimientos y en alta pureza mediante un método patentado en el Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es evaluar el grado de pureza y rendimiento que se puede llegar a alcanzar utilizando un método low-cost de extracción planteado por los investigadores y puesto en práctica en los cuatro centros de enseñanza participantes. El hecho de ser éste, un compuesto que está siendo investigado para prevenir la Diabetes mellitus Tipo 2, obliga a cuidar en extremo el diseño experimental y supone la necesidad del trabajo en equipo. Se destaca en la investigación, si se podrán obtener los mismos resultados respecto al sistema patentado y entre los distintos centros. Al mismo tiempo en dichos centros se desarrollaron líneas de investigación paralelas y alternativas: diferenciar entre hojas amarillas y verdes; realización del trabajo por duplicado o estudiar además hojas de olivo del entorno concretamente del parque “Olivar del Zaudín”. Para el análisis de las muestras obtenidas en cada IES, el alumnado ha adquirido altos conocimientos en técnicas cromatográficas y el análisis de los resultados obtenidos (a través de tablas de datos, representaciones gráficas y aplicación de operaciones) ha permitido llegar a la conclusión que se puede llevar a cabo dicha extracción low-cost, incluso por alumnado de secundaria y bachillerato, pero a cambio de un pureza y concentración menor.

Palabras clave: ácido oleanólico, extracción, purificación, pureza, riqueza, trabajo en equipo Email: amarcosnaz@gmail.com

23

VISUALIZATION OF THE RADIATION EFFECTS ON CELLS Grupo de Cultivo Celular y Radiobiología: Dra. N. Pastor, Dr. M.L. Orta, Dra. I. Domínguez y Dr. S. Mateos. (Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla) Margarita Ortega Sastre Inmaculada Crespo González (IES Martín Rivero, Polígono Industrial ‘’El Fuerte’’ Calle Fernando de los Ríos nº 1 Ronda, Málaga) , Mónica García Ortiz (IES Chaves Nogales, Calle Doctora Navarro Rodríguez, Sevilla Este), María José Perea Vela (IES Juan Ciudad Duarte, Calle San Pedro, s/n Bormujos, Sevilla), Rafael Valverde López (IES Ítaca, Calle Cristina Hoyos, Tomares),

The project shows with some very simple experiments, that the genetic material (DNA of our chromosomes) is the main target in relation to radiation-induced cell death. The experiments were performed using a model of in vitro cell culture. Specifically, we used fibroblasts from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cells grown in culture flasks were irradiated using an X-ray tube at different doses (0, 3, 6, 9 Gy). We tested chromosomal damage by a micronuclei assay and cell survival by clonogenic assay. We observed a dose-dependent increase in micronuclei frequency that was inversely related to cell survival. Our results clearly show that cellular radiation survival is strongly influenced

by DNA damage.

Key words: Ionizing radiation, chromosomic damage, micronuclei, binucleated cell, colony, clonogenic assay, cell survival.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -

Laboratorio de Cultivo Celular y Radiobiología de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad de Sevilla.

Dr Santiago Mateos, Dra Nuria Pastor, Dr. Luis Orta y Dra. Inmaculada Domínguez.

REFERENCES - French, M, Morley, (1985) AA Measurment of micronuclei in lymphocytes. Mutat.

Res. 47,29-36.

- French, M. (1993) the cytokinesis-block micronucleus technique and its application to genotoxicity studies in human population. Environ.Helth. Perspect. 101.101-107.

- Salmon S., Hamburger A. et al. Quantitation of diferential sensitivity of human– tumor stem cells to anticancer drugs. The New England Journal of Medicine 1978; 298 (24): 1321–1327 - El ADN bajo el efecto del sol. Investigación y Ciencia Agosto 2012, nº 431 - Radiaciones ionizantes. Investigación y Ciencia Mayo 2011 nº 416 - Efectos biológicos de los rayos X de baja energía. Investigación y Ciencia Marzo 2012 nº 426.

24 WHAT IS IN THE AIR WE BREATHE? Researching teachers: Pura Alcázar Teno, Herminia García Mozo, Mª José Velasco Jiménez, Lola Hidalgo Gálvez.

Coordinating teacher: Noemí Díaz Guerrero.

Teacher: María Josefa Lucena Domínguez.

Students: Lorena Montes Baena, Noelia González Moreno, Ángela Serrano Ayora y Paula Zamorano Martos.

Several epidemiological studies have shown an increase of allergic diseases. Pollen grains, along with fungal spores, are one of the main sources of allergens that cause allergies. The objective of this project is the study of the origin of these biological particles, the species from which they come and their biological function beyond the cause of allergies in humans. In this project we focus on the structures of fungi in contaminated food, examining them through the magnifying glass, as well as airroaming fungal spores. We put the portable sensors for subsequent collection. Later we rely on the structures of flowers collected, observing their structures through the magnifying glass and making samples of pollen grains to be observed under a microscope. Finally, we prepare samples of portable sensors, previously placed, and we perform a small counting of pollen grains. The results were obtained when performing a classification of the different pollen varieties according to pollen concentration in Priego de Córdoba. We note the percentage of pollen grains in 2002, where the most abundant variety is olea, which owns 74%. The second place is for the holm oak, with a concentration of 13%. To a lesser extent we found psyllium, grasses and other less significant varieties. As far as their flowering period is concerned, we can say that the holm oak begins flowering much earlier than other varieties, being noted since early April. On the other hand, the olive tree starts flowering, although not significant, in late April, being the period of greatest concentration in May. The grass begins flowering at the same time as the olive tree, but their concentrations are lower than this. Psyllium remains constant throughout the period, with a nonsignificant variety. In addition, we can see that the amount of pollen varies depending on the weather, because during the rainy season, the amount of pollen is reduced in the atmosphere and, on the contrary, it increases after this season.

Educational institution: IES ÁLVAREZ CUBERO. NICETO ALCALA ZAMORA AVENUE, S / N. 14800 Priego de Córdoba.

We thank the Aerobiology department (BOTANY) of the University of Cordoba and the IES ÁLVAREZ CUBERO (Priego de Córdoba).

We thank the researching teachers of the Aerobiology department for their attention and means provided for our research.

We thank coordinator Noemí Díaz and teacher Maria Josefa Lucena for their help and collaboration in this project.

25 THE HOSPITAL OF PLANTS Researching teachers: Encarnación Pérez Artés, Almudena Torres Trenas, Carlos Casanova Muñoz.

Coordinating teacher: Noemí Díaz Guerrero.

Teacher: Leonor González Calvo.

Students: Miriam González Ruiz, María Díaz Ruíz-Ruano, Isabel Pérez Picadizo, María García García, Rocío Gutiérrez Rico, Raúl Padilla Marín, Pedro Montes Sánchez.

Educational Institution: I.E.S. Álvarez Cubero (Priego de Córdoba).

Niceto Alcalá Zamora avenue S/N 14800 Priego de Córdoba.

Summary: During this project we have developed a pathogenic test with the purpose of determining the resistance or susceptibility of a selection of carnation varieties to the infection of the mushroom Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Dianthi which is the fungus that causes fusarium wilt of carnation. This mushroom lives in the ground and infect the plant through its roots from where it colonises the vascular system causing that the plant wither and finally dies. To fight the illness the principal method is the using of resistant plantations at the illness already said. We have attended three sessions in which we have carried through an identification procedure based on the DNA analysis which permits the identification and determining of the race that the mushroom belongs to in a fast and precise way. The required steps to make the project have been the previous indentification of specific DNA sequences, the desing of PCR primers from the identify sequences and the observation by electrophoresis in Agarosa gel of the amplified DNA fragments by PCR. During the three sessions that which we have attended they have explained us how to make all this process and they have given us all the help that we have needed by the hand of the project researchers. The materials and methods that we have used have been the mushroom isolation from plants with symptoms, the mold DNA obtention by “hot shot”, the specifical sequences amplification by PCR and the observation of the amplified products after the electrophoresis in Agarosa gel. The obtained results were the desing of specific primers that, used in PCR reactions, allow the indentification of the fungal isolated obtained of a ilness plant or of the ground from an ill.

Key words: fusarium wilt, DNA, primers, PCR reactions, electrophoresis.

We thank the CSIC of Córdoba and the IES Álvarez Cubero (Priego de Córdoba).

We thank the researching teachers of the CSIC for their attention and means provided for our research.

We thank coordinator Noemi Díaz Guerrero and teacher Leonor González Calvo for their help and collaboration in this project.

26 Photocatalysis for depolution of NOx gases.

J. Balbuena1, M. Cruz Yusta1, L. Sánchez Granados1 C. Venegas López2, N. Algar Serrano2, M. Hinojosa Cabrera2, V. M. Molina Moreno2, I. Moscoso Porrino2, S. Torralvo Repullo2 1

Departamento de Química Inorgánica e Ingeniería Química (Área de Química Inorgánica) de la Universidad de Córdoba.

2

IES Genil, C/Granada, s/n, Cuevas de San Marcos (Málaga)

Appropriate waste management is one of the main requisites for sustainable development at present. This task is nowadays tackled by the material construction industry. The present work is focused on the proper valorization of wastes for the production of new self-cleaning and de-polluting materials cementitious materials.

The studied wastes are generated on the steel industry (HSL) and on shipyard works during the cleaning of boat/ship’s hull. The high content in iron oxide is used to prepare a photocatalytic raw material. The HSL is constituted by Fe2O3 (41.9 %), SiO2 (10.6 %) and CaO (8.9 %), Cr (7.6 %), Al2O3 (6.8 %) and MgO (4.1 %) and the SOW is constituted

by Fe2O3 (60.7 %), SiO2 (29.1 %) and Al2O3 (3.9 %) as main components. Thermal transformation for the HSL and SOW is required, the wastes was heated at temperatures of 600 ºC to enrich the sample on -Fe2O3, as semiconductor photocatalyst and to eliminate the organic compound.

Mortar specimens containing HSL as photocatalyst admixture let the preparation of selfcleaning and de-polluting materials. It is evaluated the degradation of metylene blue dye as organic compound. Moreover, it is presented the use of wastes for the preparation of materials enhancing the photocatalytic oxidation of NOx gases. Conversely, building materials with good photocatalytic properties were prepared using TiO2 and HSL photocatalysts. Finally, the preparation of sustainable building materials is demonstrated through an adequate reuse of steel lamination process wastes.

Keywords: Photocatalysis, NOx gases, Depollution, mortar.

References [1] R. Sugráñez, M. Cruz, I. Mármol, F. Martín, J. Morales, L. Sánchez, ChemSusChem, 2012, 5, 694-699.

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DEVELOPMENT OF REAGENT STRIPS BASED ON TERBIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES V. Zurita-Lozano1, M.L. Castillo-García1, M.P. Aguilar-Caballos1 C. Venegas2, N. Kristianova Dimitrova2, A. Moreno Venegas2, A. Torralvo Jiménez2, P. Valverde Guillén 2 1 Departamento de Química Analítica. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad de Córdoba 2 IES Genil, C/Granada, s/n, 29210 Cuevas de San Marcos-Málaga

The use of antibiotics to treat infections in food producing animals is of great interest since their uncontrolled presence may lead to the appearance of resistant bacterial strains. Thus, the analytical control of their residues is of great importance for food quality and safety purposes1,2, as well as for the quality control of raw materials in order to optimize manufacturing conditions.

This project has tackled the development of dry-reagent strips to determine antibiotics in milk samples. These strips will work as disposable planar sensors where at the analysis time only the addition of the buffered sample is needed. This will allow their use by non-experienced users, such as farmers or sample receptionists.

Several experiments were assayed to choose the appropriate support, such as chromatographic paper, cellulose fiber, nitrocellulose membranes and glass fiber. The best results were used for cellulose fiber, which provided the higher luminescent signals with the minimum possible standard deviation. Danofloxacin was used as model analyte for the fluoroquinolone group, and it was found that it provided luminescent signals at ex 335 and ex 545 nm, which correlated directly to analyte concentration. The analysis of milk samples was performed by using two potential sample treatments, finding that the treatment with acetic acid/sodium acetate solution provided better results than the use of acetonitrile.

The results obtained are very promising, although more work needs to be done to improve sensitivity and precision of the assay.

Keywords: strips, terbium oxide nanoparticles Tb4O7 NPs, luminescence, milk samples [1] M.L. Castillo-García, M.P. Aguilar-Caballos, A. Gómez Hens, Application of Tb4O7 nanoparticles for lasalocid and salicylate determination in food analysis, J. Agric. Food Chem., 60 (2012) 11741 – 11747.

[2] G.S. Yanez-Jácome, M.P. Aguilar-Caballos, A. Gómez-Hens, Luminescent determination of quinolones in milk samples by liquid chromatography/post-column derivatization with terbium oxide nanoparticles, J. Chromatogr. A 1405 (2015) 126 – 132.

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The knowledge of teenagers about healthy habits González-Cabrera M **, Martínez-Galiano JM**, Ortega-García F*, Gámez-Checa FJ*, Liébana-Beltrán JM*, Liébana-Mellado L*, Liébana-Vilches AB*, Moreno-Vilches L*, Serrano-Liébana LJ*, Serrano-Rodríguez A*. *IES Sierra de la Grana de Jamilena, Jaén (España) **Universidad de Jaén, Jaén (España) Corresponding author: e-mail: portegagarcia@andaluciajunta.es

SUMMARY Adolescence is a crucial period in the human development that implies numerous physical and psychological changes that influence on behavior, nutritional requirements and healthy habits. Health actions and disease prevention in these ages are fundamentals.

The aim of this work was to determine the level of knowledge among teenagers about healthy habits related with feeding, drugs consumption, and contraceptive methods. For this, a transverse descriptive study was carried out in January, 2016 in IES Sierra de la Grana (Jamilena, Jaén). An own questionnaire was made by the authors and was delivered among the students of 3rd and 4th of ESO. The study was made with 52 persons of 14.92 years-old. The obtained data were studied in depth through a descriptive statistics.

Results shown that most students have appropriate knowledge and nutritional behavior; however, they do not have correct knowledge about contraception and sexual transmition disease prevention. Most of them do not smoke or intake narcotic drugs.

Half students do not consider alcohol as a drug and drink it occasionally.

KEYWORDS Adolescence, healthy habits, disease prevention, nutritional requirements, drugs.

REFERENCES -Ruiz-Risueño Abad J, Ruiz-Juan F, Zamarripa Rivera JI. Alcohol y tabaco en adolescentes españoles y mexicanos y su relación con la actividad físico-deportiva y la familia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012; 31(3):211–20 -Orcasita Pineda L T, Uribe Rodríguez A F, Conductas sexuales de riesgo en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Cali-Colombia. Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte 2009 1-31. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=194215432004. Fecha de consulta: 19 de febrero de 2016.

-González-Gross M., Castillo M. J., Moreno L., Nova E., González-Lamuño D., Pérez-Llamas F. et al . Alimentación y valoración del estado nutricional de los adolescentes españoles (Estudio AVENA): Evaluación de riesgos y propuesta de intervención. I. Descripción metodológica del proyecto. Nutr. Hosp. 2003 ; 18(1): 15-28.

-Arroyo Izaga M., Rocandio Pablo A. M.ª, Ansotegui Alday L., Pascual Apalauza E., Salces Beti I., Rebato Ochoa E.. Calidad de la dieta, sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes universitarios. Nutr. Hosp. 2006 ; 21(6): 673-679.

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Discovering the cryptic diversity of our aquatic systems 1

Angel Galiana; 2Andrés García; 3María Pérez; 4Consuelo Burgos & 5*María Gema Parra.

1,23,4

EEPP Sagrada Familia (Úbeda, Jaén); 5Department of Animal Biology, Vegetal Biology an Ecology of University Jaén

SUMMARY Wetland relevance lies not only in its ecological values and biodiversity but also due to the ecosystem services (1) that brings to citizens, for instance cultural services that may enhance economic activities such as ecotourism. However, other human activities, such as intensive olive farming that develops in the wetland drainage basins, can cause alterations in the ecological status of these ecosystems (2, 3).

Owing to the environmental wetland importance and to achieve their conservation it is necessary to inventory and study them. Moreover, many of these ecosystems do not have a protection, with consequent environmental damage that is affecting valuable flora and fauna (4).

This work consisted in analysing the effects on planktonic community changes under different culture conditions. Specifically plankton samples from the Experimental wetland at the University of Jaen were taken and were maintained in culture conditions under two treatments: with and without substrate.

Both treatments (three replicates) were cultured in culture chamber for two months under the same controlled conditions (light and temperature). At the end of the experimental period differences were found both in the species richness (5) as in abundance, so differences in ecological diversity. The results confirmed the importance of studying aquatic communities to substantiate conservation plans.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Funding We appreciate the help of the Department of Animal Biology, Vegetal Biology an Ecology of University Jaén, and to the PIIISA project organizers and coordinators for the provided opportunity

REFERENCES [1] Finlayson et al. 2005. Evaluación de los Ecosistemas del Milenio: Los Ecosistemas y el Bienestar Humano: Humedales y Agua. Informe de Síntesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. [2] Ortega F, Parra G, Guerrero F (2006) Usos del suelo en las cuencas hidrográficas de los humedales del Alto Guadalquivir: Importancia de una adecuada gestión. Limnetica, 25(3): 723-732.

[3] Ortega F, Parra G, Guerrero F (2003) Los humedales del Alto Guadalquivir: inventario, tipologías y estado de conservación. En: Ecología, manejo y conservación de los humedales. M. Paracuellos (ed.): 113-123. Instituto de Estudios Almerienses. Almería, España.

[4] Ortega F, Parra G, Guerrero F (2004) Las lagunas del Alto Guadalquivir: propuestas para su protección y conservación. En: Congreso de Restauración de ríos y humedales. J. Cachon y T. LopezPineiro (eds.): 131-142. Cedex. Madrid, España.

[5] Atlas de organismos planctónicos en los humedales de Andalucía. Consejería de Medio Ambiente.

Junta de Andalucía.

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Characterization of commercial supercapacitors using ac techniques 1

Juan Enrique Leiva Lozano; 1Adrián López Sánchez Cañete; 1Javier Muñoz Molina; Adrián Pastrana Raya; 1Adrián Rozas Mozos; 1Andrés M. Romero Peralta & 2*Antonio A. Moya Molina.

1

1

Escuelas Profesionales de la Sagrada Familia, Avda. Cristo Rey s/n, 23400-Úbeda, Jaén, Spain; 2Escuela Politécnica Superior de Jaén, Universidad de Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071-Jaén, Spain * Corresponding author: e-mail: aamoya@ujaen.es

SUMMARY Electrical double layer (EDL) capacitors store electric charge and energy in the electric double layers at the electrolyte-electrode interface. These devices, which are also known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, show much higher specific energy than conventional capacitors due to high surface area of activated carbon electrodes. EDL capacitors are typically characterized, by analogy to conventional capacitors, by their capacitance, which must be specified under dc conditions because it is necessary for energy calculations. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in these devices due not only to their high specific power but also to the rapid charge-discharge capability and the long cycle life. They have already replaced batteries in some specialized applications where pulse power is an important factor such, so the optimization of the design of this kind of capacitors is an interesting current research area.

EDL capacitors exhibit several problems such as open circuit voltage decay, capacitance loss at high frequencies or significant variations of the measured capacitance depending on the measurement technique, which limit the performance of working devices. Accordingly, electrochemical characterization of EDL capacitors is a classic researching topic in the field of the electrochemical power sources. In recent years, various different experimental techniques have been used to characterize EDL capacitors such as linear sweep voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charging-discharging, potentiostatic charging-discharging through a resistor or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. However, these studies focus on the capacitance under dc conditions or at the lowest frequencies under ac conditions.

Impedance spectroscopy is a powerful method of characterizing many of the electrical properties of a great variety of electrical systems and particularly power sources. Impedance of systems based on porous electrodes is a well-known topic, the behaviour of an EDL capacitor being governed by ionic diffusion processes at the low frequency region. This impedance exhibits a capacitive behaviour at the lowest frequencies, but super-capacitors lose capacitance as the frequency increases.

In this work, we investigate the dependence on frequency of the capacitive reactance of four commercial supercapacitors from Cooper Bussman® with the capacitances 0.47, 1, 1.5 and 2.5 F, in a fully discharged state, using a high precision RLC-meter in a range of frequencies close to the characteristic frequency of the electric power distribution system, 50 Hz. The time evolution of the open circuit voltage after the charging of the super-capacitor at 5 V has been monitored during thirty minutes. The potentiostatic charging of the super-capacitors at 5 V through a resistor of 10 Ω has been also displayed using the low-cost acquisition data system like Arduino. The evolution of the capacitive reactance of the super-capacitors as a function of frequency has been studied and the experimental data are fitted to a curve which is inversely proportional to the square root of frequency. The Warburg factor associated to the diffusion process in each EDL is evaluated as well as the capacitance at 50 Hz.

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PROJECT ABOUT THE FLORAL ORIGIN OF COMMERCIAL HONEYS USING POLLEN ANALYSIS. Ruiz-Valenzuela, L. 1, Muela, F.J.2, Alba, A.2, Callejón, E.2, Diaz, D.2, Pérez, J.2, Rivilla, J.2, Rodríguez, M.2, Torres, A.2 & Viedma, A 2.

(1) Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología.

Universidad de Jaén. Jaén (España) (2) Fundación Spínola. Colegio Marcelo Spínola (Jaén) (www.marcelospinolajaen.com)

The studies by using pollen analysis of honeys, proposed by Maurizio (1979) are a great method for the verification of its geographical origin, quality and floral characteristics.

Since then it has been an efficient method for developing lots of studies in the Melissopalynology area, that is bassed in the floral pollen and the different types of honeys. The current project deals with the study of different kinds of commercial honeys, supposed to be single-flower for the identification of its pollen composition, following the methods propossed by Louveaux & col. 1978 in order to demonstrate the veracity of the product we have analyse in the laboratory during the experience . To do this study it was arranged a total of 8 different samples with different geographical origins. After submitting these samples to the pollen analysis, the results obtained confirm that more than the 83% of the Spanish commercial honey samples, correspond to the criteria for its single-flower character, proposed in the specific bibliography (Saenz-Laín & Gómez-Ferreras, 2000, Carretero, 1989). On the contrary, the studied Dominican origin honeys can’t be catalogued as honeys, since it is evident the total absence of polen in them, which indicates a fraudulent labeling.

Keywords: pollen analysis, honey, Melissopalynology, single-flower ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to: Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología. Universidad de Jaén (España), for borrowing us the materials which were necessary to the developing of the investigation. Dr. Luis Ruiz-Valenzuela, for giving us his time and helping us with knowledge and kindness. Fundación Spínola. Colegio Marcelo Spínola (Jaén) for giving us the opportunity of participating in this wonderful project that can help us for our career in science area. Our biology teacher, Francisco Muela García for backing up us during this period. Our English teachers, Charo Fontecha and Nuria Torralba, for working in traductions and expositions with us.

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RESEARCH PROJECT PIIISA: DIVERHASA Are the healthy habits funny?

PARTICIPANTS 1 Lorena Aceituno Barranco; 2Carmen Mª Armenteros Escabias; 3Rocío Castillo Cano; 4 Clara Delgado Torres; 5Cristobal Estepa Castillo; 6Rocío Gálvez Serrano; 7Paqui Gutiérrez Torres; 8Jose Mº Martos Escabias y 9María Tello Aceituno.

1 IES Sierra Sur (Valdepeñas de Jaén); 2Departamento de enfermería, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus de las Lagunillas, UJA, 23071, Jaén.

SUMMARY The main aim is to show the usefulness of the research (quantitative, qualitative) in Health Education and also to make an analysis of healthy habits among the students at IES Sierra Sur in order to consider intervention strategies planned by themselves.

Session 1: Introduction about the use of the scientific method in the research in teenagers´ public health, healthy habits and living standards. Presentation of other studies about the topic.

It is reformed the “Survey about healthy habits” from the research by M. A Bermejo designed for teenagers aged 13 to 17 years and to adapt it to the sociocultural reality AT IES Sierra Sur, Valdepeñas de Jaén.

Work at school: Students are organized for the distribution and execution of the surveys at the High School; 75 students of 205 students are polled at the school from the second level of Secondary Education to the first level of Bachillerato.

Session 2: Introduction of the results in electronic document using the program “Netquest” for the statistical analysis.

Session 3: Presentation of the results and the team work for the intervention design.

Session 4: Students will show the results of their work, and also the designed strategies to the rest of the school partners.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research is included in the PIIISA PROJECT 2016 which started in 2016 at the University of Jaén.

Acknowledgement to the research professors: María José Calero, Álvaro Campos, Nabil Benomar y Raquel Hernández; to the teachers at IES Sierra Sur, Lola Peralta y Antonio Villodres; to the Coordinator of the PIIISA PROJECT at UJA University, Ana María Abril and also to UJA University and IES Sierra Sur, because they gave us the opportunity of getting in contact with the real research.

REFERENCES [1] BLASCO, P.; FUENTES, I.; PONS, D. “Hábitos alimentarios en la adolescencia temprana”.

En: Estilos de vida en la adolescencia. Valencia: Promolibro, 2002; pp. 6589.

[2] LAZZARINI, B. Salud y calidad de vida. Càtedra UNESCO de Sostenibilitat. Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, 2005.

[3] PÉREZ RODRIGO, C.; ROMAN, B.; ARANCETA, J. (2003). “Hábitos alimentarios y consumo de alimentos en la población infantil y juvenil española”.

[4] SAN MARTÍN, J. E. Psicología del ocio y del turismo. Archidona: Aljibe, 1997. 2000): variables socioeconómicas y geográficas”. Medicina Clínica, 121(04). 2003; pp. 126131

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FROM SOCIAL TO MOLECULAR NETWORKS: EXTRACTING INFORMATION FROM INTERACTION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 1

*Francisco J. Esteban; 1*Eva Vargas; 2Antonio Medina; 2María Alguacil; 2María Bonilla; 2Paula García; 2Ana María Liébanas; 2Mariam Omar; 2Rafael Ortega; 2Marta Puerta & 2Eduardo Sánchez 1

Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén - Jaén (Spain) 2 Colegio Cristo Rey – Avda. Ruiz Jiménez, 10, 23008 – Jaén (Spain) * Corresponding author: e-mail: festeban@ujaen.es ; evavargas.25@gmail.com

The understanding of complex biological systems requires the integration of experimental and computational research, namely a Systems Biology approach [1]. An elegant way for the representation of the relationship between biological molecules in Systems Biology is the construction of networks. It is well known how difficult is to extract information from complex systems but, with the development of friendly computational approaches to deal with genomic and proteomic datasets, building and analyzing biological networks is now a tractable exercise [2], also applicable to investigate social media. We studied eight complex disorders following a Systems Biology approach: Huntington’s disease (HD), gestational diabetes (GD), Fanconi syndrome (FS), albinism, sickle cell anemia (SCA), Asperger syndrome (AS), breast cancer (BC) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). First, we built molecular networks using gene lists –downloaded from public databases– that have been previously related to each disorder. Then, we obtained some network centrality parameters (such as degree and betweenness) and, finally, a gene enrichment analysis was carried out with the aim to unravel the biological processes underlying the disease related genes. The obtained results showed that, taking together all these disorders, some genes and products were associated with biological processes such as response to stimulus, hormonal metabolism or homeostasis. Even though the analyzed disorders are widely different in terms of etiology, symptoms and affected tissues, this fact suggests a common signature related to a “disease state”. In conclusion, we consider that Systems Biology is a powerful tool to understand the molecular complexity underlying the disease state and it could be applied in the research of biomarkers and pharmacological targets.

KEYWORDS:

Systems Biology – Networks – Functional Analysis – Disorders

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Funding This work was supported by Junta de Andalucía (BIO-302) and the MaSciL project (receiving funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration under Grant agreement no 320 693).

REFERENCES [1] Kitano H (2002) Overview computational systems biology. Nature 420: 206-210.

[2] Loscalzo J, Kohane I, Barabasi AL (2007) Human disease classification in the postgenomic era: a complex systems approach to human pathobiology. Mol Syst Biol 3: 124.

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CACESOL: CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR CELLS AND MODULES. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT OF THE V-I CURVES. M. Amate-Marchal1,J.Castro-Valderas1,R. Bueno-Rodríguez2,F. Javier Pérez-Jiménez2 A. Gómez-Macías1 .A. Medina-Rincón2, ,J.D.Aguilar-Peña3,C. Rus-Casas3,F. MuñozRodríguez3 1 Instituto de Enseñanza Secundaria Sierra Sur (Valdepeñas. Jaén) 2 Colegio Cristo Rey (Jaén) 3 Universidad De Jaén.

Escuela Politécnica Superior. Departamento Ingeniería Electrónica y Automática Grupo IDEA,(jaguilar@ujaen.es) SUMMARY

One of the essential practices in any research work related to the photovoltaic technology is the translation of the I-V curves of a photovoltaic generator measured at any irradiance and module temperature into Standard Test Conditions (STC). The STC rating involves only one module temperature (25°C) and one irradiance (1000 W/m2).

This work manages to obtain, given any irradiance and module temperature, the I-V curve and representative parameters of this I-V curve (e.g. short circuit current, ISC, and open circuit voltage, VOC ) for either a photovoltaic cell and module. Then, these values will be translated into STC in order to compare the latter with the ones provided by the manufacturer.

It is highlighted the relationship between the irradiance and the short circuit current provided by the photovoltaic device. The higher irradiance, the higher the shortcircuit current will be. Our study has been developed considering both indoor and outdoor tests. In both cases, it has been used a little photovoltaic monocrystalline module (CS20M20), and a photovoltaic polycrystalline module (Shell RSM 100S) which have a maximum rated power of 2 and 100 W, respectively. The parameters to be measured were: module temperature (Tc), ambient temperature (Ta), irradiance (G), the short circuit current (ISC) and open circuit voltage (VOC). The instrumentation used for the measurement of the different parameters mentioned above was: Surface temperature thermometers, voltmeter, a current sensor clamp and an irradiance sensor. For the indoor tests, different resistances were used in order to properly get the current and voltage values. Meanwhile, for the outdoor tests, it was used a PV analyzer so as to measure the I-V curves. Once the different tests were achieved, the measurements obtained were translated into STC conditions and compared with the ones provided by the manufacturer. It must be highlighted that our own measurements were in accordance with the manufacturer´s data.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank our secondary school and form teachers and to the researchers of the IDEA research group of University of Jaén for their time and efforts REFERENCES [1] G. Santamaría, A; Instalaciones Solares Fotovoltaicas; Ciclos formativos. Editex.

(http://www.editex.es/publicacion/instalaciones-solares-fotovoltaicas-606.aspx).

[2] M. Green; Energía fotovoltaica : de la luz solar a la electricidad usando células solares; Acribia S.A. 2012

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THE HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MINERAL-MEDICAL WATERS OF MARMOLEJO (JAÉN) Rosario Jiménez Espinosa, Juan Jiménez Millán, Mª Isabel Abad Martínez, África Yebra Rodríguez (1) M.J. Cuesta Braceros (2) María Cassidy Carrasco, Manuel Garrido Martos, Irene Martínez Cruz, Alba Martínez Perabá, Pablo Medel Linares (2) (1) Department of Geology. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaén (2) C.P.E. Pedro Poveda. C/ Josefa Segovia, 6, 23001 Jaén The physical and chemical features of mineral waters for medical use determine their application in the spa treatment. In the province of Jaen, the mineral-medical waters of Marmolejo have been historically used as spa purpose. Four water samples and three rock samples around springs were selected for the study. Mineralogical study indicates that the aquifuge materials are banded Palaeozoic slates made of: a) thin grain size of foliated layers where muscovite is the major mineral and biotite and rutile are accessory minerals; b) quartz rich layers with poor foliation including minor amounts of apatite, chlorite and micas. In the other hand, the aquifer materials are sandstones from the Triassic Tabular Cover. It is a rock with porous granular texture formed by clasts of quartz, feldspar, muscovite and biotite. Interlayered kaolinite can also be observed. Thin films of hematite and Al-smectite surrounding the clasts can be observed, formed as consequence of rock-water interaction processes. Hydrogeochemical characterization shows that Fuente del Pilar has a mixed facies, with a medium electrical conductivity (EC). No special spa application. Manantial la Paz and Manantial Arroyo Moyanico present a Ca-HCO3 facies and low EC. Low Na content, high HCO3 and Ca contents indicate digestive and diuretic use. The other one, Fuente de los Perros has high mineralization (EC=2940μS/cm), very important contents of Na and HCO3, and significant concentrations of Ca, Mg, Cl and SO4 High content in Fe3+ and CO2. It is considered as mineral-medical water for iron deficiency, rheumatism, liver disease, bile and some kind of dermatological affections This project has contributed to introduce a group of high school students into the way of work of scientists. They learned how to take rock and water samples at the field, and how to analyzed them with different techniques at the laboratory. Students obtained data and learned to manage them. The main results is that the presence of thin films of hematite and Al-smectite reveal waterrock interaction processes controlling chemical water composition. Mineral-medical waters could be differentiated in different families and uses: digestive and diuretic, iron deficiency, rheumatism, liver disease, bile and some kind of dermatological affections.

Key words: Mineral-medical waters, Marmolejo, Hydrogeochemistry, Mineralogy Acknowledgements We would like to thank to institutions and people who helped us in this project: University of Jaén, Department of Geology, Pedro Poveda School, PIIISA organizers, Marmolejo Local Government.

References Baeza J., Rubio J.C., Luque, J.A. (2003). Las aguas minerales, minero-medicinales y termales de la provincia de Jaén. IGME. ISBN: 84-7840-473-2.

36 Determination of hepatic collagen: histological analysis and spectrophotometric quantification.

1

Alejandro Ballesteros Jandra; 1 Marina Jiménez Liébanas; 1 María Morales Álvarez; 1 Lydia Moya Armenteros; 1 Julián Santiago Orta; 1 Lidia Plaza Rodríguez; 1 Tomás Eisman Gutiérrez; 1 Beatriz Domínguez Guirado; 1 Manuel Jesús Cantos Lucena; 1 Pedro Angullo Gómez; 2 Raquel Hernández Cobo & 2 Santos Blanco Ruíz.

1

IES Auringis (Jaén); 2 Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.

SUMMARY At the level of protein primary structure, collagen is a macromolecule rich in basic amino acids (lysine, hydroxylysine and arginine). In the liver, different hepatic cell types are involved in its synthesis and an increase in the extra-cellular matrix deposition of collagen is associated with different pathologies, including hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis.

The aim of this proyect is to determine the quantity of collagen that contains a liver tissue and to be able to find out whether this tissue has a disease or not.

In our investigation we have used histological 40µm sections from Rattus norvegicus, obtained with a freezing microtome. Part of these sections have been utilized to follow the in situ collagen localization technique, and the rest of the sections have been used for the quantitative determination of collagen.

The procedures have been two: firstly, collagen fibres were stained deep red with Picrosirius and non-collagenous fibres were stained with Fast Green. Then, we examined the qualitative results under optical microscopy illuminated with polarised light; secondly, a simple, sensitive and quantitative colorimetric method has been developed for measuring collagen and the total protein content in tissue sections. Finally, the absorbances are read in a spectrophotometer at 540nm and 630nm respectively, to calculate the amount of collagen and total protein of the sample.

The results were: in a quantitative way, we obtained 124,9 collagenous proteins µg / total proteins mg, which,compared with Esteban et al's results, means that the rat liver suffers from steatosis, although it was supposed to be healthy as it was a control rat. In a qualitative way, we observed in the optical microscopy the sections with the Polaroid filters and took photos of them, which were similar to the one's taken by Esteban et al.

In conclusion, because collagen accumulation is a common characteristic of hepatic diseases such as fibrosis and cirrhosis, the experiment may also serve as the basis for discussing the importance of collagen detection and quantification in estimating the degree of fibrosis from subjects with liver disease.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- Funding This work was supported by the Department of Experimental Biology of the University of Jaén. Also we appreciate the coordination in the project of the teacher Mª Victoria Mayoral Martínez.

REFERENCES [1] Junqueira L C, Bignolas G, Brentani R R (1979) Picrosirius staining plus polarization microscopy, a specific method for collagen detection in tissue sections. H istochem J. 11:447-55 [2] Greenwel P, Geerts A, Ogata I, Solis-Herruzo J A, Rojkind M (1994) Liver Fibrosis. In. Arias M D (Ed) The Liver Biology and Pathology. (3rd). New York:Raven Press, pp 1367-81.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF MODIFIED CLAYS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS: PRELIMINARY STUDY África Yebra Rodríguez(1), Juan Jiménez Millán(1), Rosario Jiménez Espinosa(1), Mª Isabel Abad Martínez(1) Guadalupe Márquez Cabrera(2), Manuela Martínez Expósito(2), Blanca Hispán Cerrada(2), Carlos Artero Aragón(2), Pedro Ángel Herrera Peinado(2), Jesús Gómez Leiva(2), Pilar Pérez Serrano(2) (1) Department of Geology. University of Jaén. Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén (2) EE.PP. SAFA-Úbeda. Av. Cristo Rey 17, 23400 Úbeda, Jaén From the mineralogical point of view, the term clay describes a group of minerals (mostly phyllosilicates) of particle size less than 2 μm. Their physicochemical properties are closely linked to its structure. For example, the clay minerals sepiolite and montmorillonite exhibit technological properties (high surface area, high cation exchange capacity, plasticity, etc.) of interest in a variety of industrial applications: excipient or active pharmaceutical ingredient in pharmaceutical formulations[1], adsorbents in aqueous media[2], stabilizing agent in civil engineering[3], catalysis[4], reinforcing agent in nanocomposites and advanced materials[5], etc. In our research group we work, among other lines of research, in modifying these clay minerals to further enhance some of their technological properties, either by acid treatment, heat or by organophillization. A group of high school students has studied the physicochemical properties of samples of sepiolite, montmorillonite and a local clay mixture before and after acid treatment[6] (X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, EDX microanalysis, Infrared Spectroscopy and laboratory adsorption tests). The students have been introduced in the practical work in science. Moreover, the project provided opportunity for argument and discussion. Finally, the group made logical arguments to explain the different properties of the samples before and after modification.

Key words: clay minerals, acid treatment, industry, technological properties Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Department of Geology (University of Jaén). The authors thank CICT (Centro de Instrumentación Científico-Técnica) and Ms. Amparo Martínez Morales for data collection and support in SEM/EDX analyses. We also thank EE.PP. SAFAÚbeda (Jaén) and PIIISA organizers for their help in developing this project.

References [1] Rao, T.M., Rao, V.V.B., Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 254-258, 2015.

[2] Ma, L., Zhu, J., Xi, Y., Zhu, R , He, H., Liang, X., Ayoko, G.A. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 497, 63-71, 2016.

[3] Olgun, M., Yildiz, M., Iranian Journal of Science and Technology - Transactions of Civil Engineering, 36, 25-38, 2012.

[4] Zhang, W., Li, M.K.S., Wang, R., Yue, P.-L., Gao, P., Langmuir, 25, 8226-8234.

[5] Yebra-Rodríguez, A., Álvarez-Lloret, P., Yebra, A., Cardell, C., Rodríguez-Navarro, A.B., Applied Clay Science, 51, 414-418, 2011.

[6] Yebra-Rodríguez, A., Martín-Ramos, J.D., del Rey, F., Viseras, C., López-Galindo, A., Clay Minerals, 38, 353-360, 2003.

38

HAZARD ESTIMATION OF EXPANSIVE SOILS FROM THEIR INDEX PROPERTIES IN THE GUADALQUIVIR VALLEY. Israel Mellado1, Theo Guerra2, Julio A. Calero2,3, Mario Sánchez-Gómez2,3 Vicente Navarro4 4 Adrián Casquel , África Jiménez4, Sandra López4, Sara Téllez4 1 IGEA Consultoría y Laboratorio SLL; 2Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Ciencias de la Tierra (Universidad de Jaén); 3Departamento de Geología (Universidad de Jaén) 4 IES Huarte de San Juan (Linares, Jaén) Clay bearing soils are involved in many of the geotechnical problems along the world [1, 2], mainly related with the expansiveness of montmorillonite family minerals.

The Guadalquivir basin is made of several geological units with a high clay fraction, and consequently, shows a large number of hazards related with Engineering Geology [3]. However, most of commercial geotechnical reports obviate the proportion of clay and the type of clay presented in the soil. Due to the variability of the geotechnical features of the soils, evaluate the hazards of a region as Jaén, mainly inserted in the Guadalquivir valley, needs an affordable technic that permits to predict the behavior of the underground before the construction of infrastructures. It is worldwide known the relationship between of the soil index properties and the expansiveness [4]. Soil index properties (grain size distribution, consistency limits and plasticity) can be easily obtained from laboratory, and later on extrapolated to their geological context, and thus suppose a good approximation to further infrastructure design. This work attempts to establish the correlation of the index properties from the main regional geological units and its clay geotechnical behavior. The results show that in the Guadalquivir basin there are no a clear correlation following the reference charts of other regions [3]. It would be required a large number of samples to validate the original hypothesis or, otherwise, to establish a more useful graphic for the Betic and Guadalquivir region.

Keywords: Clay bearing soils, geotechnical behavior, hazards, Guadalquivir valley.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Funding This work was developed in the Laboratory of Applied Geology in the Higher Polythecnic School of Linares. Therefore, we are gratefull for the support of its section of the Department of Geology. Moreover, we also appreciate the contribution of IGEA Consultoría y Laboratorio SLL because it has provided the studied samples.

REFERENCES [1] S. Chabrillat, A. F. H. Goetz, L. Krosley & H. W. Olsen (2002). Use of hyperspectral images in the identification and mapping of expansive clay soils and the role of spatial resolution. Remote Sensing of Environment, 82(2-3): 431–445. http://doi.org/10.1016/S00344257(02)00060-3.

[2] J. M. Azañón, A. Azor, J. Yesares, M. Tsige, R. M. Mateos, F. Nieto & J. RodríguezFernández (2010). Regional-scale high-plasticity clay-bearing formation as controlling factor on landslides in Southeast Spain. Geomorphology 120: 26–37.

[3] M. Tsige & L. González de Vallejo (1996). Microfábrica de las arcillas azules del Guadalquivir y su relación con los procesos de meteorización. Geogaceta 20: 1324-1327.

[4] F. G. Bell & R. R. Maud (1995). Expansive clays and construction, especially of low-rise structures: a viewpoint from Nantal, South Africa. Environmental and Engineering Geosciences 1: 41-59.

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SEDIMENT TOXICITY BIOASSAYS USING THE BENTHIC DIATOM Cylindrotheca closterium.

I. Moreno-Garrido1, V. García Caro2, V. Alcalde Vivanco2, C. Atalaya Rey2, I. Guzmán Pastrana2, Y. Martín Galán2, M. Mayi Péculo2 y V. Sánchez Merino2.

1 Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, CSIC (Puerto Real, Cádiz) 2 I.E.S. Santo Domingo (El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz) We have studied how certain pollutant substances at low levels prevent the growth of microalgae and how this fact can alter the algae cell's capacity to migrate vertically in the sediment, which might affect the normal development of these organisms. Microphytobenthos is formed by the photosynthetic organisms which inhabits the first millimeters of the shallow submerged sediments. Most of those organisms are diatoms[1],. This Project has been developed at the Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC) by students from I.E.S Santo Domingo. For this aim, we have used a strain of a benthic microalgae [2] (Cylindrotheca closterium), arranged in multi-well plates in known population density. We have used clean sand as sediment.

Algae populations have been arranged under a layer of a certain known thickness under control conditions. Thus, we have been able to compare and assess the capacity of the algae under control to migrate vertically, without the pollutant substance this time (Cu in our case). The result of the vertical migration of these algae has been measured by means of a spectrophotometer for multi-well plates and a fluorescence detector so as to determine the quantity of chlorophyll that they contain.

Keywords: vertical migration, benthic microalgae, spectrophotometer, fluorescence.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – Funding We appreciate the collaboration given from the Institute ofMarine Sciences of Andalusia, concretely to Francisco Prat as coordinator, and from the I.E.S. Santo Domingo, particularly to Patricia González Rodicio.

REFERENCES [1] Miller et al., 1996. Estuaries 19(2A): 202-212.

[3] Araújo et al., 2010. Science of the Total Environment, 408: 3696-3703.

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PLATAFORMAS AÉREAS NO TRIPULADAS EN ESTUDIOS MEDIOAMBIENTALES L. Barbero, A. Pardo, A. Morgado Caramés, J. Jiménez de la Jara, J. Rubio González, L. Gallego Ledesma, F. Rodríguez Hernández, J. Sánchez Alcain IES Fuerte de Cortadura (Cádiz)

En este proyecto se han analizado y probado las posibles aplicaciones de las Plataformas Aéreas No Tripuladas en estudios medioambientales. Comenzamos aprendiendo conceptos básicos del funcionamiento y el pilotaje de los UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) o comúnmente, Drones, sobre legislación relacionada con su vuelo y sobre los aspectos a tener en cuenta al realizar fotografía aérea, tanto relativos a los parámetros de la cámara fotográfica como al vuelo del aparato que porta la cámara. En una segunda sesión nos centramos en el conocimiento del software a emplear: programas encargados de planificar el vuelo y la toma de fotografías y otros encargados del posterior procesado de las imágenes con el fin de obtener información útil en los estudios medioambientales. En otra sesión pasamos a volar el dron en una zona de marismas con el objetivo de estudiar la extensión del “diente de león” (Taraxacum officinale) en la zona. Mediante la programación de vuelos periódicos sobre una misma zona y la generación de un mapa 3D del terreno se puede realizar una monitorización muy precisa de la evolución de la vegetación, de los cambios del terreno, de las especies que habitan en él, etc. Paralelamente a esto, buscamos e investigamos las posibles aplicaciones que se podrían dar a las RPAS relacionadas con el estudio y control del medioambiente.

Entre ellas estarían el estudio de la evolución del deshielo en los casquetes polares debido a la influencia del cambio climático, la prevención y control de incendios forestales, o el control de cultivos y plagas que afectan a estos.

Palabras claves: medioambiente, UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), fotografía aérea, planificación de vuelo, modelo 3D.

AGRADECIMIENTOS También agradecemos la ayuda de D. Francisco Prat Baella (ICMAN – CSIC), por el trabajo de coordinación del proyecto PIIISA en Cádiz, y particularmente del Dr. Luis Barbero González (Dpto. de Ciencias de la Tierra - CEIMAR, Universidad de Cádiz), por la gran ayuda ante las dificultades surgidas.

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MICROSCOPÍA ÓPTICA Y ELECTRÓNICA APLICADA AL ESTUDIO DEL POLEN EN LA DETERMINACIÓN DEL ORIGEN FLORAL DE MUESTRAS DE MIEL DE LA PROVINCIA DE ALMERÍA. FJ Alarcón3*, C Mesa3, TF Martínez3, S Peinado2, M Torres1, E Barragán2, JD Cano1, A López2, F Valdivia2, M Rubio1, JP Serrano2, DC Torres1 & J Zorrilla1 1

IES Compañía de María, 04001–Almería; 2 IES Azcona. 04006–Almería; 3 Dpto. Biología y Geología, Universidad de Almería 04120-Almería. * Corresponding author: e-mail: falarcon@ual.es

El origen botánico de la miel puede conocerse a partir del estudio del polen contenido en ella. En este trabajo se pretende identificar y efectuar un recuento del polen contenido en unas muestras de miel obtenidas a partir de apicultores de la provincia de Almería. Se utilizaron cuatro muestras de miel obtenidas en un mercado local. A continuación se tomaron 10 g de miel en un vaso de precipitados, y se añadieron 20 mL de ácido sulfúrico 0,2 N, disolviendo la mezcla con agitación a 40°C. El conjunto se centrifugó a 3.000 rpm durante diez minutos. El sedimento se lavó con 10 mL de agua destilada. Esta operación se repitió dos veces más. Finalmente, el sedimento de polen obtenido se suspendió en 0,5 mL de agua destilada, y se realizaron preparaciones para su observación al microscopio óptico y electrónico de barrido (SEM). La metodología utilizada para la elaboración y observación de las muestras fue la descrita en Sánchez et al., (2008) [1]. Igualmente se utilizó como referencia para la identificación de los pólenes la base de datos PalDat [2]. Los resultados del recuento confirmaron que las mieles 1, 2 y 3 pueden considerarse como miel multifloral ya que contienen un amplio espectro polínico sin la presencia dominante de alguno de ellos. La muestra 4 se catalogó como miel monofloral de azahar al contener un porcentaje de polen de este tipo flor situado entre el 10-20%. Este trabajo refleja una importante diversidad en el origen botánico de las muestras de mieles analizadas.

Palabras claves: miel, microscopio, palinología, polen.

AGRADECIMIENTOS Los autores agradecen al Servicio de Microscopía Electrónica de la UAL su colaboración en el estudio de las muestras de polen, y a la Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, la Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y el Vicerrectorado de Estudiantes y Empleo de la UAL por el apoyo económico para la presentación del trabajo en el Congreso PIIISA 2016 (Málaga, 27 de abril de 2016).

BIBLIOGRAFÍA [1] Sánchez et al. (2008). Estudio Social del Sector Apícola y Caracterización Química y Palinológica de Mieles Cosechadas en la Sierra de los Filabres. Conserjería de Agricultura y Pesca, Junta de Andalucía. 382 pp.

[2] PalDat-Palynological Database an online publication on recent pollen (https://www.paldat.org/). Última consulta 15/03/2016.

43 PROPAGACIÓN DE CULTIVOS ORNAMENTALES Cascales Caballero1, C.; Franco Fernández1, Á.; García-Pellicer Guerrero1, M.; Izquierdo Ortega1, I.; Muñoz López1, J.M.; Perdiguer Tristán1, J.; Torres, M1.; Blanco Prieto2, R.; Lao Arenas2, M.T.; Chica Moreno2, R. M., Jiménez Becker2 S. 1 Compañía de María. Calle Rambla Obispo Orberá, 35, 04001 Almería (SPAIN) 2 Dpto. Agronomía e Ingeniería. Escuela Politécnica Superior. Universidad de Almería.

Carretera de San Urbano. C.P. 04120. Almería (SPAIN) Los métodos de propagación más usados en cultivos ornamentales son los esquejes, semillas, esporas, división y cultivo in vitro. Según el tipo de planta se usa un método específico para su propagación. Nuestro objetivo fue reproducir diferentes especies ornamentales con diversas técnicas de propagación y reducir el período de dormancia en semillas de algarrobo y palmera datilera. Las especies de ensayo fueron: Epipremnum aureum (poto), Phoenix dactylifera y Ceratonia siliqua (algarrobo). Los ensayos se desarrollaron en un túnel de propagación. Se registro la temperatura, humedad y radiación, así como el pH y conductividad eléctrica (CE) del agua. Además se llevo a cabo el seguimiento del estado sanitario de las plántulas. Los resultados nos muestran que el control de los parámetros climáticos es fundamental para el desarrollo óptimo de las plantas. Las condiciones del ensayo permitieron un enraizamiento adecuado de los esquejes de poto. El uso de ácido (H2SO4) adelanta el tiempo de germinación en algarrobo. Se debe llevar un seguimiento de las plagas y enfermedades para evitar que afecten negativamente a la planta.

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HOW DOES A SNAIL LIVE IN A SANDY HABITAT? HABITAT PREFERENCES AND AGGREGATION BEHAVIOUR F. Valera1, C. Hernández2, J. La Casa2, N. Martínez2, E. Pezuela2, A. López2, A. Benmoulahoum2 1

Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas EEZA-CSIC (Almería).

2

Compañía de María

The environment in which organisms live largely determines important aspects such as survival or reproductive success. Therefore, living beings select the most suitable habitats. Knowledge of such preferences and their consequences is important for proper management of the environment and the species. This contribution studies the habitat selection of Theba subdentata helicella, a snail restricted to the west of Morocco and southern locations of Almería. This species lives in sandy habitats of the coastal strip but its ecology is almost totally unknown. By sampling in the most abundant species of plants in the study area (Playa del Perdigal, El Alquián, Almería) we determined that Theba does not select the soil to live. Yet, it shows clear preferences for some plants (Launaea arborescens, Thymelaea hirsuta, Artemisia campestris) over other (Ziziphus lotus, Lygeum spartum). However, juveniles and adults have different preferences: the first ones selected A. campestris while the latter prefer L. arborescens and T. hirsuta. The surroundings (species of neighboring plants) do not seem to affect habitat selection of Theba although it is necessary to study in more detail the effect of the age of the snails. Theba performs aestivation aggregations in different plant species but it preferably clusters in T. hirsuta, with an average of 8 individuals per aggregation.

Experiments were performed to reactivate dormant individuals by using two different stimuli: rain and high humidity (80%). One hour after stimulation active individuals were observed only in the experimental group subjected to simulated rain and in young snails. It is concluded that Theba subdentata helicella shows clear habitat preferences, which vary with their stage of development. These preferences are also shown in the aggregation behavior. The rain quickly promotes the reactivation of individuals, young ones reacting faster than adults. This information is useful for managing the species and its environment.

Keywords: hábitat selection, Theba subdentata, aestivation,clumping.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank EEZA and PIIISA for giving us this opportunity to learn.

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Technosols: Evaluating their physical properties 1

Castro Santiago, D., 1López Blanes, C., 1Miralles Rodríguez, D., 1Pacheco Barajas, E., Rosales Romero, I.C., 2Luna Ramos, L., 2Solé Benet, A.

1 1

IES Azcona (Almería) EEZA-CSIC (Almería); Department of Desertification and GeoEcology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Aridas, CSIC, carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain * Corresponding author: e-mail: albert@eeza.csic.es 2

SUMMARY The restoration of soils affected by mining activities depends on the improvement of soil quality and first at all, soil physical properties. The hypothesis under test for the PIIISA Project was to know the improvement of two soil-structure related properties six years after the preparation of technosols in the framework of an experimental quarry restoration in Sierra de Gádor, Almería. The experimental restoration had been done in a homogeneous slope, with a 3 x 3 factorial design (organic amendments and mulches as factors), with three replications.

The organic amendments consisted of compost from domestic organic residues and sewage sludge from a water treatment plant. Mulches consisted of fine gravel and woodchip. Control plots with no amendments and/or no mulches were considered in the factorial design. The evaluation of the changes in soil structure induced by the combinations of techniques was done by means of bulk density and 2D-porosity. Bulk density was assessed with stainless steel cylinders by means of undisturbed soil cores collected in the field (6 per treatment) [1]. 2Dporosity was evaluated by image analysis of polished sections from resin-impregnated soil blocks with a UV dye added in order to visualize and measure porosity once the sections were lit with UV light [2]. Samples from natural undisturbed soils surrounding the quarry were taken as reference soils.

Restoration treatments, especially organic amendments, leaded to lower bulk density and higher 2D-porosity compared to the untreated soils. The combination of compost and gravel showed values more similar to those of reference soils. Therefore, the use of organic amendments should be communicated to the mine manager and it should be strongly recommended for its evident environmental benefits (increase soil structure improvement and reduction of soil and water losses), but mulches did not produced the expected results in semiarid regions.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Funding The authors acknowledge PIIISA and cement factory in Gádor (Almería) (HOLCIM-ESPAÑA and CEMEX) for providing financial aid and permits.

REFERENCES

[1] Blake, G.R.; Hartge, K.H. 1986. Bulk density. p. 363–375. In: Klute. A., ed. Methods of soil analysis, physical and mineralogical methods. ASA, Madison, WI, USA. [2] Murphy, C.P. 1986. Thin section preparation of soils and sediments.A.B. Academic, Berkhamsted, UK.

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DESCOMTRIPAS DISCOVERING COMBINATORICS PASCAL´S TRIANGLE. E. DE AMO2, J. NÚÑEZ1

H. EZQUERRO1, P. GARCÍA1, H. GUTIÉRREZ1, M. A. GÁLVEZ1, J.A. MORENO1, L. REQUENA1

2Facultad

de CC Experimentales y Dpto. De Matemáticas Universidad de Almería.

1IES

Azcona (Almería)

In this project we have done exhaustive research about Pascal´s Triangle. We started analyzing that Pascal´s Triangle has a lot of information to which we don’t have access via standard curriculum in Science so we propose to give a dynamic introduction about this information to the Secondary school students. We began our research with the concept of Pascal´s Triangle and we looked for the relation with combinatorial numbers, finding the coefficients of the expansion of the Newton Binomial among their ranks. We played Towers of Hanoi and we could see the minimal number of movements to move the discus from one tower to other. Also, we found in its diagonals the triangular and pentagonal numbers, Fibonacci sequence. Working in binary with Pascal triangle we found out Sierpinski´s Triangle which shows us the amazing world of fractals which is presented in plenty of examples of nature. To conclude, we studied the applications of Pascal triangle in other sciences, as bipartition cell that follows the sequence of powers of 2, the relation between Mendel and Newton Binomial, Fibonacci's Sequence for calculating the production of rabbits, or, fractals in nature as the Romanesco.

Keywords: Triangle, Pascal, combinatorial, sequence.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- Funding Also, we appreciate the coordination of our teachers in this Project for their help: D. Francisco Perez, Dª Juani Núñez, D. Juanma Caro and particularly to D. Enrique de Amo in developing our prezi: https://prezi.com/pc1f6diptml0/pascal-trialgle/ REFERENCES: The Tower of Hanoi –Myths and Maths (2013), by A.M. Hinz, S. Klavzar, U. Milutinovic, C. Petr. Birkhäuser

47 TOXICOLOGICAL AND CHEMOPREVENTIVE POTENTIAL EVALUATION OF CLASSIC COCA-COLA AND HEINEKEN BEER Ángeles Alonso-Moraga1, Pilar Alves-Martínez1, Zahira Noemí Fernández-Bedmar1, Marcos Mateo-Fernández1, Rocío Merinas-Amo1, Tania Merinas-Amo1, Fernando Valenzuela-Gómez1, José Luis Santander Bardají2, María González Granados2, Carmen Marín Sancho2, David Muñiz Ruiz2, Diego Navas Romero2, Antonio Pérez Barranco2, Antonio Trujillo Marín2, Mª Carmen Valverde Cabañas2.

1 Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba (Córdoba).

2 I.E.S. Dionisio Alcalá Galiano (Cabra, Córdoba).

Much information about the nutritive profile of different types of drinks is available on scientific data bases. We have studied the third[1] and fourth[2] most popular consumed beverages over the world in order to know if they could be considered as nutraceutical beverages and if different biological activities could be observed among them. In vivo assays were carried out in the Drosophila melanogaster model with the aim of analysing the toxic and antitoxic effects that coke and beer could cause in the flies' survival percentage[3]. Moreover, in vitro assays were performed in HL-60 human leukaemia cell line testing the cytotoxicity and DNA damage of these drinks[4, 5]. The results showed that classic Coca-Cola and beer were not toxic and exhibited antitoxicity activity against hydrogen peroxide for the different treatments carried out in D. melanogaster, compared with their concurrent controls. Furthermore, both drinks showed cytotoxic activity against HL-60 decreasing the growing of the tumour cells. In relation to the DNA damage, the studied soft drink caused proapoptotic DNA fragmentation only at second higher concentration tested and weakly single string breaks in the concentrations assayed, meanwhile beer caused damage at lowest concentrations and strongly single string breaks in the tested concentrations. In conclusion, our results provide evidences that classic Coca-Cola and Heineken beer could be propose as a nutraceutical because of its safety activities and chemopreventive potential in the Drosophila melanogaster model organism and HL-60 cell line at moderate concentrations.

Keywords: beer, chemopreventive, cola, Drosophila, nutraceutic.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Also we appreciate the broadcast information during the development of the event to Francisco Javier Pérez Cáceres, Educational Coordinator PIIISA, and the Organizing Committee of Málaga.

REFERENCES [1] Saura-Calixto F, Serrano J and Pérez-Jiménez J 2008 Chapter 42- What contibution is beer to the intake of antioxidants in the diet? In Beer in Health and Disease Prevention Ed: Elsevier. ISBN: 987-0-12-373891-2.

[2] Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB and Brownell KD 2007 Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health 97: 667-675.

[3] Fernandez-Bedmar Z, Anter J, de La Cruz-Ares S, Munoz-Serrano A, Alonso-Moraga A et al., 2011 Role of citrus juices and distinctive components in the modulation of degenerative processes: genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and longevity in Drosophila. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health A 74: 1052-1066.

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INFLUENCE OF ENVIROMENTAL VARIABLES IN JELLYFISH STRANDINGS ON THE BEACHES OF THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR. EVOLUTION OF THE OBSERVED POPULATIONS AND THEIR LIFE CYCLE. L. Prieto1, K. Kienberger1, A. Villaescusa2, B. Escobar2, C. Martínez2, N. Torres2, M. Jiménez2, A. Sánchez2, J. Granados2, Á. Pérez2, P. Pérez2, J. M. Mosquera2, 1

Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN) CSIC. Campus Río San Pedro s/n Puerto Real (Cádiz) 2 Colegio María Auxiliadora. Algeciras (Cádiz)

The massive outburst of jellyfish on the Spanish coasts is a phenomenon with relevant implications at the socio-economic level[1]. The aim of this study is to combine the abundance variability of these organisms in the Strait of Gibraltar with several environmental variables in other to test their influence. From 1st October 2015 to 31st March 2016, the students performed daily observations of abundance of jellyfish on three beaches: two in Algeciras (Getares and Rinconcillo) and one in Tarifa. Air and water temperature, precipitation and wind (both velocity and direction) were also compiled and analyzed. Thanks to a study performed by the same high school the previous school year (with the same researcher and teacher as supervisors), the interannual variation could also be tested. The results showed that the most frequent and abundant species was Pelagia noctiluca, fact that allowed the students to tracked its population by using diverse biological indicators as weight, size, sex and condition of each specimen stranded on the beach. The differences of the biological cycles of P. noctiluca and Cotylorhiza tuberculata (another common Mediterranean jellyfish) could be explored due to experiments with adults and ICMAN-CSIC laboratory cultures of larvae, respectively. This study is a clear example of how citizen science, with the direct implication of high school students supervised jointly by a researcher and a teacher, can identified and located target species as well as gathered relevant data to give a first valuable step to test the influence of physical forcing on jellyfish dynamics.

Keywords: Gelatinous plankton, Pelagia noctiluca, Cotylorhiza tuberculata, citizen science ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - Funding

We appreciate the help of Dña. Pilar Álvarez Ruiz (Dpto de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, EPS Algeciras, Spain), Dr. Andrés Payo (Southampton University, UK) and D. Carlos Serrano (Club de buceo CIES Algeciras, Spain). A research grant to LP from Ramón y Cajal Programme (Spanish MEC) and a Ph.D. fellowship to KK from the Rotary Foundation are acknowledged.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Genua Olmedo, “Variabilidad temporal de la abundancia de organismos gelatinosos en el litoral mediterráneo entre el mar de Alborán y le mar Balear”. Tesina de Máster en Hidráulica ambiental..Universidad de Córdoba. Universidad de Málaga. Universidad de Granada, Septiembre 2013. p. 20.

49 Study of the ultra-violet light effect on the mutation frequency in a soil bacterium Bolivar, A.M.1, Candela, M.L.. 2, Collado, P3, Freire, M.L.. 4, Molina, C. 5, Torres, L.6, Vargas, C.M.7 & Martínez-Abarca F.8 1 IES La Vega de Atarfe. Atarfe 2 IES Avenmoriel. Benamaurel 3 CDP Dulce Nombre de Maria (Escolapios). Granada.

4 IES Miguel de Cervantes. Granada.

5 IES Alba Longa. Armilla 6 IES Zaidín Vergeles. Granada 7 IES Severo Ochoa. Granada 8 Departmento de Microbiología Estación Experimental del Zaidín – CSIC – Granada, Spain *Corresponding author: fmabarca @eez.csic.es Highlights: Students have determined how a soil bacteria – Sinorhizobium melilotican be used as a test for evaluation the DNA damage caused by ultraviolet light exposure.

SUMMARY Reverse mutation assays designed in bacterial cultures have been extensively used in the screening of chemicals and physical stresses for mutagenicity tests (1). These assays have been mainly performed in Enterobacteria. In this study we wonder if another type of bacteria can be used for this aim. The chosen microorganism is a soil Gram- bacterium named Sinorhizobium meliloti that belongs to a group collectively referred to as rhizobia that together with leguminous plants contributes the largest input of combined nitrogen into terrestrial ecosystems. It is a genetically tractable model species for investigating rhizobial biology (2).

In a previous study, it was determined the mutation frequency in this soil bacteria based on the effect of the activity of the gene sacB. Only 10-5 to 10-6 bacteria containing a mutation in this gene was able to grow on plates containing 5% of sucrose (3). In this study we analyze the effect of the irradiation with ultra-violet light of S. meliloti cultures obtaining the following conclusions: (i) S. meliloti growth is sensitive to uv treatments; (ii) uv treatments do not increase the mutation frequency in S. meliloti; and (iii) it can not rule out a possible effect on the type of mutation generated.

Keywords: Sinorhizobium meliloti; Sacharose resistance phenotype; uv-effect ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS – Funding This work was performed in the Microbiology department in the Estación Experimental del Zaidín – CSIC in Granada (Spain). It was supported by research projects CSD2009-00006; BIO-2011-24401 and BIO2014-51953-P. Also we appreciate the coordination of All Secondary Schools teachers and particularly to Antonio Quesada Ramos for his help in developing our blog: http://mutandogenes.blogspot.com.es/.

Unfortunately PIIISA-Granada-commission has not facilitated to the students the opportunity to present this work in this meeting.

[1] Maron & Ames (1983) Mutat. Res. 113 (1983) 173–215.

[2] Newton (2000) in Nitrogen Fixation. (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands).

[3] Benavente et al. (2015) In: Alche et al. (eds) High School Students for Agricultural Science Research.IV. Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Granada, pp 23-40. ISSN 2340-9746.