techniques developed by Rosa et al. (2015), it is possible to monitor toxicity levels in stingless bee species with the potential to create proposals that use stingless bee contamination as an environmental indicator. Keywords: Bumble bees; honey bees; stingless bees; sublethal effects. References Blacquiere, T., Smagghe, G., Van Gestel, C. A., & Mommaerts, V. (2012). Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology, 21(4), 973-992. Cresswell, J. E. (2011). A meta-analysis of experiments testing the effects of a neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) on honey bees. Ecotoxicology,20(1), 149-157. Fairbrother, A., Purdy, J., Anderson, T., & Fell, R. (2014). Risks of neonicotinoid insecticides to honeybees. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 33(4), 719-731. Feltham, H., Park, K., & Goulson, D. (2014). Field realistic doses of pesticide imidacloprid reduce bumblebee pollen foraging efficiency. Ecotoxicology,23(3), 317-323. Gill, R. J., Ramos-Rodriguez, O., & Raine, N. E. (2012). Combined pesticide exposure severely affects individual-and colony-level traits in bees. Nature,491(7422), 105-108. Godfray, H. C. J., Blacquiere, T., Field, L. M., Hails, R. S., Petrokofsky, G., Potts, S. G., ... & McLean, A. R. (2014). A restatement of the natural science evidence base concerning neonicotinoid insecticides and insect pollinators.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences,281(1786), 20140558. Henry, M., Beguin, M., Requier, F., Rollin, O., Odoux, J. F., Aupinel, P., ... & Decourtye, A. (2012). A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees. Science, 336(6079), 348-350. Kessler, S. C., Tiedeken, E. J., Simcock, K. L., Derveau, S., Mitchell, J., Softley, S., ... & Wright, G. A. (2015). Bees prefer foods containing neonicotinoid pesticides. Nature. Laycock, I., Lenthall, K. M., Barratt,A.T., & Cresswell, J. E. (2012). Effects of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, on reproduction in worker bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Ecotoxicology, 21(7), 1937-1945. Nogueira-Neto, P. (1997). Vida e criação de abelhas indígenas sem ferrão. São Paulo: Nogueirapis. Rosa, A. (2014). Efeitos da exposição de Bombus terrestris audax, Apis mellifera carnica e Scaptotrigona bipunctata ao neonicotinóide tiametoxam e uso de Scaptotrigona aff. depilis como bioindicador. Tese de Doutorado, Entomologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. Rosa, A., I’Anson Price, R., Ferreira Caliman, M. J., Pereira Queiroz, E., Blochtein, B., Sílvia Soares Pires, C., & Imperatriz Fonseca, V. L. (2015). The stingless bee species, Scaptotrigona aff. depilis, as a potential indicator of environmental pesticide contamination. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 34(8), 1851-1853. Tavares, D. A., Roat, T. C., Carvalho, S. M., Silva-Zacarin, E. C. M., & Malaspina, O. (2015). In vitro effects of thiamethoxam on larvae of Africanized honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Chemosphere, 135, 370-378. Thompson, H. M. (2010). Risk assessment for honey bees and pesticides—recent developments and ‘new issues’. Pest management science, 66(11), 1157-1162. Thompson, H. M., & Maus, C. (2007). The relevance of sublethal effects in honey bee testing for pesticide risk assessment. Pest Management Science,63(11), 1058-1061. Tomé, H. V. V., Martins, G. F., Lima, M. A. P., Campos, L. A. O., & Guedes, R. N. C. (2012). Imidacloprid-induced impairment of mushroom bodies and behavior of the native stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides.PLoS One, 7(6), e38406. Whitehorn, P. R., O’Connor, S., Wackers, F. L., & Goulson, D. (2012). Neonicotinoid pesticide ANAIS DO XI ENCONTRO SOBRE ABELHAS, 2015 RIBEIRÃO PRETO, SP, BRASIL
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