The Democratic Culture of CERN

What is CERN; CERN also known as the European Organization for Nuclear Research is the world’s biggest particle physics laboratory. Thousands of scientists from all over the world work together at CERN. They use the world's largest and most complex scientific instruments. They search for the fundamental constituents of matter and the forces that link them. CERN’s mission is to help uncover what the universe is made of and how it works. At the same time CERN, pushes technological boundaries, trains countless scientists and, through the medium of science,

contributes to the dialogue between nations.

Space Explorers

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CERN where is it?

CERN located just outside of Geneva Switzerland, is situated on the border between Switzerland and France. CERN has been involved in particle physics research for over half a century. It is a unique example of the collaborative nature of science because the experiments being conducted at CERN are overseen by nearly 6,500 scientists from 500 different universities spanning the globe.

Space Explorers

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The History of CERN At the end of the Second World War, a handful of visionary scientists identified the need to stop the brain drain to America and to provide a force for unity in post-war Europe. Thus they imagined creating a European atomic physics laboratory. Raoul Dautry, Pierre Auger and Lew Kowarski in France, Edoardo Amaldi in Italy and Niels Bohr in Denmark were among these pioneers. They proposed their idea to the European Council of Culture in Lausanne, on December 9th, 1949.

In December 1951 at an intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris, the first resolution concerning the establishment of a European Council for Nuclear Research was adopted. Two months later, 11 countries signed an agreement establishing the provisional Council – the acronym CERN was born.

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History of CERN part 2 Geneva was the site chosen that was selected as a venue for the CERN workshop at the third meeting of the Temporary Council in 1952. It was proposed by the governments of Denmark, the Netherlands, France and Switzerland. The choice was not accidental, Switzerland's neutrality during the Second World War, its central position in Europe and the fact that it already hosted a number of organizations, led to this choice.

This option was approved in a referendum held in Geneva in June 1953 with 16539 votes in favor of 7332. On May 17, 1954, work began at Meyrin, attended by Geneva employees and CERN staff.

While the preparations for the founding of the workshop in Geneva were taking place, theoretical works would be held in Copenhagen.

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State Members The CERN Convention was signed in 1953 by the 12 founding Member States of Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia and entered into force on 29 September 1954.

The Organization was later joined by Austria (1959), Spain (1961-1969, reunification 1983), Portugal (1985), Finland (1991), Poland (1991), Czechoslovak Republic (1992), Hungary (1992), Bulgaria (1999), Israel (2014) and Romania (2016). The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic returned to CERN after their mutual independence in 1993. Yugoslavia left CERN in 1961.

On March 24, 2019, CERN welcomed Serbia as its 23rd Member State, having received official notification from UNESCO that Serbia has joined the CERN Convention.

Member States have specific obligations. They contribute to the operating costs of CERN's programs. In addition, they are represented in the council where decisions are made about the organization and activities.

CERN has up to 600 institutions and Universities using its facilities. The European Union, Japan JINR, the Russian Organization, UNESCO and the United States of America, are members of the organization's oversight. Funding agencies from both Member and Non-Member States are responsible for the financing, construction and operation of the experiments on which they collaborate. The organization spends a lot of money on machines like Laurent Hadron Collider and partly participates in the cost of experiments

Cyprus and Slovenia are Associate Member States in the pre-stage to Membership. India, Lithuania, Pakistan, Turkey and Ukraine are Associate Member States.

Finally, CERN has co-operation agreements with non-member states (not members of CERN) as well as scientific contacts in many countries around the world.

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CERN: cooperation between nations, universities and scientists Since 2017, more than 17,500 people from around the world have been working together to overcome the limits of knowledge.

CERN's staff is about 2500. They take part in the design, construction and operation of the research infrastructure. They also contribute to the preparation and operation of the experiments, as well as to the analysis of the data gathered for a vast community of users, comprising over 12 200 scientists of 110 nationalities, from institutes in more than 70 countries.

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CERN’s Mission The convention that established CERN in 1954 clearly laid down the main missions for the Organization.

"The Organization shall provide for collaboration among European States in nuclear research of a pure scientific and fundamental character (...). The Organization shall have no concern with work for military requirements and the results of its experimental and theoretical work shall be published or otherwise made generally available."

CERN’s Mission: 

Research: Seeking and finding answers to questions about the Universe

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Technology: Advancing the frontiers of technology

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Collaborating: Bringing nations together through science

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Education: Training the scientists of tomorrow

Beyond science, CERN also aims to: 

be a politically neutral voice for science, advocating investment in fundamental research and evidence-based policy;

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build further links with industry in terms of the transfer of knowledge from CERN to industry;

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Inspire and nurture scientific awareness in all citizens

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https://home.cern/about/who-we-are/our-history

CERN’s contribution to society Bringing nations together through science Over the years, CERN has always been open to the scientific communities of all nations, overcoming political barriers. CERN scientists worked with their Soviet and US counterparts throughout the Cold War. CERN was the prototype for scientific collaboration in Europe, and has given rise to other organisations

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CERN’s contribution to society Advancing the frontiers of technology The CERN community which consists of a myriad of engineers, technicians and scientists develops novel technology and expertise that can be applied to fields other than high-energy physics. CERN shares the expertise with society providing novel solutions in many fields. CERN also collaborates with industry and engages with other stakeholders, such as policy makers, especially those acting in CERN’s Member States.

What is our knowledge-transfer mission?

The scientific advancements of CERN push the frontiers of technology. This has a positive impact on society globally. Although the core mission of the Laboratory is fundamental research

in particle physics, it also has a remit to share the expertise with society, to train the next generation of scientists and to bring nations together.

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CERN in Medicine CERN has played an important role in Medicine, especially to the diagnosis and treatment of the patients.

In particular, as far as diagnosis is concerned, detectors are used so as to have an accurate Medical illustration, such as tomography PET. In the field of treatment, the detectors and the accelerators of CERN have contributed a lot to the confrontation of cancer. 60.000 patients worldwide have recovered by using the cancer treatment with Hadrons. Also, the accelerators are used to sterilise the medical equipment.

All the above show how important the contribution of CERN’s detectors and accelerators is.

superteam

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CERN and Aerospace CERN is playing a critical and increasingly recognised role, scientifically and technologically, in aerospace. Consider that, like Space Missions, underground accelerator and detector infrastructures have to deal with extreme environments. This is why they set stringent technological requirements that often overlap.

CERN has established partnerships and exploring synergies with a variety of players in the aerospace sector. CERN’s technologies, facilities and expertise are used in the flight and ground segments of many space missions.

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CERN’s contribution to society CERN technologies and expertise are applied to a wide range of fields: 

Contributing to a better planet, with novel and more efficient technologies

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Industry 4.0, increasing automation and efficiency

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Cultural heritage through art restoration

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Developing technologies expected to have significant impact in the future

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Ο Παγκόσμιος ιστός, προσφορά του CERN στην κοινωνία Imagine our daily routine without the Web. Would it be easy to find any information?

So, the invention of the Web is very important!

The W.W.W. was “born” in 1989 by the British scientist Tim Berners-Lee who worked for the CERN. Thanks to the invention of W.W.W. people from all over the world can come in contact and exchanche information. That's why W.W.W. became so popular and we can't imagine our daily routine without using it.

The Superwebteam

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The Birth of the WWW The World Wide Web (WWW) was born in 1989 by British scientist Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN, the European Nuclear Research Agency. Originally, the Web was designed and developed to meet the demand for automated exchange of information between scientists at universities and institutes around the world. CERN is the center of an extensive community of over 17,000 scientists from more than 100 countries. Even though these scientists spend some time on CERN's website, they usually work in universities and national laboratories in their countries of origin. Reliable communication tools are therefore necessary.

In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first proposal to create the World Wide Web. In November 1990 he collaborated with the Belgian Systems Engineer, CERN's colleague, Robert Cailliau, and submitted the proposal to the CERN administration. By the end of the same year he had set up the first server and the first browser on a NeXT computer. http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html was the first website address.

In 1991, Berners-Lee released the WWW software and in March of the same year it was made available to colleagues at CERN using computers. In August 1991, he announced the WWW software in the Internet newsgroups and interest in the project spread across the globe.

Thanks to WWW's invention people from around the world can communicate with each

other and exchange information. So this invention became popular and we cannot imagine our everyday life without using the Web!

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Accelerators Accelerators are huge-sized provisions that accelerate particles at speeds that approach the speed of light and then let them collide with other particles.

The accelerated particles are protons, electrons and ions. They are accelerated by the use of electric fields.

The accelerators are circular and large. The magnetic field changes the direction of a charged particle. For this, many magnets are placed circularly and so the particle returns to the starting point from where it receives another 'boost'.

The largest accelerator at CERN is called "Large Electron Positron Collider" (LEP). It has a perimeter of 27km and is installed in a tunnel about 100 meters below the ground.

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Οι Ανιχνευτές Are large provisions that observe what happens during the collisions.

Just as hunters can identify animals from tracks in mud or snow, physicists identify subatomic particles from the traces they leave in detectors Accelerators at CERN boost particles to high energies before they are made to collide inside detectors. The detectors gather clues about the particles – including their speed, mass and charge – from which physicists can work out a particle's identity. The process requires accelerators, powerful electromagnets, and layer upon layer of complex subdetectors.

Modern particle detectors consist of layers of subdetectors, each designed to look for particular properties, or specific types of particle. Tracking devices reveal the path of a particle; calorimeters stop, absorb and measure a particle’s energy; and particle-identification detectors use a range of techniques to pin down a particle's identity.

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Georges Charpak Georges Charpak (1924-2010) was born in 1924 in Dąbrowica in Poland. When he was 7 years old he moved with his family to Paris. During the World II he joined the resistance. He was deported to the Nazi concentration camp at Dachau. He was released in 1946 and obtained French nationality in the same year. He studied engineering, specializing in the steel industry (1945-47). He obtained a research position at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in 1949 and his PhD in nuclear physics from the Collège de France in 1954. He joined CERN as a researcher in 1959.

He worked mainly on the development of new techniques for particle detection. In 1968 he invented the multiwire proportional chamber (a gas-filled box with a large number of parallel detector wires, each connected to individual amplifiers), for which he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992. This invention, and Charpak’s subsequent developments, launched the era of fully electronic particle detection.

Parallel to his core research, Georges Charpak was involved in many other activities. His main commitments were the reform of science education for children and the popularisation of science in general and the fight against nuclear weapons.

astroclass

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Tim Berners Lee Tim Berners Lee was born in 1955, in London. He studied at the University of Oxford where he was distinguished. He managed to create a computer on his own, using a few old staff.

In 1980 his career in CERN begun and his invention in 1989 of a programme became the first stage of what is now called World Wide Web (WWW).

His dream was to create a system through which information could “travel” not only fast but in many languages as well. So, he invented a protocol, http, used to connect all the computers online. He created a unique code of identification for each document on the net, which when was combined with a special way of address identification created URL. In 1990 he made the first browser, a searching machine and HTML, a language that describes each electronic document. In 1991 he created the first server and named it WWW which was his greatest achievement. On 30 April 1993, CERN put the WWW software in the public domain.

Later, CERN made a release available with an open licence, a more sure way to maximise its dissemination and allowing it to flourish.

Today, he is the director of the worldwide Consortium and a researcher at the MIT. In 2016 he received the Turing Award.

Also, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering contribution and the “Time” magazine includes him in the list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century.

Moreover, he was elected Professor of Computer Science by the University of Southampton.

Incredible 3rd Graders

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Emmanouel Tsesmelis Dr. Emmanuel Tsesmelis is a distinguished physicist. He was born in Melbourne, Australia in 1966 by Greek parents. After graduating from Physics and Mathematics in Melbourne, and his doctorate in Dortmund, Germany, in the Experimental Particle Physics (in his Ph.D. he dealt with the CERN UA2 experiment) he started his career.

The first station for a five-year period (since 1993) was the NOMAD's T-neutrin detection experiment, and that he was a member of the CNGS neutron beam design team at CERN in Gran Sasso, Italy. Since 1998, he has been a member of the CMS experiment. During the period 2005-2008 he was the team leader for the construction and maintenance of the LHC pilot areas.

With his work and studies he managed to stand out and became, since 2004, Advisor for the Director-General and Senior Management for International Relations at CERN and since 2013, CERN's Deputy Chief of International Relations. Since 2009, he is a Scientific Advisor at CERN's CEO's office as a senior physicist and professor of physics at Oxford University in England.

Little Stars

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Maria Spiropulu Maria Spiropulu is an experimental physist at the California Institute of Technology. She is a member of the CMS collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider where the Higgs Bason was discovered in 2012.

She was born in Kastoria, West Macedonia, Greece. She received her bachelor's degree in physics from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 1993, and obtained herPhD with the CDFexperiment from Harvard University in 2000. From 2001 to 2003, Spiropulu continued on the CDF experiment as an Enrico Fermi fellow at the Univesity of Chicago. In 2004, she moved to CERN as a research scientist with the CMS experiment. For the years 2005 to 2008, she served as co-convener of the CMS physics analysis group searching for supersymmetry and other phenomena beyond the Standard Model. She was a senior research physicist at Cern until 2012, and has been professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology since 2009. She invented, with her student Chris Rogan and collaborators Maurizio Pierini and Joseph Lykken, a new set of kinematic variables ("razor") targeting the discovery and characterization of new physics at the LHC. In 2008, Spiropulu was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Little Stars

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