BIM AND SUSTAINABILITY

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING + Sustainability

I n f o r m a t i o n

BE1338 2016 – 2017

M a n a g e m e n t

James Charlton 14002245

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BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING + Sustainability Contents MIB Introduction Whats’ BIM BIM is! NOT! Multidisciplinary Software

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Sustainability Sustainability Sustainable Form: Building orientation/Location Building Massing Daylighting analysis Sustainable System: Water Harvesting Thermal Comfort Energy Modeling Sustainable Materials Waste Elimination Masdar case study Summary References

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Introduction BIM AND SUSTAIABILITY

People who concerned about environmental issues have made a new demand and influence in the construction industry.

Because how considerably impact on environment and use of earth recourses. In order to achieve a balanced outcome which less environment efficient and also have the ability to tick the boxes of the global environment agenda.

tainable design.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) This article will appoint the basic critical knowledge for sustainable design, development and what can BIM support with the type information.

Building Information Modeling BIM came as a tool to analyse the information and simulate the elements and help designers and decisions-makers for better building performance. Sustainable design strategies are important to understanding some key concepts and about how these integrated with BIM. Related to architecture and sustainability, As we know BIM is fairly a new technology and many of the tools used to measure sus-

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“As an architect, you design for the present, with an awareness of the past, for a future which is essentially unknown. The green agenda is probably the most important agenda and issue of the day [‌] all the projects which have, in some way, been inspired by that agenda are about a celebratory lifestyle, in a way celebrating the places and spaces which determine the quality of life.â€?

Norman Foster 2007

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What’s BIM? BIM is the most effective decisions about building’s energy consumption, sustainable design, the life-cycle energy, thermal comfort and daylighting performance of the building are made in the early design stage.

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What’s BIM?

BIM is an integrated process built on coordinated, reliable information about a project from design through construction and into operations. By adopting BIM, architects, engineers, contractors and owners can easily create coordinated, digital design information and documentation; use that information to accurately visualise, simulate, and analyse performance, appearance and cost; and reliably deliver the project faster, more economically and with reduced environmental impact.

BIM model at concept stage

“A multi-dimensional tool, Building Information Modelling (BIM) involves generating a visual model of the building which also manages data about it, at the design stage, throughout the construction phase and during its working life.”

Michael Smith – NBS

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PROJECT MANAGEMENT

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION S P A T I A L RELATIONSHIPS LIGHT ANALYSIS

GEOMETRY

“...digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility creating a shared knowledge resource for information about it forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle, from earliest conception to demolition.”

(CPIC)

3D illistration concept

QUANTITIES

“Building Information Modelling (BIM) is an integrated process for exploring a project’s key physical and functional characteristics digitally before it’s built, helping to deliver projects faster and more economically, while minimising environmental impact.”

Paul Sullivan, Manager at Autodesk

BIM is!

NOT! In Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry, there is a misconception by some, which BIM is only a piece of software. BIM is information about the entire building and a complete set of design documents stored in an integrated database.

- BIM can adopt the use of a number of different software packages.

- ment.

BIM is about data, its utilisation and manage-

- BIM is a database, whether it be a single building, a group of buildings or a city.

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BIM is not just Revit

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BIM is not just about 3D geometry

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BIM is not a single building Model

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BIM is not a single piece of software

Project Ove, Arups

- BIM is a process which can utilise various software across numerous disciplines.

BIM data can be used to illustrate the entire building lifecycle, from conception and design to demolition and materials reuse; quantities and properties of materials; and the scope of works, including management of project targets and facilities management throughout the building’s life.

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Why is BIM important?

Over the past 100 years, the design and building industry has come across wide range of considerable changes. Buildings become more complicated with adding layers of alternative building systems so; it became a need for a system that can gather all that complex information and layers into an individual digital format, allowing data exchange that can be visualised, developed and coordinated from early stages of the design process through its life cycle. The goal is to create an overview of the building by including everything in one single file.

What can BIM assist to achieve sustainability?

The integration of BIM with performance analysis tools provides sophisticated analysis allowing the architects to have easy access to tools thus feedback on conceptual design changes can be achieved fast and early in the design process. That should lead to better-informed decision‐making at early stages, reducing the risk of unsuccessful design or the running on ‘eco‐design features’.

BIM allows us to understand how to put a building together better. Also, it should enable us to have a better knowledge of how that building should perform. The application of BIM to construction projects has the potential to enhance the quality of information provided for making critical design decisions regarding a building’s environmental impact.

Understanding Building performance is essential in sustainable design as it provides the design team with high-quality information, allowing to assess the minimise risk and optimise building performance.

(NBS, 2016)

Project systems layers

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BIM Info-graph

BIM Multidisciplinary

BIM Process throw building lifecycle

BIM Multidisciplinary

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BIM Management

BIM Diminutions

BIM Multidisciplinary

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BIM Software

Autodesk Revit Architecture.

Graphisoft ArchiCAD. Nemetschek Allplan Architecture.

Gehry Technologies - Digital Project Designer.

Nemetschek Vectorworks Architect.

Bentley Architecture.

4MSA IDEA Architectural Design CADSoft Envisioneer.

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Autodesk Revit Architecture is a robust architectural design and documentation software application created by Autodesk for architects and building professionals.

The tools and features that make up Revit Architecture are specifically designed to support building information modeling (BIM) workflows.

(What is Revit architecture?, no date) Vasiry: Vasari

Massing Studies. Explore design ideas shapes. Solar Studies. Evaluate the impact of natural light and shadows on the buildings and site. Wind Tunnel Analysis. Wind Rose Data Analysis. Energy analysis, on conceptual models quickly and easily, before any detailed design work begins.

Data analysation forms

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Sustainability BIM and Sustainability

Sustainable design strategies are important to understanding some key concepts and about how these integrated with BIM. Related to architecture and sustainability, as we know BIM is fairly a new technology and many of the tools used to measure sustainable design, not always integrated into BIM model itself. This article will appoint the core knowledge for sustainable design, development and what BIM support with the model information by its visualisation, simulation and analyses. (Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) In 1995 the architects approached the use terms such “Green” and “Environmentally Friendly” and been used to describe projects and approaches. That allowed a transformation in the firm of architecture and other business to be involved in the concept of sustainability.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) The role of sustainable thinking is not new, where it been continuously applied in ancient civilisations. It can be realised by study history, the use of onsite materials, and create thermal mass, and the use of natural plants, also, they understood the sun nature and applied passive techniques for cooling, heating and lighting.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008)

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What’s the sustainability Bottom Line?

- Social/People: As designers, we have a code of ethics that includes our responsibility to protect life.

- Environment/Plant: The natural resources used to make buildings are non-renewable.

- Economic/Prosperity: Sustainable design has cost benefits and short term investments.

What’s BREEAM certification?

BREEAM Is widely used in the UK. BREEAM is the oldest one of the five Green Building Rating Systems, started at 1990. And assesses the performance of the building in the following areas:

What’s sustainability?

Global concern about environmental issues has made a new demand in construction because how considerably impact on environment and use of earth recourses. In order to achieve a balanced outcome which less environment effective and also have the ability to tick the boxes of the global environment agenda by using BIM as a tool to analyse the information and simulate the substances.

- Management - Water - Transport

Health and Wellbeing - Energy - Material and Waste - Pollution

- Land Use and Ecology ell, 2008)

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDow-

Sustainable BIM building form: - Building orientation - Daylighting

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What is sustainable development?

Sustainable BIM building systems:

“Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

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Water harvesting Energy modelling

Building Massing

- Thermal comfort - Eliminate waste

UN, Brundtland report, 1987

Sustainability bottom line

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Sustainable Form Building Orientation / Location

Orientation is simply what compass direction the building faces. Building orientation refers to the way a building is situated on a site and the positioning of windows, rooflines, and other features.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008)

Other considerations include access to views and cooling breezes. Orientation and layout will also be influenced by topography, wind speed and direction, the site’s relationship with the street, the location of shade elements such as trees and neighbouring buildings, and vehicle access and parking.

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Orientation can be the most important step in providing a building with passive thermal and visual comfort. A building oriented for solar design takes advantage of passive and active solar strategies.

Selecting the best orientation

Passive solar heating makes the use of the building parts to collect, store, distribute, and control solar heat gains to reduce the demand for fossil fuel powered space heating.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) Passive solar strategies use energy from the sun to heat and illuminate buildings. Building orientation and building materials also facilitate temperature moderation and natural daylighting.

(NJ GREEN BUILDING MANUAL NEW COMMERCIAL UPDATED 5-MAY-11, 2011)

The direction to the North

Visualizing shade on facade

Air flow illustration

Where passive cooling is more of a priority than passive heating, the building should be oriented to take advantage of prevailing breezes. (Ltd, 2016)Â

A BIM design can be used to create all analysis models, and the data to measure and simulate sun gain.

The analyzation tools that BIM offers such as, Vasari to study the sun effects on building performance due to orientation. Also, give an indicator of how the building would behave within the climate condition in that location. 3D Sun path diagram can help you visualise shadows and understand the sun’s position throughout the day and year.

This information, analyzation and visualisation let the designer improve the design to achieve better performance during the design stage. Also, reduces the energy that can be used to run the building by simulating heating/cooling systems.

Building shade

The Sun direction an angle

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Sustainable Form Building Massing

Massing is the overall shape and size of the building. Which the building can be tall or short, Long and thin, might have significant cut outs, or solid.

Massing is one of the most important factors second to the orientation. Building massing is key for healthy, sustainable building.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008)

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Building Massing forming 1

Building Massing forming 2

Also, good access to the daylight throw the envelope is necessary for passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It’s important to begin considering passive design strategies in the Massing stage. Massing decisions depend on the specifics of the project site and goals. Building massing is necessary for healthy, sustainable building. Appropriate massing allows good access to daylight for all the building occupants while still creating an efficient building envelope optimised for thermal efficiency and comfort.

BIM able to provide the designers with visualisation at early conceptual energy analysis, to test different form options. This analysis can take into account how site features like natural land formations, surrounding buildings, or vegetation affect the performance of the design.

Such features can shade the sun and change wind patterns, so this is especially important for thermal comfort and daylighting comfort. They can also affect acoustics, rainwater harvesting, and other performance factors.

Moreover, skin type of the building form optimises a significant impact on the building performance. The envelope type of material and the amount of glazing and other factors, considered as part of the comfort and efficiency of the building form.

Building Massing forming 3

Building Massing

Facade mass

Daylighting and mass

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Mass disrepute

Energy analyses to mass types

Sustainable Form Daylighting Analysis

Daylighting is the use of natural light for primary interior illumination. This reduces the need for artificial light within the space, therefore, reducing internal heat gain and energy use. Natural light is the highest-quality and most efficient light source available today and the source is free.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008)

An effective daylighting design relies heavily on good building orientation, massing, and envelope design topics that already mentioned and the right combination of these strategies allows to optimise the building use of natural resources and minimise the need for artificial lighting. A fully integrated daylighting system can enhance the visual awareness, comfort, and beauty of space while controlling external heat gain and brightness.

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BIM visualisation rendering and analyses tools fro Autodesk for example, provide the first perspective on the design by simulating daylight. The rendering results show the daylight came through the windows and opening and the reflection onto the space based on the building orientation and location. That draw a view of the building in real life.

Daylighting and mass

Daylighting rending

For better results that to be achieved through better design, a good daylight comes from the sky, not the sun directly. (Autodesk, 2011b)

And calculate the foot-candle which, is the amount of light falling onto a surface by 1 square foot.

Daylight can produce 2,000 to 10,000 foot-candle depending on the sky condition. Also, avoid the illuminance of the reflected light off of a surface, which is luminous per unit area on a surface at any given point. (Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) Daylight calculation and rendering are really important to create internal comfort and support beauty.

To ensure positive results, the design should consider specific factors: (Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) - Consider eye adaptation to light

Daylighting calculation

- Orient the building on an east-west axis.

- Choose the right glazing.

- Provide tall windows on perimeter walls.

- Provide external shading devices.

- Provide light shelves.

- Consider light reflectance values when choosing materials.

Daylighting simulation

- Arrange interior spaces to optimise the use of daylighting.

- Use automated lighting controls.

- Use appropriate light levels.

Interior daylighting simulation

Interior fine rendering

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Sustainable System Water Harvesting

Water harvesting has much focus of sustainable design in order to reduce energy use. That depending on the location, which water is one of the most critical resources. As we know 70% of the earth covered in water, but only 1% suitable for consumption. (Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008)

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It is most important to take in account water reduction during the designing stage. So the design team must ask analytical questions of the need for water such as “what does we need water for?� And the answer should be reviewed carefully. Of course, we need water for drinking, cleaning, but is required for landscaping, toilet flush, etc.

The team should have a range of discussion and the possibility of reducing water consumption and select suitable system for sustainable, responsible use.

(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) Collecting rainwater can be considered as a reduction of consumption, by installing simple filtering systems for irrigation, toilet flushing or other suitable use. Also, greywater, treatment onsite if required should be calculated and measured to develop the sustainable building.

Water consumption analyses

Unfortunately, currently, there are no BIM application that allows to combining climatic data and building systems. The only way to calculate water harvesting is creating spreadsheet data and import into the BIM model.

Also, in the early stages of the design, it can be desirable to make a number of changes that impacts to the programmed scenario.

Rain water system

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Sustainable System Thermal Comfort

Thermal comfort is hard to measure because it is very personal. It depends on the air temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, air velocity, metabolic rates, and clothing levels and each person experiences these sensations a bit differently based on his/ her physiology and state.

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“That condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation.” (ASHRAE, 2010) There are six factors to take into consideration when designing for thermal comfort: Thermal comfort

- Metabolic rate (met): The energy generated from the human body - Clothing insulation (clo): The amount of thermal insulation the person is wearing - Air Temperature: Temperature of the air surrounding the occupant - Radiant temperature: The weighted average of all the temperatures from surfaces surrounding an occupant

Visual comfort

- Air velocity: Rate of air movement given distance over time - Relative humidity: Percentage of water vapour in the air (Autodesk, 2011) BIM, Revit have the ability to calculate the internal thermal comfort based on the previous six factors and give the result to help consider the environment.

Air flow comfort

Ventilation system

Human comfort concern

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Thermal comfort zone

Sustainable System Energy Modelling

Energy is essential in our modern life, which it can be branded as the code of modernisation.

Understanding the building needs for energy is important to become more sustainable. In the U.S, buildings account for 30% of the world’s energy and 60% of the world’s electricity, making the U.S number one energy consumer in the world.

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The level of energy use need in a building depend on the number of elements that need to power. Managing energy is not simple as worry as leaving the light on or turning the heat to warmer or the air-conditioning to the max. Simulating energy use way relies on other factors.

Such as, windows on the south façade allows for more natural lighting and less need for artificial lighting. But, without proper sun shading which letting more solar gain in the case of larger windows.

In the case of simulation all energy-relevant data must be taken into account such as: Energy illustration

• Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system • Solar heat gain • The number of occupants and their activity levels • Sun shading devices • Daylight dimming • Lighting levels

Energy results

• And number of other variables BIM use all the previous data to do simulation and analyzation to produce a result that indicates the building energy consumption average and show the level on the scale of sustainability rating system.

Energy simulation

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Energy analyses

Sustainable System Sustainable Materials

In AEC industry the of use materials is constant even the designed building that is not using energy or water but still using materials. As well as, materials need energy and water to be produced.

The industry is just started to understand the limitation of raw sources to create materials.

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The following list shows some consideration during the material selection process:(Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) - Does the product or assembly reduce the energy and water consumption of the building over its lifetime?

- Does the product or assembly throughout its lifecycle include any substances or processes that have the potential to adversely affect human health or the environment? Consider the impact on air, atmosphere, water, ecosystem, habitat, and climate. Consider the generation of hazardous by-products and pollution. Take Into account the effects of raw material extraction on ecosystems. Factor in the impacts of transportation.

- Does the product or assembly eliminate hazards to indoor air quality, while improving indoor environmental quality and occupant well-being?

- Does the product or assembly perform its intended function elegantly for at least 100 years?

- Is the product or assembly produced with recycled material stock, reducing the demand for virgin raw materials?

- s the product or assembly made from materials that are rapidly renewable, or are they rare and endangered?

- Is the product or assembly produced in a way that limits the generation of solid waste, and are the materials themselves reusable or recyclable at the end of their useful life in the building? Do the materials disassemble and separate into recyclable or reusable components?

There is a number of materials guides, certification systems and selection methodology to help professionals make decisions. At some points in the those databases integrated within BIM.

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Case Study Masdar Headquarter, Abu Dhabi, UAE

“A BIM process helped us evaluate different strategies and capitalize on the true value of sustainable opportunities at the beginning of the design process—long before systems and design decisions are locked in place.”

Robert Forest, Partner Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture

Masdar Headquarters located near the city of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates, it is the world’s first positive-energy building, which producing energy more than it consume by 103% achieving LEED Platinum™ standards for sustainable design certification. The headquarters is a part of a ground-braking large scale Zero-waste and Zero-carbon emission, Masdar City. The 8 story 964,000 square-foot High-performance building consume 70% less water than compared buildings.

The architectural signature of the building, 11 cones that support the massive 7-acre roof which has natural ventilation and cooling by flowing worm air up to the roof. The cones also designed to allow daylighting that bright the attractive courtyards.

“Basically, these cones function like interdisciplinary machines for architecture and engineering…they do so many things at once” Sinn

To facilitate this integrated approach, the project team used variety of Autodesk BIM solutions such Revit Architecture as well as the complementary analysis software. “Autodesk BIM solutions do not make our decisions for us, but they do offer valuable insight and help enhance the decision-making process significantly” Gordon Gill

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“Autodesk BIM solutions offer valuable insight and help enhance the decision-making process significantly. Now, we can have a conference call, put the model up, and make decisions about sustainability and project costs almost instantaneously.”

Gordon Gill, Partner

“BIM enabled us to advance various sustainable aspects of the project beyond what we would have been able to do with a non-BIM process,” says Forest. “Sustainability is all about efficiency, collaboration, and an integrated process. BIM helped us achieve all of those things.”

“The completed building will be an integrated part of Masdar City and a net-positive energy contributor, achieving approxi¬mately 103 percent positive energy, … That is a direct result of our team’s commitment to energy-efficiency, collaboration, and an integrated BIM approach; it is also unprecedented in the industry.” Gordon Gill

The design team used the BIM model to study building orientation, daylighting in the early design. also, optimising the building form to help reduce energy consumption with taking account natural resources consumption and the use of sustainable material that aided into the model.

BIM allowed the design to export data from the model into third-party analysis applications to help study wind cone flow and other factors.

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103%

Positive Energy

70%

Less water

100%

Revit integration

100%

Zero carbon

80%

Zero waste

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References

Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture . (2010) Designers exported the model

to analysis software to optimize the building’s form for reduced energy consumption.

Available at: http://www.caddmicrosystems.com/sites/default/files/whitepapers/1.13.0%20 Sustainable%20Design%20Success%20Story%20Masdar.pdf (Accessed: 11 December 2016).

Autodesk (2011a) Building design. Available at: http://sustainabilityworkshop.

autodesk.com/buildings/human-thermal-comfort (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

Autodesk (2011b) Building design. Available at: http://sustainabilityworkshop.

autodesk.com/buildings/daylight-analysis-bim (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

BIM reduces waste (no date) Available at: http://thoughts.arup.com/post/

details/388/bim-reduces-waste (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

Chen, Y. (2016) ‘Green BIM successful sustainable design with building

information modeling Eddy K r ygiel B r a d l e y N i e s’, .

Commission, W. and Environment (no date) Report of the world commission on environment and development: Our common future - A/42/427 annex - UN documents: Gathering a body of global agreements. Available at: http://www.un-documents.net/wced-ocf.htm (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

Inc, A. (2016) 3D design, engineering & entertainment software. Available at:

http://www.autodesk.com/ (Accessed: 11 December 2016).

Ltd, B. (2016) Location and orientation for passive heating and cooling. Available at: http:// www.level.org.nz/passive-design/location-orientation-and-layout/ (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

NBS (2016) Home. Available at: http://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/bim-and-its-

potential-to-support-sustainable-building (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

NJ GREEN BUILDING MANUAL NEW COMMERCIAL UPDATED 5-MAY-11 (2011)

Available at: http://greenmanual.rutgers.edu/newcommercial/strategies/buildingorientation. pdf (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

Oxford (2016) ‘Oxford dictionaries’, in Oxford Dictionary. Available at: https://

en.oxforddictionaries.com (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

RICS (2015) COBRA AUBEA 2015. Available at: http://www.rics.org/Global/Use%20of%20 Building%20Information%20Modelling%20in%20Construction%20Waste%20Source%20 Reduction.pdf (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

Vasari (no date) Available at: http://help.autodesk.com/view/VASARI/B3/

ENU/?guid=GUID-EF147F04-9A73-482D-B6FE-500B0A2249F7 (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

What is Revit architecture? (no date) Available at: http://www.edulearn.com/

article/what_is_revit_architecture.html (Accessed: 11 December 2016).

What is sustainable architecture? Sustainable building design explained (no date)

Available at: https://www.sustainable.com.au/sustainable-architecture.html (Accessed: 5 December 2016).

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BIM + Sustainability

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