Historical Effects and Siwan Architectural Heritage

Historical Effects and Siwan Traditional Architecture Mohamed Badry M.A. in Heritage Conservation and Site Management “HeritageForAll� Founder info.heritageforall@gmail.com

Siwa Gate & Built Vernacular Architecture • The built vernacular heritage is a focus of contemporary life and at the same time a record of the history of society. It is the fundamental expression of the culture of a community, of its relationship with its territory and, at the same time, the expression of the world's cultural diversity.

• Vernacular building is the traditional and natural way by which communities house themselves. It is a continuing process including necessary changes and continuous adaptation as a response to social and environmental constraints.

ICOMOS. (1999). Charter on The Built Vernacular Heritage, www.icomos.org/charters/vernacular_e.pdf.

Siwa & Geological Environment Siwa is located in the Western Desert where to be a huge basin,

surrounded by high mountains and inclined inwards, delimited in the north by the Atlas chain that carries and flows inwards the water resources and the cultural

influences of the coast board having a Mediterranean climate.

Siwa & Geological Environment In the depression, that in some points reaches 60 meters below sea level, there are many lakes fed by underground

springs, heavily salty as soil; it is called Karsheef and it is used to make bricks for buildings that strongly limit the presence of cultivations.

Siwa & Geographical Environment A favorable position between the desert and the Mediterranean and between East and West makes Siwa an important crossroads in the trans-desert trade routes, that link the Cyrene and the Central Africa to the Nile valley.

• the salt exportation • the exportation of the products of its fertile lands • the worship of the God Ammon

Siwa & Historical Names • the 2nd c. B.C., in an inscription at Edfu, it was called (Pen-)’Ta’

• the 5th c. B.C. and during the Roman period, Amuneonion.

• In 897 A.D. an Arab historian, tells about the existence of a tribe called Suwa o Tsuwa • between the 11th and 12th c. A.D. Al-Idrisi calls it Santariyya.

• In the 14th c. A.D., Arab historians, Ibn Khaldun calls it Tsuwa again; in the 15th c. A.D., Al-Maqrizi calls it Santariyya

• at the end of the 15th c. A.D., Siwa would become its common name.

Siwa & Historical Effects • Ancient Egyptian era • the protection of the Valley from possible incursions of the desert nomads.

• To supply the Valley with agricultural products, otherwise not available in the Nile

valley.

• At the end of the Pre-dynastic period and during the Old kingdom, Tehenu settled in the west of the Nile Delta. The course of their migration is in some cases through the

oases of Bahariya and Farafra, but generally, started from Siwa oasis or from the coast.

Siwa & Historical Effects • Ancient Egyptian era

• the protection of the Valley from possible incursions of the desert nomads.

• To supply the Valley with agricultural products, otherwise not available in the Nile valley.

• At the end of the Pre-dynastic period and during the Old kingdom, Tehenu settled in the west of the Nile Delta. The course of their migration is in some cases through the oases of Bahariya and Farafra, but generally, started from Siwa oasis or from the coast.

Siwa & Historical Effects • The migration of Tehenu during the Sahure’s reign (5th Dynasty) • The arrival of Temehu in northern Africa, a light-skinned population probably coming from Northern Europe • Later, Temehu would move to the Nile Delta looking for fertile soils.

• During the New Kingdom, Siwa was considered a dangerous area, probably because it was seen as a refuge by criminals.

Siwa & Historical Effects • The migration of Tehenu during the Sahure’s reign (5th Dynasty)

• The arrival of Temehu in northern Africa, a lightskinned population probably coming from Northern Europe • Later, Temehu would move to the Nile Delta looking for fertile soils.

• During the New Kingdom, Siwa was considered a dangerous area, probably because it was seen as a refuge by criminals.

Stonehenge, Stone Circle, England

Siwa & Historical Effects

Siwa & Historical Effects • Under Amasis (The Saite Pharaoh-

26th dynasty), the big temple of Ammon was built in Aghourmi.

The temple was dedicated to a local God Amun, having the features of a ram.

Siwa & Historical Effects • The temple presents Egyptian and Greek architectural characteristics. The building technique reveals the presence of Greek workmen.

• The wall built in Greek style.

• The general plan of the temple is composed by two rooms and the Sanctuary. It presents an Egyptian structure.

• The moldings are expression of the Egyptian culture.

Siwa & Historical Effects

Siwa & Historical Effects • Then, the temple of Amun in Aghurmi becomes famous thanks to the presence of the oracle consulted by the Greeks, that associate its cult to Zeus, the Libyans and the Egyptians. • In the 5th c. B.C., Athens sends every year an official delegation to the temple of Amun.

Siwa & Historical Effects • In 331 B.C. Alexander, after having founded the city of Alexandria, visits the oracle temple of Amun in Siwa. His visit brings fame to Siwa • In 395 A.D., Egypt becomes a member of the Eastern Empire: It passes

from the Roman to the Byzantine control. Contextually to the decay of the Oracle temple in Siwa that between the 3rd and 6th c. A.D., the Christians are transformed being orthodox.

Siwa & Historical Effects • In 641, the Islamic period begins when Amr Ibn al-Aa’s conquers Cairo.

• In the 10th century, the Fatimids come from Tunisia.

• Only in the 12th century, Siwa would be occupied.

Siwa & Historical Effects • In order to face the constant problem of security, from the 13th c., some

fortified villages are built on high grounds, surrounded by walls, often with one access door, as in Aghurmi.

• Inside the walls, the streets are tortuous and narrow in order to prevent the incursions of horse-mounted thieves and often covered to protect

from the torrid heat of summer. The houses are built exploiting their height, in order to lodge the maximum number of people.

Siwa & Historical Effects • On Aghurmi hill a fortified village was built between the 12th and 13th c. A.C. • The village was surrounded by high walls and had only one access.

• Built by the local population of a Berber culture • The building technique was a mix of clay mortar and limestone, obtained through the crashing of the extraction blocks of the temple of Amun and the royal palace.

• The coverings were made, following the traditional technique in palm tree logs.

Siwa & Historical Effects • the 16th century, when the country falls into the hands of the Ottomans. Some areas of the country, oases included, undergo a bad period from both the economic and political point of view; even if they eluded the central government, they go through a decline and depopulation phase, even remaining important crossroads along the trade routes.

• The main reason for depopulation is in the continuous incursions of Arabs and Berber Bedouins • In the 17th c., Siwa oasis remains isolated and independent, even recognizing the authority of the Turkish sultan. The Manuscript of Siwa reports the continuous fights (a permanent civil war) between the two factions of Siwa: oriental and occidental groups.

Siwa & Historical Effects • At the beginning of the 19th century (Mohamed Ali Pasha), he entrusts the conquest of all the oases of the western desert to Hasan Bey al-Shamashirgy. • The activity of Mohamed Ali is not limited to a re-conquest and an administrative reorganization of the country. He deals with the industrial and agricultural development. He promotes new

cultivations with the aim of introducing good quality and highyield varieties.

Siwa & Historical Effects • In 1841 Al-Sayyd Mohamed al-Sanusi, the founder of the Sanussis faith, visits Siwa. His zawiyah (a center composed of a mosque, a school and residential quarters for travelers, the commanders and for its families)

• In 1856, it became as same as an Islamic University, second to al- Azhar in Cairo regarding its religious significance.

• In 1904 Khedive Abbas Helmi 2nd visits Siwa. He gives impulse to agriculture by ordering the re-establishment of three springs for the irrigation of the lands laying the bases for the capitalistic development of the oasis.

Siwa & Historical Effects •

By the 1st World War, Siwa is under the British protectorate.

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In 1915, Siwa became a defense point that the Sanussis allied with Turks revolting against the

Italo-English soldiers.

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In 1928 King Fu’ad reaches Siwa, during his visit he poses the first stone of the hospital and the new government palace. Also, he gave instructions for the completion of the mosque is given, the walls around the springs are built, and the inhabitants are instructed about the best agricultural

techniques. Specialists sent by the Ministry of Agriculture built a modern press for olive oil and a factory for the package of dates.

Siwa & Historical Effects • In 1945, King Faruq visited Siwa and the Siwans demand the arrangement of the road to Marsa Matruh.

• In 1962, Siwa obtains its local rights.

• Under the government of President Gamal Abd al-Nasser,

numerous development projects are launched.

• From 1977, after continuous diplomatic tensions and hostilities

between Egypt and Libya, the border is closed and the oasis is militarized and fortified until the reopening in 1988.