خصوبة التربة وتغذية النبات

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤٢٥ 

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬  W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ?  ?‫א‬  ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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









 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬

 E             ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   FW E٣٦KKF

  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  

 K‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬

–‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ < ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ KJ ٣

  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،١٤٠١{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٥‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٠٠ ‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٣{٤١F٥٢{٦٨٤‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢{٦F١{٣٤٦‫א‬١٩٩٠

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

   

-٢-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 W‫א‬‫א‬W ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦  K‫א‬‫א‬–٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٨ -٣-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬–٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    K‫א‬

،‫א‬

 K‫א‬

  ‫א‬  K



K‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬





 

  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬



 -٤-

K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 E٢F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬

 

EF E٣F E٢F E١F

‫א‬‫א‬

٪١٢<

٪١٢–٥

٪٥J ٢

٪٢>

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬







‫א‬‫א‬

٠{٧٥>

١{٥J ٠{٧٥

٢{٥–١{٥

٢{٥<

‫א‬

٪٧٥<

٪٧٥–٤٠

٪٤٠–١٦

٪١٦>

‫א‬

٪٥٠<

٪٥٠–٢٥

٪٢٥–٥

٪٥>

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F

 K‫א‬ 

-٥-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫ א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١  K‫א‬ J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦ -٦-

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧   W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫ א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EpHF‫א‬‫ א‬K١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EpHF‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬

 K ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،W‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬

K‫א‬W‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬  F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬J   ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬ K‫א‬J ٢ K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WJ ١

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 W،J ٢

WJ 

‫א‬،     ‫א‬    K‫א‬

WJ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬     

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬  KJ ١

K‫א‬J ٢ K‫א‬J ٣

 KL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٣F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 EL١٠F 

 

 EL٦F 

،‫א‬، ،      ‫א‬،  

‫א‬‫א‬، 

   



،،،



 ،، 

L  ١٨J ١٢F L  ١٢J ٤F  E

 E

،‫א‬ ، 



 

    







 ،،  

   

EL٤J ٣F  

 E ،،،

 ‫א‬، ،،



 EL٤F

،،، ،،

L  ١٢J ١٠F L١٠J ٤F  E

 ‫א‬

   

   

EL٤J ٢F     





 EF 

 ‫א‬E٣F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Hard pan‫א‬ J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 Saline Soil‫א‬‫א‬J ١

٤‫א‬‫א‬ EEcF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬،٢٥‫א‬L  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٨K٥( pH F  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Alkali Soil‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

،L٤EEcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K٨{٥( pH F،٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   - ١٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 Saline Alkali Soil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،  L٤‫א‬‫א‬EEcF  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨K٥( pH F،٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ca So4 . 2H2O

- ١٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J  ‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥ K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬…‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

K  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  W‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ K‫א‬

 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ K‫א‬J ٣ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E pHF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ - ١٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١  K‫א‬ J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬E‫א‬F ٪١٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ٨{٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬  Ca So4 +

Na

Ca + Na2 So4

Na

- ١٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- ١٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–١

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٢

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٣

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W٣  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

  

- ١٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ < ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬

٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ٨   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١ K‫א‬ J ٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤  W‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  K

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

- ٢٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦  K–٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬–٨

 K‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K،   - ٢٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٥،٤FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F

 K 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٠{٠٨

 ٠{١٥

 ‫א‬

 ٢{٠

 ٠{٧  ٠{٤

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٠{٦

 ٠{٣

 ‫א‬

 ٠{٠٧  ١{٠  ٠{٠٨

 ٠{٠٤

 ٠{٠٤

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٥٠٠٠

 ٥٠٠٠٠–٥٠٠٠

 ‫א‬

 ٢٥٠٠

 ١٠٠٠٠–٢٠٠

 ‫א‬

 ٥٠

 ١٥٠–٥

 ‫א‬

 ٥٠

 ١٠٠٠–١٠

 ‫א‬

 ٢

 ٥J ٠{٢

 ‫א‬

 ١٠٠  ٥٠

 ٢٥٠–١٠

 ١٥٠–٥

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 - ٢٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٣

–‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F



 E‫א‬F

     ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F 

  W‫א‬‫א‬–٤

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K

- ٢٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

- ٢٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٩ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K‫א‬

‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ - ٢٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬W

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫א‬J  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫ א‬-٢

K‫א‬‫ א‬-٣

K‫א‬‫א‬ -٤ K‫א‬ -٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٢٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ K‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-٢

K‫א‬ -٣ K‫א‬ -٤

K‫א‬‫ א‬-٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦ K‫א‬‫ א‬-٧

K‫א‬‫ א‬-٨ W‫א‬‫ א‬J   K‫ א‬-١ K‫א‬‫ א‬-٢ K‫ א‬-٣



W‫א‬J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ - ٣٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

K‫א‬J ٤ K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J KFlame Photometer‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KFlame Photometer‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬٠{١

- ٣١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J  K٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬–

W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K

K‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬ K٤

K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

- ٣٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬  W‫א‬K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 K‫א‬  KEpHF‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٣٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬W‫א‬

 K–‫א‬W‫א‬ 

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W 

 ‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬  WEpH‫א‬F‫א‬–١ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٨٧{٥٥‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٥‫א‬F‫א‬pH‫א‬  E٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢F 

‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

N



P



k



s Ca mg Fe Mn

     

B Cu , Zn



Mo

  

 pH‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬–٢  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬–

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬–٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬–٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬–٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬–

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬–

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٣٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WE‫א‬F‫א‬–

K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                - ٣٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

   E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ١

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

W‫א‬‫א‬

J ٢

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J  

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ٣

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J  

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J  

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J  

J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬

J ٥

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬

J ٦

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ٧

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J  

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٠ -

J ٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ٩

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ١٠

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J     ‫א‬‫א‬EF٣

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

J  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFJ  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFJ   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFJ 



- ٤١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ < ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J ٤

K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٢  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬J ١ K‫א‬J ٢  KJ ٣  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

٪٣٠–١٠،٪٩٠–٧٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬°١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

  ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Essential elements  ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Macro nutrients‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 Micro nutrients‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W K١

،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

W K٢ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Nutrient balance ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬E٦F‫א‬

 WE٦F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W

 No3H2 PO4-

+

, NH4 , HPO4= K+ Ca++ Mg++ So4=

 N  P K Ca Mg S 

Fe++ , Fe+++ Cu++ Zn ++ Mn++ Bo3 Moo4=  Cl

Fe Cu Zn Mn B Mo Cl 



 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬W 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

- ٤٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٪١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

٪٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{١٠{٠٣‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٧٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬– KAzotobacter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬LL١٠٠–٤٠‫א‬Rhizobium‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬–١

‫א‬‫א‬،٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٢ K‫א‬‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ENH4FENo3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   - ٤٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ،‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٪٠{١١‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٣٠{٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬١٠‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬ - ٤٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

 WEpHF‫א‬J ٣

، H PO=4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ H2 PO–4 - ٥١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     KEpHF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٥{٥‫א‬

 E٣FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

،، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  W‫א‬ - ٥٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬KE  ‫א‬ ‫א‬F ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬

 K

- ٥٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٪٢{٣‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K٪٢{٦

‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٨J ٩٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WEF‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬٪١‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬

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‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬    ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬W‫א‬ K٤ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧ ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٪٣{٦٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬،

 W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬J ٢  W‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٥٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪١{٩٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K٪٠{٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪١{١،٪٠{٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬  K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢ K‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

- ٦٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ K‫א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬J ٤   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ - ٦١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 Grass tetany‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Grass tetany‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٥{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

     

- ٦٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٠٦‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KESo4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٥J ٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬cysteine‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬J ٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    - ٦٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٪٥‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬•‫א‬•‫א‬•‫א‬‫א‬•‫א‬•

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WEpHF‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٦{٥EpHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠‫א‬،‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٦  - ٦٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      - ٦٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠٠J ٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬WEpHF‫א‬ J ١

K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢ K‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

 W‫א‬‫ א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ - ٦٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠J ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬                       

- ٦٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨٠–٧‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EH3Bo3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K٩J ٧EpHF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 KEpHF‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣  K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬   - ٧٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١ K‫א‬ K٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤  K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬              - ٧١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٣٠٠J ١٠‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬J ٣K‫א‬J ٢K‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬–١

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ - ٧٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CJ ٥   - ٧٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ •  K‫א‬٧٠J ٢١ •  K‫א‬١٥٠J ٧١ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠ •

،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K١٠٠‫א‬٥٠J ٥‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

–٥‫א‬–٤K‫א‬J ٣K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ١

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

،‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢  K‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥  K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J ٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬٢٠J ٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬٣{٥٠{٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٠{٢‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  K‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WEpHF‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KEpHF‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KEpH‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬‫א‬   ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   - ٨٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  W

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢



 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Tonoplast‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

–‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K١ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

K‫א‬٧٥pHWpH‫א‬ K٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K٦ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧ K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨

- ٨٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F 

- ٨٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬–١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬–٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬–٣

 K،‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٧

–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

 W‫א‬–١ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬–٢

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬–٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  - ٨٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬–٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٥

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٨٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK–

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK–

KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬KKKKKKKKK‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬–٨

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١١  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١٣  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–١٤  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–١٥  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٦

 KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬J ١٧ - ٨٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٨ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J   KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١٩  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

K……………………………………………‫א‬٢٠ ……………………‫א‬‫א‬٢١

 ……………………‫א‬‫א‬٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬٢٣  …………………… J  ……………………

J    ……………………K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤  ……………………‫א‬٢٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬  …………………… J  …………………… J  

- ٨٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ < ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧ K‫א‬ J ٨

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  ١٢  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٩٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  Fertilizers and Fertilization

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،، ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬–

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢   W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٩١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 WFertilizer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   Chemical Fertilizers‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

Compound Fertilizers‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢ KNO3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪١٢٨–٣٥–١٢،‫א‬‫א‬( k – P – N )‫א‬،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(K2O)٪٨،(P2O5)٪٣٥،(N)  K‫א‬

- ٩٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K   ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫ א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ - ٩٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDTA

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DTPA , HEEDTA , EDDHA , CDTA ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Nitrogen Fertilizers‫א‬‫א‬J ١ ‫א‬  ،    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K CO( NH2 )2‫א‬NH2NH4+NO3   W‫א‬‫א‬

 Ammonium Sulphate ( NH 4 )2 So4‫א‬E ‫א‬٪٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(SO4=)٪٢٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬–E  Ammonium Nitrate- Sulphate (NH4 NO3) (NH4)2SO4) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٪١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٦‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٩٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 Urea

CO(NH2 )2‫א‬E

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

 Phosphate Fertilizers ‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

P2O5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 Ca ( H2po4 )2‫א‬‫א‬E

Ca3 ( PO4 )2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rock phosphate Ca3 ( Po 4 )2 + 2h2 SO4

 Ca ( H2PO4 )2 + 2CaSO4







‫א‬‫א‬

p2 o2٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Triple Superphosphate ‫א‬‫א‬E  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Ca3(PO4 )2 + 4H3PO4

 - ٩٥ -

3Ca (H2PO4)2



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬p2o5٪٤٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬L٨٠J ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬–٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(MAP)‫א‬‫א‬–٤  K٪٤٦‫(א‬DAP)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  - ٩٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  K(P2O5)‫א‬( P )‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K( %N )

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

٠{٤٣ ×‫א‬=(%P)‫א‬‫א‬

٢{٢٩×‫א‬‫א‬=(% P2O5)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

Potassium Fertilizers ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KK2O‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬  WKCI‫א‬E ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KK2O ٪٦٠

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K2So4‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k2o٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬–٢  K‫א‬‫א‬–٣  K‫א‬–٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥  K‫א‬‫א‬–٦

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬EF  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬ –٢

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 K‫א‬ 



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٨٣ ×‫א‬=(%k)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ١{٢×‫א‬‫א‬=(%K2O)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬

٪٣٦‫א‬E‫א‬F‫ א‬J ١ ٪١٧‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢

٪٢٢‫א‬CaSo4.2H2O‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

٪٢٠‫א‬Ca(No3)2.2H2O ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

٪٣٦‫א‬CaCl2‫א‬ J ٥ ٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦ - ٩٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

٪١٣‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

ECaSo4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦

،‫א‬‫א‬EpHF‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ٧

- ١٠٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬K

٪١٢‫א‬CaCO3.MgCO3‫א‬

٪٤٥‫א‬MgO‫א‬ ٪١٠{٥‫א‬MgSo4.7H2O ‫א‬

٪٢٧‫א‬MgCo3 ‫א‬

 ٪١٤{٨‫א‬MgNH4Po4.H2O‫א‬‫א‬



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J  ‫א‬J ٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬٪٩٠٥٠‫א‬S‫א‬J ١

‫א‬،‫א‬٪٩٨H2So4‫א‬ J ٢ ‫א‬

‫א‬٪٢٣{٥CaSo4.2H2O‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣ ‫א‬٪٢٤( NH 4 )2 So4‫א‬ J ٤ ‫א‬٪١٨K2So4‫א‬ J ٥

‫א‬٪١٨{٢MgSo4.7H2O ‫א‬ J ٦ ‫א‬٪١٢{٨‫א‬ J ٧

‫א‬٪١١{٥W‫א‬ J ٨ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FeSo4.7H2O‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٪٢٠‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬–٢ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FeC2O4.2H2O ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬، ٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬J ٢

‫א‬[Fe2(So4)3]‫א‬

 K٪٢٨ - ١٠٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K٪٢٩‫א‬٣  W‫א‬‫א‬J ٤

K٦=pHFe-EDTA

K‫א‬،١٠٤=pHFe-EDDHA  ٧=pHFe-DTPA

 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢ 

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 K Fe3+‫א‬Fe2+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٠٣ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

K٪٢٨٢٦MnSo4‫א‬ K١ K٪٦٨٤١MnO‫א‬ K٢  K٪١٢MnEDTA K٣ 

 W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٪٦‫א‬‫א‬ZnEDTA

K٪١٤‫א‬‫א‬Na2ZnEDTA

٪٣٥ZnSo4. H2O‫א‬

K‫א‬٪٨٠ ZnO‫א‬ K٪٣٣{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٪٥١‫א‬  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬٠{٢٣‫א‬J ١  L ٧٨{٤J ٤٤{٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

١١{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٧٩F١٠٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ 

 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KCuEDTA‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠J ٦٠‫א‬‫א‬CuO‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٠٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

(CuSo4.5H2O)‫א‬J ٣ K١٢{٨٪٢٤{٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K

 K٪٣٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤  W‫א‬

L١٠J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ K٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬Ca2B6O11.5H2O‫א‬‫א‬ -١ K٪٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢ K٪١١‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ -٣ K٪١٧‫א‬ -٤

٦٥‫א‬،٪١٤٤٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥  ٪٢٠{٢



‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٪٤٦‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ١ K٪٥٤‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

 ٪٦١‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ - ١٠٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 Organic Fertilizers‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Animal Manure   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Sludge

 Gteen Manure‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٧F

 ٪‫א‬  ٨٤٧٦٥٨

 ٢{٤٣٦

 ١٣{٦٢١٠{٣٦ - ١٠٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٠{٣٠{٥٠{٧٥E‫א‬F

 ٠{٢٥٠{٣٥٠{٦EP2O5F  ٠{٣٠{٣٠{٣   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬J 

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K>

W‫א‬J ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬J 

W‫א‬J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬J 

K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

- ١٠٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫ א‬-١

K‫א‬‫ א‬-٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬J  K

K‫ א‬J   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J   W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫ א‬J 

K‫א‬W‫א‬ J   K‫א‬‫א‬J   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣



 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

 K‫א‬–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬–٣  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  - ١٠٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  K‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬–

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬–١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢  K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬–٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬–٤ - ١٠٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤  K‫א‬‫א‬–٥

 K‫א‬–٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٧

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٨ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١  K‫א‬‫א‬–٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬EF–٣

 K‫א‬–٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٧ - ١١٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Nutricultures  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ K

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Water cultures ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

 E٥FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Aggregate cultures‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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Sand cultures ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

E٦FK٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Gravel cultures‫א‬‫א‬EF

K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Exchange materials cultures‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬J ١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J ٢ perlite‫א‬          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬

K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J ١ K‫א‬J ٢

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٤ K‫א‬J ٥

 K‫א‬J ٦ - ١١٢ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

         K‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬J ١

‫א‬J ٢ K٤J ٣J ٣

K J ٤

K‫א‬J ٥ K‫א‬J ٦

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٨ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J   ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ، ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K١{٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬FW‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  K٢٢‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬    - ١١٥ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K( pH )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٣  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–٥

- ١١٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

W‫א‬J  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ - ١١٧ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٨ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫ א‬J ١

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

 ٪KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ٥  K‫א‬‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK–  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK–

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩ K‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J  

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

J  

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

 W‫א‬‫א‬١٢ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J   - ١١٩ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J  

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١٤  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬١٥

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK=pH Fe-EDDHA ١٦ ٪KKKKK‫א‬CaCO3.MgCO3‫א‬١٧

‫א‬٪KKKKKKKKK( NH 4 )2 So4‫א‬١٨

٪KKKKKKKKK‫א‬٪KKKKKKKKK‫א‬CaSo4.2H2O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩

 KKKKKKKKK‫א‬ ٢٠

 …..KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢١

 KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬٪KKKK‫א‬٪KKKK‫א‬٢٢

 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J  

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ 

 ٪KKKKKKK(P2O5)٪KKKK،(N)٪KKKK١٢–٣٥–١٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٦ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٧ KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J 

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ  - ١٢٠ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJ  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬٢

- ١٢١ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬E١٩٨٧F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬E١٩٨٤F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،K  K‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬ 

–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٢F،‫א‬  K‫א‬ 

–‫א‬‫א‬–  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٢F‫א‬،

 K‫א‬–‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤١٠F،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 

–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 K‫א‬ 

J E٧F‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٠٣F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤١٦F  ،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٦

‫א‬‫א‬–  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤٢٠F‫א‬،

 K‫א‬

- ١٢٢ -

 ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 



 ١



 ٣



 ٦

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩



 ١٤

 ١٤



 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺮﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬



 ١٥



‫اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺠﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬

 ١٧



‫اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬

 ١٩



 ٣  ٦  ٧

 ١٦  ١٨ 





  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﺮأﺳﻲ واﻷﻓﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ اﻷرض‬ ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻷراﺿﻲ وﻣﻤﻴﺰاﺗﻬﺎ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺼﻼح اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻷراﺿﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺘﺼﻼﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬

 ٢١



 ٢٢



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٣





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٦



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٤



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬

 ٢٤  ٣٢

 ٣٩





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٤١



 ٤٣



‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ‬

 ٤٧



 ‫א‬

 ٤٣



‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤٩





 ‫א‬

 ٥٨



 ‫א‬

 ٦٣



 ٦٤



 ‫א‬  ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺼﻐﺮى‬



‫א‬

 ٦٨



 ‫א‬

 ٧٢





 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٧٦



 ‫א‬

 ٨٠



 ٨٤



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٨٨



 ٥٥  ٦٠

 ٦٥  ٧٠  ٧٥









 ٩١



 ٩٢



 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺪة واﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

 ٩٤



 ٩٤



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩٨



 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩٥



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٩٩





 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٠٣





 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ١٠٤





 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ١٠٥



 ‫א‬

 ١٠٥



 ‫א‬  ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

 ١٠٦



‫اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬

 ١٠٩



 ١١١



‫اﻟﺰراﻋﺎت اﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬

 ١١٣



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫دور اﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ و اﻟﻨﺒﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎرﻳﻦ‬

 ١٠٢  ١٠٤  ١٠٤

 ١٠٦  ١٠٨  ١١٠  ١١٢

   

 ١١٥



 ١١٩



 ١٢٢



 ‫א‬

‫ﻃﺮق إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻋﺪ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﺳﻤﺪة‬ ‫ﻃﺮق ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻷﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬ 