ZHEN Yueran_Tense Border

TENSE BORDER Urban landscape design responds to the refugee crisis at the border

By Zhen Yueran

RESEARCH QUESTION: In urban landscape design, how can landscape architects provide humanitarian assistance to refugees who stranded in border cities during their transition period?

Master of Landscape Architecture Project 2021 RMIT University

RMIT UNIVERSITY

Submitted by Yueran Zhen Student No. S3701356

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION PROJECT METHODOLOGY UN GOALS CLIENTS AND STAKEHOLDERS CHAPTER I BACKGROUND Global Phenomenon Refugee Crisis Migration routes of refugees CHAPTER II RESEARCH - NUEVO LAREDO CONTEXT Refugees in Nuevo Laredo Urban Challenges Problems & issues CHAPTER III RESEARCH - CASE STUDY Landscape intervention methods for crisis response Precedent Studies of refugee Camps Design strategies CHAPTER IV EXPLORATION - DESIGN 4.0 Site assessment Phase 1 Resettlement of refugees - Living 4.1

Technical and strategic precedents Testing the structure of the camp Infrastructure and landscape planning Detail design

Phase 2 Applying permaculture to refugees - Food and Income 4.2

Permaculture Technology and Strategic Precedents Planting Plan + Detail design

Phase 3 4.3

Transition between camps and local communities - Psychology and health

Logic Model: The Contribution of Gardens to Mental Health Reuse of edge space Between Camps and Local communities The community garden programme Detail design

CONCLUSION APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.nbcnews.com/

ABSTRACT

“Remain in Mexico,” a 2019 policy implemented by the United States, forced over 70,000 migrants detained along the U.SMexico border back to Mexico, resulting in spontaneous and illegal refugee camps to occupy the city’s public space, causing violent clashes and damage to the ecological environment.

Refugees seek a life of dignity, freedom and security, they have all kinds of needs, skills, and aspirations. This research fully considers the psychology and expectations of refugees and explores how to help refugees realize their self-worth to eliminate unequal treatment. This research also provides a reasonable intervention plan for the government from an economic perspective to reduce the negative impact of the crisis.

Nuevo Laredo, a city located on the U.S-Mexico border serves as the project research site, and will explore how landscape design can stop the ongoing negative impact of the refugee crisis and help refugees continue to live after their forced displacement. The design research is based on the Sustainability Science theory and proposes a sustainable economic and urban landscape planning solution. Through case studies and exploring the cultural background of refugees, more design suggestions are directed towards sustainable methods.

This project provides a way for designers to explore breaking the crisis through landscape interventions and encourages designers to think more broadly from a sustainability perspective, adapting to the needs of different regions and cultures. The goal being to design and provide flexible and more creative solutions in refugee-hosting areas.

https://www.nbcnews.com/

PROJECT METHODOLOGY

CONTEXTUAL

STRATEGIES

WHAT

WHY

_Refugee issue

_Negative effects

_Border security

HOST COUNTRY

DESIGN EXPLORATION

HOW_AIMS _The movement of refugees will affect the normal operation of the city but not in a negative way

_A sustainable living environment enables refugees to live with more dignity

PHASE 1

RESETTLEMENT OF REFUGEES Temporary shelters Sustainable camp

Economic Benefit

Site interpretation ...Back.ground

Stability and security

_Building more ties between the local community and refugee and make them easy to start a new life LOCAL RESIDENTS

Panic

Existing problems

Resource allocation

...Refugees ....Local residents REFUGEES

_Understand needs and challenges of the local community & refugees

PHASE 2

Sanitation, disease

....Host country

_Understand needs and challenges of the site

_To provide the city a long-term plan to deal with the refugee crisis

Insecurity Living conditions Sense of belonging

STRATEGIES_CASE STUDY Cooperate with local governments to turn refugees groups into an integral part that can have a positive impact on urban development Case_ Zaatari Refugee Camp A long-term plan to deal with the refugee crisis.

Establish refugee community Case_ Syrian refugee camp in Lebanon

APPLYING PERMACULTURE TO REFUGEES Agricultural landscape Economic benefit

PHASE 3

RE-ESTABLISH SOCIAL TIES FOR REFUGEES Community garden serves as a bond

Expand the local landscape environment and create a good living environment,Relieve the uneasiness of refugees in the twists and turns of life Case_Azraq Eco-Camp

CONCLUSION 09

CLIENTS AND STAKEHOLDERS This project is related to the Global Refugee Compact of the United Nations International Refugee Agency. UNHCR calls on all sectors of the society to find different solutions for the host country to address the refugee problem, and encourages various charities to provide more support to refugees stranded in Mexico. This project is to provide a solution to the refugee crisis from the perspective of urban landscape designers for the new Laredo government.

Reduced inequalities As a vulnerable group, refugees will be treated unfairly. Goal 10 focuses on the protection of vulnerable persons and the elimination of discrimination

Clients

Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 11 focuses on the lives of refugee groups and people in poor areas. The aim is to create a more inclusive and sustainable living environment,

Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies Goal 16 calls for just and sound institutions to protect refugees and displaced persons and give them their due rights.

Stakeholders

Users

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1.1 Global Phenomenon

Distribution of refugees worldwide

CHAPTER I BACKGROUND <WHO IS A REFUGEE?> A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war or violence. A refugee has a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group. Most likely, they cannot return home or are afraid to do so. War and ethnic, tribal and religious violence are leading causes of refugees fleeing their countries.

Major refugee-hosting countries

Affected by natural disasters and wars, many people in the Middle East and African countries are forced to become homeless. They flooded into Europe, the United States, Canada and other regions to seek asylum. The UN report says by the end of 2019, there are 41.3 million internally Displaced People, 25.9 million Refuges, and 3.5 million Asylumseekers

A history of U.S. Refugee Admissions

https://www.unrefugees.org/refugee-facts/what-is-a-refugee/

Since World War ll, the United States has historically led the world in terms of refugee resettlement, accepting more refugees annually than any other country. More than 2 million refugees have arrived in the US since 1980. In the past two decades, Mexico has become a transit country for refugees entering the United States. Asylum seekers from northern triangle countries such as Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador constitute the main group on this migration route.

1.2 Movement of Central American refugees There is no border infrastructure on the Mexico-Guatemala border and it is almost impossible for the Mexican authorities to prevent migrants from entering the country by land. Currently, the main border cities accepting refugees and transitional refugees are Tijuana, El Paso, Nuevo Laredo and Matamoros.

The most popular route

Trump's wall

Of all the border cities, Nuevo Laredo and Matanores are the most dangerous

The journey time

Numbers of asylum seekers waiting at key border crossings to submit applications or for hearings to be scheduled

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1.3 Humanitarian crisis on the Us-Mexico border Since 2019, President Trump and his administration have tried a variety of deterrence measures in hopes of reducing or even preventing refugees from Central American countries from seeking asylum in the United States .But it is still impossible to control the number of people seeking asylum in the United States. As a result, Trump has pressed Mexico to allow asylum seekers to wait for approval at the Mexican border. This has left thousands of refugees stranded in cities along the Us-Mexico border, setting off a series of humanitarian crises.

LATEST REFUGEE MIGRATION SCHEDULE

WHAT IS A REFUGEE CRISIS ?

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CHAPTER II RESEARCH - NUEVO LAREDO <NUEVO LAREDO> Nuevo Laredo is a city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city lies on the banks of the Rio Grande, across from the American city of the same name.

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Migration routes and support agencies for refugees in Nuevo laredo The challenges of cities Impact of refugees' current actions The challenge of refugees' current situation

Because of the Trump administration's "stay in Mexico" policy, refugees are trapped in Mexico's border cities. Although this made it more difficult for them to enter and stay in the United States, it did not quell their desire to start a new life in the United States.

Nuevo Laredo was one of the first border cities to implement Trump's policies. Refugees left the city unprepared.

2.1 Migration routes and support agencies for refugees in Nuevo laredo The movement of refugees is mainly along the city's high-speed and rail lines.Some organizations provide transportation to help transport refugees from other cities to Nuevo Laredo.lt's a one-way route, and they only offer refugees the chance to help them get to the border cities. In addition, some refugees have been trying to cross the river border into the United States

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2.2 The challenges of cities

Neither the United States nor the internment agencies in Mexico were able to provide all the help. As asylum-seekers waiting for refugee status, they cannot be protected by the relevant agencies, which leads to the overflow of refugees. They use streets, Bridges, and abandoned factories as their shelters

Image from : Bob Owen photographer

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2.3 Impact of refugees' current actions

With insufficient shelter, most of the refugees have resorted to using donated tents to set up spontaneous camps on streets, small squares, and riverside parkland.

Their tents are placed together without considering the spacing between them, there are fewer privacy areas. Poor infrastructure, which will lead to many other problems. For example, electricity problems lead to less security and more possibility of crime. Poor water supplies cause sanitation problems and give diseases a chance to spread.

1. Persuade asylum-seekers to return to their home countries because cities cannot provide them with any more temporary shelter.

2. Contact various service agencies as much as possible to help those refugees stranded at the border.

3. Take supervision measures, One is to protect them, the other is to search for illegal stowaways.

4. Warn waiting asylum seekers not to build their own tents in the open area, this is dangerous.

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2.4 The challenge of refugees' current situation Under the current policy, refugees seem to be trapped in this new Laredo city. In addition to unsatisfied housing needs and unfair treatment, just passing this waiting time is also full of challenges. Violent cities, a large number of neglected children and the pressure of life are afflicting this vulnerable group.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH - CASE STUDY SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR REFUGEE There are more than 70 million displaced people in the world, and figuring out how to provide them with shelter is a huge challenge. It is more difficult to design a place that can be their home in the next few years, especially if it is affected by political factors.

3.1 A holistic strategy for dealing with refugee issues 3.2 The landscape design of the refugee camp 3.3 The design strategy

3.1 A holistic strategy for dealing with refugee issues

A NEW APPROACH TO SOLVING THE REFUGEE PROBLEM THROUGH LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

A landscape plan for the refugee camp in Italy

PLACE AND DISPLACEMENT: ZAATARI REFUGEE CAMP REDESIGN IN JORDAN

Interest relationship

https://phys.org/news/2018-05-approach-social-resilience-landscape-architecture.html

Aim : Make the refugee community a local asset both ecologically and economically The project begins by asking what happens when conflict displaces millions of people from their own countries. Where are they going? What conditions do they live under? How long did they live in these settlements?

Issues: They found that many refugees live in areas far from the cities. They have no social connections and often live in harsh or unwelcome areas. Sometimes their communities are surrounded by barbed wire fences. These resettlement locations make it almost impossible for refugees to work or go to school, and it is impossible for them to make a positive contribution to the local economy.

A new way of dealing with refugee settlements and finding a way to enable refugees to integrate and play an active role in the communities in which they live.

Methodology: Work with local communities The abandoned land in the city was reused for new housing for refugees. Involve refugees in construction.

The cooperative process is also a strategy to combat the perception that refugee aid adds economic stress to a community.

Aim: The situation of the refugee crisis requires a shift from emergency assistance to more durable solutions.

Issues: 1.As one of the largest host countries of Syrian refugees, the Syrian refugee crisis has intensified Jordan's

local economic and resource challenges.

2.The high concentration of syrians in Jordan's most vulnerable communities, has caused resentment among

local residents.

Methodology: Change the structure of local community interests

In the short term, refugees are involved in the construction process. In the long term, they are shop owners, craftsman, community workers and trainees. Local residents can be buyers, trainers, partners and even employees in the refugee camp.

Let the camp feature a market.

The refugees contribute to Jordan's national economy by providing a cheap labor market.

Continue to build other design elements, including many green spaces, such as wetlands, agricultural areas, and natural forest fences.

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3.2 The landscape design of the refugee camp A PRACTICAL INTERVENTION ON A SYRIAN INFORMAL SETTLEMENT IN LEBANON https://medium.com/scenario-journal/landscape-and-displacement-a-practical-intervention-on-a-syrian-informalsettlement-in-lebanon-4d0c67eed0bc

AZRAQ ECO-CAMP The project redefined the open space of the campsite, including the design of more green Spaces and different programs, while taking into account the economic benefits.Olive and FIG trees were planted on the hills south of the camp.

Olive is one of Jordan's main cash crops.Refugees will be involved in the planting, harvesting and production of the project.In addition to harvesting edible FIG fruit, they are also used to produce FIG jam.Similarly, sharing gardens strengthens the social life of the camps and can be used as a food production project.

A A' B B'

Design Objectives: To help refugees, especially traumatized refugees to overcome crises.

Killing the boredom; which is one of the main complaints from the refugees, by filling the refugee’s time with green-economic projects and entertainment open spaces.

Issues: Self-built camps tend to form slums Informal tent settltments, it led to the segregation and alienation of Syrian communities, and the creation of slums and shantytowns.

Provide more employment programs for local people and refugees.This would improve the local economy and strengthen social relations among refugees.

Pollution, refugee health problems Camp residents do not have additional basic sanitation infrastructure for the management of liquid or solid waste.Camp residents are exposed to environmental and health risks.

Camp Layout

Camp&Steet Countryards

Methodology Recreating the living structure of its original village, it forms a subtle hierarchical design between public and private Spaces Considering the dense nature of the site.

Make sure children are safe

Use green facilities to create recycling

Camp

Shared Garden

Camp&Steet

Healing garden

A'

A

Pedestrian walkways divide more private Spaces

Countryards Camp

Camp&Steet

Shared Garden

Olive & Fig Farm

Materials are selected on the spot to create activity space for children

Rain gardens help to recycle resources and reduce environmental pollution

B

Rain gardens help to recycle resources and reduce environmental pollution

B'

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3.3 The design strategy Each stage of the design is driven by specific landscape interventions to achieve the desired results. Each phase is a step by step process that ultimately changes the living conditions of the refugees and stabilizes the border crisis in the long run.

The tents that refugees set up in public places because they do not have a place for long-term live.This can neither guarantee the normal living needs of refugees, but also affect the urban order nor destroy the original urban ecological environment.

New Laredo is a "third country" under Trump's policies, the final choice for refugees may be to continue to the United States or return the same way. How can the camps accommodate refugees who have arrived in different periods? How to allocate public resources?

Although no refugee wants to be homeless for longer. But the long-term rescue will increase economic pressure on all parties.

Employment opportunities in Nuevo Laredo are very limited.

The employment of local residents mainly depends on logistics and transportation, and few companies can accept workers with refugee status.

Nuevo Laredo's climatic conditions are not advantageous for agricultural production. How can the agricultural landscape be developed in refugee receiving communities under resource and space constraints ?

The refugee is a particularly vulnerable group whose lives are not sustainable due to a variety of reasons, including a lack of belonging and connections, Iow income, mental stress and discrimination. Gardens can serve as a psychological refuge to help refugees adjust to the complexities of their new lives and cope with past traumas.

How to make the garden more conducive to human interaction and communication as an opportunity for refugee groups and local residents to learn from each other.What kinds of materials can be used for the garden.

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PHASE 01 _ RESETTLEMENT OF REFUGEES

CHAPTER IV DESIGN EXPLORATION - PHASE 1 <REFUGEE CAMP> A refugee camp is a place or a settlement which receives a group of people seeking refuge and safety after a crisis or a disaster. The main character of any camp is to be temporary and not a long lasting displacement.

4.0.1 4.0.2 4.0.3 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5

Selection of site _ Where to settle the refugees?

Selection of site _ Use idle land to construct a temporary living camp for refugees Site condition - Maps & sections Precedent learning - refugee camp layout Test different structure of the camp The opinion polls on the refugee issue Summary and Reflection_Testing different structure of the camp Camp support and housing The Main plan of the campsite 4.1.6 Analysis of the-campsite - Zoning of the camp / Functional partition 4.1.7 Flexible short-term settlement area - detail design 4.1.8 Long-term settlement area - detail design 4.1.9 Area just for women and children - detail plan 4.1.10 Common area at the edge of the campsite - detail plan

https://www.milenio.c om/politica/organism os/nuevo-laredo-no- recibira-mas-migrant es-enrefugio-temporal

4.0.1 Selection of site _ Where to settle the refugees?

Nuevo laredo landuse map

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4.0.2 Selection of site _ Use idle land to construct a temporary living camp for refugees

The potential of the site

Surrounding facilities of the site ( idle land in zone 2 )

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4.0.3 Site condition - Maps & sections Nuevo Laredo is an underdeveloped border city, and the city's infrastructure is relatively lacking. Areas with the same function are relatively concentrated, public and leisure spaces are in the fringe areas of the city. The site is located in a low-income residential community.

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4.1.1 Precedent learning - refugee camp layout

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4.1.2 Test different structure of the camp

CENTRALIZED STRUCTURE The central structure is closest to the layout of a city. Place infrastructure, formal or informal gathering spaces in the center of each area, which is closer to a complete community plan, enriching the connections between people through outdoor spaces with different functions. Residents have more autonomy in their surroundings. They no longer think that their situation is temporary, and they support the camp as a large community as a whole.

However, from the perspective of the current local residents' acceptance of refugee groups, if the public space and landscape infrastructure are concentrated in the center of each area of the camp. This obviously will restrict local residents from participating in activities in this area, and there will be a lack of contact between the two groups. This is also not conducive to improving the tense antagonism between the two groups.

SUMMARIZES THE ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZED STRUCTURE

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4.1.2 Test different structure of the camp

GRID STRUCTURE In the case of refugee camps, grid structures are the method most often used. From an organizational perspective, it is quickly laid out and easy to maintain responsibilities. As needed, camps and roads can expand and grow with them. Like the central structure, refugees can exercise more control over public spaces to ensure safety and more privacy. When refugee groups have more autonomy in their surroundings, they can be more cohesive and respect the common living environment.

Grid planning on a unit basis gives refugees a certain degree of privacy but it is easy over formatting. Linear grid planning limits refugee to free exploitation of the camp.

SUMMARIZES THE ADVANTAGES OF GRID STRUCTURE

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4.1.2 Test different structure of the camp

DISTRIBUTED STRUCTURE The size of the camp is also a major factor in determining its structure.

Distributed structures tend to be suitablefor a small scale camp.

Camps offer the possibility of mixed-use. The camp can share some social resources with the surrounding community, so there is more space in the camp for the refugees to develop freely.

This structure has the advantage of being close to a conventional living environment, but the management and spatial development of the camp is difficult and unpredictable. However, mixing and decentralization will reduce the autonomy of refugees in nonresidential spaces, and it is difficult to make them have a certain sense of responsibility for the maintenance of public spaces. Similarly, will these public spaces shared with surrounding communities attract surrounding residents to participate? It seems that resource sharing cannot be truly achieved, and it is also not conducive to cultural exchanges.

SUMMARIZES THE ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED STRUCTURE

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4.1.3 The opinion polls on the refugee issue The relationship between refugee groups and Mexicans has always been unstable. Although most people in Mexico sympathize with the refugees' experience, they are dissatisfied with their adverse effects on the originally stable living environment.

And those who did not welcome them have always regarded refugees as dangerous, and the refugees are also very worried about their safety in New Laredo.

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4.1.4 Summary and Reflection_Testing different structure of the camp GRID STRUCTURE IS MORE APPROPRIATE TO THE CURRENT SITUATION The layout of refugee camps rarely involve landscape design, usually to maximize space utilization. The traditional grid structure tends to be rigid and boring. When the landscape participates in the layout of the camp, it can fully change the weakness of the original grid structure, help cut and divide the living space and enrich people's activity patterns.

The route based on the grid structure is easier to transport supplies and has good accessibility in case of emergency.

Prediction of grid structure development In Mexico's current refugee situation, the arrivals come in batches. The length of stay varies from person to person, so the 'accommodation in this temporary camp is continuously updated and changing. The grid structure is the structure that can be formed and managed most quickly and is more suitable for the current situation.

Sketch of conception

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4.1.5 Camp support and housing The operation and management of refugee camps are usually carried out with the support of the government, international organizations or non-governmental organizations. There are few camps settled without any support.

Currently, INM has been committed to finding shelters for refugees and helping them apply for asylum. Volunteers for NGOs in Mexico mainly provide living supplies to refugees and help them start a new life.

PROPOSAL FOR TEMPORARY HOUSING IN MEXICO

HOW THE CAMP OPERATES ？

https://www.archdaily.com/435492/beyond-the-tent-why-refugee-camps-need-architects-now-more-than-ever

Camp support and management

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THE MAIN PLAN OF THE CAMPSITE

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4.1.6 Zoning of the camp CAMPS CHAGE WITH TIME AND NUMBER OF PEOPLE

STREET GRID EXTENDS INTO SITE

THE PEAK OF THE REFUGEE MIGRATION - A maximum of 500 people

The main zoning was determined by extending the original structure of the block into the site In the case of the current refugee situation, there may have been a peak at the beginning. So far those who were sent back to Mexico, as well as new arrivals, have been forced to stay

MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT OF THE SITE

Depending on the development of the crisis situation, the number of camp receivers may also increase, based on the basic grid structure line, which can continue to grow Public space is mainly distributed around the edges of the campsite

THE LOWEST POINT IN THE REFUGEE MIGRATION - About 1-3 months after the peak

Usually, the trial period is one to three months.Basically, some refugees will find out whether they have the opportunity to continue their journey to the United States after a waiting period of about three months.Therefore, in this case, most people will leave, or choose to stay.

In the meantime, a new wave of refugees may arrive

TYPE OF SETTLEMENT AREA A WAVE OF MIGRANTS COULD ARRIVED AT ANY TIME - About 3-6 months after the peak

The refugee situation in Mexico is characterized by the fact that no refugee can be explicitly told when he or she will be eligible to go to the United States, so I divided the camp into three main resettlement areas. Considering that there were many women and children in the group, a separate area was set aside

This can become a circular process, because refugees from different times of departure may arrive at any time.

Each new arrivals are placed in the flexible resettlement zone, while the previous arrivals (those who cannot continue to the United States and want to wait) have the option of being placed in the long-term resettlement zone. In this way, the camp can maintain a sustainable resettlement model.

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4.1.6 Functional partition

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GREEN AREAS The green areas are mainly distributed in the public areas, and inside of the camp is mainly along the sides of the road.This includes lawns, planted landscapes and street trees.

GATHER AND DISTRIBUTE AREA These Spaces can be a gathering space in emergency situations or a distribution point for living supplies.

The distribution of materials & resources The gathering of crowds

FUNCTION DISTRIBUTION

WATER TANK AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Water Tank

PRIVACY AND SIGHT BLOCKING The line of sight Blocked range

The greenery at the edge can block the view from the outside and give the residents a relatively private living space

ROAD ACCESSIBILITY

Resource recovery Truck parked Garbage disposal Learning and Training

Class of vehicles allowed to pass Small electric vehicles Van (source）

Electric bike parking Bicycle parking

Emergency care (Ambulances, fire trucks)

Children friendly

Bicycle

Women friendly

Free arrangement space

Security

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4.1.7 Flexible short-term settlement area - detail design The flexible settlement area can develop in a unit mode. Each of the 7-8 houses constitutes a unit and contains a separate living space that the refugees can freely change and arrange.

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4.1.7 Flexible short-term settlement area - detail design Caravan migration is characteristic of Central American migration.Therefore, caravan camps are also planned in flexible resettlement areas

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4.1.8 Long-term settlement area - detail design The layout of the long-term resettlement area can be 10 houses as a unit. Form an enclosed living space. Similarly, the public space in the unit can be freely arranged by the occupants. The public area is close to the side of the road, and the vegetation becomes a natural boundary to distinguish the public and residential spaces.

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4.1.9 Area just for women and children - detail plan In Nuevo Laredo, where crime is high, women and children are more vulnerable. Single women and unattended children are also the main component of the refugee group, so a separate area can be set up for special resettlement and protection.

This area has child-friendly areas and women-friendly Spaces.The children's play area is surrounded by a fence and the female-friendly area has a good view.

In addition to the placement of children and women in need, this area can also organize informal schools and trainings by related agencies. Let children have the opportunity to learn new languages or related cultural knowledge during the waiting period. Some security protections, such as temporary guard stations, can also be planned in this area

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CHILDREN PLAYGROUND

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4.1.10 Common area at the edge of the campsite - detail plan A multifunctional public space can also be planned on the edge area of the campsite near the local community.

If the camp itself will not attract too much participation from local residents. But here is a friendly communication space. In addition to staying and relaxing, there are also sports field and regular markets.

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4.1.10 Common area at the edge of the campsite - detail plan

This is a multifunctional public space on the north side, which is also a transition area between the camp and the residents' houses.

This provides a place to encourage outdoor activities.

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The news media have been letting people know the sad stories that happened at the border, and have worked hard to speak out for the refugee group. In this proposal, everything will have a new turn. What we are looking forward to is the existence of a friendly and stable refugee host community. Gradually, people will see changes in the crisis situation in the media.

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PHASE 02 _ APPLYING PERMACULTURE TO REFUGEES

CHAPTER IV DESIGN EXPLORATION - PHASE 2 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN REFUGEE RECEPTION AREAS 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8

Apply permaculture to refugees Permaculture Planting Strategies Current employment and agricultural development in Nuevo Laredo Supplement local community farming Site conditions & Case studies of techniques for growing crops The Main plan of the Agricultural Planting Areas where crop rotation technology can be implemented Companion planting of seasonal crops - based on rotation planting Avenue cropping strategy - Agriculture on the riverside Chinampas and floating garden - Agriculture on the riverside

https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/11/5dc3e4424/farming-together-refugees-hosts-reapbenefits.html

4.2 Apply permaculture to refugees HOW CAN PERMANENT AGRICULTURE HELP IN CURRENT REFUGEE CRISIS? For Nuevo Laredo, the refugee crisis is not a temporary problem, As a result, short-term humanitarian assistance needs to be complemented by long-term development needs.Investing in agriculture is an effective long-term strategy for creating jobs, building livelihoods and benefiting displaced persons and the communities that host them.

In turn, this will help refugees to become productive contributors to society and reduce their financial and resource burden on host communities. In addition to the obvious economic and nutritional benefits of agricultural development, it has important social and psychological benefits for displaced persons.

https://www.permaculturenews.org/

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4.2.1 Permaculture Planting Strategies

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4.2.2 Current employment and agricultural development in Nuevo Laredo The most common occupations in Nuevo Laredo are store traders, salesmen, dispatchers and trade-dependent traders, as well as truck drivers, vans and automobiles According to statistics, the overall trend of local people engaged in agricultural production is gradually decreasing, so for the current situation, refugees have the opportunity to join the local planting industry as a temporary employee.

Data Source: https://datamexico.org/

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4.2.3 Supplement local community farming

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4.2.4 Site conditions & Case studies of techniques for growing crops

http://www.nzdl.org/

https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/

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THE MAIN PLAN OF THE AGRICULTURAL PLANTING

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4.2.5 Areas where crop rotation technology can be implemented CROP ROTATION PLANTING Planting different seasonal crops in rotation among perennial crops according to season can balance soil nutrient, make agro-ecosystem sustainable development.

Sugarcane, corn, bananas and citrus trees are the main cash crops in Nuevo Laredo, At the beginning of a rotation, seasonal crops - sugar cane, peas (low-growing) and perennial crops - bananas, sugar cane can be planted

After a planting cycle, sugar cane and peas can be harvested,

After that, another seasonal crop can be planted - corn, squash (low)

Before the new crop rotation cycle begins, the harvested land can be maintained. After harvesting perennial crops like bananas, they can sprout again in a new cycle.

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4.2.5-1 Areas where crop rotation technology can be implemented - Section Combined with hillside planting techniques, continuous bench terraces can harness rainwater to create planting conditions for crops that need water, in combination with crop rotation, to form a sustainable agricultural production. Citrus and bananas are the main perennial crops in Nuevo Laredo.（For seasonal planting, please refer to the planting calendar in the appendix.）

The rainwater and irrigation water collection area is set on the side near the road and the lowest part of the hillside.

Some plants that can purify the soil are used to carry out a simple purification of the irrigation water and keep the soil

The spacing of citrus trees 4*3m, and people can plant two bananas every five meters, Effectively use planting space to enrich planting species.For example, grow low crops under trees.

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4.2.6 Companion planting of seasonal crops - based on rotation planting On the northern side of the hillside, the terrain is relatively gentle and more suitable for the growth of seasonal crops.

Based on the rotation planting strategy, the companion planting technology can be used to plant the seasonal crops in combination to achieve a low-cost maintenance and management effect.

To some extent, companion can reduce the consumption of nutrients on the land and avoid the adverse conditions in the process of growing some crops. Through such cooperative cultivation, sail fertility and healthy food can be provided.

Test companion planting patterns for local crop species

Corn stalks provide support for climbing beans. Squash's prickly leaves protect the crops preventing weeds，Beans return nitrogen to the soil.

Citrus roots help hold more water in the soil, whereas wheat needs more water to grow. Banana trees can shade the safflower from some of the strong sunlight.

Pest management systems show that Napier grass can attract some pests that are harmful to corn.

Desmodium can improve soil quality by fixing nitrogen and stop weeds.

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4.2.6-1 Companion planting of seasonal crops - section

Due to the relatively flat terrain on the north side, terraced fields can be formed. This can make better use of space for growing seasonal crops. Similarly, rainwater and irrigation water collection areas are set up on the lowest side of the land near the road.

People can optionally place some huts in the fields for greenhouses and storage. These huts are also converted from shelters.

The transition of each terrace is a small slope, which can be used to grow some root vegetables, such as potatoes and carrots

During cooler seasons, slope surfaces can be kept warm by mixing leaves and decaying branches in the soil. People can use this slope selectively.

Vegetables that can be grown are potatoes, radishes, carrots. At the lower part of the slope, stones and stakes can be used to stabilize the soil.

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4.2.7 Avenue cropping strategy - Agriculture on the riverside Avenue farming techniques can be tested on riverside agriculture, making it more flexible to convert farmland to woodland or return to natural habitats when the need exists. Originally, the side of this area close to the court was relatively bare. A barrier can be formed by transplanting native vegetation, which helps to consolidate the soil and retain moisture.

What is Avenue cropping?

Avenue farming is the planting of crops between rows of trees. If the function of land use needs to be converted, the conversion method can be to change crops to planting trees.

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4.2.7 Avenue cropping strategy - Agriculture on the riverside - section Avenue cropping is an opportunity to diversify the benefits of investing in agriculture. Because wood is also profitable.

In addition, if there are other restrictions, marginal farmland may be converted into higher-value forest land.

Combining local native plant species, dwarf prunable legumes (Prosopis pubescens) can be used as trees for avenue planting, usually known as screwbean mesquite. Its seed pods can be used for traditional food production, and the wood can be used for carpentry.

For crops that require long-term fertilization, such as cotton, continuous raising beds can be used.

Rows of trees can reduce wind speed, thereby controlling wind erosion. It also can improve the yield and quality of crops in the alley.

Exposed land can be replanted with native vegetation

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4.2.8 Chinampas and floating garden - Agriculture on the riverside Refer to the planting techniques of Mexico's pre-colonial agriculture. On the side close to the river, a river channel can be dug according to the contour line, leaving a floating island, also called "Chinampas". This technology allows plants to continue to obtain water and prevents the growth of crops there from being affected by rainfall.

A row of floating gardens can be set up on the river, which also creates the possibility of aquaculture.

Partial plan

Floating gardens can bring more benefits to sustainable agriculture. It can help remove excess phosphate, ammonia, etc. in the water. People can collect branches, rice stalks and other debris and mix them with duckweed to form an organic plant bed. Afterwards, they can be sorted into square or long strips and fixed with wooden strips or waste plastic bottles to prevent them from being washed away by running water. This kind of organic planting bed is as small as about 6 meters long, and the width is adapted to local conditions, as long as it is convenient for boats to travel and harvest.

People can choose to grow some vegetables in the garden, which can be combined with water purification plants such as Duckweed,Fanwort,Water Hyacinth, or Water Lettuce

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4.2.8-1 Chinampas and floating garden - Agriculture on the riverside -section In the riverside area, in addition to the application of avenue planting technology, Aztec floating island technology (Chinampas) can also be used to supplement the limited planting types of crops due to the dry climate. Sedimentary rocks are used to protect the embankment of the new river bank after the formation of the chinampas. In addition, these floating gardens on the channel can also help increase biodiversity.

Under water, fish and other aquatic species can thrive in the roots and substrates of plants.

In this way, these floating gardens also create more possibilities for aquaculture, and the benefits will be considerable.

In order to protect Chinampa, trees such as willow and cypress are planted in corners. This can then be fenced in and the stakes interwoven with soil fixed to form a planting field that looks like a floating island. The soil at the bottom of the lake is also rich in nutrients, making it an efficient way to fertilize.

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Refugees can participate in agricultural production during the waiting period. Based on this kind of experience, they also have the opportunity to apply for employment or participate in other activities related to agricultural production

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PHASE 03 _ TRANSITION BETWEEN CAMPS AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES

CHAPTER IV DESIGN EXPLORATION - PHASE 3 GARDEN Gardening is a way for people who have faced considerable trauma to feel safe and with nature, as well as re-establish their identity and reconnect with their culture

4.3 Community garden provides special shelter for refugees 4.3.1 Logic Model: The Contribution of Gardens to Mental Health 4.3.2 Refugees Connecting with a New Country through Community Gardening - Case 4.3.3 The living conditions of the local community 4.3.4 Unused space in the local community Scene from Garden A-I - Transformation from idle land 4.3.5 The community garden programme

https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/2019/11/5dc3e4424/farming-together-refugees-hosts-reaprg/community-garden http://www.eiberhood.o benefits.html

4.3 Community garden provides special shelter for refugees The refugee is a particularly vulnerable group whose lives are not sustainable due to a variety of reasons, including a lack of belonging and connections, low income, mental stress and discrimination. Gardens can serve as a psychological refuge to help refugees adjust to the complexities of their new lives and cope with past traumas. By participating in the construction and maintenance of the garden, refugees have the opportunity to integrate into the local community.

Residents can build a new kind of community relationship by donating extra seeds and garden materials, or just passing by to learn about the gardens and the stories of the refugees, and letting people who had never met know each other.

MEANINGFUL MENTAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTIONS FOR REFUGEES

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4.3.1 Logic Model: The Contribution of Gardens to Mental Health Most community organizations hope to have opportunities to cooperate with refugees and related service organizations. The Community Garden Project is an opportunity to improve the current health status and strengthen the community’s social connections and networks. Using idle land and establishing new community relationships, service organizations can improve human and environmental health by simply organizing activities and providing donations.

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4.3.2 Refugees Connecting with a New Country through Community Gardening - Case

Arrive Ministries, a refugee referral agency in Sao Paulo recognizes that many refugees have suffered various forms of trauma and hardship prior to their arrival, and that these multiple barriers often exacerbate the social isolation of refugees and limit their opportunities for integration into the local community. So they worked with churches to turn their lawns into gardens. For refugees who often live in apartments in the city, the garden space around the church becomes a social space, where they can spend time with friends, family and children can play outside.

A community garden project in East Aurora, New York, provides a space for Somali refugee families to combine community gardening to support their families. Voluntary agencies are chosen by the State. Department helped refugees find housing and join new communities, but that lasted only three months.After that, many Somali Bantus chose to move in order to live with friends or family in smaller communities.Community gardens improve the situation. Connecting and sharing with the local community seems to be the key to community gardens. After learning the ins and outs of life in the United States from community members, Somali refugee families also teach locals about their longevity practices and introduce them to traditional Somali cuisine, like amaranth.

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4.3.3 The living conditions of the local community In general, the whole block is crowded and there is not much outdoor space for People's Daily activities

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4.3.4 Unused space in the local community

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SCENE FROM GARDEN A - TRANSFORMATION FROM IDLE LAND

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SCENE FROM GARDEN B - TRANSFORMATION FROM IDLE LAND

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SCENE FROM GARDEN C - TRANSFORMATION FROM IDLE LAND

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SCENE FROM GARDEN D+E - TRANSFORMATION FROM IDLE LAND

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SCENE FROM GARDEN F+ I - TRANSFORMATION FROM IDLE LAND

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SCENE FROM GARDEN G - TRANSFORMATION FROM IDLE LAND

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SCENE FROM GARDEN H - TRANSFORMATION FROM IDLE LAND

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4.3.5 The community garden programme Local residents and institutions can donate seeds and seedlings, and refugee groups can invest in planting and maintaining gardens during their waiting time .During the growing cycle, people can learn and exchange planting techniques, share their experiences and help each other. Volunteers can organize gardening activities in these gardens.

At harvest time, it can be contributed back to the whole community, or there can be some charity sale. This can continue with every migration cycle.

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CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION OPPORTUNITY TO APPLY TO ALL BORDER CITIES The government should face up to the current refugee situation, it is not an emergency.There will still be mass arrivals of refugees and migrants sent back from the United States who are forced to stay here waiting.Providing a temporary living space for the refugee community and treating them as part of the city would be a turning point in the current humanitarian crisis.

CONCLUSION : RESPONSE TO PROJECT QUESTIONS - HOW DO REFUGEES EXPERIENCE THEIR TRANSITION PERIOD ?

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A COLLECTION OF LIFE SCENES - PARTICIPABLE

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A COLLECTION OF LIFE SCENES - INTERACTIVE

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Conclusion : Unpredictable and uncontrolled displacement Border crisis situation map

The presidential election brought a policy change. Biden ordered the suspension of the construction of the separation wall on the southern border and promised to increase the number of people seeking asylum. Of course it will take time to see how these changes work. It can be speculated that this cannot stop thousands of immigrants from Central America still trying to reach the United States, and the crisis still exists.

Numerous media reports covered the problems of overcrowding, lack of sanitation and medical services, and food shortages. The COVID-19 pandemic has also increased the difficulty of responding to the crisis. At present, the United States is also constantly adding new facilities to accommodate minors, but in some refugee camps that lack food, medical care, water supply, environmental sanitation and personal hygiene (washing), and other services, people die or become seriously ill every day.

In addition to the United States, most European countries and Australian countries are also the main areas for receiving refugees. For national and local governments, how to resettle refugees is an unavoidable issue.

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Conclusion : Turn challenges into opportunities

The main impact of Refugee crisis

The opportunity to change the situation in terms of urban development planning and landscape

In this project, I chose the refugee situation in New Laredo, a border city between Mexico and the United States, as the research background. This is a portrayal of the crisis in several border cities and other border conflicts and refugee crises in the world. The refugee crisis is multidimensional, and solving this problem requires a cross-sectoral approach involving development, humanitarian, and peacebuilding efforts. Therefore, as landscape designers, we cannot prevent events from happening, but our role can change the current situation.

Informal settlements or poorly managed settlement centers have many risks. Displaced women, children and other vulnerable groups may be subject to abuse, harassment and violence at any time. And young refugees in cities may be experiencing criminal violence or forced to join gangs.

Most of the refugees believe that it is easier to find a job in the city than in the countryside and that they have a chance to continue to survive.

However, there is a limit to what cities can offer in terms of employment. And refugees' limited social networks make it harder for them to adapt to new environments.

Education is a transferable human capital and will be a key element in rebuilding the lives of refugees.However, education is also the most easily overlooked, as it is difficult to become a priority when shelter and other life-necessary needs cannot be addressed.

Refugees in many cities are living in crowded, substandard conditions.Informal arrangements make them particularly vulnerable to eviction and abuse.Lack of adequate infrastructure can lead to new and secondary displacements

Most of the refugees are moving into urban areas that are already overpopulated, which could rapidly increase water and soil pollution and pose challenges in terms of solid waste.

There is little or no access to safe water and sanitation because of poor living conditions. This increases the risk of disease for them and their hosts country. The impact of displacement on mental health is also widely recognized but often overlooked

Refugees in many cities find themselves isolated and marginalized because of their background.

Nuevo Laredo is a small developing city, and neither its economic strength nor its political stance has so much initiative on refugee issues. I believe this is the case in many refugee host countries, and this is why the crisis cannot be controlled.

For Mexico, it is not difficult to find from the research that the wave of immigrants in Central America started very early. Everything seemed calm before, but suddenly affected by the "return to Mexico" policy, everything is different. From a political point of view, this may be a long-term continuous process, so my project serves as a proposal to respond to the refugee crisis and urban landscape development.

It is proposed to use unused or abandoned land in the city to build a refugee camp community. This kind of resettlement is formal and long-term, and it can provide refugees with a temporary shelter to ensure their basic human needs and a relatively safe environment. This can also stop the refugees’ adverse effects on the original urban environment. , Especially in terms of solid waste and pollution.

At the same time, use surrounding abandoned or undeveloped land to supplement some economic industries in the city, such as agriculture or other industries that require labor. This is a win-win situation. The government or related welfare agencies can invest in this type of industry. Refugees as participants and employees create benefits and thus obtain employment opportunities, which also generate economic returns. In addition, it is to use the interactive functions of the landscape to help refugees improve their mental health and establish social connections. By adjusting the functions of small spaces in cities and neighborhoods and transforming them into community gardens, this can be a permanent and continuous project. Both local residents and refugee groups can use these gardens to improve the original living environment and improve social relations between people.

My design proposal is a response to intervention in the current humanitarian crisis from the perspective of urban landscape design. Although in the same type of emergency, people's demand for landscape design is not that priority, but I think this is a challenge and an opportunity to cause all sectors of society to respond and pay attention to such issues.

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CHAPTER VII APPENDIX Food calendar - garden Native vegetation species- Sensory vegetation can be used for planting in the common areas of the camp Cash crop planting calendar - Agricultural Record of an interview. - Application of landscape design (gardens) in refugee communities

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An interview : Discussing the practical use of community gardens in refugee community

“Response” - interview with Elisa Before starting the formal interview, I thanked Elisa for accepting my interview even though she was very busy. Before the topic started, I briefly introduced my goal: I wanted to know some of her experience about how to organize a refugee garden and some stories about the real feelings of refugees. We first discussed the challenges faced by refugees in the local community.

Generally, we know that employment opportunities are important to refugee groups. Elisa put forward a new perspective: language is also very necessary. In fact, in this diverse community, everyone is eager to have the opportunity to learn languages. On this basis, the garden is for them a place where everyone can communicate and learn together.

Elisa told me some stories about the feelings of the volunteers and local community residents who participated in this project. Both volunteers and refugees felt that a series of gardening classes in the project was significant, and it changed some people's Life. In the garden, everyone has the opportunity to learn skills and establish connections, which has helped many people develop personal careers related to gardening and created many employment opportunities. For me, I really want to know how the garden project attracts and organizes everyone to participate.

Elisa told me some factors: Firstly, the garden is an environment suitable for activities, and people themselves are very interested in planting and feeding.In addition, the refugees in the local community hope that they have more experience and certificates, and they feel that this is an opportunity to start a new life. So many free gardeningcourses have been organized in their garden project. Especially some women feel that this is the best experience in their lives.

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