Disrupting the Process

DISRUPTING THE PROCESS: A Comparative Analysis Identifying Opportunities for Strategic client-led Sustainable Practice within the UK Building Industry.

October 2020 as part of the University of Edinburgh MArch ATR Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

DISRUPTING THE PROCESS: A Comparative Analysis Identifying Opportunities For Strategic client-led Sustainable Practice Within The UK Building Industry.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

AT A GLANCE GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS 1 ROADMAP OF UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CULTURES 2 CASE STUDY EVALUATIONS 3 EVERYMAN THEATRE 4 BURNTWOOD SCHOOL 5 NEWPORT STREET GALLERY 6 HASTINGS PIER 7 BLOOMBERG 8 GOLDSMITH STREET 9 DEPICTION OF THE IMPROVED PROCESS 10 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 12

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GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS Miranda and Jonathan have decided to investigate the mechanisms and process of building realisation. In their professional experiences, they both became interested in the frameworks that prevent or enable clients from making decisions.

solution, such as a green roof extension we suggested, were more interested in the aesthetic view from their study which overlooked the roof, rather than for the environmental and biodiversity benefits (which were considered nice bonuses).

By investigating at a strategic level, this body of work attempts to address the question: How do we ensure that clientdevelopers think about sustainability before the architect is involved?

With most of the building stock we will have in 2050 already built, we need to ask ourselves how to change our conventional process of building.

Often by the time an architect is engaged onto a project, many decisions regarding budget, scale, scope and programme have been made; sometimes relegating an architect to the entity engaged to increase the building’s aesthetic value.

Jonathan: My experience working primarily on Airport projects in Australia and New Zealand has exposed me to the realities of working on large private projects in specialised sectors. Generally speaking, budget constraints make it difficult to interject significant sustainability initiatives.

The work has been an exploration of scales, and structured as a running conversation between Miranda and Jonathan. It is an attempt to abstract and visualise an already abstract and highly complex process and construction culture; in attempt to understand where efforts should be placed to compel clients to care about their building’s impacts on the planet.

Client-developer understanding and drive to fund sustainable practice is vital for environmentally sensitive airports of the future.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Miranda: For the past three years I have been working in the high-end residential architecture sector, focusing predominantly on refurbishment projects in wealthy boroughs of London. My understanding of the industry is that this sector tends to be the life-blood for the majority of architecture practices.

Most aviation projects comprise of expansions or extensions, and entirely new terminals are exceedingly rare.

Unfortunately, in my experience there is a distinct lack of interest from clients, or even their architects, to push for innovative sustainable solutions. The culture seems to be a prioritisation of those things which can be seen (by client and their peers), photographed (by architect and their portfolios), rather than the things which can be felt. Those clients who did show interest in a sustainable 1

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ROADMAP OF UK CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CULTURES Outside of the client, where can changes in the process make the biggest difference?

Having established the architects apparent relative inability to strongly influence strategic sustainability initiatives, we focused research on major architectinfluenced decision makers; National Authority, Local Authority, Architects Bodies and Architectural practitioners.

Using our findings from the raw research we mapped the relative opportunities to enact significant change across the industry at both a micro and macro level, as well as identifying the potential reach changes could affect.

We established that whilst the greatest impact would likely be established through National policy, standards and tax changes, these take a great deal of time to realise; making them inefficient for architects to influence in a bid to impact the construction industry’s sustainability practices.

great strides in influencing individual projects- typically those small in scalechanging professional culture practice necessitates support from architectural bodies such as the ARB and RIBA which suffer the same limitations as influencing national practice. Exploring how designers can influence the greatest sustainability practice change in the shortest time is imperative to tackling the climate emergency.

Roadmap of UK construction industry cultures: Outside of the client, where can changes in the process make the biggest difference?

Conversely, whilst architects can make Construction industry cultures National Authority: law, Building Regulations, taxation & relief

How straight-forward (relative) is it to deviate from standard practice within a single project?

Not straightforward

How complex (relative) is it to change widespread culture and standard practice?

How much national impact (relative) to How quickly (relative) does the culture At what scales is change effective? construction culture could a change have? evolve?

National Authority framework typically does not address singular projects unless something goes wrong (eg inquiries)

Very complex

Very high impact

This requires passing through multiple committees, bodies and processes that spans years. This is typically specialised actions requiring legal-political understanding

Building regulations, tax and law changes have universal implications to all projects

Very slowly

Progressive ‘red-tape’ pulling and planting in addition to government turnover means change evolves very slowly

All scales; particularly large scale infrastructure, multiple-residential portfolios

How potentially effective (relative) could it be used as a tool to drive sustainability initiatives, as quickly as possible?

Projects that set bench-marks and are governVery effective, but very ment-funded. In addition, low-cost housing that ly tions (typically housing). Small-scale private developments typically not constrained to regulations

Adoption of POE into building regulations, CO2 calculations, mandatory life-cycle assessments could all boast are unlikely to be adopted quickly into regulations

Somewhat straightforward

Lobbying required, but councils have some autonomy over decisions

Somewhat complex

Lobbying and understanding of Medium impact local legal-political frameworks required, but less complex than implementing at a national level

Changes made at a local level may set benchmarks of best-practice but typically stay within local area(s)

It depends

Changes such as funding for projects or planning approval can be made quickly. Cultural mindset changes (eg ‘style and character’) evolve slowly

Public-funded projects, affordable housing

Cultural-civic projects,, low-income housing

Very effective, if decisions are made quickly and best-practice(s) inthorities

Oversight of planning control per local authority could succesfully enforce passivhaus standards in developments, but this requires good relationships between planners and developers

Architects National Practice: ARB & RIBA Codes of conduct, registration, competence, CPD creation

Somewhat straightforward

Lobbying of professional practices required, adoption into codes of conduct

Very complex

Multiple professional bodies, differing codes of conduct and various levels of accountability, in addition to regularly rotating board members mean actioning change widespread is complex

High impact

Registration, education and competence effect how architects design, but decision making often lies within clients’ hands

Very slowly

Professional body board members rotate as with government and lobbying is a slow process

Multi-residential, commercial, large portfolios

Developer-led projects with medium-tier architects most effected by national practice guidelines

Somewhat effective

Ultimately professional bodies cannot obstruct a lawful design and construction of a

Architects Local Practice:

Very straightforward

Requires on-the-ground grassroots action and advocacy which grows slowly

Low impact

If sustainability changes are succesfully made within a project, this rarely propogates as standard practice

Very quickly

design

Route to deviation is clear; using procurement routes and client approval

A little complex

Specifying of materials, new All project scales construction techniques; these decisions can be made immediately

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Local Authority: Planning Control, Building Control, community engagement

practice culture, but this evolves slowly Largely dictated by client-developer willingness to adopt architects recommendations

Somewhat effective

If adopted on a wide-scale practice culture could have enormous widespread implications on sustainable design. Professional competition presents an obstacle to sustainable design (relating to higher project costs and undercutting)

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CASE STUDY EVALUATIONS We will be using case studies in order to discern good precedents for interventions at the different scales of influence in the building process identified previously.

We analysed at what scale of influence was a sustainability aspect embraced, enabled or restricted. If there were any innovative “disruptions” to the conventional building process, we then discerned whether they were relevant or applicable to similar projects in the building industry.

In order to make a fair selection of case studies, which represent the exemplar precedents of the UK building industry, we decided to focus on the RIBA Stirling Prize winners from the last six years. Not only are these the most well known UK prizes in the UK, but also the ones which are more commonly known to the general public. The time frame was implemented due to the limitation of this study, and the reasoning that sustainability in the building industry has only grown in attention and relevancy in the last five to ten years.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez 3

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EVERYMAN THEATRE Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2014 Liverpool Merseyside Trust Haworth Tompkins Culture £28m

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

Conclusions

The Everyman Theatre successfully employed recycling and retrofit principles in a medium scale building, demonstrating profitability.

Successful collaboration between arts council, local authority and architect is demonstrated in the project.

The adoption of passive ventilation of a retrofit to an existing building suggests the financial viability of doing so.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to Building Regulations for commercial works in 2017

LOCAL AUTHORITY

No involvement in the community organised, charity led renovations.

Even when charity went into administration, no involvement in bidding for public plot.

Attempted (unsuccessful) interventions with new private owner.

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to the basic Professional Codes of Conduct.

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

The Everyman theatre demonstrates a successful collaboration in cultural projects between architect and council. Extensive building and material recycling was used in conjunction with cost-saving. This project configuration could be successfully replicated across scales.

The theatre continued without national funding provision, which may be a barrier for smaller arts council funded projects.

EASIER

Sustainable materials used Salvaged wooden boards formed the cladding and pier furniture, and CLT structure Architects showed innovative approach to their own role; campaigning and organising local support

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BURNTWOOD SCHOOL Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2015 Wandsworth Borough Council Allford Hall Monaghan Morris Education £40.9m

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

Conclusions

The Code of Sustainable Homes became a voluntary guideline (with some relaxed requirements absorbed into new Building Regulations) in 2015 instead of a compulsory regulation for new builds.

Austerity measures and continuing economic uncertainty make

government funding projects like the BSF highly unlikely.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

LOCAL AUTHORITY

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Innovative sustainable strategies adopted for the school and compulsory sustainability requirements, the work of sustainability result in high-quality, sustainable products.

The project was funded

by New Labour's Building Schools for the Future (BSF) which was subsequently cut by the coalition government in 2011 The project potentially followed the 2008 Code for Sustainable Homes, which the government made voluntary in 2015, condensing some points into new Building Regulations

Wandsworth Borough Council as client through which government funds were allocated

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to the basic Professional Codes of Conduct.

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

This is a good case study for how top-down funding projects and sustainable regulations can have extremely positive results.

The collaboration between the authorities, architect, contractor, services engineers and the clients show exemplar teamwork across all scales of the building process which can serve as precedent to future sustainability in the building industry.

EASIER

BREEAM certification Very Good both for new build and refurbishments Passive strategies: cooling and daylight control Hybrid Ventilation Renewable systems: bio-mass derived district network and solar water heating Solar control glazing in addition to setting windows deep into pre-cast concrete façade Rather than demolishing existing historic school buildings, they were retained and refurbished

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NEWPORT STREET GALLERY Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2016 Private Client Caruso St John Architects Museum £25m

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

Conclusions

The private client was able to fund this community/ arts project entirely. Typical funding for this typology is restrictive (through local authority or arts council(s)), Material selection and high-quality detailing demonstrates the value of local material sourcing.

This is entirely relevant to other typologies and scales.

The project programme; a free access to the public gallery space,

is replicable in other areas and offers benefits to the community; if sustainability initiatives had been explicitly integrated in design, it could have served as a powerful education tool to the public.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

The Gallery's client, artist Damien Hirst, engaged the architects privately.

LOCAL AUTHORITY

The gallery is free and open to the public. The building could have served as a testing ground for innovative design solutions for inuse sustainable servicing.

Brickwork is bespoke in fabrication and detailing, but sourced from the UK.

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

Owing to the project's private client nature, bespoke solutions and detail-focused architect; this project offers few practical solutions adoptable across architectural practice.

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

The Newport gallery is a good case-study of private client enriching the culture of a community, but it’s programme and client-type suggest another ‘one-off’ model. Sustainability initiatives were not explicitly employed and there underlay many missed opportunities.

EASIER

An opportunity to integrated passivhaus design was missed, in addition to POE which could have been an exciting part of the project.

Materiality and detailing is considered, but sustainable initiatives could have been embedded as part of the design.

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HASTINGS PIER Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2017 Hastings Council dRMM Architects Urban £14.2m

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

Conclusions The Hastings Pier, though and iconic design which also showed intelligent choice of material and use of reclaimed materials, is an extremely niche project, from which few sustainability takeaways can be taken at scales larger than that of the Architect’s practice.

However, what is interesting to highlight is the story of the renovated pier; the charity going into administration, being bought by a private owner, and thus being

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to Building Regulations for commercial works in 2017

LOCAL AUTHORITY

No involvement in the community organised, charity led renovations.

Even when charity went into administration, no involvement in bidding for public plot.

Attempted (unsuccessful) interventions with new private owner.

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

No involvement, except from what can be assumed the compliance to the basic Professional Codes of Conduct.

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

This precedent was not designed to be sustainable. Even still, the design re-used of the original pier timbers as the cladding and pier furniture, not only a good example of circular material use but an economic choice.

boarded up and unused. The process of events which turned a public amenity into a private asset, with too-little-too-late attention from the local authority does make a case for ensuring that we do not rely on the private market to provide us with our built environment.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

EASIER

Sustainable materials used Salvaged wooden boards formed the cladding and pier furniture, and CLT structure Architects showed innovative approach to their own role; campaigning and organising local support

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BLOOMBERG HQ Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2018 Bloomberg Foster + Partners Office £1.3bn

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

Conclusions The wider scale understanding of ‘sustainability’ including particularly pre-installation sustainability suggests the Bloomberg building is a step in a better direction but not necessarily the right direction.

Commercial office buildings tend to reflect client ambitions more directly as often associated with ‘brands’ and staffing. To some extent the attention and care for detail is unlikely to be replicable on a large residential scale.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

The building achieved a 98.5% BREEAM score, the highest ever awarded to a commercial project at the time Whether the architects employed bespoke fire, compliance or accessibility solutions is unknown.

The building is entirely privately funded (Bloomberg)

LOCAL AUTHORITY

Bronze imported from Japan and granite from India was used on the project. There could have been an opportunity here to explore UK/ European materials. It is unclear whether the BREEAM analysis considered the full life-cycle of materials as opposed to operational constants

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

Foster + Partners employed innovative research methods for the sustainability and detailing of the building Standard POE practices could have been embedded into the design fabric and used as an example for future office projects

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Unfortunately, the project model has little relevance to other scales and represents a ‘one-off’ architecture.

The client-developer involvement and direction is rare and unrealistic if considered for all development types.

Intensive research by the architects benefited the in-use sustainability credentials of the building.

If this was contractually managed and required of the architect, it could provide a compelling model of practice.

The Bloomberg building demonstrates a sincere approach to BREEAM scoring. Whilst not perfect in assessment of material lifecycles, it does demonstrate the process and opportunities of analysing performance.

EASIER

Foster + Partners employed innovative research for the project, considering serviceability particularly. However the budget and scope of work was highly unusual for a commercial project and unlikely to be scaleable

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GOLDSMITH STREET Year: Client: Architect: Sector: Value:

2019 Norwich City Council Mikhail Riches with Cathy Hawly Residential £14.9m

image courtesy of the RIBA stirling awards 2020 (https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/ awards/riba-stirling-prize)

HARDER

Conclusions

– Serendipitous Circumstances: The project became NCC led because of the 2008 economic crisis. Otherwise the site would have been sold to private developer/housing association – NCC managed to accumulate large amount of funds through: borrowing, housing revenue accounts, right-tobuy receipts, council reserves. These

sources aren’t always available to councils, or even profitable enough for most Local Authorities.

– The funding when through a NCC owned entity, Norwich Regeneration Company, to build the project.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

LOCAL AUTHORITY

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

On the other hand the following lessons can be learnt from the project: – By winning the prize, this project is setting precedent for innovative design of sustainable construction techniques at a large scale – There is a case to be presented to central government that returning to the years when LA were funded sufficiently to build up their own housing stock, but unlike the 20thC, with long-term cost-saving sustainability at the heart of the projects.

It is essential to add, however, that without governmental backing, this model cannot be applied country-wide and sustainable, affordable homes will continue to be a rarity.

No financial support at a National level to LAs who would benefit from further investment to create much needed new homes No regulatory support to encourage other councils to attempt such sustainable aims

NCC showed resolution in not only providing housing to high sustainability standards Embracing the longterm financial benefit of sustainable Passivhaus - low bills paid by tennants/council

No guidelines which encourage, with specificity, embracing of novel sustainability techniques for new builds RIBA as the regulatory body of architectural education should be educating students and training architects to sustainable building techniques.

RIBA did provide a platform to hold the competition which ultimately lead to the project By awarding the Stirling Prize to this project, the RIBA is setting an this type of project as a goal for the industry

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Goldsmith Street paints an optimistic picture of the future of the building industry. For the first time, and hopefully not the last, the RIBA’s attention is clearly on sustainability.

Goldsmith Street has shown that sustainable projects don’t necessarily need to be a compromise of quality, aesthetics or cost. Hopefully UK architects, client-developers and contractors will follow the RIBA’s gaze and actively seek sustainability goals for their own projects.

However there are some aspects of the project which cannot be used as precedent for application to the industry:

EASIER

Pushing the conventional limits of Passivhaus design by providing larger glazing, different external wall construction. Making this approach a more desirable goal for both clients and designers.

The studio wanted to make sure to further the quality of the scheme with passive solar scheme dictating many design and detailing choices.

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DEPICTION OF THE IMPROVED PROCESS By re-imagining each level of decision-maker armed with the right tools to prioritise sustainability in construction, we explore an ‘improved process’.

We recognise that architects influence each of these strata, with differing subsequent effects on practice culture. The most significant influence architects can exercise naturally lies within architects national bodies and practice.

In the case of National bodies, the focus must be on competence and education.

The ARB & RIBA represent a major opportunity to support, advocate and demonstrate sustainable practice as a standard.

By setting a minimum standard- centred on sustainable practice- national bodies can positively leverage their prominence with clients.

Finally, the greatest changes upon design stem from the design decisions architects make in daily practice. Efficient utilisation of BIM to model and understand carbon, particularly with reference to material economies, will be vital to translating an abstract concept into a financially-beneficial outcome. Tax potentially forms a parallel complement to carbon monitoring, and must be used in conjunction with post-occupancy evaluation as part of an architect’s tool-kit.

Sustainability-focussed updates

How architects can influence

National Authority

• Building regulations to encompass carbon thresholds per m2 • Leverage tax against virgin materials and encourage circular use • Implement BREEAM/ LEED as a project requirement across scales

Informed by data collected by architects and written into contract or influenced by best practice

Local Authority

• Planning specifies maximum demolition quotas • Pre-approved planning approval contingent on sustainable sourcing/ operational competency minimums

Architects can engage with local communities and influence typologies and regeneration

Architects National bodies

• RIBA prominent sustainability-driven awards and support • ARB & RIBA reframing university education criteria based on sustainability competence • Standardised compulsory CPD implemented as competency requirement • Standardised POE contracts to track resource use

Architects influence national bodies by voting and engaging as members of organisations

Architects Practice

• Utilising BIM to create carbon cost bill • Client education through engagement • Design with passivhaus principles, water conservation, circular material economies, energy efficiency techniques • Contractually agreed post-occupancy evaluation

Architects drive design processes and client face-to-face engagement

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

Scale

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GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Through this body of work, we have aimed to understand the mechanisms behind the building process, and how we can ‘disrupt’ the standard process at different scales, to implement sustainability.

Our early research ascertained that relying on market forces, as we currently do, has not and will not provide the change to sustainability which the building industry desperately needs. The profit-driven, de-regulated markets which influence client-developer choices will not change without significant culture changes made within the different scales of influence in the building process: National Authority, Local Authorities, Architecture Bodies and Architect Practice.

We need to make clear that the work which we present today is preliminary and speculative, it’s aim is to provide a potential roadmap to improvement within the industry rather than come up with a “one-size-fits-all” approach. We recognise the nuance and complexities which are present in all projects of every scale, sector and budget.

By considering these scales, and looking at them through the lens of real-world case studies, we have identified a potential framework which could succeed in creating a positive cycle between bottom-up and top-down approaches.

TOP-DOWN APPROACHES Increase funding to LA for the purpose of increasing housing stock (with condition of sustainable goals) Reviewing Building Regulations to enforce sustainable approaches to all scales of architecture

Members of Parliament voting on tabled motions and-if successful-writing into law.

NATIONAL AUTHORITY

Introduction of byelaws, planning guidance or best-practice influences national regulations. Recognition of community activism and redirection of funding, in addition to Members of Parliament proposing motions on behalf of constituents in the House of Commons

Regulate the building sector market: Legislating against current poor quality, built-for-profit buildings.

Lobbying and research work with grass-roots organisations to pressure LA's and NA's to improve sustainability goals. Make work more apparent.

Stricter planning policies on quality and sustainability of buildings provided by private sector.

Modernise institutions: Apart from in education, the ARB and RIBA are detached from architects in their offices. Voter turnout for the RIBA presidency this last year (2019) was 13.2% of chartered members and 6.6% of students.

Return to building housing stock with long-term planning at the core of the design.

LOCAL AUTHORITY

Embrace new technology, such as BIM and VR, and use them to improve the sustainability of project. Not only for design and construction, but also throughout the life cycle of the building.

Governing and Regulatory architecture bodies to increase requirements for education within schools and practices on sustainable materials, techniques, construction etc. which can be applied to practice work.

Charities & Not-for-profit Organisations: Architects and affiliated groups to come together and organise to lobby governing bodies, local authorities and governmental authorities to make regulatory changes.

All practices to follow improved sustainability guidelines, use new improved knowledge to encourage clients to embrace sustainable measures.

self-induced culture change: taking responsibility for the sustainability of the building and challenging clients to spend on sustainability

ARCHITECTURE BODIES

Our analysis is summarised on the diagram to the left, where we have taken some intervention ideas from our research and case studies.

ARCHITECT PRACTICE

The key to sustainability in the construction industry might just be taking pro-active, organised action at every scale of the process. Forcing each other, and thus the client-developers we work with, to bring sustainability to the forefront of our work, and give rise to a new culture of responsibility.

INFLUENCE ON CLIENT-DEVELOPER

Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

BOTTOM-UP APPROACHES

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Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

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Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

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October 2020

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Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez

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October 2020

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October 2020 as part of the University of Edinburgh MArch ATR Jonathan Pilosof & Miranda Lyle Pérez