VT Thesis - NASA Space Habitat (Vol. 1 - Thesis Research)

HABITAT TO MARS

THESIS RESEARCH Vol.1 MinHyung Yoo

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CONTENTS 1. Problem Statement (p. 5 - 13) 2. Site Analysis (p. 14 - 19) 3. Case Studies (p. 20 - 23) 4. Design Guideline (p. 24 - 27) 5. Plan Prototypes (p. 28 - 33) 6. Materiality & Psychology (p. 34 - 41) 7. Sources (p. 41 - 42)

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PROBLEM STATEMENT

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This Habitat from Johnson Space Center is categorized as Class II Space Habitat (Prefabricated – Space/SurfaceAssembled Characteristics) aimed to support crew members coming from Class I Habitat (Pre-integrated Characteristics).

With NASA aiming for a human mission to Mars in 2030, the round trip to Mars back to earth is estimated to take 425 days excluding the days spent on Mars. The longest record of time spent in space was 437 days by Valeri Polyakov during 1994-1995.

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CHALLENGES

Limited resources with no additional “physical” support from Earth

Traveling in extreme isolation in the void far away from Earth’s orbit, potentially resulting in psychological degradation of the crew member

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THESIS & GOALS Design aesthetics within space plays a larger role than earth to support critical psychological function within crew members. Applying Earth-resemblance materials into this Space Habitat will better enhance the function of specific modules and be able to psychologically support crew members for the purpose of long-duration missions.

To sustain human life that also acts as vessels offering things such as laboratories, living facilities, support systems, maintenance facilities.

Give more personalized option per individual crew member to give functional and mental support.

Unique entertainment spot that can better support crew member's feeling of isolation and boredom.

Biophilic materials that resembles Earth-like environment to combat with homesickness.

Transformative space function to help reduce the weight of the space habitat and providing more interior space.

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CULTURE Space architecture is a very unique undeveloped field. In terms of culture within space habitats, it is hard to narrow down to one culture due to space habitats having a very limited number of qualified astronauts with three members from the United State and rest all from different representative countries.

The crew have sunset and sunrise 16 times a day.

Space station crew can ask mission control to send shows to watch during dinner or off duty - they can also watch movies on a laptop.

Reading books, music, drawing to the past time. The crew can also call their friends and family directly using hook-ups through the computer.

Phone connection is really clear.

Crews are expected to stay busy, there are a lot of science experiments on board while making sure the station is on top shape, cleaning and checking equipment and maintaining repair if needed. They are required to exercise two hours each day to maintain the condition of their bones and muscles.

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CURRENT CREW MEMBER OF INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (2021) EXPEDITION 66 CREW

Anton Shkaplerov (Roscosmos) - Commander

Mark Vande Hei (NASA) - Flight Engineer

Pyotr Dubrov (Roscosmos) - Flight Engineer

Raja Chari (NASA) - Flight Engineer

Thomas Marshburn (NASA) - Flight Engineer

Matthias Maurer (ESA) - Flight Engineer

Kayla Barron (NASA) - Flight Engineer

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"SUBCULTURE" International Space Station have its own culture, with each individuals have their own "subcultures". All crew member try to remember one thing - try to adapt to other cultures.

Japanese don’t shake hands, they bow slightly, Americans and Russians shake hands.

Russians value face to face interaction instead of memos, value personal bonding, and meal sharing.

Japanese people don’t use chopsticks as the use of chopsticks relies on gravity.

Language barriers & cultural awareness.

Training module focusing on psychosocial issues to help astronauts cope and prevent problems taken in space.

Not seeing it as different countries trying to get along, but all as people from earth living together in one place.

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SOCIOECONOMIC

NASA is funded by the United State Congress and gave NASA a total of $24.8 billion as of May 28th of 2021.

NASA has contracted with SpaceX on other projects such as Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon capsule that will ferry astronauts to ISS.

ISS is a collaborative project involving NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, and CSA. Ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements.

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SITE ANALYSIS

Design location based around space requires a different approach when it comes to base building and site analysis. This thesis statement focuses on Class II Space Habitat - which means it will be a hybrid of surface and space assembled habitat, supporting crew members coming from Class I Habitat. With Class II Habitat being fully functional and active when crew members are on board, Class II Habitat will stay on space.

International Space Station (ISS)

The closest thing that Class II Habitat will have as a site analysis is International Space Station, which likely be where Class II Habitat’s space assembly portion will take place.

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ISS is operated by five space agencies from 15 different countries.

Major form of “transportation” in the ISS is floating. Being in zero gravity, the orientation of people’s movement will be all individualdependent. Throughout the ISS station there will be support bars or grips that will help crew members to orient themselves or give them a grip to move across the station.

The “weather” inside of ISS is consistent around 22 Celsius (71.6 F).

Outside of the ISS being empty space with no protection, the sunny side can get high as 121 Celsius (250 F) with the shady side being low as -157 Celsius (-250 F).

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Tt cost the ISS a total of about 150 billion dollars to develop and build, and it cost NASA annually 3 to 4 billion dollars to operate it. With NASA being the biggest contributor to the bill, NASA employs around 17,000 people with more people working with agencies as government contractors.

Inside the ISS, for obvious reasons there aren’t a lot of aesthetic characteristics as it’s very task-focus orientated for the goal of efficiency. With the interior of the station being mostly white, the ISS station contains a lot of technical equipment and cable to be easily accessible right away.

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DIAGRAM The diagram of ISS is pretty straightforward, excluding the times where crew members are required to go outside of ISS with spacesuits, the interior of the ISS have only vertical or horizontal motions and pathways on three-dimensional orientation.

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Inside of pressurized modules, due to the nature of the space station with its required efficiency, the space can be seen as restricted and tight, but the reason why ISS works better than the same scale space within earth is that it’s not restricted by gravity, which opens up to more options of space-flow. Certain parts of the ISS are too tight for a person to make a turnaround, but certain parts of modules are wide enough for people to circle around with more flexibility.

Pressurized modules

Most space habitat concepts / prototypes have two types of similarities; horizontal integration and vertical integration. Although the orientation varies as there isn’t a set orientation due to lack of gravity, for the purpose of this diagram, "horizontal" integration is one that we are more familiar with like ISS, where its multiple module connected on one side of the cylinder, and "vertical" integration is mostly seen in concept where there are layers of room within cylinder as “disk” style with "horizontal" travel path on the middle.

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CASE STUDIES

CASE STUDY 1 California Polytechnic State university, Pomona Named “Roly Poly”, this is a transportable pod that is meant to be used on the surface of Mars, but not during the trip to Mars. It could be classified as Class 1 habitat as it is made on Earth, but not functional as Class 1 or 2 habitat. But yet would act as Class 3 habitat without using structural resources at Mars.

This project is to challenge the limit of compactness and to see how further they can extend the living space at mars without bringing huge compromise during transportation. Like other space stations, when compacted, it shares a cylinder-like characteristic as it is the most optimal shape to be transported during space.

The interior space serves basic human needs and most of the furniture and equipment are designed to be compacted and easily foldable.

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CASE STUDY 2 Pratt institute, Brooklyn, New York

Named Eden, this mockup of space habitats is designed to support longevity of space travel. This concept proposes that it is meant to simulate Earth’s gravity to avoid detrimental health impact caused by microgravity.

Although the design is not gravitychallenged like the majority of the space habitat concept, the characteristic of round, cylindrical exterior design language is still shared throughout.

This concept provides many opportunities to support crew members during long distance travel due to its large scale and more interior room, but it could result in extended travel time and more fuel demands.

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CASE STUDY 3 University of Michigan

Named Argo, this space habitat is like Roly Poly, it is meant to be transported and used on mars but the difference is that it can be habitable during space travel.

Like other space habitats, this also shares a round, cylindrical design language, but it is maintained in a “donut” shape.

To accommodate both space travel and terrestrial habitat, the way this concept works is that it rotates the interior depending on the needs.

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DESIGN GUIDELINE

NASA SPACE FLIGHT HUMAN-SYSTEM STANDARD Volume. 2

6.3.2.1 Drinking Water Quantity [V2 6029] The system shall provide a minimum of 2.0 kg (4.4 lb) of potable water per crewmember per mission day for drinking.

6.4.5.3 Surface Cleanability [V2 6056] System interior surfaces shall be compatible for cleaning of microbial contamination to a level of 500 CFU per 100 cm^2 or fewer bacteria and NASA-STD-3001, VOLUME 2, REVISION A to a level of 10 CFU per 100 cm^2 or fewer fungi.

6.6.2.6

Continuous Noise Limits [V2 6078]

In spacecraft work areas, where good voice communications and habitability are required, SPLs of continuous noise (not including impulse noise) shall be limited to the values given by the Noise Criterion (NC)-50 curve in figure 8, NC Curves, and table 4, Octave Band SPL limits for Continuous Noise, dB re 20 µPa; the noise attenuation effectiveness of hearing protection or communications headsets may not be used to satisfy this requirement.

6.6.2.6 Continuous Noise Limits [V2 6078]

In spacecraft areas, where goodvolume voice communications and Rationale: NC-50 limitswork noise levels within the crew-habitable to allow adequate voice communications and habitability during mission operations.

The noise limit at 16 kHz does not habitability are required, SPLs of continuous noise (not including impulse appear in figure 8 but is given in table 4. SPLs for continuous noise do not apply to alarms, communications, or noise during maintenance noise) shall be experienced limited to the valuesactivities. given by the Noise Criterion (NC)-50 curve.

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Octave Band Sound Pressure Level, dB re 20 µPa

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NC-60

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NC-50

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NC-40

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NC-30

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NC-20 Approximate threshold of hearing for continuous noise

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Octave Band Center Frequency, Hz

A- SIL(4) wtd.

SPL

Figure 8—NC Curves

NC Curves

Note: Corresponding A-weighted SPLs and speech interference levels (SILs) are given for reference only (Beranek and Ver. 1992). SIL (4) is Speech Interference Level, 4-band method.

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE — DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED

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6.6.2.7 Crew Sleep Continuous Noise Limits [V2 6079] For crew quarters and sleep areas, SPLs of continuous noise shall be limited to the values given by the NC-40 curve and SPL Limits Table.

NASA-STD-3001, VOLUME 2, REVISION A Table 4—Octave Band SPL Limits for Continuous Noise, dB re 20 µPa

Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz) Work Areas Maximum (NC-50) Sleep Areas Maximum (NC-40)

6.6.2.7

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NC

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Crew Sleep Continuous Noise Limits [V2 6079]

SPL Limits for Continuous Noise, dBlimited re 20 µPa For crew quarters and sleepTable areas, SPLs of continuous noise shall be to the values given by the NC-40 curve (figure 8 and table 4).

Rationale: For a crewmember to relax the auditory system, a quiet environment is to be provided during crew sleep; the NC-40 limit provides adequate auditory rest. The noise limit at 8.2.3.3 Visual [V2 8012] 16 kHz does not appear in figure 8 butDistinctions is given in table 4.

Crewmembers need easy-to-read visual cues to help them quickly adjust their orientation to a [V2 normal position. These visual cues are to define a 6.6.2.8 Intermittent Noise Limits 6080] horizontal or vertical reference plane. When adjacent workstations have For hardware items that operate for 8 hours or less maximum vertical orientations differing by (generating 45 degreesintermittent or greater,noise), visual the demarcations noise emissions (not including noise),use measured m from the elements. loudest hardware are to preventimpulse inadvertent of other0.6 workstation surface, shall be determined according to table 5, Intermittent Noise A-Weighted SPL and Corresponding Operational Duration Limits for any 24-hour Period (measured at 6-m distance Internal Translation [V2 8013] from the source);8.3.1 the noise attenuation effectiveness ofPaths hearing protection or communications paths this are requirement. needed to support the safe and efficient movement headsets may notTranslation be used to satisfy of the crew and equipment throughout the vehicle. The pathway design is Rationale: Tableto5 take limitsinto crew exposure intermittent noise levels ofthat hardware items that account thetotype and level of activity occur at each of are the inherently noisy but that operate for short time periods. Intermittent sources can result in workstations, the required movement of crew and equipment between unacceptable noise levels, add to the overall crew noise exposure, impede communications, and location of workstations, the number of crew, and the types of cause disruption them, in crewthe rest/sleep. equipment being translated. As an example, lessons learned from the ISS indicate that translation paths around the ISS eating area have disrupted crew rest and relaxation required during meals.

9.3.1.5 Sharp Corners and Edges - Fixed [V2 9009] Corners and edges of fixed and handheld equipment to which the bare skin of the crew could be exposed shall be rounded.

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APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE — DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED

8.4.1.1 Hatch Cover and Door Operation without Tools [V2 8022] Hatch covers and doors shall be designed to be unlatched and opened and latched and closed without the use of tools from either side by a single suited crewmember. Lost or damaged tools prevent the hatches from being opened or closed, which may result in loss of crew (LOC) or loss of mission (LOM).

8.6.1.1 Window Visibility [V2 8043] The system shall provide windows on all spacecraft that provide the unobstructed fields of view necessary to support expected crew tasks.

Provide direct, non-electronic, through-the-hull viewing and are essential to mission safety and success, as well as to maintaining crew psychological and physical health and safety. Windows also permit stellar navigation, vehicle anomaly detection and inspection, and environmental and scientific observations.

8.7.7 Lighting Adjustability [V2 8057] Interior lights shall be adjustable (dimmable) from their maximum output level to their minimum luminance.

8.7.8 Glare Prevention [V2 8058] Both direct and indirect glare that causes discomfort to humans or impairs their vision shall be prevented.

9.3.1.11 Low-Temperature Exposure [V2 9015] Any surface to which the bare skin of the crew is exposed shall not cause skin temperature to drop below the pain threshold limit of 10C (50F).

9.8.2.1 Fire Detecting, Warning, and Extinguishing [V2 9059] A fire protection system comprised of detecting, warning, and extinguishing devices shall be provided to all spacecraft volumes during all mission phases without creating a hazardous environment.

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PLAN PROTOTYPES

Long Term Storage

Short Term Storage

Lounge

Exercise Room

Support Room

Communication Room

Control Room

EVA Air Lock

EVA Preparation Room

Washroom

Toilet

Food Station

Dining Area

Workshop

Pod Entrance

Joint Airlock

Main Hatch

Maybe

Docking Port

Should

Biology Laboratory

Must

Bucker (Sleeping Area)

Adjacency Matrix

Docking Port Main Hatch Joint Airlock Pod Entrance Biology Laboratory Workshop Dining Area Food Station Bucker (Sleeping Area) Toilet Washroom EVA Preparation Room EVA Air Lock Control Room Communication Room Support Room Exercise Room Lounge Short Term Storage Long Term Storage

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PROTOTYPE CONCEPT

This concept takes consideration of efficiency when assembling the space habitat on the orbit of the Earth. With all the space required from the adjacency matrix, including the space for fuel and resources for an round trip, trying to send the entirety of the assembled habitat on Earth would be challenging the physics.

Frontline Control

Communication & Research

Habitat

Fuels & Resources

Class III Space habitat (Used on Mars)

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With this concept habitat, not only it will be easier to send habitat to the orbit, but also be easily replaceable if resources runs out or in case of urgent situation.

Concept in Motion With assembled on Earth's orbit, space habitat will take in motion.

Earth

Mars

Around halfway into the Mars (or as soon as possible) another Fuel & Resource will be sent out with one being only Fuel take another modular to it's destination.

Earth

Mars

When habitat arrives on Mars' orbit, it will deploy the Class III habitat and permanently says there. As crews continue on their mission, their second supply of Fuel & Resources will arrive before their first supply runs out.

Earth

Mars

As second supply arrives, the habitat will detach from their first supply, and second supply will detach from the fuel that's been all used up and attach to the habitat to aid crew members back home.

Earth

Mars

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Organization of this habitat is to make travel path efficient as possible without any obstruction. The goal is to avoid any 3 point pathway - for example, crew member at Fuels & Resources shouldn't have to stop by Habitat part if they desire to reach Communication & Research.

Fuels & Resources

Communication & Research

Class III Space habitat (Used on Mars)

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Habitat

Class III Space habitat is part of this Class II habitat but won't be frequently accessible if not at all due to assumption of everything being compacted like case study 1. Even when detected, the path of travel of other modules won't be disrupted.

TRANSFORMATIVE SPACE

Even if modular system of habit will give certain amount of interior space, it is still a compact space that crew member will have to stay in at least for an year if not more considering the time trip to Mars and back.

Due to space habitat being not challenged by gravity, the increased reachability and accessibility enable for opportunity of transformative space. While retaining the general purpose of the modules, it can transform into different sub-purposed space to better accommodate crew member's desired activity.

Sleep

Habitat

Social

Privacy

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MATERIALITY & PSYCHOLOGY

MATERIALITY BACKGROUND RESEARCH

"Materials: Out of This World" Space is considered an environment that presents its challenges to materials generated on earth.

The materials used to build a spacecraft are damaged by the extreme conditions of this environment.

Some of these conditions are ultraviolet rays from the sun, solar wind, radiation, thermal cycling, etc.

Some of the Materials that have been studied on NASA's programs are: Textiles for Space Suits, Aluminum and RTV adhesive, used for sealing the spacecraft and multiple polymers.

"Future Materials Science Research on the International Space Station"

The microgravity environment of space provides an opportunity for scientists to understand how various materials react and change in it.

These studies will contribute to NASA's Human Explorations by determining the future of Building in outer space.

The initial experiments included: Electronic and photonic materials, glasses and ceramic, metal and alloys, and polymers and nonlinear optical materials.

The materials in these experiments are evaluated at a molecular level after being affected by the space environment.

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"Materials for space exploration and settlement" Space missions require materials that can preserve functional integrity under extreme conditions.

Materials used in space missions are exposed to some of the most difficult environments and hostile conditions ever faced in the history of human construction.

These human engineering products are required to operate perfectly to guarantee the success of the mission.

The first challenges for spacecraft materials start in poor manufacturing, assembly, and storage.

PSYCHOLOGY BACKGROUND RESEARCH

"Place Advantage : Applied Psychology for Interior Architecture" Basic Human Needs Satisfied through place design.

Resiss (2004) identified 16 basic motives that propel human beings through their lives (Ex:, Independence, Social contact, Tranquility, Saving, Order, etc).

Smells can help us with cognitive and evaluative task.

Sound influences both the emotion and the behavior of people.

What we feels in our skin affects how we perform particular tasks. Emotional and cognitive response are affected by things that we feel.

Visual information influence how we analyze things around us, our reponse reaction to visual information are linked with culture and history of the individual.

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"Psychology and culture during long-duration space missions"

During the early years of human space exploration, the impact of psychological and interpersonal factors on astronaut behavior and performance was minimal.

More issues surfaced as longer term missions were happening.

Culture difference, difference in personality that results in different styles of coping with stress.

Difference in emotional expressivity.

Mental health problems happening across cultures. Some problems are more frequent than others during travel.

The success of most human space missions and the numerous examples of complicated tasks that have been accomplished are generally taken as evidence of the ability of most astronauts to perform and cope in space, both as individuals and as teams..

The lack of the usual gravitational force in space has been shown to affect different brain mechanisms. One particularly important effect is the disruption of congruence between vestibular signals and other (e.g.,visual and tactile) receptors.

General organizational research and studies from aviation suggest that personality may determine the effects of training programs.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH INTERVIEW WITH THOMAS OZOROSKI

Thomas Ozoroski is a Aerospace Engineering Intern at NASA Langley Research Center

Q: Do you think the International Space Station is a successful design?

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"It depends on what you would call successful. It is the 9th overall iteration of a semipermanent habitable LEO research laboratory. The whole goal of the ISS is to provide a low-gravity research lab to study things like cell growth, reproduction, etc. for scientific studies. The only reason people live on it is to control these long term experiments. There is no other reason they live there."

Q: What are some areas that need development in space architecture?

Q: What are some constraints we might not consider while designing?

Q: What are the advantages and disadvantages when considering the interior of a habitat that has NO gravity?

"Space architecture is headed towards the use of robots to construct structures. One major issue that has not been overcome is that the construction of parts occurs on earth with the constraints of having to fit into the spacecraft it is being launched from, and then be compatible with the current modularity of the station."

"Nothing is more important than weight. It is not feasible to transport heavy items into space because it is so absurdly expensive to do so. They also have to be space efficient within the spacecraft being used. The usable volume within launch vehicles is so limited that things that are oddly shaped are cost inefficient."

"The ISS operates at 90% of earth's gravity, it is not zero. But due to the nature of orbits, it feels weightless.

Disadvantages are that things need to be secured down. You can’t have a chair because it will float away.

Advantages are that you don’t need walking surfaces because you basically float in the air the whole time which saves weight."

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH - LOCKDOWN SURVEY

Space habitat requires very limited qualified individual, which results in challenge of conducting a public survey regarding space habitat experience. However, due to recent event of COVID-19 lockdown in United State past year, everyone had a certain experience regarding isolation. This survey will focus on that specific experience to view general result of human behavior when facing isolation.

92 RESPONSES

45 - 54 1.1%

Prefer not to say 3.3% Male 29.3%

GENDER

AGE

Female 67.4%

18 - 24 98.9%

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COMMUNICATION PREFERENCE

30 In-person 29.3%

20 10 0

Both 56.6%

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INTROVERT

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Online 14.1%

EXTROVERT

COMFORT DURING LOCKDOWN & WORK FROM HOME

DID YOU MOVE TO DIFFERENT PART OF HOUSE TO WORK

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Yes 35.9%

Sometimes 42.4%

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UNCOMFORTABLE

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COMFORTABLE

WHAT HELP YOU THE MOST WORKING FROM HOME

HAVING MORE CONTROL OF THE SPACE COMFORTABLE CLOTHING PERSONAL SPACE

No 21.7%

WHAT HELP YOU THE LEAST WORKING FROM HOME

EASY ACCESS TO ENTERTAINMENT FAMILY MATTERS HOUSE CHORES

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SOURCES

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International Space Station https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/whatis-the-iss-58.html https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/exp-66-summary.pdf Design Guideline NASA SPACE FLIGHT HUMAN-SYSTEM STANDARD VOLUME 2: HUMAN FACTORS, HABITABILITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH NASA Case Study https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/pdf/452484main_Case_Study_Mag azine.pdf https://www.nasa.gov/feature/students-design-space-habitat-concepts-formars https://polycentric.cpp.edu/2018/10/architecture-and-engineering-studentsdesign-mars-habitat/

NASA: Materials: Out of This World https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/shuttlestation/station/misse.html Future Materials Science Research on the International Space Station https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vt/reader.action? docID=3376070&query=Materials+Research+NASA Materials for space exploration and settlement https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-018-0184-4 Place Advantage : Applied Psychology for Interior Architecture https://ebookcentral.proquest.cozm/lib/vt/reader.action?docID=4043122 Psychology and culture during long-duration space missions https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0094576508003883 Review of the NASA Textile Composites Research https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/pdf/10.2514/2.2521 Color In Healthcare Environments - A Research Report https://www.healthdesign.org/system/files/color_in_hc_environ_0.pdf

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