Project Lounge Area

Human Centered Design Designing a Sofa for the Lounge Area in Vienna International School

Milica Jovicevic 11E Vienna International School April-May 2011 Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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Table of Contents Design Situation.................................................................3 Design Brief........................................................................8 Analysis..............................................................................9 Research Plan..................................................................11 Data Collection.................................................................12 Existing Product Analysis........................12 Anthropometric........................................14 Sociological.............................................20 Psychological..........................................22 Available Space.......................................26 Material Properties and selection............31 Green Design Objectives........................37 Manufacturing Prototype Techniques......38 Manufacturing Techniques......................39 Research Summary..........................................................40 Initial Specification............................................................42 Generating Ideas..............................................................44 Morphological Analysis............................44 Mood Board.............................................45 Brain Storming.........................................47 3D/2D Sketches.......................................48 Evaluation of Design Ideas..................,,,...........................53 Developing Chosen Solution.............................................55 Morphological Analysis............................44 Mood Board.............................................45 Brain Storming.........................................47 3D/2D Sketches.......................................48 Detailed Sketch........................................57 Clay Model...............................................59 3D Google SketchUp...............................60 Ergonom............................................................................63 Rough Sketches......................................64 Detailed Sketch.......................................65 2D CAD...................................................66 2D Cutting Machine.................................67 Clay Model with Ergonom........................68 3D Google SketchUp...............................60 Addition Generating Chosen Solution...............................70 Google SketchUp Drawing......................74 Updated List of Specifications.................76 Brainstorming Patterns............................77 Developing developed solution................78 Summary of developing solution.............79 CAD Process...........................................80 Sustainability Analysis.......................................................82 Final List of Specifications.................................................90 Production Plan.................................................................92 Flow Chart...............................................92 Safety and Risk Precaution.....................93 Production Schedule...............................94 Evidence of Manufacturing......................95 Conclusion and Evaluation................................................98 Process Evaluation..................................98 Product Evaluation.................................101 Recommendations.................................107 Appendix..........................................................................111

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

2

Design Situation It is perceived that students need a lounge/study area in Vienna International School.

There is a space which is often used for examinations and meeting, and has a possibility of opening to the garden. Because the space is used for yearly examinations the furniture or objects designed for this space must be easy to move around and store in the garden without much visual impact, and must be easy to set up back again.

After conducting initial research I have collected evidence of the need and importance that there is for a change in the “aula� which is the large room used for examinations and meetings. There were several things I needed to find out; do we need a change in the aula? , What sort of change do we need in the aula? and How often do people go to study in the library?. These questions had to be asked to the students themselves, in order to conclude properly.

I have produced a survey online on www.surveymonkey.com , which was sent to all student from high school, ninth to twelfth grade got an email to fill the survey out. After over a hundred responses, I configured the results into a graph.

Do you think we need a lounge/study/a change in the Aula?

12%

YES NO

88%

How often do you study in the library?

14%

11%

9%

13%

Everyday, all day Everyday, at lunch or after school A few times a week during school A few times a week after school Never

53% Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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Do you think we should use the aula for: 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% Studying

50%

60%

70%

23%

Music Practice 4% Art Display/working 4% Lounge for chilling and socializing

69%

The following charts show clearly that there must be a change in the aula. The first question “Do you think we need a lounge/study/a change in the aula?” has 88% answered as “Yes”, which proves initially we need a change. Initially I assumed the main issue was a studying area, as I heard that people are complaining the library is too loud. Because the library is now considered a place where people “chill” and study, I asked how often they study in the library. The time that they actually study is in average a few times a week during school time, proving that a place for people to study or go to is necessary. However in conclusion the question most important is what sort of change are these students asking for? The question “Do you think we should use the aula for..” portrays answers that could help me see what student would want to use this space for. An astonishing 69% answered “Lounge for chilling and socializing”, meaning that they would want to keep the library as a place to study and make a place for those who come there to chill, to go to the aula.

However, numerical data is not enough, it is also very important to see how the area itself is useful and how the library already is in use. Analysis how people use the area currently could help me see what students initially use and want when they “chill”. I took several photos of the library and the aula at its current state and annotated what I noticed.

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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A lot of natural light enters the space.

The area seems very cold and not welcoming

The chairs and tables make the space look like it is only for meetings and not a place where people could study or socialize.

The girl studying is sitting and studying there because she found it too loud to study in the library

The library looks much more welcoming and comfortable, due to the carpet floor.

The chairs and tables are made of wood which also creates this more welcoming atmosphere. However, the place is not exactly comfortable for socializing. The library does provide more facilities and all in all is place where it is warm and people want to go to.

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Here you can see a group of people studying in the library, two of which are not exactly studying and are just there to talk to the people. However, the photo shows how the library is a better place to study because of the lighting that is has, directly on the table so you have natural light on your books/papers.

Vienna International School

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Now that I have collected information, and we know there must be a lounge in the aula I brainstormed the possibilities on the products I could work on.

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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What do you think is the most important piece of furniture in a lounge?

3% 1%10% 5%2% 15%

desk (1%) light (10%) sofa (64%) bed (15%) table (5%) chairs (2%) trash bin (3%)

64%

This is a question asked in addition to the first questionnaire. From the 100 people, 64% think a sofa is the most important piece of furniture. A bed with 15% as a choice was the second most important piece of furniture. It is clear that students only wish something to sit on comfortable or even lay on.

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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Design Brief After intense brainstorming, I have concluded that I will design a model of a sofa. Looking at the collected data, and the brainstorming, the sofa seems to be the most important item of a lounge and is essential to be made properly so everyone can use it. It is a product that everyone always asks for (according to my data collection 64% out of 100 people think a sofa is the most essential part of a lounge) and can not be put in the library. It is an item that would separate the people from those who come to the library to talk and socialize with those people who come to the library to in fact intensely study.

People can sit on a sofa and talk, or even read. IB students also can sleep on the sofa during their free periods. So the target market, is high-school students, student from grades 8-12, which happen to study a lot already and just need a place to relax. However, also teachers, because it may happen that the lounge will be used for a staff meeting after school for example (the design must be suitable for all ages). I did not want to pick any grades lower because giving them a place could discourage them to study in the library and instead go to the lounge.

However there are several constraints that must be kept in mind, when designing this sofa: • it must be easy to remove and to store without much visual impact (because the room is also used for examinations and meetings) • must be easy to set up again (when changing from exams-the lounge) • must be innovative/ a new concept • must be eco-friendly, a green design.

• must be ergonomically designed (since we are dealing with students so that is very important) • must balance • must be safe (non-flammable and waterproof) The criteria for success in this case, is to cover the major constraints and to take in consideration the price and quality because the school is at a limiting budget and students do not seem to all equally treat furniture with severe care. The design should be appealing and attract students to come, it should: • impose a positive feeling (people should want to come to sit on the sofa) • should look modern and up-to-date in the design The proposal to create a lounge in the aula is definitely an idea that must be considered, as 88% students want it. One of the most common piece of furniture in a lounge is a sofa, and hence the proposal to create one. Because there is a demand for it and the possibility of supplying it, it is a product that should be considered to be designed. A sofa can be relatively cheap, safe and highly in use. I think I could complete this design, as I am going to approach it in a minimalist manner, making it simple but effective. This will make it manageable to be designed, thinking time and skill wise.

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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Analysis

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Vienna International School

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From the analysis brainstorming, a list of question was allowed to be accomplished. This list of questions will be a guidance to the research further on.

1. What material/s should the sofa be?

2. What shape should it be, so that it is safe?

3. What size should it be?

4. How can it be a green design?

5. What color should it be?

6. How should it function?

7. What should be considered, to have the design ergonomically suited for the target market?

8. Are there existing products?

9. What tools should be used to model the prototype?

10. What type of furniture styles are there?

11. What sort manufacturing techniques/joining techniques are there?

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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Research Plan Issues of Primary sources Secondary sources Timeline Investigations 1. Available space Pictures and questionnaire School Plan 1 day

Research Strategies Expert Appraisal (from schools architectual bureau for the school plan) and Observing User Trial

2.

Anthroprometrics

Measuring several pupils Using the “PeopleSize 1 day body sizes and space they 2000 Pro” software need

3. Materials

Materials of a few sofas Materials found via the 2 days that we have in school and Internet that I have at home Materials found via “TEP Material Selection and Processing” software

Expert Appraisal

4. Existing products

products we have in school already (photos)

existing products via the internet

1 day

Observing

via the internet

1 day

Expert Appraisal

6. Tools of existing analysis of what resources research via the manufacturing there is in school internet of exsisting techniques (for manufacturing prototype) techniques.a

1 day

Literature Search and Expert appraisal

7. Psychological Survey Research 8. Sociological Survey Research 9 Manufacturing ___ Technigues (joing techniques) 10. Shaping ___ manufacturing techniques

Internet

1 day

User Research

____

1 day

User Research

Internet

30 min

Literature Search and Expert appraisal

Internet

30 min

Literature Search and Expert appraisal

5. Green Design Objectives

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Vienna International School

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Data Collection Existing Products Analysis Secondary Data This is a design by Domodinamica Srl called the “Scuba”. The frame of the sofa is made from glossy lacquered fiberglass and is coated with leathers.

It is a cold foamed expanded polyurethane shell, formed in a shape to make it comfortable to sit on. It is available also in fibre glass.

Dimensions in cm are: H77 x W220 x D88 SH45 http://www.vitalfurniture.com/minimalloveseats-or-small-sofas/sofasminimal-plastic-scuba.htm

“Trinity sofa” is a design by Pieter Jamart. The sofas can be moved around changing the forms. The cubic shapes, can even be used as tables. It is easily also used outside because it is made from polyurethane foam. The top coat is patented which makes it water proof, washable with water, stain-proof, and fireresistant. It is actually designed for being used outside or inside (such as waiting areas) dimensions, in cm: 80x80x68 or 60x60x58 http://www.vitalfurniture.com/ modular-club-bar-sofas/sofaspatiotrinity.htm

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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“Softcrete” the design by Gufram, it is a “self-skinning foam” as the site describes it. It is made from one s i n g l e m a terial (cold shaped polyurethane foam)and process. It is inspired by “minimalist” architecture.

Each sofa chair connect into the other smoothly by steel rods.

Thereby letting one create as large or small sectional sofa they may like. The design is an analogy of a organic and linear converge. It is light enough to move around and place anywhere.

http://www.italiandesign360.com/ products/Product_profile.aspx? idp=2583&name=Softcrete

“Scrubbing Brush Sofa” is an analogy of a toothbrush ,designed to give a relaxed massage.

The seating area soft mini-pillars.

is covered with

The pillars move adjustable to your body, fitting any size and body shape, almost having no ergonomic aspects to consider (it is adapted for any body). The sofa is light, and functions simply and easy.

Sofas like this are for children or just in general user- friendly. The sofa is a design for the experience.

http://www.toxel.com/inspiration/2008/12/03/creative-and-unusual-sofa-designs/ “East meets West” Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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The “sofa” or more like a sculpture, is an analogy of the flying carpet from “tales of a thousand and one nights”, heralding a connection with non-Western cultures.

Materials such as steel, multiplex and velcro and a Persian carpet. The sofa itself weighs 41 kilos and is 1600 mm wide and 950 mm tall. There is a wide range of materials, and has an aesthetickal effect. However it is rather heavy and is not something that is easy to carry around. http://www.tonioderoover.nl/blog/?p=12 Primary Data Unfortunately, in Vienna International School there are no sofas currently placed anywhere.

Ergonomics Anthropometric Research Secondary Data The research below, on ergonomic measurements, will be conducted via the “PeopleSize 2008 Pro” software. It will focus on the male body of ages between 18-64, because teachers may end up using it. For most of the measurements the 95 percentile because this will ensure people of all sizes to be able to fit. However, the fifth percentile will be considered for “seat height (LOWER LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS HORIZ'L)” so that it is ensured the smallest of all people that would sit there, would be able to reach the floor with their feet, in order to maximize comfort. It will only focus on the male body because it is statistically known men tend to be bigger then woman, and we need the largest sizes possible so that we can ensure everyone can fit. However, for the “fifth percentile case” the woman’s body will be considered.

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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Here are the essential measurements and percentiles that should be considered:

95 %tile

95 %tile

95 %tile

5 %tile

MALE BODY British Male 18-64 STATURE 5th %ile 95th %ile

1642 mm 1870 mm

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Vienna International School

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SHOULDER BREADTH (DELTOID) 5th %ile 443 mm 95th %ile 537 mm

ELBOW SPAN, UPPER ARMS HORIZONTAL 5th %ile 875 mm 95th %ile 1019 mm

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Vienna International School

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SITTING HEIGHT 5th %ile 821 95th %ile 979

mm mm

SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS HORIZ'L) 5th %ile 383 mm 95th %ile 469 mm

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Vienna International School

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FEMALE BODY British Female 18-64 The 5th percentile of the seat height will be considered because it must be insured that everyone who sits on the sofa will be able to reach the floor when sitting on it, with their feet.

SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS HORIZ'L) 5th %ile 352 mm 95th %ile 439 mm

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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Primary Data In order to collect primary data, a few 11th grade students were measured in school.

Three boys and two girls were measured, for the same data that was measured via the software. The bold sizes indicate the largest sizes of the data collected, since the largest sizes will be needed, so that everyone in school can fit. There may not be enough results, to have accurate measurements, but they serve as result to proove and support the results taken from the software as secondary data.

MALE RESULTS Measured Part

Male 1

Male 2

Male 3

STATURE

1670 mm

1740 mm

1800 mm

SHOULDER BREADTH (DELTOID)

450 mm

525 mm

603 mm

ELBOW SPAN, UPPER ARMS 854 mm HORIZONTAL

970 mm

1020 mm

SITTING HEIGHT

830 mm

945 mm

980 mm

SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS HORIZ'L)

360 mm

415 mm

500 mm

* the numbers were rounded FEMALE RESULTS Measured Part SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS HORIZ'L)

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Male 1 340 mm

Male 2 350 mm

Vienna International School

Male 3 400 mm

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Summary of the numerical data These are the measurements that should be considered (average of software and primary data): Secondary Data

Primary Data

Average of Secondary and Primary Data

STATURE

1870 mm

1800 mm

(1870+1800)/2 = 1835 mm

SHOULDER BREADTH (DELTOID)

537

mm

603 mm

(537+603)/2 = 570 mm

ELBOW SPAN, UPPER ARMS HORIZONTAL

1019 mm

1020 mm

(1019+1020)/2 = 1019 mm

SITTING HEIGHT

979

980 mm

(979+980)/2 = 979 mm

SEAT HEIGHT (LOWER LEGS VERTICAL & THIGHS HORIZ'L)

363mm (male) 352mm (female) average of male + female 5th % = 357 mm

360 mm 340 mm average of male + female 5th % = 350mm

(357+350)/2 = 353.5 mm

mm

Sociological Research Primary Data In order to find out the sociological consideration that should be implied in the design, another questionnaire was composed, asking several question about how people feel most comfortable in a place for socializing. It was made on www.surveymonkey.com with 97 responses. It is important to take in consideration, that this is an international community, and there are different customs and cultural aspects that can influence how people interact with each other in a lounge, with a sofa in it.

Questions that were asked: When you are in a crowd together in a room for instance, would you rather: 1. sit alone, all individually 2. sit together but still have some air space 3. sit close together, to make it as cosy as possible 4. sit back to back, no one facing each other 5. it depends, I would rather have a choice depending on how i feel and with which crowd I am with

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Vienna International School

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When you are in a crowd together in a room for instance, would you rather:

43.8% 41.6%

37.5%

25.0%

12.5%

12.4% 2.2% Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

0% Question 4

Percentage of answers for the question

50.0%

Question 5

Question Picked

If you were alone with three to four friends together would you rather: 80%

79.8%

60%

40%

20%

15.7%

Question 1 Question 2

4.5% Question 3

0%

Percentage of number of people who picked a choice

If you were alone with three to four friends together, would you rather: 1. sit next to each other 2. sit opposite each other ( or in a circle) 3. not share any sitting area, sit alone, individually

Question chosen Milica Jovicevic 11E

Vienna International School

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In conclusion, people seem to want to have the flexibility to sit together but also not to sit together. 43.8% answered “sit together but still have some air space” and 41.6% answered “it depends, I would rather have a choice depending on how i feel and with which crowd I am with”. The majority want to to sit together, but still have flexibility and space. This shows that the design must be rearrangeable, allowing people to move the sofas around so people can choose how they want to sit. However, that was only if it were individual crowds or “cliques” sitting together, if it were only one “clique” sitting together, the question how would they sit together? 79.8% answered “sit opposite each other (or in a circle)”, indicating that people want to face each other when they “chill” together and not sit next to each other. This must be considered in the design.

Psychological Research Primary Data When designing a sofa, a big part of ergonomics that must be considered is the psychological impact a colour, and shape can impact on the consumer/user. In order to find out answers to that, I conducted a survey via www.surveymonkey.com, questioning about color and shapes. Colour emits a atmosphere, vibe or feeling and there for it is important to know what people would mostly want. Shapes, also emit a feeling, atmosphere and etc, and hence are important in this project.

The following questions were asked:

What color, from the choices given, makes you most happy?

9% 2% 9% 10% 18% 6% 8% 2% 11%

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Orange Green Blue Yellow White Pink Purple Black Brown Red Grey

24%

Vienna International School

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What color, from the choices given, makes you most unhappy?

Orange Green Blue Yellow White Pink Purple Black Brown Red Grey

4%1% 2%

27%

8% 3% 10%

8% 18%

18%

Imagine an object, from the features bellow, which one would make you feel most uncomfortable (to look at, use, touch , etc)? If it was:

80% 72%

40%

20% sharp

percentage chosen

60%

14%

2% round

irregular

12%

0%

furry choices

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Vienna International School

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Imagine an object, from the features bellow, which one would make you feel most comfortable (to look at, use, touch , etc)? If it was:

50.0% 44.9% 42.7% 37.5%

25.0%

12.5%

10.1%

sharp

round

2.2% irregular

0% furry

According to my survey the most popular color that would make them “happy” is either green (with 18%) and blue (with 24%), and the color that would make them most “unhappy” would either be grey (with 27%), brown (with 18%) and black (with 18%). This is an extremely important factor to take in consideration, when finishing the design and choosing the color of it, since the color has a great psychological impact on the user.

Shapes should also be considered, and according to the research, 72% said a sharp shape/object would make them feel most uncomfortable while 44.9% said round and 42.7% said furry would make them feel most comfortable. This should also be taken in consideration when designing the shape of the sofa. ** please refer to the appendix at the back of the project, which shows the actually responses and surveys.***

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Vienna International School

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Secondary Data Via the internet, there are explanations of “psychological properties of colors�. Scientific research shows, colors all have some sort of psychological impact on a human.

Psychological Properties Of Colours RED Positive: strength, warmth, energy, basic survival, stimulation, masculinity, excitement.

Negative: Defiance, aggression, visual impact, strain.

BLUE Positive: Intelligence, communication, trust, efficiency, serenity, coolness, calm.

Negative: Coldness, lack of emotion, unfriendliness.

YELLOW Positive: Optimism, confidence, self-esteem, friendliness, creativity.

Negative: Irrationality, fear, emotional fragility, anxiety, suicide.

GREEN Positive: Harmony, balance, refreshment, universal love, rest, restoration, reassurance, environmental awareness, equilibrium, peace.

Negative: Boredom, stagnation, blandness, enervation.

PURPLE Positive: Spiritual awareness, vision, luxury, quality.

Negative: Introversion, suppression, inferiority.

ORANGE Positive: Physical comfort, food, warmth, security, sensuality, passion, fun.

Negative: Deprivation, frustration, frivolity, immaturity.

PINK Positive: warmth, femininity, love Negative: emotional claustrophobia, emasculation, physical weakness.

GREY Positive: Psychological neutrality.

Negative: Lack of confidence, dampness, depression, lack of energy.

BLACK Positive: Sophistication, glamour, security, emotional safety.

Negative: Oppression, coldness, heaviness.

WHITE Positive: Hygiene, sterility, cleanness, simplicity, sophistication.

Negative: Coldness, barriers, unfriendliness.

BROWN Positive: Seriousness, warmth, reliability, support.

Negative: Lack of humour, heaviness, lack of sophistication.

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Vienna International School

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From this research, it is possible to conclude that the color green and blue do seem to have the most positive impacts, and just show exactly why people would chose those two colors in the survey.

The information was collected from: http://www.colour-affects.co.uk/psychologicalproperties-of-colours

Research of Available Space Primary Data This is the space shown below on the photo, taken with a camera.

It has a lot of lighting coming from outside

The floor has a squared white and beige pattern

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Vienna International School

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The following measurements were taken by me, and count as primary numerical data for the research of the available space. This is important to take in consideration as then it is possible to know what the largest size of the sofa could be.

17.55m

7.43m AULA 7.70m 29m

21.4m

9.68m

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Vienna International School

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The next page, shows two photos of the garden outside of the aula, facing the window from the “lounge� area, or the space given for a lounge. What is good is that you can see it shows there is space to place a sofa there too, which could be a storage area, while there are exams (which means it should probably be waterproof).

Secondary Data On the following page, there is a school map that was collected from the man responsible of the orthographic drawings of the schools architectural plan. The measurements are the exact measurements and are used for reconstructions if necessary.

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Vienna International School

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This is the aula Milica Jovicevic 11E

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Research of Materials The materials that this design could be made from, is researched via the software “TEP Material Selection and Processing”. The following material groups are possible to choose from: Metals and Alloys

Aluminium alloys Mild steel Alloy steels Stainless steels Cast iron Copper Brasses Nickel alloys Titanium alloys Magnesium alloys Zinc alloys Lead Gold Glasses

Ceramics

Alumina Silicon carbide Silicon Diamond Zirconia Brick Concrete

Polymers

Porcelain Polycarbonate Polythene Polystyrene PMMA Polypropylene PET Nylon Urea formaldehyde uPVC

Composites

CFRP GFRP

Wood and Wood Products Pine Balsa Oak MDF Paper

** the pink font indicates that those materials are chosen from the list of possibilities Material Aluminium alloys

Overview

Design Strengths

- lightweight - reasonably cheap - used for packaging - reactive but can be protected by a thin oxide layer - surface can be “anodised” to avoid corrosion and as a decorative effect

- High strengthto-weight ratio - High stiffnessto-weight ratio - High electrical and thermal conductivity - Easy to shape - Easy to recycle

Milica Jovicevic 11E

Design Weaknesses -Difficult to arc weld

Vienna International School

Typical Products Aircraft Bicycles Car engines "Space frame" car bodies Drinks cans Window frames

Environmenta l Issues - uses a lot of energy - it is easily recycled

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Material

Overview

Design Strengths

Stainless Steel

- more expensive than aluminum - excellent corrosion resistance and also high strength and toughness

- do not need to be protected.

- High strength with good toughness - High stiffness - Mostly very cheap - Quite easy to shape - Quite easy to weld, but not as easy as for carbon steels.

- Easy to recycle

Polycarbonate

- pretty expensive thermoplastic - easy to shape and join

PMMA

CFRP

Design Weaknesses

Typical Products

Environmenta l Issues

- High density - Poor electrical and thermal conductivity

Bearings Pressure vessels chemical plant Cutlery Surgical instruments

- steel production uses a lot energy, but less than most materials - easily recycled.

- Good strength (for a polymer) - Low density - Transparent, or easily coloured - High toughness

- it is expensive

crash and safety helmets lightweight armour (e.g. riot shields) street light covers

- require a lot of energy to extract and purify them - no toxic fumes when burnt

- often also called perspex - easy to shape and join - hard and brittle at room temperature

- easy to color

- brittle

domestic baths tool handles road signs inner aircraft windows

- require a lot of energy to extract and purify them - can be reheated and reshaped

- low density but high strength

- High stiffnessto-weight ratio - High strengthto-weight ratio

- Moderately high cost - Cannot be recycled - Difficult to shape - Difficult to join

Sports goods (tennis racquets, golf clubs, fishing rods) Performance racing bicycles Formula I car bodies Military aircraft skins

- can cause fire hazards, fibre fragments and toxic fumes

Another material that was used in most of the “existing products� section of the research, was polyurethane foam.

-Flexible polyurethane is made in blocks and then cut to its desired shape. This is

the way in which furniture cushions are made, for instance. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-polyurethane-foam.htm However After some research, it is a highly flamable material, which incase of fire would not be a good choice.

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Vienna International School

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Properties and Material Matrix This is a property and material matrix based on the materials that was researched via the software. However these options may change as the graphs of the software are analyzed.

Physical Properties

Stainless Steel

Aluminium Alloys

Polycarbon ate

PMMA

CFRP

Density

high

high

low

low

low

Electrical Resistivity

low

low

medium

low

-

Thermal conductivity

high

high

low

low

low

Hardness

high

high

medium

medium

medium

Tensile Strength

high

high

medium

medium

high

Stiffness

high

high

low

med-high

high

Toughness

high

high

high

low

medium

Mechanical Properties

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Vienna International School

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Recycle Fraction - Cost It is important that this design is environmentally friendly and green as much as it can.

Therefore, the graphing system can show which materials are at an affordable price and recyclable enough. It is important to know that it is hard to recycle a material to its fullest, which would be suitable for a sofa. That is why the recycling boarder comes just to the middle, indicating that if the material is reusable that is good enough.

There were two options that would fall in the category I preferred. The Polymers section had Polyethylene as a material that i could select.

Which supposedly is a material that has been used for furniture before.

The second choice was from the “Metals and Alloys�. The option as stainless steel is open, however, the key is to have the furniture as light as possible to make it easy to move it around.

Looking at the recycling and cost fraction is a great factor that should be considered, and hence from the choices of these graphs, polyethylene would be the best choice.

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Strength - Cost It is also important the material does not cost too much, but yet is strong enough to carry a few people. It also has to be a affordable price. The cost has a boundary bigger than the exact middle, because the graph is supposing that if the strength is high it would last longer, meaning the cost would not be so large.

The first graph to the left shows how cast iron again could be an option, but that is much to heavy. Zinc or copper and again stainless steel are options. However metals tend to be cold and uncomfortable.

On the graph to the right, it shows the polymers as an option. uPVC is an option, chairs have been made from the uPVC before. However polyethylene seems to be an option in this graph aswell, although it is just about over the boundary line.

The options, considering, strength, recyclability, and cost, end up being; polyethylene, stainless steel and uPVC (hard uPVC).

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Strength - Toughness • Strength measures the resistance of a material to failure, given by the applied stress (or load per unit area) • Toughness measures the energy required to crack a material; it is important for things which suffer impact In this case it is important to have moderate strength and toughness.

Since the option of having a metal was abolished, it is focused on polymers. The polymers seem to satisfy each boundaries set on the diagrams. Polyethylene is part of the diagram, polycarbonate, and polypropylene are options as well.

However polycarbonate and polypropylene are not used for furniture, and are not convenient materials for this particular product.

The option left is polyethylene.

Polyethylene is a material already in use for furniture, and specifically outdoor furniture as well. It is a material that allows it to be shaped in all sorta of ways and can be easily colored.

Additional Material Possibility From the existing products research, a material that was often used was polyurethane foam. However, this foam would have to be then covered by a coating or material, to make it waterproof (the material must also not be highly flammable!). The material is not in the software and hence was not able to be analyzed. However, as a lot of furniture pieces have been made from this material, it is definitely an option.

The picture to the left shows example of furniture with polyurethane foam, and on the right the picture shows raw foam (shaped irregularly) Milica Jovicevic 11E

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Green Design Objectives

• Increasing efficiency (in the use of materials, energy and other resources) The more effecient the use of materials, the greener the design. The more the green the product (sofa) , the more aware people will be. It does not only contribute to helping the environment but also raise awareness • Minimizing damage(or pollution from the chosen materials) The materials should not release and toxic smells or gases in terms of safety for students and also pollution. It should not be damaged easily, because the longer the product stays in shape, the more green it is.

• Reducing long-term harm (reducing to minimum harm caused by use of the product) The product should not cause any harm in long term when used for a long time.

• Minimizing number of components The less components the less long-term harm the less likely to have a large amount od damage in terms of materials and the more efficient the design would be.

• using standard components (standardization, can allow flexibility) The more the design is standard, the easier it for people to use and for it to be recycled or reused for another use.

• Appropriate Planned Life (which is appropriate in environmental terms and that the product functions efficiently for its full life) • End Disposal (taking full account of the effect of the end disposal of the product) It is important that the design, at the end of its life cycle can be recycled or reused.

• Friendly Use (ensuring the packaging and instructions encourage efficient and environmentally friendly use) The packaging and contructing of the design, much be friendly and simple, minimizing an environmental impact, such such using materials that are no recyclable to pack the product.

• Minimizing Noise or Smell (or other nuisances) The material should not emit any smells, taking in consideration, the paints and chemicals if involved, should not emit smells.

• Minimizing handling (must be easy to handle, move around, and clean) The less there has to be maintaining, the less energy and aspects wasted on the product.

• Designed to be easily reused in a different way If the material and shape, is designed so that it can beused for something else or made into something else, the design is green and environmentally friends.

These design objectives should be followed for the project, and should be tried to be entirely covered.

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Prototype Manufacturing Techniques What softwares and technology can I use to produce this prototype and model?

Primary Resources: (resources I can use from school to create models and prototypes) Software applications- to create a model and a visualization of the product before printing (CAD) - Solid Works ( easier to use then ProDesktop and allows a full visualization of the product- also allows you to test the product in different situations) - Pro Desktop (a more older and a little more complex version of SolidWorks) - 2D design ( very simple to use, and allows 2D shapes to be printed out fast) - Google Sketch up (is not accurate at all, but can provide as a tool for quick sketches on the computer to visualize your ideas) CAM systems - to create physical prototypes - a plotter cutter - Milling Routing 3D modeling engraving (subtractive manufacturing technique) - FDM (fuse deposition modeling) machine (additive manufacturing technique) Other techniques - to create physical prototypes or models -wood cutting -shaping plastic (with heating it and bending -clay -card board

it)

Secondary Resources: ( resources that exist and would be possible to use to create models and prototypes- information found on the internet) -Stereo lithography (SLA) - very accurate and fast -L a m i n a t e d o b j e c t manufacturing (LOM) - very fast but can not create super fine details - Selective Laser sintering (SLS) - allows you to use industrial plastic types - Multi Jet Modeling (MJM) - fast and inexpensive RPT technique In this case, because it is a design is large, and needs to be made in life size. Therefore, subtractive manufacturing technique would be the fastest and easiest. Materials, such as styrofoam (or any other dense foam) could be used. It is unlikely, though that in this project a life size prototype will be made. http://www.designinsite.dk

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Manufacturing Techniques Because it is most likely that the material that the sofa is going to be made of is going to be Polyethylene, it means the manufacturing techniques should be considered for polymers.

Shaping Is the process by which materials are formed into shape by a particular technique.

Shaping involves: A 1. Bending (A) (Bending is the plastic deformation of metals or plastics about a linear axis with little or no change in the surface area) 2. Moulding (B) (With plastic moulding techniques the plastic material is melted and given its shape when cooled in a die.)

B

3.Weaving (D) (Weaving involves the interlacing of two sets of threads at right angles to each other)

Joining Is putting together two or more components or materials.

Joining Involves: 1. Fasteners (E) D (Fasteners allow parts to be joined together E as part of a permanent or temporary assembly. ) 2. Adhesives (F) (they are chemical bonding agents) 3. Fusing Is a heat bonding method used for joining materials, usually metals. (soldering, welding and brazing is involved) 4.Stitching Is a mechanical joining using thread.

F The following information was collected from a primary database. From the information above, it can be concluded that subtractrive manufacturing techniques for the final product would not be a smart idea. However, because a polymer is being used, Injection Molding would most likely be the smartest choice. Injection Moulding will also minimize the number of componenets which follows the green design objectives. Another option is also rapid prototyping for the model.

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My conclusion is also supported from Secondary Data which was collected from:

www.engineer.tamuk.edu/departments/ieen/faculty/drlpeel/.../ch15.ppt

Research Summary This is a summary of research, that I will need while generating and processing ideas.

Some data collection is not precisely necessary after this point. The summary will be in light of the analysis questions.

Analysis Questions What material/s should the sofa be?

What shape should it be, so that is it is safe?

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Data Collection

Important and usefulness

Material research via software, categorical and graphical research.

It is concluded, that Polyethylene is the material that satisfies all categories (in terms of cost, recyclability, strength and toughness)

Research from existing products

polyurethane foam (as it has been used in many furniture designs already).

Psychological Research

According to the survey, the shape should have roundness, nothing sharp. It was answered that a round or furry texture, shape etc makes them feel most comfortable.

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Analysis Questions What size should it be?

Data Collection

Important and usefulness

Anthropometric Research via software and primary data

Taken from the collected data summary: Stature: 1835mm Shoulder Breadth (deltoid): 507mm Elbow span.upper arms horizontal: 1019 mm Sitting height: 979mm Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl): 353.5 mm

Research of available space

The available space for the lounge area is about

How can it be a green design?

From the school course, slides, green design objectives were set.

refer to entire page 37

What color should it be?

Psychological Research was made via primary and secondary resources

it is concluded that green and blue is the colour choice of the survey answers, from secondary resources blue and green emit positive energy and support the two options as a color for the sofa.

How should it function?

Sociological Research done From the surveys it is via surveys sent to entire concluded, that the sofa/s highschool. should have options, it should be flexibility in some way, allowing people to choose the airspace and direction they are sitting at.

What manufacturing techniques should be used?

Manufacturing Techniques research

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From the research, the best solution to creating this product, is injection moulding

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Analysis Questions

Data Collection

What manufacturing techniques should be used for a prototype?

Manufacturing Techniques research

Important and usefulness The sofa is to large, so the option to create a real prototype is deducted.

However, it is were essential, computer controlled manufacturing techniques would not be a good option because of its scale. However, subtractive manufacturing techniques which could be done by physical labour, with styrofoam for instance would be an option.

Specification The specifications are based on the design briefs criteria for success and constraints, the research and the student expectations and wishes (in the research this is psychological and sociological research, as the research is based on interviews from students) Nr.

Specification

1

Based on research the anthropometric measurements must be considered: Stature: 1835mm Shoulder Breadth (deltoid): 507mm Elbow span.upper arms horizontal: 1019 mm Sitting height: 979mm Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl): 353.5 mm

2

Based on student expectations (psychological research) the design must be green or blue as research states this makes people most happy

3

As stated on the constraints = it should be easy to move (light!- so it can be moved around easily when changing from exams to lounge)

4

As stated on sociological research and criteria for success= must be flexible (allowing options for people to sit together or alone)

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Low --> High

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Nr. 5

Specification

Low --> High

The design brief states it “must be eco-friendly, a green design.” So it must try and cover most of the green design objectives • Increasing efficiency (in the use of materials, energy and other resources) this could be done by using minimum variety of materials for the design • Reducing long-term harm (reducing to minimum harm caused by use of the product) must be checked by the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) • Must have a minimized number of components hence End Disposal (taking full account of the effect of the end disposal of the product) will be more green. It must have minimized number of components in the design so that it is easier to recycle.

• Standardization (using standard components can allow flexibility) The design must be minimalist and be easily stackable.

• Minimizing Smell The material should not emit any smells, taking in consideration, the paints and chemicals if involved, should not emit smells. This could harm the environment and the target market.

• Minimizing handling (must be easy to handle, move around, and clean) hence, the design must be light - not heavy.

6

As stated from research =The scaled model will be created by RP (rapid prototyping by FDM (fuse deposition modeling)

7

As stated from research= Must not be wider than 6.5 meters, to be able to fit in the existing space

8

As stated from psychological research= Must be round and not sharp to be safe and make users feel most comfortable

9

As stated in the constraints in the the design brief= Must be safe (non-flammable and waterproof)

10

As research shows= Must be polyurethane foam or polyethylene, because it is most compatible for this context

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Nr.

Specification

Low --> High

11

As stated in the criteria for success in the design brief= Must impose a positive feeling (people should want to come to sit on the sofa) hence it should look modern and up-to-date in the design

12

As the criteria for success stated= must be innovative/ a new concept

Generating Ideas

Morphological Analysis Shape

Color

Texture

Material Polyethylene

Additional Details

Bubbly

Blue

Furry

arm rest

Circular

Green

Soft

leg rest

Curvy

Yellow

bumpy

back rest

Squared with Curved edges

Orange

smooth but not soft.

none

all of the above

I chose the shape to be squared with curved edges as this would be easier to store and move around (like the specifications ask for). I also chose the colour green, as that reminded me a bit of grass, and the world outside of school. However, this choice may change as I generate more ideas. It is also one of the most chosen colour to make people happy, as proven from my survey. I also chose to have it smooth but no soft in the “texture” category as polyethylene (the material chosen- no other options as from research this one the best choise) is not a very soft material, and would make it difficult making it very soft. To additional details, I picked “all of the above” as I think a variety would be good for students.

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Mood Boards

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Brainstorming Brainstorming

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3D and 2D Sketches

Idea 1

Idea 2

Exsisting Area:

The following drawings, are sketches of 9 ideas explaining the aesthetic and functional aspects of the designs.

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Idea 3

Exsisting Area: Milica Jovicevic 11E

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Existing Area:

Idea 4 Idea 5 Milica Jovicevic 11E

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Idea 7

Idea 6 Existing Area: Milica Jovicevic 11E

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Idea 8 Idea 9 Existing Area: Milica Jovicevic 11E

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Evaluation of Design Ideas The nine design ideas, are evaluated against the specification to determine the feasibility, and its potential. It also takes in consideration client feedback (in this context the target market are the students). The ideas are rated from a rank of 1-3 (3 being the worse). The client/student feedback is based on 20 students responses to which idea they like the most- the feedback was gathered from individual face to face questioning.

Required Specifications Aesthetic- Color; must be green/blue Function -must be flexible to move and rearrange

Material (either polyurethane foam or polyethylene) Which one is preferred?

Aesthetic- Does it look appealing?

Ergonomics (does it look comfortable?)

Client Feedback (students choice)

Total:

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Idea 1

Idea 2

Idea 3

Idea 4

Idea 5

3

3

3

2

3

2 ( it is too large)

1 ( it has only one function and piece)

2 (it is too large)

2 (balls as a sofa can not be shared)

3

3

3

3

3

3

1 (too standard and simple)

2 (but does not have a fun analogy)

3

2 (the design is too circular)

3

1 (can not lean, or lay)

2 (can not lean with the back)

2 2 (can not (can not lean on lean on something) something)

3

1 (1/20 picked this design)

1 (2/20 picked this design)

3 (3/20 picked this design)

1 (0/20 picked this design)

3 (4/20 picked this design)

13/18

12/18

16/18

12/18

17/18

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Required Specifications Aesthetic- Color; must be green/blue

Idea 6

Idea 7

Idea 8

Idea 9

3

2

3

3

3

1 (rather large, not regular shape)

1 (irregular shape)

2 (the moon shaped part is not a easy shape)

3

3

3

3

3

2 (it is not such a regular shape)

3

1 (to many balls)

2 (there is no place to lean on the back)

2 (there is no place to lean with back)

2 (it is not such a simple surface)

3

3 (8/20 picked this)

1 (2/20 chose this shape)

2 (2/20 picked this)

1 (0/20 chose this design)

17/18

11/18

14/18

13/18

Function -must be flexible to move and rearrange

Material (either polyurethane foam or polyethylene) Which one is preferred?

Aesthetic- Does it look appealing?

Ergonomics (does it look comfortable?)

Client Feedback (students choice)

Total:

In conclusion, the top 3 ideas were Idea 3 (the green logo with 16/18 points), Idea 5 (the clover analogy with 17/18 points) and Idea 6 (the footprint analogy with also 17/18 points).

The chosen solution to this project is Idea 5 as I think it is more compatible. The foot has different sizes, and is not standardized as much as Idea 5. Idea 5 can even be stacked on top of each other.

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Developing Chosen Solution Ergonomic Considerations When developing the idea, the actual sizes must be considered. However, when prototyping the design, it must be scaled down. This will also help for the ergonomic figure which will be made in order to test and evaluate the end prototype.

1020 mm 1020 mm 350 mm

Only these 3 sides must be considered as the clover idea, has no side for the back to lean on .

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3D and 2D Sketches

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Detailed Sketch with Measurements

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Clay Model The clay model was made of air drying clay and then painted with acrylic.

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3D Google Sketchup Model After generating the solution, it was important for me to see how the design would look like in the environment, and how people would look like when they interact with each other. By using Google Sketchup I created the Aula and the garden outside of it. Through this medium of developing the idea, i discovered that the garden should be a smart area in use and would really suit my design.

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Birds view:

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*note - the drawing is not to scale, hence the sofas looking bigger then they perhaps should be.

Ergonome

In order to test if the measurements I created are good enough, I will create an ergonomic figure, scaled down to an appropriate size, so that I could test it against my clay model.

The following pages will show my sketches, my 2D software drawing and photos of my ergonomic figure.

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Rough Sketches

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Detail Sketch

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2D software design

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2D cutting machine

This is the ergonom standing up.

This is the ergonom sitting

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Clay Model tested with ergonom A clay model was created to the closest measurements that were stated on page 58.

However, due to a limited amount of clay, the height is not exact as specified.

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Initial Idea

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Additional Generating chosen solution After looking at the clay model, I noticed the design may be too simple, and that I could most likely added some finishing touches, or details to make it some what more special and appealing. The following page will show some rough sketched and ideas that will later be experimented on SolidWorks.

Rough Sketches

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This design has a more geometrical form and is more for people to lay on rather than comfortable sit.

The form of this is more free going, and irregular, it has a variation, however it is not comfortable.

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This is a rounded shape, to have space to lay on.

The edges are round and there isn't a single flat surface.

In conclusion, after evaluating these designs, I realized that it isn't complete without a section of the “chair� where the person can lean on.

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Finalized Developing Initial Solution Sketches

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Google SketchUp drawing I made a quick “Google Sketchup�, to see how it would look like. It looks more comfortable and innovative and I think I am definitely going to consider this

A place to lean on

the height wouldn't be to high, so that you can lean hands on to it too

This would be more rounded

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However, this means I will need additional measurements to my specifications.

C

A

B

This information is taken off of the research (page 17). The 95th percentile will be considered, of a male as its practical to have the largest size possible.

A = 979 mm B= 383 mm to find the height for leaning = 979-383 = 596mm so C= 596 mm Because of this change in shape, a new list of specifications will be needed, with the added important measurements.

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New list of Specification with edited measurements = updated specification Nr.

Specification

1

Based on research the anthropometric measurements must be considered: Stature: 1835mm Shoulder Breadth (deltoid): 507mm Elbow span.upper arms horizontal: 1019 mm Sitting height: 979mm Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl): 353.5 mm Leaning back and head height: 596 mm

2

Based on student expectations (psychological research) the design must be green or blue as research states this makes people most happy

3

As stated on the constraints = it should be easy to move (light!- so it can be moved around easily when changing from exams to lounge)

4

As stated on sociological research and criteria for success= must be flexible (allowing options for people to sit together or alone)

Low --> High

The above is only the first four points of the specifications, clearly identifying the changed data.

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Brainstorming of Patterns

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Developing developed chosen solution Finale Idea and Development of Pattern

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Summary of Development of the Chosen Solution

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CAD Process of the Chosen Solution Solid Model

Rendered Model

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Orthographic Drawing

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Sustainability Analysis

The following pages will obtain a Life Cycle Analysis which was conducted via SolidWorks.

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[company name here]

[city, state here]

[company url here]

[name] ·

[title]

· · [email address] ·

(###) ###-####

Model Name:

Clover Leaf Inspired Chair

Material:

PE High Density

Volume:

3.77E+5 mm³

Surface Area:

35544.39 mm²

Weight:

359.03 g

Manufacturing Type:

Injection Molded

Manufacturing Region The choice of manufacturing region determines the energy sources and technologies used in the modeled material creation and manufacturing steps of the product’s life cycle.

Use Region

The use region is used to determine the energy sources consumed during the product’s use phase (if applicable) and the destination for the product at its end-of-life. Together with the manufacturing region, the use region is also used to estimate the environmental impacts associated with transporting the product from its manufacturing location to its use location.

Summary This is the sustainability analysis for the Clover leaf inspired chair. It will compare the material that is most common used for plastic chairs, ABS and compare it to the material that was chosen for this design PE high density.

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Sustainability Report

Model Name:

stage 4.SLDPRT

Material:

PE High Density

Environmental Impact of PE HIGH DENSITY Carbon Footprint Material:

0.66 kg CO2

Manufacturing: 0.83 kg CO2 Use:

0.05 kg CO2

End of Life:

0.24 kg CO2

Volume: Surface Area: Weight:

3.77E+5 mm³ 35544.39 mm²

Manufacturing Type: Injection Molded

359.03 g

For the CO2 emission it is clear that the Manufacturing emits the most. The material itself the second most and the end of life second least. This in a way is good as the end of life emits less than when it is manufactured hence it compensates for the emitting of CO2 when being manufactured.

1.78 kg CO2

Air Acidification Material:

1.39E-3 kg SO2

Manufacturing: 0.01 kg SO2 Use: End of Life:

1.16E-3 kg SO2 1.72E-4 kg SO2

Again the manufacturing seems to be the most unsustainable stage. The air acidification raises up to 0.01Kg SO2. But then again just like above the end of life is significantly smaller and hence compensates for the air acidification that the manufacturing stage.

0.01 kg SO2

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Sustainability Report

Model Name:

stage 4.SLDPRT

Material:

PE High Density

Volume: Surface Area: Weight:

3.77E+5 mm³ 35544.39 mm²

Manufacturing Type: Injection Molded

359.03 g

Environmental Impact of PE HIGH DENSITY Water Eutrophication Material:

Water Eutrophication is mostly high again at the manufacturing stage. However the end of life stage has the second highest impact. But what is pleasing is that it is the lowest during use, hence it is more sustainable for the consumer when they use it.

Surprisingly manufacturing is not the stage at which the most energy is consumed. The material is, manufacturing is second most.

What is pleasing to see is that fact that not a lot of energy is consumed at the end up life and during use. Since this is a human centered design, the aspects that involve human interaction like use, and end of life are always one of the lowest.

End of Life:

4.51E-4 kg PO4 1.03E-4 kg PO4 2.43E-4 kg PO4

Material:

26.19 MJ

Manufacturing:

8.26 MJ

Use:

0.66 MJ

End of Life:

0.18 MJ

Manufacturing: Use:

9.26E-4 kg PO4

1.29E-4 kg PO4

Total Energy Consumed

35.29 MJ

Comments

All in all the choice of PE high density is the right choice. When there are high results in a certain aspec it is compensatede by other aspects being low.

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Sustainability Report

Baseline ABS

Model Name:

Clover Leaf Inspired Chair

Material:

ABS

Volume:

3.77E+5 mm³

Surface Area:

35544.39 mm²

Weight:

384.68 g

Manufacturing Type:

Injection Molded

Manufacturing Region choice of manufacturing region determines the energy sources The and technologies used in the modeled material creation and manufacturing steps of the product’s life cycle.

Use Region The use region is used to determine the energy sources consumed during the product’s use phase (if applicable) and the destination for the product at its end-of-life. Together with the manufacturing region, the use region is also used to estimate the environmental impacts associated with transporting the product from its manufacturing location to its use location.

Comments

It is important to pay attention that the BASELINE is the ABS. On the next page that is indic ated as the dark grey buttom bar.

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Sustainability Report

Model Name:

stage 4.SLDPRT

Material:

PE High Density

Original Design: Better

Environmental Impact Comparison

Volume:

3.77E+5 mm³

Manufacturing Type:

Surface Area: Weight:

35544.39 mm²

Injection Molded

Worse

359.03 g

New Design: Baseline

Carbon Footprint - Comparison Total:

ABS : 2.58 kg CO2 PE High Density : 1.78 kg CO2

The Material Procurement produces a significant difference and fewer amounts with PE high density unlike with ABS. In Product Manufacturing, Product Use and End of Life there are only slight little differences. However in all cases the PE high density is more sustainable.

Air Acidification - Comparison Total:

ABS : 0.02 kg SO2 PE High Density : 0.01 kg SO2

As seen in the previous page on the pie chart Product Manufacturing produces the most air acidification. But compared to ABS the PE high density is slightly less. There is a larger difference in Material Procurement; PE high density is almost half the quantity of ABS.

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Sustainability Report

Model Name:

stage 4.SLDPRT

Material:

PE High Density

Volume: Surface Area: Weight:

Original Design: Better

Environmental Impact Comparison

Worse

3.77E+5 mm³ 35544.39 mm² 359.03 g

Manufacturing Type: Injection Molded

New Design: Baseline

Water Eutrophication - Comparison Total:

ABS : 1.38E-3 kg PO4 PE High Density : 9.26E-4 kg PO4

The most surprising result in this case is the difference in the water eutrification at the Material Procurement stage. It is almost 5 times less the quantity of ABS. , Product Use and End of Life there are only slight little differences, but yet PE seems to be the better choice.

Total Energy Consumed - Comparison Total:

ABS : 43.45 MJ PE High Density : 35.29 MJ

Product Use and End of Life there are only slight little differences, almost with the same numerical data. However in the Material Procurement again PE is much better as the results are smaller than in ABS.

Comments

In conclusion, PE seems to be much more sustainable compared to ABS, Considering Total Energy Consumed, Water Eutrophication, Air acidification and CO2 emissions, in the stages of Material Procurement, Product Manufacturing, Product Use and End of Life.

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Sustainability Report

Glossary Air Acidification - Sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxides other acidic emissions to air cause an increase in the acidity of rainwater, which in turn acidifies lakes and soil.

These acids can make the land and water toxic for plants and aquatic life. Acid rain can also slowly dissolve manmade building materials such as concrete.

This impact is typically measured in units of either kg sulfur dioxide equivalent (SO2), or moles H+ equivalent.

Carbon Footprint - Carbon-dioxide and other gasses which result from the burning of fossil fuels accumulate in the atmosphere which in turn increases the earth’s average temperature. Carbon footprint acts as a proxy for the larger impact factor referred to as Global Warming Potential (GWP). Global warming is blamed for problems like loss of glaciers, extinction of species, and more extreme weather, among others.

Total Energy Consumed - A measure of the non-renewable energy sources associated with the part’s lifecycle in units of megajoules (MJ). This impact includes not only the electricity or fuels used during the product’s lifecycle, but also the upstream energy required to obtain and process these fuels, and the embodied energy of materials which would be released if burned. Total Energy Consumed is expressed as the net calorific value of energy demand from non-renewable resources (e.g. petroleum, natural gas, etc.). Efficiencies in energy conversion (e.g. power, heat, steam, etc.) are taken into account.

Water Eutrophication - When an over abundance of nutrients are added to a water ecosystem, eutrophication occurs. Nitrogen and phosphorous from waste water and agricultural fertilizers causes an overabundance of algae to bloom, which then depletes the water of oxygen and results in the death of both plant and animal life. This impact is typically measured in either kg phosphate equivalent (PO4) or kg nitrogen (N) equivalent.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - This is a method to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of a product throughout its entire lifecycle, from the procurement of the raw materials, through the production, distribution, use, disposal and recycling of that product.

CML - Centre of Environmental Sciences at Leiden University in The Netherlands. If selected, the CML environmental impact assessment methodology uses environmental models of Europe to calculate the environmental indicators (global warming, eutrophication and acidification) used in this report. This methodology is frequently used in LCA studies worldwide.

TRACI - Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and other environmental Impacts. If selected, the TRACI environmental impact assessment methodology uses environmental models of the United States to calculate the environmental indicators (global warming, eutrophication and acidification) used in this report. This methodology is frequently used for North American LCA studies.

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Final Design Specifications Nr.

Specification

Low --> High

1

These measurements must be used for the prototype as they follow the anthropometric research.

2

The color must be green

3

It must have a clover pattern around the sides

4

It must be made all in one part, minimizing components (eco friendly!)

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Nr.

Specification

5

RP should be made by FDM (fuse deposition modeling)

6

Must be polyethylene because it is waterproof and hence can be stored/used outside

7

The prototype should be created on Solidworks

8

Green objective such as; a) Increasing efficiency (in the use of materials, energy and other resources) this could be done by using minimum variety of materials for the design b) Reducing long-term harm (reducing to minimum harm caused by use of the product) must be checked by the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) c) Must have a minimized number of components hence End Disposal (taking full account of the effect of the end disposal of the product) will be more green. It must have minimized number of components in the design so that it is easier to recycle. d) Minimizing handling (must be easy to handle, move around, and clean) hence, the design must be light - not heavy.

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Low --> High

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Production Planning Flow Chart

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Safety Requirements and Risk Assessments There are several safety and risk issues that must be considered when producing such a prototype (in light of the flow chart):

1. When saving any file, save twice! Files can easily be lost or can easily corrupt.

2. When setting up printer make sure a supervisor is there who is very good with the machine. If there is one error, there is a risk that it can corrupt you file or the printer.

3. When breaking off the black additive material, wear goggles and an apron.

4. When sanding if you do not wear glasses already, where goggles and an apron is you wish not to risk making your clothes dirty.

5. When mixing the acrylic color make sure the table you are painting on is covered with newspaper.

6. When spray painting (optional detail) the model, it is very important to where a small mouth mask and apron. Make sure the surface you are spraying on has either newspapers or a cardboard under.

http://www.unipac.cn/ppnonwovenapron_UnipacApron_001.jpg http://www.genetherapy.me/wp-content/plugins/wp-o-matic/cache/231fa_safety_glasses2.jpg

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Production Schedule Task

Time in Minutes 20

40

60

80

100

Save as STL file Save on Memory stick Plug memory stick into computer Open STL and set up catalyst software Set up printer and press “print�

Wait until printer finishes to print take out prototype Clean waste box Break additive supportive material Sand the model brush of the dust Paint 1st layer Paint 2nd layer Spray paint gloss Check quality

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Evidence of Manufacturing STL file on the Catalyst Software

Sanding with glasses on

3D Printer ready to be put on.

Sanding the edges

Acrylic Paints

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Mixing Paint

Painting

This is an additional effect I decided to do once I started painting. Instead of painting the clover leafs, I printed it out and drew out the shapes in order to be able to stick them.

Shaping Paper with Pattern

Cutting the Shapes

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Final Completed Prototype Model

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Conclusion and Evaluation Process Evaluation The following will evaluate the process and the degree of success in managing the project as a whole. It will be in light of the Design Cycle Model (DCM).

Identifying Needs The identified need of a furniture piece in a VIS (Vienna International School) lounge, was proved via a survey that I conducted1. Visual proof was also included, using photos of the library and the “study lounge� at its current state. It clearly showed how people use the facilities we have now and how it would be nice to have somewhere just to sit.

After that, the identified needs for completing the objectives of the project were stated clearly.

1

refer to appendix to view surveys.

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Research The research was most likely the most detailed part of the project. Although it may sound unreal, but all information found was essential to my project without any irrelevant information involved.

The research plan was conducted clearly and allowed me to have a guideline when researching what I need. I involved existing designs, anthropometric, psychological and sociological research. What was most reliable and important is that psychological and sociological research was done via a survey that asked the students it self. If I were to look up psychological and sociological research only via a secondary source such as internet it would not be most reliable, because that information may not involve research from students of my target group age. Hence the survey was a good and reliable way to research (which was then stated clearly at the product evaluation survey, later explained).

The measurements were done in detail, including the 95% and the 5% of the necessary places. Involving male and female. Hence this concluded to a exact measurement and scaled down measurements for the prototype.

The researching of the space available was also very detailed as the actual school map from our IB VIS construction office, allowed us to have the map.

The materials were researched via the “TEP Material Selection and Processing� software, and hence as a secondary reliable source was useful, resulting to a satisfying material choice.

Generating Ideas The generating ideas came very natural and helped me a lot. The morphological analysis brainstorming and moodboards were the key sections that caused me to create the main ideas. The 3D and 2D sketches were developed in light of the moodboards, which made me have a range of designs.

The ideas were then evaluated with client feedback (I asked around during a class) and the one preferred the most I picked. I decided to rely on the client feedback and is this after all a human centered design.

Developing Chosen Solution Developing the chosen solution involved the most 2D and 2D sketches by hand and by CAD. I involved a variety of ICT skills such as using SolidWorks and Google Sketch up.

On google sketch up I created the entire garden and existing area, to visualize how it would look like, this helped me a lot. I created a 3D model out of clay and painted it. To test this 3D clay model I created a ergonom, which in the future definitely will help me.

However, after finishing my 3D clay model, and talking to my teacher, it was clear that the design may be a little too simple. Hence additional generating ideas was included.

Showing the rough sketches. My aim was to keep the initial idea but to just add an additional element to it. A Google Sketchup Model of the my updated design was made to see was I was aiming for about. At this stage I made sure to clearly identify the development of my chosen solution with making a page with all the stage (refer to page 79).

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Realizing Solution The final product from Solidworks was then evaluated by the sustainability Analysis software on Solidworks. Followed by a complete and final list of specifications which would be good enough for someone to use if they were to create my design without my help.

To produce it I also created a production plan and showed evidence of production.

In conclusion, in terms of the process it was clear and had a following cycle, everything depended on a each stage. However as the cycle shows you can move around jumping back and forth, which was proven through the additional generating ideas of chosen solution when I had to add additional anthropometric research of the height for back when leaning on the seat (page 75).

Also, because I planned it in so much detail I made sure that everything is done in time.

The production and research plan for instance really helped me. I do have to admit that it was hard for me to be productive in the classroom unlike as how productive I am at home.

However Solidworks were the most productive stages of the project that I did in the classroom. But because of my strict planning and time management I managed to meet every deadline that our teacher gave us.

Personally I enjoyed the Practical and Manufacturing aspect of the project, because finally the research and all the Solidworks payed off, because the design came to life! I worked really hard to make it most aesthetically appealing as it can, and most close looking to the design on CAD (especially adding the clover leafs).

I also found out that it it is important to evaluate the work all the way through the project and to make changes accordingly. This is because through evaluation of each stage, the design can be significantly improved and learned from.

However in the future there are several things I will make sure I remember and do. I think there is not enough evidence of manufacturing and working, hence more of that. I also think that I should in the future reference the pictures in the mood-boards, as that was not done. I also think that I should maybe think almost more out of the box when it comes to designing, as this design was rather simple, and minimalist.

There are many things I learnt to do during this project. First of all, time management as mentioned above. I also learnt how to lay out a long project such as this one which has over a 100 pages! And most importantly I learnt how to save. Last year in 10th grade I remember losing an entire project and ever since then I have been having a “ctrl + s� button click addiction. I save it in two places and in the future will continue this. The drawings/sketches are scanned, incase I loose them too I will have them in my computer, which before I did not do. I learnt skills on google SketchUp and Solidworks.

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Product Evaluation The following will show how I evaluated the product (against the specification, with client feedback and a 3D clay model). The following product evaluation made sure that the ergonomics was tested, aesthetics was judged, health and safety was questioned, and the wider impact of the design was questioned.

First of all the product was evaluated via user research, user trial was not possible as only a prototype was made. This time a survey was created on www.kwiksurveys.com as this allowed me to put a picture of my design and have questions in addition to it.

The following questions were answered with the view of these two photos:

55% answered that it does not look comfortable.

In this case this may be a little disappointing as the project was human centered. However we must remember that at the bottom of my pictures I stated that it looks more plastic on the photo than it would in reality, so for those who did not read it, may be influenced by the photo rather than the information. However this is very helpful information.

Although it may not look comfortable to 55% a lot said that it does look safe. Some said it looks like it is moderately safe, probably because you can not really evaluate this via a picture.

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The task was to have the project human centered. The fact that people said that this design is welcoming (69% did) is very positive feedback as that was one of the specifications.

Even 73% stated that it creates a positive atmosphere. This is important because that is an aim of a lounge, people should be willing to go there to be happy and relax and socialize.

Another aspect that was questioned was the measurements, 55% said that it was a good size but the rest said it wasn’t. However again this may not be the most reliable results as evaluating from the pictures is not so accurate.

In terms of the leaf pattern I would understand these results as many have their own individual tastes when it comes to such a thing. I also have to admit that I did not ask for client feedback when choosing my pattern on page 77, so this may be the consequence of it.

And lastly, the factor that determines the psychological aspects of the design, the color. As research pointed out, green and blue was the most popular color. This is even proven through the survey and 66% liked the color of it !

In addition to this I created a 3D clay model of a person sitting on the “sofa� to demonstrate the comfort and ability of this chair. There is one limitation, the model is not to scale exactly (it is about the right size). However it shows very well how the model looks like with a person sitting on it.

Please turn the page to view the process of making the model.

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Clay Model

Here I was making the feet and the hands

The surface was covered in news paper and the the wrapping of the clay. It was a messy job but really fun.

My model was covered in a plastic sheet so that it would not get dirty from the wet clay.

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Final Testing and Evaluating with Clay Model This to some extent represents the user research, as I only created a prototype.

Here you can clearly see that the “person� is sitting in moderate comfort.

There is a place to lean on, and a place to even put your hand. There is enough space for placing the legs crossed or spread, or anyhow the person feels comfortable enough.

The seat is also comfortable for the legs, there is just enough space for the person to lean the legs on the seat and to have them on the floor.

On this photo it is in a way clear that because the material is not a spongy material it may not be optimum for the person sitting, as it is a hard material.

However the angle of the leaning area is a good angle to rest on, and still to see people in the eyes if you are talking to someone.

The view from the back shows the optimum width for the shoulders. The research has proven to be the perfect size for an above average size person (the model is bigger than it should be).

Hence in that point of view there is a comfort for the user to some extent.

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Evaluation against the specification Nr.

Specification

Evaluation

1

Based on research the anthropometric measurements must be considered: Stature: 1835mm Shoulder Breadth (deltoid): 507mm Elbow span.upper arms horizontal: 1019 mm Sitting height: 979mm Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl): 353.5 mm

In this case all measurements were used and taken in consideration. The ergonom and clay model showed that the measurements were correct.

2

Based on research the anthropometric measurements must be considered: Stature: 1835mm Shoulder Breadth (deltoid): 507mm Elbow span.upper arms horizontal: 1019 mm Sitting height: 979mm Seat height (lower legs vertical & thighs horizl): 353.5 mm Leaning back and head height: 596 mm

These measurements indeed are considered as it is proven by the clay model and prototype.

3

As stated on the constraints = it should be easy to move (light!- so it can be moved around easily when changing from exams to lounge)

The design is very simple and has only round edges hence it is easy to move around.

4

As stated on sociological research and criteria for success= must be flexible (allowing options for people to sit together or alone)

In this case the design can be moved around and allow users to switch positions. However in the initial idea without the leaning back aspect, it was even more flexible, as people could sit in all directions.

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Nr. 5

Specification

Evaluation

The design brief states it “must be eco-friendly, a green design.” So it must try and cover most of the green design objectives • Increasing efficiency (in the use of materials, energy and other resources) this could be done by using minimum variety of materials for the design

As the LCA showed the material is a good choice in terms of sustainability and eco friendliness.

However Standardization was not exactly considered as the model now has the leaning on part which doent allow it to be used as a table, or for it be more flexible.

The idea of minimizing smell is also not exactly in consideration.

However this is all compensated by the fact that the rest of the objectives are taken in consideration. The design is created by one component, hence it considered minimizing handling, and has a minimized number of components which is good for the end of life.

• Reducing long-term harm (reducing to minimum harm caused by use of the product) must be checked by the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) • Must have a minimized number of components hence End Disposal (taking full account of the effect of the end disposal of the product) will be more green. It must have minimized number of components in the design so that it is easier to recycle.

• Standardization (using standard components -can allow flexibility) The design must be minimalist and be easily stackable.

• Minimizing Smell The material should not emit any smells, taking in consideration, the paints and chemicals if involved, should not emit smells. This could harm the environment and the target market.

• Minimizing handling (must be easy to handle, move around, and clean) hence, the design must be light - not heavy.

6

As stated from research =The scaled model will be created by RP (rapid prototyping by FDM (fuse deposition modeling)

The model was indeed created by FDM

7

As stated from research= Must not be wider than 6.5 meters, to be able to fit in the existing space

All together the measurements work exactly as the a specifications stated it.

8

As stated from psychological research= Must be round and not sharp to be safe and make users feel most comfortable

All edges are round and hence it is as safe as possible.

9

As stated in the constraints in the the design brief= Must be safe (non-flammable and waterproof)

The material is not flammable and it is waterproof.

10

As research shows= Must be polyurethane foam or polyethylene, because it is most compatible for this context

The design is polyethylene.

11

As stated in the criteria for success in the design brief= Must impose a positive feeling (people should want to come to sit on the sofa) hence it should look modern and up-to-date in the design

Client research from the survey states it creates a positive feeling (decided from an aesthetic point of view)

12

As the criteria for success stated= must be innovative/ a new concept

The idea is a clover leaf and it has a symbolic meaning to it almost, as a sign of goodluck for all IB students. Its something new and fresh.

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Nr. 13

Specification Based on student expectations (psychological research) the design must be green or blue as research states this makes people most happy

Evaluation The design is green, and is proven make most people happy through the psychological research, and the survey for evaluation.

The specifications has been resolved to some extent, almost fully. Everything has been covered as ordered however there are several details that have not been. Such as not considering the “minimizing smell” green objective, and being fully flexible, as there is now an additional aspect of the design to lean on. However the leaning part increases consumer comfort and hence compensates for the unresolved specification aspects.

In conclusion the evaluation of the designer/manufacturer (in this case me) and consumer have been taken in consideration. Through surveys client feedback has been considered, through a clay model the model was tested and as a designer I evaluated my design against my original list of specifications. An all there are two types of variables, independent and dependent in this project. Independent variables are variables that can be changed and manipulated, and the result of these changes, it leads to the measurement of the dependent variable. Which describes the process of this design.

Recommendations Modified Specification In my perspective I believe the specification do not have to modified as most of them were realistic and were even used in the process of the final idea.

Modification to the design After client feedback and research, and the appalling ugly truth that it may look uncomfortable. I made a few sketches that may make the model look a little more comfortable. However, there are certain limitations to the sketches as they may not follow all design specifications. If I were to add one aspect I may have to sacrifice another aspect from the specifications. Nothing is perfect. (for the photos of modification to the design flip the page)

If there is one thing I would do in the future in terms of the design, is survey the students for the pattern. According to the survey students found the pattern “okay”. In fact I would even introduce the idea of maybe not involving any pattern. I would in the future do more research on this, especially if the task is to be client based.

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Further Development If I were to be able to spend more time on this project and had different resources, materials and etc. There are several aspects which I believe would be different. First of all, if I had a greater knowledge of materials, then perhaps I would know a material that is soft, yet waterproof, and non-flammable.

Also If I had the facility to create the model in life size I would do so, in order to be able to have a performance test or user trial which would be very important for evaluation. I would definitely take this project to another level if I had different and better facilities, but that is if I also had more time. Considering the time I had, I did a lot of work.

I am thankful I have the opportunity to create and use such facilities that I have and hence am very proud of the work I have done. The continuous, very committed and long process of this project made me learn so much and will help me so much for the future.

I would also like to thank one of my favorite teachers, Mr.Felvinczi for the support.

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Layout Design by Milica Jovicevic Created on a Mac

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Appendix

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