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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Provide an appropriate response.
1)A researcher is investigating the association between blood pressure and "workaholism" in a certain population. She classifies someone who works more than 60 hours per week as a workaholic. She records the income level and blood pressure (high or normal) for each participant and whether or not they can be classified as a "workaholic." The data are summarized in the table below.
Yes2575238726134
No25801872951
Consider each income group separately and find the proportion with high blood pressure among the workaholics and the proportion with high blood pressure among the non-workaholics. Then determine the proportion of workaholics overall who have high blood pressure and the proportion of non-workaholics overall who have high blood pressure (ignoring information about income group). Explain how these data satisfy Simpson's paradox. How would you explain what is responsible for this result?
2) A recent survey polled a sample of male Mexican - American adolescents to determine if there is an association between smoking and unhealthy behaviors. Below is the data. Each boy, age 10 - 18, was classified according to smoking status and his response to a question asking whether he liked to do risky things.
a.Create a side- by- side bar graph that compares smoking status with respect to risky things status.
b.Summarize the results of the side - by- side bar graph.
c.Describe how the graph would look if there was not an association between smoking and unhealthy behaviors among Mexican - American male adolescents.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
3)A regression line for predicting Internet usage (%) for 39 countries is y ^ = -3.61 + 1.55x, where x is the per capita GDP, in thousands of dollars, and y is Internet usage. Interpret the residual for one of the 39 countries with per capita GDP of $15,000 and actual Internet use of 20 percent.
A)The actual Internet usage for this country is 3.25% lower than expected from the regression equation.
B)The actual Internet usage for this country is 3.6% higher than expected from the regression equation.
C)The actual Internet usage for this country is 3.25% higher than expected from the regression equation.
D)The actual Internet usage for this country is 0.36% higher than expected from the regression equation.
E)The actual Internet usage for this country is 0.36% lower than expected from the regression equation.
4)The relationship between the number of games won by a minor league baseball team and the average attendance at their home games is analyzed. A regression to predict the average attendance from the number of games won has an r = 0.73. Interpret this statistic.
A)Positive, fairly strong linear relationship. 53.29% of the variation in average attendance is explained by the number of games won.
B)Negative, fairly strong linear relationship. 53.29% of the variation in average attendance is explained by the number of games won.
C)Positive, weak linear relationship. 7.29% of the variation in average attendance is explained by the number of games won.
D)Positive, fairly strong linear relationship. 73% of the variation in average attendance is explained by the number of games won.
E)No association
5)A teacher recorded for each of five students their score on a quiz (x) and their score on a project (y). A scatter plot of the points and the corresponding regression line are shown below. x
Is the point (18, 19) an outlier on x? Is it an outlier on y? Is it a regression outlier?
A)outlier on x, outlier on y, regression outlier
B)outlier on x, not an outlier on y, not a regression outlier
C)outlier on x, outlier on y, not a regression outlier
D)not an outlier on x, not an outlier on y, not a regression outlier
6)A regression line for predicting the selling prices of homes in Chicago is y ^ = 168 + 102x, where x is the square footage of the house. Interpret the residual for a house with 1800 square feet that recently sold for $200,000.
A)The house sold for $16,400 less than was to be expected from the regression equation.
B)The house sold for $16,064 more than was to be expected from the regression equation.
C)The house sold for $16,232 more than was to be expected from the regression equation.
D)The house sold for $16,400 more than was to be expected from the regression equation.
E)The house sold for $16,232 less than was to be expected from the regression equation.
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7)Almost all of the acidity of soda pop comes from the phosphoric acid which is added to give them a sharper flavor. Is there an association between the pH of the soda and the amount of phosphoric acid (in grams)? The correlation between pH and phosphoric acid is -0.991. Describe the association.
A)Strong linear association in a positive direction
B)Very strong linear association in a negative direction
C)Weak linear association in a negative direction
D)Weak linear association in a positive direction
E)No evidence of association
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
8)A large manufacturer hires many handicapped workers and keeps track of both their type of handicap and their level of performance.
a.Identify the two variables.
b.Identify the response variable and the explanatory variable.
8)
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
9)A researcher recorded for each of a number of recent high school and college graduates the number of years of education and their annual salary when they started their first job. The scatter plot is shown below together with the regression equation. The point (14, 4) was excluded when obtaining the regression equation.
9)
Is the point (14, 4) an outlier on x? Is it an outlier on y? Is it a regression outlier?
A)outlier on x, outlier on y, regression outlier
B)not an outlier on x, outlier on y, not a regression outlier
C)not an outlier on x, not an outlier on y, regression outlier
D)not an outlier on x, outlier on y, regression outlier
10)For 14 baseball teams, the correlation with number of wins in the regular season is 0.51 for shutouts, 0.61 for hits made, -0.70 for runs allowed and -0.56 for homeruns allowed. Which variable has the weakest linear association with number of wins?
A)homeruns allowedB)shutouts
C)hits madeD)runs allowed
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10)
11) A researcher records for each participant in a clinical trial the amount of alcohol they consume per month and their cholesterol level. Indicate whether each variable is categorical or quantitative.
A) alcohol: quantitative; cholesterol level: quantitative
B) alcohol: categorical; cholesterol level: categorical
C) alcohol: quantitative; cholesterol level: categorical
D) alcohol: categorical; cholesterol level: quantitative
12)In order for a data point to be considered influential, which of the following must hold?
I) the point has a large residual for the regression line fitted including that point II) its x value must be relatively low or high compared to the rest of the data III) the point has a large residual for the regression line fitted without using that data point
A)II onlyB)I and IIC)III onlyD)II and IIIE)I only
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Fill in the blank.
13)The fact that the direction of an association between two variables can change after we include a third variable and analyze the data at separate levels of that variable is known as
14)When two explanatory variables are both associated with a response variable but are also associated with each other, there is said to be
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Answer true or false.
15) If the absolute value of the correlation is approximately one, then the points lie close to a line that slopes upward or downward. A) False B) True
16) The value of the correlation is always between 0 and 1.
17) The advantage of a side - by- side bar graph is that it allows for easy comparison of the explanatory variable groups with respect to values on the response variable.
Select the most appropriate answer.
18) The is the outcome variable on which comparisons are made.
A) predictor variable
B) Both B and C
C) explanatory variable
D) lurking variable
E) response variable
19) If a positive association exists between two quantitative variables,
A) the movement of x does not affect the movement of y.
B) none of these.
C) y tends to decrease as x increases.
D) y tends to decrease as x decreases.
E) y tends to increase as x decreases.
Determine which plot shows the strongest linear correlation.
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Determine the type of association apparent in the following scatterplot.
A)Linear association, moderately strong association
B)Linear association
C)Little or no association
D)Moderately strong association, negative association
E)Negative association, linear association
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Construct a scatterplot for the data.
22)Below are the gold medal performances in the men's high jump at an athletic competition held in one city from 2006 to 2012.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Fill in the missing information.
23) x sx y sy r y ^ = a + bx
? ? 18 4 -0.5 y ^ = 30 - 4x
A)x = 48; sx = -18.00
B)x = 3; sx = 1.00
C)x = 12; sx = 1.00
D)x = 3; sx = 0.50
E)x = 12; sx = 2.00
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The following scatterplot shows the percentage of the vote a presidential candidate received in an election according to the voter's income level based on an exit poll of voters. The income levels 1-8 correspond to the following income classes: 1=Under $15,000; 2=$15-30,000; 3=$30-50,000; 4=$50-75,000; 5=$75-100,000; 6=$100-150,000; 7=$150-200,000; 8=$200,000 or more.
24) Which of the following describes the linear association between income level and percentage of the vote won by the candidate?
A) strong, negative
B) weak, negative
C) no linear association
D) strong, positive
E) weak, positive
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Solve the problem.
25)Use a scatterplot to display the data below. All measurements are in milligrams per cigarette.
24)Testname: CHAPTER 3 FORM B TEST
1) For low income: 25% high blood pressure for workaholics versus 23.8% high blood pressure for non-workaholics
For middle income: 20.9% high blood pressure for workaholics versus 20% high blood pressure for non-workaholics
For high income: 16.3% high blood pressure for workaholics versus 15% high blood pressure for non-workaholics
All income groups combined: 20% high blood pressure for workaholics.versus 20.4% for non-workaholics
Within each income group, the percentage with high blood pressure is higher for workaholics. However, when income groups are combined the percentage with high blood pressure is higher for non-workaholics.
Answers may vary. Possible explanation: When the income groups are combined, workaholism becomes confounded with income level. Many of the workaholics are in the high-income group and high incomes bring greater access to other options which tend to lower blood pressure, such as health care, a healthy diet, gym membership, retreats, massage, etc. The large number of high-income people among the workaholics reduces the percentage with high blood pressure in the workaholic group.
b. The graph clearly shows that the proportion of Mexican - American male adolescents that likes risky things is higher for those Mexican - American male adolescents who are smokers. The proportion of Mexican - American male adolescent smokers that likes risky things is almost two and a half times as high as the proportion of Mexican- American male adolescent nonsmokers that likes risky things; c. If there was not an association, the two bars in the ʺlikes risky thingsʺ group would be the same height and the two bars in the ʺdoesnʹt like risky thingsʺ group would be the same height.
3) D 4) A
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5) C 6) C 7) B
8) a. The two variables are type of handicap and level of performance;
b. response variable = level of performance, explanatory variable = type of handicap
9) D
10) B
11) A
12) D
13) Simpson's paradox
14) confounding
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