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2015 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning Applications I P includes CD in I P and SI editions Ashrae Applications Handbook Inch Pound Ashrae
Structural and Vibration Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers Ashrae Datacom Series 1st Edition American Society Of Heating Refrigerating And AirConditioning Engineers
The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings
This publication was develope d under the auspices of the GreenGuide Subcommittee of TC 1.10, Energy Resources, and TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability. TC 1.10 and TG 2 BIE, Buildings’ Impacts on the Environment, were merged in October 2002 to form TC 2.8.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
John M. Swift, Jr. Cannon Design, Boston, MA
Thomas Lawrence University of Georgia, Athens, GA
H. Jay Enck
Commissioning & Green Building Solutions, Buford, GA
Malcolm Lewis CTG Energetics, Irvine, CA
David L. Grumman, Editor of the first edition of the GreenGuide, Grumman/Butkus Associates, Evanston, IL
Neil Moiseev
Shen Milsom & Wilke, Inc., New York, NY
John Lane Evapco, Inc., Taneytown, MD
John Andrepont
The Cool Solutions Company, Lisle, IL
Paul Torcellini and Michael Deru
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
Wladyslaw Jan Kowalski
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Steven Rosen Autodesk, Boston, MA
Jerry Ackerman Clearwater Systems Corporation, Essex, CT
Jordan L. Heiman St. Louis, MO
Mark Mendell, Michael Forth, and James Bones Cannon Design, Boston, MA
Len Damiano
Green Building Controls Subcommittee Chair, ASHRAE TC 1.4, and Ebtron
Kimberly Barker
ASHRAE TC 1.4, and Siemens
Bill Becker
Chicago ITT and Urban Wind Design, Chicago, IL
Bion Howard
Building Environmental Science and Technology, Hilton Head, SC
Mark Hertel
ASHRAE TC 6.7, and SunEarth, Inc.
Constantinos A. Balaras
Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (NOA)
E. Mitchell Swann MDC Systems Corp., LLC
Ainul Abedin
Past President, ASHRAE Pakistan Chapter
Brian A. Rock
School of Architecture and Urban Design, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
Amy Butterfield
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Michael Gallivan Turner Construction Co., Inc.
Mark Hydemann and Glenn Friedman Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CA
Ron Perkins Supersymmetry USA, Navasota, TX
Vikas Patnaik and Mick Schwedler Trane, Co., LaCrosse, WI
Hal Levin
Building Ecology Research Group, Santa Cruz, CA
Krishnan Gowri
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA
Gail S. Brager University of California, Berkely, CA
Dean Borges University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Paul McGregor McGregor & Associates, Lake Cove, Australia
Brad Jones
Sebesta Blomberg, Boston, MA
David Bearg Life Energy Associates, Newton, MA
Kevin Cross Honeywell, Ft. Collins, CO
Karl Stum
Summit Building Engineering, LLC, Vancouver, WA
Guy S. Frankenfield Natgun Corporation
Dean S. Borges University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Eddie Leonardi
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
ASHRAE GreenGuide
The Design, Construction, and Operation of Sustainable Buildings
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC.
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON
NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
First edition published 2003. Second edition 2006. Printed in the United States of America.
Printed on 100% recycled paper.
Cover design by Tracy Becker.
ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ASHRAE greenguide : the design, construction, and operation of sustainable buildings. -- 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Summary: "The ASHRAE GreenGuide was developed primarily to provide guidance to designers of HVAC&R systems in how to participate effectively on design teams charged with producing green buildings"--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 1-933742-07-0 (hardcover)
1. Sustainable buildings--Design and construction. 2. Sustainable architecture. 3. Buildings-Environmental engineering. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. II. Title: ASHRAE green guide.
TH880.A83 2006 720'.47--dc22
ASHRAE STAFF
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
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Editor
Christina Helms Associate Editor
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PUBLISHING SERVICES
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PUBLISHER
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Tomorrow’s Child
Without a name, an unseen face, And knowing not the time or place, Tomorrow’s Child, though yet unborn, I saw you first last Tuesday morn. A wise friend introduced us two, And through his shining point of view I saw a day, which you would see, A day for you, and not for me. Knowing you has changed my thinking, Never having had an inkling That perhaps the things I do Might someday threaten you. Tomorrow’s Child, my daughter-son, I’m afraid I’ve just begun To think of you and of your good, Though always having known I should. Begin I will to weigh the cost Of what I squander, what is lost, If ever I forget that you Will someday come to live here too.
ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #5: Athletic and Recreation Facilities
SIDEBARS
Design Firm’s Commissioning Checklist
NREL’s Nine-Step Process for Low-Energy Building Design
One Firm’s Green Building Design Process Checklist
Canada’s C-2000 Program.
Key Considerations in the HVAC Design Process.
One Design Firm’s Materials Specification Checklist.
Construction Factors to Consider in a Green Design
One Design Firm’s Operations, Maintenance, and Performance Evaluation Checklist.
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FOREWORD
by William Coad
Mechanical engineering has been defined as “the applied science of energy conversion.” ASHRAE is the preeminent technical society, representing engineers practicing in the fields of heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning, the technology that utilizes approximately one-third of the global nonrenewable energy consumed annually.
ASHRAE membership has actively pursued more effective means of utilizing these precious nonrenewable resources for many decades from the standpoints of source availability, efficiency of utilization, and technology of substituting with renewable sources. One significant publication in ASHRAE Transactions is a paper authored in 1951 by G.W. Gleason, Dean of Engineering at Oregon State University, titled “Energy—Choose it Wisely Today for Safety Tomorrow.” The flip side of the energy coin is the environment and, again, ASHRAE has historically dealt with the impact that the practice of the HVAC&R sciences have had upon both the indoor and the global environment.
However, the engineering community, to a great extent, serves the needs and desires of accepted economic norms and the consuming public, a large majority of whom have not embraced the energy/environmental ethic. As a result, much of the technology in energy effectiveness and environmental sensitivity that ASHRAE members have developed over this past century has had limited impact upon society.
In 1975, when ASHRAE published Standard 90-75, that standard served as our initial outreach effort to develop an awareness of the energy ethic and to extend our capabilities throughout society as a whole. Since that time updated revisions of Standard 90 have moved the science ahead. In 1993, the chapter on “Energy Resources” was added to the ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals. In 2002 ASHRAE entered into a Partnering Agreement with the US Green Building Council, and it is intended that the second edition of this design guide will continue to assist the organization in their efforts at promoting sustainable design, as well as the many other organizations that have advocated for high-performance building design.
The consuming public and other representative groups of building professionals continue to become more and more aware of the societal need to provide buildings that are more energy resource effective and environmentally compatible. This publication, authored and edited by ASHRAE volunteers, is intended to complement those efforts.
ASHRAE will continue to advance its leadership through initiatives such as “The Sustainability Roadmap.” Information on this effort can be found on ASHRAE’s Engineering for Sustainability Web site, www.engineeringfor sustainability.org/.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
by John Swift
When the first edition of the ASHRAE GreenGuide was developed, it was intended that the Guide would be a continuous work in progress. This second edition of the Guide fulfills that intent and represents ASHRAE’s continued commitment to leadership in the areas of high-performance building design and operation.
The second edition of the ASHRAE GreenGuide includes a new chapter on LEED Guidance for Mechanical Engineers and a new chapter on building systems’ impact on the local environment, both indoor and outdoor. There are 20 new ASHRAE GreenTips, including a new version of the GreenTip that focuses on specific building types. Some of the chapters from the first edition have been reorganized in an attempt to more accurately mirror the path that an actual project would take from pre-design to post-occupancy. Content has been added and edited in all of the chapters, with significant updates in the subject areas of building automation systems, renewable energy options, CHP and GSHP systems, and construction issues. Dual units have been provided, as well as more international HVAC engineering representation in the editorial process. Graphs, photographs, renderings, and diagrams have been added where necessary to provide a more complete overview of specific subject matter. In addition, references have been added and updated in order to make the second edition current as of its date of publication.
The ASHRAE GreenGuide is primarily for HVAC&R designers, but it will also be a useful reference for architects, owners, building managers, operators, contractors, and others in the building industry who want to understand some of the technical issues regarding high-performance design from an integrated, buildings systems perspective. Considerable emphasis is placed on teamwork and close coordination between parties.
HOW TO USE THIS ASHRAE GREENGUIDE
The Guide is not intended to be “the last word” on the technical aspects of green design nor, for that matter, a design guide proper. Throughout the Guide, numerous techniques, processes, measures, or special systems are described succinctly in a
modified outline or bullet form, always in the same format. These are called ASHRAE GreenTips. Each GreenTip concludes with a listing of other sources— books, magazine articles, research papers, organizations, Web sites—that may be referenced for greater detail.
This document is intended to be used more as a reference than as something one would read in sequence from beginning to end. The table of contents is the best place for any reader to get an overall view of what is covered in this document. All readers should take the time to read Chapter 1, “Green/Sustainable High-Performance Design,” which provides some essential definitions and meanings of key terms. Chapter 2, “Background and Fundamentals,” might well be skipped by the more experienced designer-readers. This chapter covers the background of the green design movement and what other organizations have done, and it reviews some engineering fundamentals that govern the technical aspects of green design. Chapter 3 provides an introduction to the commissioning process, a critical component that needs to be addressed from the beginning on all truly successful high-performance building projects, and Chapter 4 covers “Architectural Design Impacts.” Chapter 5, “The Design Process—Early Stages,” is essential reading for all who are interested in how the green design process works. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the LEED certification process for mechanical engineers.
The nitty-gritty engineering aspects start in Chapter 7 and run through Chapter16. This is where the reader will find virtually all the practical suggestions for possible incorporation in a green design, the ASHRAE GreenTips. Chapters 17–18 cover what happens after the project’s design is done—that is, during construction and after. There are some sound advice and helpful tips in that section, and even though it covers a post-design time frame, reading that section should not be put off until construction begins
The last section of the book, the Afterword, is the Preface to the First Edition written by David Grumman, editor of the first edition. The hard work and leadership that David Grumman, Sheila Hayter, Jordan Heiman, and many other ASHRAE volunteers provided produced a solid foundation on which to build this and subsequent editions of the ASHRAE GreenGuide. Their commitment continues with the new group of contributors to this second edition.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The following individuals provided written materials and editorial content and formed the Senior Editorial Group of the ASHRAE TC 2.8 GreenGuide Subcommittee for the second edition:
John M. Swift, Jr.
Cannon Design, Boston, MA
Thomas Lawrence University of Georgia, Athens, GA
H. Jay Enck
Commissioning & Green Building Solutions, Buford, GA
Malcolm Lewis
CTG Energetics, Irvine, CA
The following individuals contributed written materials and/or editorial comments on various topics for the second edition of the ASHRAE GreenGuide. All or portions of these contributions have been incorporated, with editing.
David L. Grumman
Editor of the first edition of the GreenGuide, Grumman/Butkus Associates, Evanston, IL
Neil Moiseev
Shen Milsom & Wilke, Inc., New York, NY
John Lane
Evapco, Inc., Taneytown, MD
John Andrepont
The Cool Solutions Company, Lisle, IL
Paul Torcellini and Michael Deru
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
Wladyslaw Jan Kowalski
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Steven Rosen Autodesk, Boston, MA
Jerry Ackerman
Clearwater Systems Corporation, Essex, CT
Jordan L. Heiman
St. Louis, MO
Mark Mendell, Michael Forth, and James Bones Cannon Design, Boston, MA
Len Damiano
Green Building Controls Subcommittee Chair, ASHRAE TC 1.4, and Ebtron
Kimberly Barker
ASHRAE TC 1.4, and Siemens
Bill Becker
Chicago ITT and Urban Wind Design, Chicago, IL
Bion Howard
Building Environmental Science and Technology, Hilton Head, SC
Mark Hertel
ASHRAE TC 6.7, and SunEarth, Inc.
Constantinos A. Balaras
Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens (NOA)
E. Mitchell Swann
MDC Systems Corp., LLC
Ainul Abedin
Past President, ASHRAE Pakistan Chapter
Brian A. Rock
School of Architecture and Urban Design, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
Amy Butterfield
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
Michael Gallivan
Turner Construction Co., Inc.
Mark Hydemann and Glenn Friedman
Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CA
Ron Perkins
Supersymmetry USA, Navasota, TX
Vikas Patnaik and Mick Schwedler
Trane, Co., LaCrosse, WI
Hal Levin
Building Ecology Research Group, Santa Cruz, CA
Krishnan Gowri
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA
Gail S. Brager
University of California, Berkely, CA
Dean Borges
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
Paul McGregor
McGregor & Associates, Lake Cove, Australia
Brad Jones
Sebesta Blomberg, Boston, MA
David Bearg
Life Energy Associates, Newton, MA
Kevin Cross
Honeywell, Ft. Collins, CO
Karl Stum
Summit Building Engineering, LLC, Vancouver, WA
Guy S. Frankenfield
Natgun Corporation
Dean S. Borges
University of Nevada, Reno, NV
The editorial staff of Special Publications at ASHRAE provided significant contributions. Christina Helms, Cindy Michaels, Micki Geshwiler, and Steve Comstock provided great support in this effort. In addition, the incoming president of ASHRAE, Terry Townsend, championed the effort and provided motivation to all ASHRAE members to contribute.
The GreenGuide Subcommittee of ASHRAE Technical Committee TC 1.10, Energy Resources, was responsible for creating the first edition of this Guide. (Just prior to its completion, TC 1.10 merged with Task Group BIE, Buildings’ Impact on the Environment, to form TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impact and Sustainability.) Members of that subcommittee were David L. Grumman, Fellow ASHRAE,
Chair; Jordan L. Heiman, Fellow ASHRAE; and Sheila Hayter, Chair of TC 1.10. Sheila Hayter created the subcommittee and initiated the initial discussions and meetings. Jordan Heiman was responsible for identifying authors, carrying on most communications with them, and creating the bibliography. David Grumman was responsible for creating the topic format, assembling the various chapters, and editing the document.
Prior to approval by TC 2.8, the document was reviewed by a three-person panel consisting of Theodore Pannkoke; William Coad, Fellow ASHRAE, Presidential Member; and Thomas Cappellin—all members of TC 2.8.
The idea for this publication was initiated by 1999–2000 ASHRAE President Jim Wolf and carried forward by then President-Elect (and, subsequently, President) William J. Coad.
All work performed—by the authors, editors, developing subcommittee, review panel, and TC participants—was voluntary.
Section 1: Basics
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1 GREEN/SUSTAINABLE HIGH-PERFORMANCE DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, much information has been put forth about the impact of the built environment (e.g., buildings) on the natural environment. This information has been both written and spoken, and there have been conferences and seminars on the subject and organizations have sprung up devoted specifically to this issue. Not only have the messages contained in this outpouring of information attempted simply to explain what this issue is, but they have variously promoted the concept of “green” design, exhorted to action, strived to motivate, warned of consequences from ignoring it, and instructed how to do it.
While this vast amount of promotion has often been helpful, much has been either largely irrelevant or simply not useful to the practicing designer of HVAC&R systems and equipment for buildings (i.e., to the ASHRAE member involved on a day-to-day basis in the mechanical/electrical building system design process). Based on input received from grassroots ASHRAE members, a need was felt for guidance on the green-building concept specifically directed toward such practitioners. A desire was also expressed that it contains information of direct practical use. This Guide is an attempt to meet that need.
Green is one of those words that can have more than a half-dozen meanings, depending on circumstances. One of these is the greenery of nature (grass, trees, and leaves). It is this reference to nature—symbolic, if you will—that is the meaning this term denotes in this publication. While not all things in nature are green, we believe that the term green serves as a fitting verbal symbol of the concept and practices this Guide strives to promote. While green is a fitting symbol, it does not completely encompass the full meaning of sustainability, which is maintaining ecological balance.
The difference between a green and sustainable design is the degree to which the design helps to maintain this ecological balance. Some characteristics of green design have no impact in terms of maintaining ecological balance, including indoor environmental quality (IEQ), an important element of green design. Many green
design characteristics, such as reduced energy usage and pollution, do have positive long-term effect. This Guide contains green and sustainable design elements but is not intended to cover the full breadth of sustainability.
A design that is green/sustainable is a design that minimizes the negative human impacts on the natural surroundings, materials, resources, and processes that prevail in nature. It is not necessarily a concept that denies the need for any human impact, for human existence is part of nature too. Rather, it endorses the belief that humankind can exist, multiply, build, and prosper in accord with nature and the earth’s natural processes without inflicting irreversible damage to those processes and the longterm habitability of the planet.
Our definition of green buildings inevitably extends beyond the concerns of HVAC&R designers alone, since the very concept places an emphasis on integrated design of mechanical, electrical, architectural, and other systems.
Specifically, the view of this chapter’s authors is that a green/sustainable building design is one that achieves high performance, over the full life cycle, in the following areas:
•Minimizing natural resource consumption through more efficient utilization of nonrenewable natural resources, land, water, and construction materials, including utilization of renewable energy resources to achieve net zero energy consumption.
•Minimizing emissions that negatively impact our indoor environment and the atmosphere of our planet, especially those related to indoor air quality (IAQ), greenhouse gases, global warming, particulates, or acid rain.
•Minimizing discharge of solid waste and liquid effluents, including demolition and occupant waste, sewer, and stormwater, and the associated infrastructure required to accommodate removal.
•Minimal negative impacts on site ecosystems.
•Maximum quality of indoor environment, including air quality, thermal regime, illumination, acoustics/noise, and visual aspects to provide comfortable human physiological and psychological perceptions.
It should be noted that the above five bullets are compatible with the definitions of other organizations.
Ultimately, even if a project does not have stated green/sustainable goals, the overall approaches, processes, and concepts presented in this Guide provide a design philosophy that can be useful for any project. Using the principles of this Guide, an owner or a member of his or her team can document the objectives and criteria to include in a project, forming the foundation for a collaborative integrated project delivery approach, which can lower design, construction, and operational costs, resulting in a lower total cost for the life of the project.
