AquaGrow + AquaFlow

John Weir Falquez

Technical Director of LATAM, Oceania, and Southeast Asia Director Técnico

de LATAM, Oceanía y Sudeste Asiático MicroSynergies s demand for fish, shellfish and other aquatic organisms continues to rise, fisheries search for a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option to manage their aquaculture systems.

Aquaculture systems often struggle with the over- stocking of farms and the creation of excess waste. This population growth problem causes the animals to be stressed and more susceptible to diseases. A high concentration of waste in the water will also increase biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and drop dissolved oxygen (DO) which negatively impacts the animals.

The addition of naturally occurring and beneficial microorganisms to the water is an intelligent choice for reducing, reusing and recycling waste. Bacteria are an integral part of all aquaculture ponds and have a direct impact on its productivity, nutrients, water quality and disease control.

The AquaGrow and AquaFlow (AG+AF) formula is a biologically active formula of

Brad Glocke President Presidente MicroSynergies

Microbianos de alimentación directa medida que la demanda de pescado, mariscos y otros organismos acuáticos sigue aumentando, la pesca busca una opción rentable y respetuosa con el medio ambiente para gestionar sus sistemas de acuicultura.

Los sistemas de acuicultura a menudo luchan con la sobrepoblación de las granjas y la creación de un exceso de desechos. Este problema de crecimiento de la población hace que los animales se estresen y sean más susceptibles a las enfermedades. Una alta concentración de desechos en el agua también aumentará la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO) y reducirá el oxígeno disuelto (OD) que impacta negativamente en los animales.

La adición de microorganismos beneficiosos y naturales al agua es una opción inteligente para reducir, reutilizar y reciclar los desechos. Las bacterias son una parte integral de todos los estanques de acuicultura y tienen un bacterial strains that were chosen because of their ability to rapidly digest excess waste material in shrimp ponds. The scientifically selected, proprietary blend of cultures colonize the animal gut to aid in feed digestion and help protect shrimp and fish against pathogens.

Prawn Field Test Results

As shown in the chart below, using AG+AF equates to a increase in survival and weight of the animal, as well as a higher payback ratio. AG+AF’s cultures were chosen for optimum enzyme production, assuring efficient breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, cellulose and fats. This leads to better feed conversion and less waste material for cleaner water and higher oxygen levels. Additionally, harmful ammonia and nitrates subside for healthier aquatic animals.

Direct-Fed Microbials

MicroSynergies’ partners and scientists have been creating aquaculture products for more than 20 years. This experience has shown that it is best to take a two-tiered approach to managing your aquafarms. We treat the inside of your animals, and remediate what is outside your animals. Our direct-fed microbials (DFM) are added to the feed, managing your animals from the inside. After consumption, our biologically active cultures colonize the gut of the animal to aid in feed digestion, and protect against pathogens. The results are larger animals over a shorter time impacto directo en su productividad, nutrientes, calidad del agua y control de enfermedades.

La fórmula AquaGrow y AquaFlow (AG + AF) es una fórmula biológicamente activa de cepas bacterianas que se eligieron debido a su capacidad para digerir rápidamente el exceso de material de desecho en los estanques de camarones. La mezcla patentada y científicamente seleccionada de cultivos coloniza el intestino del animal para ayudar en la digestión de los alimentos y proteger a los camarones y peces contra los patógenos.

Resultados de la Prueba de Campo de Langostinos

Como se muestra en el cuadro a continuación, el uso de AG + AF equivale a un aumento en la supervivencia y el peso del animal, así como a una mayor tasa de recuperación.

Los cultivos de AG + AF fueron elegidos para una producción óptima de enzimas, asegurando una descomposición eficiente de proteínas, carbohidratos, celulosa y grasas. Esto conduce a una mejor conversión del alimento y menos material de desecho para un agua más limpia y niveles más altos de oxígeno. Además, el amoníaco y los nitratos dañinos disminuyen para los animales acuáticos más saludables.

Microbianos de Alimentación Directa

Los socios y científicos de MicroSynergies han estado creando productos de acuicultura durante

Specifications

Guaranteed

CFU: Feed Additive - 20 billion CFU/g Water Additive - 4 billion CFU/g

Applications

Aquaculture feed additive

Aquaculture water additive

PRODUCT PROFILE

Multiple Bacillus Species. Naturally occurring, nonengineered. Aerobes and facultative anaerobes. Highly motile. Positive chemotaxis. 100% stabilized bacterial spores.

Enzyme Production

Amylase, Protease, Lipase, Esterase, Urease, Cellulase and Xylanase

Effective pH Range

5.0 - 10.0

Effective Temperature Range

5° - 55°C (40°130°F)

Shelf Life

One year at 21°C (70°F)

ESPECIFICACIONES

CFU garantizado:

Aditivo para piensos - 20 mil millones de CFU/ g Aditivo de agua - 4 mil millones de CFU/g

APLICACIONES

Aditivo para piensos para acuicultura Aditivo para agua para acuicultura

PERFIL DEL PRODUCTO

Varias especies de Bacillus. De origen natural, sin ingeniería. Aerobios y anaerobios facultativos. Altamente móvil.

Quimiotaxis positiva. Esporas bacterianas 100% estabilizadas.

Producción de Enzimas

Amilasa, proteasa, lipasa, esterasa, ureasa, celulasa y xilanasa

Rango de pH

Efectivo

5,0 - 10,0

Rango de Temperatura

Efectivo

5° - 55°C

Duracion

Un año a 21°C frame, improved feed conversion rate (FCR), reduced disease incidence, and decreased mortality. Our DFM blends are custom tailored to your animals’ needs and environments.

Reduce Waste

To remediate what is outside of your animal, we offer products that help maintain a healthy growing environment. Aquaculture systems often have an excess of waste. A high concentration of waste in the water will increase biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), decrease dissolved oxygen (DO), and generate high levels of ammonia. Each of these parameters can negatively impact animals, but when combined, the results can be devastating, leading to decreased feed conversion and increased mortality. Our selection of naturally occurring and beneficial microorganisms help to increase efficiency by reducing the waste materials and ammonia in your system, ensuring balanced BOD and DO levels are maintained. This creates an environment that allows your animals to thrive. Our safe and naturally effective microbial formulations have been extensively used in shrimp feed and water treatment applications with great success. More recently we have expanded our product line into fish and más de 20 años. Esta experiencia ha demostrado que es mejor adoptar un enfoque de dos niveles para administrar sus granjas acuícolas. Tratamos el interior de sus animales y remediamos lo que está fuera de sus animales. Nuestros microbios de alimentación directa (DFM) se agregan al alimento, manejando a sus animales desde adentro. Después del consumo, nuestros cultivos biológicamente activos colonizan el intestino del animal para ayudar en la digestión del alimento y protegerlo contra patógenos. Los resultados son animales más grandes en un período de tiempo más corto, mejor tasa de conversión alimenticia (FCR), menor incidencia de enfermedades y menor mortalidad. Nuestras mezclas DFM se adaptan a las necesidades y entornos de sus animales.

Reducir Gastro

planet. Through our agreements, partnerships, and network of global microbial manufacturers, we connect our customers to thousands of strains in formats including bulk cultures, concentrates, contract fermentations, and specialty biologicals and market them under our proprietary brand names. In many of these formats, we’re able to include our value-added MicroSynergy™ technology for creating enhanced stability, longer shelf-life, and increased activity post-production. From there, we can augment our offerings with expert formulation and technical support, market access, our award-winning 3+80™ supply risk guarantee, and microbial-specific marketing expertise. All information and data supplemented by data and visuals are independently verified, current, and correct to the best of our knowledge. For more information, contact your MicroSynergies representative.

Para remediar lo que está fuera de su animal, ofrecemos productos que ayudan a mantener un ambiente de crecimiento saludable. Los sistemas de acuicultura suelen tener un exceso de desechos. Una alta concentración de desechos en el agua aumentará la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO), disminuirá el oxígeno disuelto (OD) y generará altos niveles de amoníaco. Cada uno de estos parámetros puede afectar negativamente a los animales, pero cuando se combinan, los resultados pueden ser devastadores, lo que lleva a una menor conversión alimenticia y una mayor mortalidad. Nuestra selección de microorganismos beneficiosos y que ocurren naturalmente ayudan a aumentar la eficiencia al reducir los materiales de desecho y el amoníaco en su sistema, asegurando que se mantengan niveles equilibrados de DBO y OD. Esto crea un entorno que permite que sus animales prosperen. Nuestras formulaciones microbianas seguras y naturalmente efectivas se han utilizado ampliamente en aplicaciones de tratamiento de agua y alimentos para camarones con gran éxito. Más recientemente, hemos ampliado nuestra línea de productos a pescado y bivalvos con resultados similares.

MicroSynergies LLC es el líder mundial en el abastecimiento de la mayor colección de ingredientes microbianos comerciales del planeta. A través de nuestros acuerdos, asociaciones y red de fabricantes de microbios globales, conectamos a nuestros clientes con miles de cepas en formatos que incluyen cultivos a granel, concentrados, fermentaciones por contrato y productos biológicos especiales y los comercializamos con nuestras marcas registradas. En muchos de estos formatos, podemos incluir nuestra tecnología MicroSynergy ™ de valor agregado para crear una estabilidad mejorada, una vida útil más prolongada y una mayor actividad de posproducción. A partir de ahí, podemos aumentar nuestras ofertas con formulación experta y soporte técnico, acceso al mercado, nuestra galardonada garantía de riesgo de suministro 3 + 80 ™ y experiencia en marketing específico para microbios. Toda la información y los datos complementados con datos y elementos visuales se verifican de forma independiente, están actualizados y son correctos según nuestro leal saber y entender. Para obtener más información, comuníquese con su representante de MicroSynergies.

ITS AN HONOR TO BE A PART OF YOUR TEAM THE MARKETS ARE OPEN AND THE NEEDS ARE HIGH.

John Weir Falquez.

Biograf A

Con más de 25 años de experiencia en salud y nutrición animal, John se ha especializado en crear y ayudar a empresas a utilizar biotecnología sostenible.

Recientemente, se ha dedicado al desarrollo de tecnologías globales para la industria camaronera en Ecuador, Tailandia, China y Australia, aplicando nuevos conceptos en larvicultura y engorde, utilizando la técnica microbiana heterotrófica para etapa intensiva 2-3.

Bio

With over 25 years of experience in animal health and nutrition, John has specialized in creating and helping businesses use sustainable biotechnology.

Recently, he has been dedicated to the development of global technologies for the shrimp production industry in Ecuador, Thailand, China, and Australia, applying new concepts in larviculture and grow-out, using the microbial heterotrophic technique for intensive 2-3 stage.

John graduated from Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil where he spent time in exchange in the U.S. at the University fo Kentucky.

John has spoken at several aquaculture congresses. He deeply believes in the power of beneficial microbes to improve productivity and reduce costs, while transforming the environment into a safer place.

John lives with his family in Ecuador.

John se graduó de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil donde pasó un tiempo de intercambio en los Estados Unidos en la Universidad de Kentucky.

John ha hablado en varios congresos de acuicultura. Cree profundamente en el poder de los microbios beneficiosos para mejorar la productividad y reducir los costos, al tiempo que transforma el medio ambiente en un lugar más seguro.

John vive con su familia en Ecuador.

Direct-Fed Microbials Provide a Direct Benefit to Animals, Producers, and the Planet

From Calves, Dairy Cows, and Beef… to Poultry, Swine, Lamb, and Others— Beneficial Microbes Are on the Right Side of History.

MicroSynergies LLC is the world leader in sourcing for the largest collection of commercial microbial ingredients on the planet. Through our agreements, partnerships, and network of global microbial manufacturers, we connect our customers to thousands of strains in formats including bulk cultures, concentrates, contract fermentations, and specialty biologicals and market them under our proprietary brand names. In many of these formats, we’re able to include our value-added MicroSynergy™ technology for creating enhanced stability, longer shelf-life, and increased activity post-production. From there, we can augment our offerings with expert formulation and technical support, market access, our award-winning 3+80™ supply risk guarantee, and microbialspecific marketing expertise. All information and data supplemented by data and visuals are independently verified, current, and correct to the best of our knowledge. For more information, contact your MicroSynergies representative.

The use of probiotic and other approved beneficial bacteria in animals (collectively and officially referred to as “Direct-Fed Microbials”) works much in the same way as seen in other industries and applications: the point is to control the environment — whether it’s the soil, water, feed, or digestive system— by creating an ideal environment to promote the good microbes and metabolites and competitively exclude the harmful ones.

In addition to the health benefits conferred on the animal itself, the most practical commercial reasons for the use of “DFMs” include improved feed efficiency and profitability of the operation, reduction in morbidity, reduction in antibiotic use, and the prevention of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli. DFMs have been both a staple and growing in popularity for some time. Yet, new research into the larger benefits of beneficial bacteria and the industry’s move away from antibiotic use has accelerated the need to include DFM products in livestock feed portfolios, such as those for dairy, calves, beef, swine, poultry, aquaculture, and others.

BENEFITS OF DIRECT-FED MICROBIALS

The microbiota in the intestinal tract are important to the host, not only in relation to food digestion, but also in terms of reducing infection by pathogens (colonization resistance) and it is becoming increasingly apparent that the microbiota are important in developmental programming and function of organ systems in the adult. This is not surprising as there are ten times as many microbial cells as host cells and 100 times as many microbial genes. The microbiota could be considered an additional organ that not only influences function in the adult, but also development in the neonate. The microbiota is an important component of the host animal’s genome. During and immediately after birth, the intestinal tract is colonized by a succession of bacteria. The presence of these bacteria is important for functional development of the intestinal tract (angiogenesis, epithelial tissues, mucosal system) and more recent data suggests a role in development and function of the brain and hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) that last throughout life (1).

Early Application

Recent data suggest that the early microbial colonizers influence the development of subsequent microbial populations as well as host development and function. There is increasing interest in the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and other dietary additions to improve animal health and well-being (1).

For example: Early colonization of intestines of 1-day-old chickens by a probiotic containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Enterococcus faecalis results in significant enhancement of the systemic IgM response to sheep red blood cells. Dalloul et al. found that feeding chickens a Lactobacillusbased probiotic had a positive impact in that it stimulated some of the early immune responses against Eimeria acervulina, characterized by early interferon (IFN)-g and interleukin (IL)-2 secretions, resulting in improved local immune defenses against coccidiosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that giving probiotics has beneficial effects on humoral immune responses (2).

SPECIES-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES: DAIRY

In the United States, the dairy industry includes approximately nine million cattle that produce, on average, 19,000 pounds of milk a year (USDAERS 2009). During the past four decades the number of dairy farms has decreased, whereas the

Brad Glocke President MicroSynergies

Chris Muellenbach Vice President of Marketing and Business Development MicroSynergies

average dairy herd size has increased (USDA-ERS 2009). This concentration of cattle on fewer but larger farms has occurred to meet the demands of economies of scale. This focus on improving the efficiency of milk production has led to the development of dietary strategies to improve this critical factor in farm profitability. To achieve this goal, dairy cattle are fed a variety of rations from very high grain diets, to total mixed rations (TMRs), to even solely grass-based grazing systems. Many of the diets fed to dairy cattle in recent years have included the use of probiotic feedstuffs, or directfed microbials (DFMs) (3).

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of cattle is a fully mature ecosystem comprised of more than 600 known species of bacteria as well as protozoa and fungi. This mixed, diverse microbial consortium occupies all environmental niches and utilizes nearly all available nutrients. The symbiotic relationship between the host animal and its resident gastrointestinal microbial ecosystem is critical to animal health and production efficiency. The ability to utilize cellulose has allowed ruminant animals to occupy environmental niches free of competition, but this has come at a cost of relatively low feed efficiencies. Utilization of the native or an artificially introduced microbial population to improve some aspect of animal production has been termed a “probiotic,” or a competitive enhancement approach. Generally speaking, these approaches offer a natural “green” method to improve production, efficiency, and safety of dairy production (3).

Most of the DFMs used in dairy cattle fall into the category of probiotics. The dairy cattle industry has used various DFMs for years primarily to increase the growth rate, milk production, and/or production efficiency. Recent years have seen the development of probiotic preparations to address other concerns related to dairy production and cattle health (3).

Cattle are inherently inefficient in converting feed to milk or meat because of the symbiotic relationship between the cow and her resident ruminal microbial ecosystem. Feed efficiency in dairy cattle typically ranges from 3 to nearly 1, depending on the stage of lactation, parity, dietary composition and digestibility, body composition, genetics, animal health, environmental conditions, and other management factors. Feed efficiency, in turn, has a significant impact on the profitability of a dairy farm, one that can mean the difference between a successful operation and one that fails. The use of DFMs in dairy cattle rations has improved feed efficiency in some studies and conditions and as a result has produced a positive impact on dairy profitability (3).

Many studies have demonstrated that probiotic products can enhance production efficiency and thus improve dairy farm profitability; yet this can vary widely based on the product type (i.e., fungal versus bacterial; live culture versus fermentation extract), organism selected, diet that the cattle are fed, and the stage of lactation (3).

SPECIES-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES: BEEF

The feeding of direct-fed microbials (DFMs) has received much consideration from the beef cattle industry. This is due in part to a current public perception that there is a need for sufficient disease prevention while simultaneously reducing the utilization of antimicrobials in beef production. Probiotics have been long used in the beef industry as a method to improve cattle health and productivity… evidence regarding the use of some of the DFMs used in beef cattle are explored, and the benefits and challenges of inclusion of these feedstuffs in the diet are addressed. Changes in rumen function and the microbial ecosystem and effects on carcass merit are also addressed (4).

The feeding of direct-fed microbials (DFMs) has received much consideration from the beef cattle industry. This is due in part to a current public perception that there is a need for sufficient disease prevention while simultaneously reducing the utilization of antimicrobials in beef production. At the same time, the reduction in antimicrobial use must be achieved without losing the current advantages of production efficiency. Trying to find ways to accomplish this has been an area of concentrated research in recent years. DFMs have been a well-received alternative in beef cattle diets because they contain a source of live, naturally occurring microorganisms (4).

The original concept of feeding a DFM to cattle was based on the presumption of potential benefits on intestinal effects, which included the establishment of more desirable microflora and prevention of the establishment of pathogenic organisms. Data suggest that feeding a DFM to cattle decreases the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli. Other beneficial responses observed when providing bacterial DFMs to cattle include increases in average daily gains and improved feed efficiency in feedlot cattle; improved health, increased immunity, and increased performance in young calves; decreased potential for ruminal acidosis; increased propionate concentration in the rumen; and altered rumen microflora populations (4).

Immunity

The foremost function of an immune response is to identify and eliminate pathogenic infections. The immune system of vertebrates is made up of two functional elements – innate and acquired responses – which contrast in their mechanisms of pathogen recognition. The innate system uses germ-line encoded receptors, known as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize the evolutionarily conserved molecular components [microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)] of infectious microbes. The acquired response uses highly specific antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes that are generated by random processes by gene rearrangement. Therefore, antigen receptors of the acquired immune system can be produced for any given antigen. One should not regard the acquired and innate systems as autonomous networks working independently of each other, however. Instead, the two systems are heterogeneous constituents of a single interdependent network (2).

Nowhere is this interdependence between the innate and acquired systems more pertinent than at the mucosal surface of the GI tract, which contains the largest number of immune cells and the highest concentration of pathogens and potential pathogens but also harmless dietary antigens and large populations of commensal bacterial flora. Thus, the mucosal immune system must be tightly controlled to assess and respond to antigens to which it is exposed and mount an appropriate effector or regulatory response. Hence, the concurrent establishment of resident intestinal microbiota and the development of resident immune cells produces a state of “physiological inflammation” that is responsible for a rapid host response to a pathogenic infection (2).

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest interface between an animal’s internal milieu and its exterior environment. As such, it forms a physical barrier between the two environments. However, the function of the GI tract in the wellbeing of an animal is more complex than this passive role. The GI tract not only regulates the selective entry of nutrients while keeping vigilant against pathogens, it is largely responsible for shaping the immune response. Through specialized receptors and other general mechanisms, the GI tract senses changes in its environment and actively responds to the changes. These responses allow the intestine to contribute to the defense against microbes as well as control and regulate the local immune response. In addition, the luminal microbial ecosystem is a highly complex community of primarily bacterial microbes that communicates extensively with itself and the host. The microbial community has major influences on the host, including effects on nutrient absorption, cancer, inflammation, host metabolism, barrier function, and gut function (neuromotor, immunological, vascular) among others (2).

There was significantly higher antibody production in chickens fed probiotics than in control birds. In addition, these investigators found that the differences in the weights of the spleen and bursa of probiotic-fed and conventional-fed broilers could be attributed to different levels of antibody production in response to sheep red blood cells. Similarly, in a group of broiler chickens given a probiotic supplement the antibody titer was significantly higher at 5 and 10 days after immunization than in the controls (2).

A Better Alternative To Antibiotics

In recent years, there have been increasing societal concerns over the use of antibiotics and other growth stimulants in the livestock industry. This situation is further complicated by the increased emphasis placed on the industry to reduce diseases and pathogens while simultaneously improving production efficiency. The combination of these two concerns has led to an increased interest in the effects of

DFMs on animal health and performance. The original concept of feeding a DFM to livestock was based on the presumption of potential beneficial intestinal effects, which included establishing a more desirable microflora and pre- venting the establishment of pathogenic organisms. Some additional responses to bacterial DFMs in cattle include increases in average daily gains and improved feed efficiency in feedlot cattle; improved health, increased immunity, and increased performance in young calves; decreased potential for ruminal acidosis; increased propionate concentrations in the rumen; and altered rumen microflora populations (4). Society’s concerns over the continued use of antibiotics in production agriculture and the increased interest in disease and pathogen prevention in the food supply have led to an increased interest in use of DFMs in growing and finishing cattle. Other, more economical reasons for the increase in usage of DFM products in growing and finishing cattle include improved performance, improved health responses in sick cattle, and significantly reduced mortality in heavier cattle (4).

Food Safety

Another reason for giving probiotic products to dairy cattle involves food and environmental safety. Each year more than 27% of the U.S. population is sickened by foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The indirect and direct cost each year of the five most common foodborne pathogenic bacteria in the United States totals more than US$40 billion. Food-borne pathogenic bacteria can be harbored asymptomatically in the gut of dairy cattle or on their hides. Pathogenic bacteria such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (including E. coli O157:H7), Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Listeria have all been isolated from cattle (3). Although it is a food safety concern, Salmonella can also cause severe disease in cattle and is a problem both from food safety and animal health perspectives. Waste streams emanating from dairy farms are being viewed increasingly in some regions of the United States as a threat to the environment and to public health. Thus asymptomatic carriage of pathogenic bacteria represents a threat to the integrity and the efficiency and profitability of milk production. Consequently, strategies to reduce animal health/ food safety pathogens in various phases of dairy cattle production have been developed, including the development of targeted probiotics (3). Because of the U.S. Food Safety Inspection Service’s declaration of E. coli an adulterant in ground beef, there has been intensified interest in probiotic research aimed at reducing E. coli in both beef and dairy cattle. Early researchers in this topic found that a variety of commercial probiotics provided neither benefit nor detriment in regard to E. coli populations in cattle. In later results, an L. acidophilus culture reduced E. coli shedding by more than 50% in finishing cattle. Other research demonstrated that this DFM reduced E. coli populations on the hides of cattle by up to 75%; furthermore, the highest DFM dosage reduced Salmonella shedding in the feces by 50% (3).

References:

(1) J.A. Patterson “The Commensal Microbiota”, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

(2) M.H. Kogut, C.L. Swaggerty “Effects of Prebiotics and Probiotics on the Host Immune Response”, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, TX, USA

(3) T.R. Callaway, T.S. Edrington, T.L. Poole, D.J. Nisbet “Current Status of Practical Applications: Probiotics in Dairy Cattle”, USDA/ARS, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, USA

(4) B.K. Wilson “Current and Future Status of Practical Applications: Beef Cattle”, Willard Sparks Beef Research Center Oklahoma State University, 4224 W. McElroy, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA

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