Microbioz India,December 2014 Issue

World

AIDS Day Special

Issue: December 2014

MICROBIOZ INDIA

MICROBIOZ INDIA

P O10 PANDEMIC OF THE YEAR S COPE UP WITH aids

THIS MONTH IN MICROBIOLOGY

Readers

2015

Welcome

PANDEMICS, CONTROL

DEADLY DISEASES INFECTIOUS

Special Edition

T m

Volume: 10

List of Cross Word Winners Inside

EBOLA, OUT BREAK

AN INTERVIEW WITH

Dr. Ediga B. Agbo, Nigeria

Featured Article

Recent open Positions

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Speak

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igns and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the

infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild complaints may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may require hospitalization.”

Contents

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Top 10 Deadly Infectious Disease Cover

Current Open Positions In last phase of this issue, for better interaction with young students, Microbiologist, having interest in pursuing higher education in Microbiology and related area from reputed Institutes/Laboratory of world list of few scholarships open position are mention.

Infectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause. Infectious diseases are caused by germs. Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere - in air, soil and water.

You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking

An Interview with Pf. Ediga B. Agbo

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Pandemics of the year Under Microbioz India, Scientist meet in this month our team member cum representative, Scolastica Beck Bello, perform an interview with Prof. Ediga B. Agbo, Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria, An eminent and famous professor of Microbiology from Nigeria.

Year 2014 are highly effected with number of infectious diseases, few pandemics, Diseases Out break killed lac of peoples worldwide, and no one can forgot “Ebola Disease Out Break”

This Month in Microbiology

29 41

In Last phase of Magazines, we announce the names of winners of November 2014 issue of Magazines and also mention December 2014 Cross Word.

As we did in our ealier issue, Magazine also has collection few interesting Microbiology and recent researches News Information collected from worldwide sources.

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Microbioz India, Cross Word Dec 2014

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Editor’s Desk

MICROBIOZ INDIA Administration Council

D

ear readers Microbioz India, going to launch December 2014 Issue of

Magazine, I would like to thanks all of our respected team members,supporters,readers,clients for fantastic appreciation and bless to Microbioz India, which help us in successfully launch of 10th Issue of Magazine.

The cover story of Magazine entitled “Top 10 Deadly Infectious Disease” as name indicates we focus on different deadly infections caused by Microbes. As we know all the month of December is celebrated as “World AIDS Day” on 1st of December 2014,So, we also include HIV and cope up with infections in cover story, Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.

Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals. And others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment.

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. Infectious diseases are the terrorists of the natural world. Most of them, though, quite frankly, aren't very good at inspiring terror. The common cold? An annoyance, but not a terror. The chicken pox? Itchy, but not terrifying. Even a nasty flu is rarely more than acute unpleasantness. But then there are the few that really stand out -- the diseases that make us all a little more appreciative of our health and a little more respectful of the microbial world, Apart from cover story Magazines also has few valuable articles and topics like Pandemics of year, 2014, is remember for ebola disease outbreak, killed thousands of people in West Africa, and many other cities and country get infected with this deadly virus.

Under Microbioz India, Scientist meet in this month our team member cum representative, Scolastica Beck Bello, perform an interview with Prof. Ediga B. Agbo, Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria, An eminent and famous professor of Microbiology from Nigeria. As we did in our ealier issue, Magazine also has collection few interesting Microbiology and recent researches News Information collected from worldwide sources. And how we can forgot to announce the name of our readers who regularly solve Microbioz India puzzle game. In last phase of this issue, for better interaction with young students, Microbiologist, having interest in pursuing higher education in Microbiology and related area from reputed Institutes/Laboratory of world list of few scholarships open position are mention.

Kumaar Jeetendra Chief Editor, Microbioz India e-Magazines & Microbioz Journals

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Cover Story….

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DEADLY

P 1 O0

INFECTIOUS

DISEASES

“Germs can also spread through animal and insect bites, kissing and sexual contact. Vaccines, proper hand washing and medicines can help prevent infections.

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person. Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals. And others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild complaints may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may require hospitalization. Infectious diseases are the terrorists of the natural world. Most of them, though, quite frankly, aren't very good at inspiring terror. The common cold?

An annoyance, but not a terror. The chicken pox? Itchy, but not terrifying. …..”

Cover History…

Top 10 Deadly Infectious Diseases

I

nfectious diseases kill more people worldwide than any other single cause. Infectious diseases are caused by germs. Germs are tiny living things that are found everywhere - in air, soil and water. You can get infected by touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Germs can also spread through animal and insect bites, kissing and sexual contact. Vaccines, proper hand washing and medicines can help prevent infections. Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites.

Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful, but under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Some infectious diseases can be passed from person to person.

Some are transmitted by bites from insects or animals. And others are acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water or being exposed to organisms in the environment. Signs and symptoms vary depending on the organism causing the infection, but often include fever and fatigue. Mild complaints may respond to rest and home remedies, while some life-threatening infections may require hospitalization. Infectious diseases are the terrorists of the natural world. Most of them, though, quite frankly, aren't very good at inspiring terror. The common cold? An annoyance, but not a terror. The chicken pox?

Itchy, but not terrifying. Even a nasty flu is rarely more than acute unpleasantness. But then there are the few that really stand out -- the diseases that make us all a little more appreciative of our health and a little more respectful of the microbial world.

While it is a ecological necessity that infectious disease pathogens evolve to spread more efficiently there is no obvious reason why some of them wreak such horrific deaths on their hosts. You would think it in a pathogen’s interest to keep its host alive for as long as possible to spread to as many more people as possible. But no. It’s almost as if some sadistic fiend sat down and designed these diseases to instill as much terror on the population as possible. As violent as we can be towards one another, throughout history the biggest executioner of the human race has been deadly disease. Whether it was the Black Death in 14th century Europe or Ebola in present day Africa, the loss of human life and cost to society has been astronomical. These are the 25 deadliest diseases in human history.

What makes a disease deadly in the twenty-first century? Medicine has never been more advanced; our understanding of spread and infection, never more sophisticated. And yet, we may be poised for the largest and most devastating pandemic the human race has ever encountered. Diseases that could have been effectively eradicated decades ago continue to ravage developing nations. In the wake of natural and manmade disasters, cholera, tuberculosis and the like spread even more easily, aided by tenuous medical infrastructures and close living quarters for refugees. Meanwhile, wealthy nations are no less imperiled, their citizens endangered by a massively consolidated food supply and by antibiotics prescribed so indiscriminately as to potentially destroy their efficacy altogether……Credit Popular Science.

As per cover title the list of top 10 infectious diseases are as:

----Court say: Planet Deadly

Cover History‌

I

nfluenza, or flu, is a serious respiratory illness. It is

easily spread from person to person and can lead to severe complications, even death. We ALL are at risk for getting and spreading the flu. Having the flu may keep you home from work or school. If you have asthma or other lung diseases, you are at higher risk of developing complications from the flu. Each year in the U.S., influenza and its related complications result in an estimated 226,000 hospitalizations and anywhere from around 3,000 to 49,000 deaths. The most recent flu to hit the headlines was Swine influenza. The alarms bells started ringing when it was found to be a new variant of the H1N1 strain. Deaths did occur and it did seem particularly virulent, but nothing compared to the scale of Spanish flu. I actually had Swine flu and it wasn’t nice. Perhaps the biggest reason to fear influenza is its ability to combine and mutate to form new strains. Chief amongst these fears is that a supervirulent strain will combine with a highly transmissible strain. This could even happen across species as is the case with the potentially lethal H5N1 Bird flu.

Currently bird flu is not able to spread from person-toperson, however, just a small genetic event could open the way for a major epidemic.

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Image Credit: Planet Deadly

Influenza (Flu)

Cover History…

AIDS

A

IDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a chronic,

potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause disease.HIV is a sexually transmitted infection. It can also be spread by contact with infected blood or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding. It can take years before HIV weakens your immune system to the point that you have AIDS. HIV most often spreads through unprotected sex with an infected person. It may also spread by sharing drug needles or through contact with the blood of an infected person. Women can give it to their babies during pregnancy or childbirth.The first signs of HIV infection may be swollen glands and flu-like symptoms. These may come and go a month or two after infection. Severe symptoms may not appear until months or years later. HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person, which includes semen, vaginal and anal fluids, blood, and breast milk. It is a fragile virus and does not survive outside the body for long. HIV cannot be transmitted through sweat or urine.

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The most common way of getting HIV in the UK is by anal or vaginal sex without a condom. According to statistics from the Health Protection Agency, 95% of those diagnosed with HIV in the UK in 2011 acquired HIV as a result of sexual contact.

Image Credit: News.Sciencemag.org

Other ways of getting HIV include:  using a contaminated needle, syringe or other injecting equipment  transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding  through oral sex or sharing sex toys (although the risk is significantly lower than for anal and vaginal sex) MICROBIOZ INDIA, DECEMBER 2014 ISSUE

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Cover History…

Tuberculosis T

B is a disease caused by a bacterium called

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A Young Boy in Varanasi (North India) showing card for DOTS program in local tuberculosis treatment…Credit: cpc.unc.edu…

MICROBIOZ INDIA, DECEMBER 2014 ISSUE

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. TB disease was once the leading cause of death in the United States.

Tuberculosis, commonly known as TB, is a bacterial infection that can spread through the lymph nodes and bloodstream to any organ in your body. It is most often found in the lungs.

Most people who are exposed to TB never develop symptoms because the bacteria can live in an inactive form in the body. But if the immune system weakens, such as in people with HIV or elderly adults, TB bacteria can become active. In their active state, TB bacteria cause death of tissue in the organs they infect. Active TB disease can be fatal if left untreated.

Because the bacteria that cause tuberculosis are transmitted through the air, the disease can be contagious. Infection is most likely to occur if you are exposed to someone with TB on a dayto-day basis, such as by living or working in close quarters with someone who has the active disease. Even then, because the bacteria generally stay latent (inactive) after they invade the body, only a small number of people infected with TB will ever have the active disease. TB was once a widespread disease. It was virtually wiped out with the help of antibiotics developed in the 1950s, but the disease has resurfaced in potent new forms -- multidrug-resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB.

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Cover History‌

Anthrax caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis.

Anthrax can be found naturally in soil and commonly affects domestic and wild animals around the world. Although it is rare, people can get sick with anthrax if they come in contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products. There's no evidence that anthrax is transmitted from person to person, but it's possible that anthrax skin lesions may be contagious through direct contact. Usually, anthrax bacteria enter the body through a wound in the skin. You can also become infected by eating contaminated meat or inhaling the spores.

Signs and symptoms, which depend on how you're infected, can range from skin sores to vomiting to shock. Prompt treatment with antibiotics can cure most anthrax infections.

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Steve Bellan

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nthrax is a serious infectious disease

Carcass of a zebra infected with anthrax. Photo by

A

Cover History‌

Cholera

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by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period, from less than one day to five days, and produces an enterotoxin that causes copious, painless, watery diarrhoea that can quickly lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most patients. Cholera was prevalent in the U.S. in the 1800s before modern water and sewage treatment systems eliminated its spread by contaminated water. Only about 10 cases of cholera are reported each year in the U.S. and half of these are acquired abroad. Rarely, contaminated seafood has caused cholera outbreaks in the U.S. However, cholera outbreaks are still a serious problem in other parts of the world, where cholera affects an estimated 3 to 5 million people and causes more than 100,000 deaths each year. The disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Common locations include parts of Africa, south Asia, and Latin America. If you are traveling to one of those areas, knowing the following cholera facts can help protect you and your family.

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Image Credit: The Guardian.com

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused

Cholera Pathogen,SEM Pictures

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Cover History‌

ethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

(MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body. It's tougher to treat than most strains of staphylococcus aureus -- or staph -because it's resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. The symptoms of MRSA depend on where you're infected. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, like sores or boils. But it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract. Garden-variety staph is common bacteria that can live in our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it. In fact, one third of everybody has staph bacteria in their noses.But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut.

Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections in the U.S. usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia.

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Image Credit: http://imgarcade.com/

MRSA M

MRSA INFECTION

"Staphylococcus aureus" (S. aureus) refers to a bacterium, often harmless that commonly resides inside the nose and human skin.3 In the US, staph bacteria are one of the most common causes of infections of the skin. Although 25-30% of the population is colonized with staph (bacteria is present but not causing infection), there is in the region of 1% colonized with MRSA.

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Cover History‌

R

abies is a preventable viral disease of mammals most

often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. The vast majority of rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) each year occur in wild animals like raccoons, skunks, bats, and foxes. People that work closely with wildlife, veterinarians, and travelers are at the highest risk of exposure. Fortunately, there is a vaccine that is available to protect high-risk people.

Animals that come into contact with wildlife and are not

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Image Credit: Foxnews.com

Rabies

Vaccinated are at a higher risk of infection. While the risk of coming into contact with the virus is very low, it nevertheless does exist. Because of the movement of carriers, there is always the risk of exposure. Rabies is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. The rabies virus is usually transmitted through a bite. Animals most likely to transmit rabies in the United States include bats, coyotes, foxes, raccoons and skunks. In developing countries of Africa and Southeast Asia, stray dogs are the most likely to spread rabies to people. Once a person begins showing signs and symptoms of rabies, the disease is nearly always fatal. For this reason, anyone who may have a risk of contracting rabies should receive rabies vaccines for protection.

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Cover History‌

Image Credit: dailymail.co.uk, right rserved, eyofscience SPL

Smallpox

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mallpox is a potentially deadly infectious disease, now eradicated Patient: Suffering with Small Pox

worldwide after successful global immunization programs. Over the centuries before being eliminated, smallpox devastated populations worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared smallpox officially eradicated in 1979. Only a small amount of the virus has been kept alive under tightly controlled conditions in the U.S. and Russia for medical research. The last case of smallpox from natural transmission was in Somalia in 1977. After eradication, the WHO advised that all countries stop giving routine smallpox vaccinations. Routine smallpox vaccinations stopped in the U.S. and in many other countries in 1972 and in all other member countries of WHO by 1986.

Smallpox is caused by the variola virus. There are two forms of this virus. The more dangerous form, variola major, caused smallpox disease that was fatal for about 30% of people infected. A virus called variola minor caused a less deadly form of smallpox, with a fatality rate of about 1%.Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. It was one of the world's most devastating diseases known to humanity.

It was declared eradicated in 1980 following a global immunization campaign led by the World Health Organization. Smallpox was transmitted from person to person via infective droplets during close contact with infected symptomatic people. Vaccine administered up to 4 days after exposure provided protective immunity and was preventing infection and lessening the severity of the disease.The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977. Since then, the only known cases were caused by a laboratory accident in 1978 in Birmingham, England, which killed one person and caused a limited outbreak.

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Cover History‌

Bubonic Plague

Rodents, such as rats, carry the disease. It is spread by their fleas. People can get plague when they are bitten by a flea that carries the plague bacteria from an infected rodent. In rare cases, people get the disease when handling an infected animal. Plague lung infection is called pneumonic plague. It is spread from person-to-person. When someone with pneumonic plague coughs, tiny droplets carrying the bacteria move through the air. Anyone who breathes in these particles may catch the disease. An epidemic can be started this way. In the middle Ages in Europe, massive plague epidemics killed millions of people.

Plague can still be found in Africa, Asia, and South America. Today, plague is rare in the United States.

But it has been known to occur in parts of California, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. Plague is an infectious disease caused by bacteria called Yesinia pestis. These bacteria are found mainly in rodents, particularly rats, and in the fleas that feed on them.

Other animals and humans usually contract the bacteria from rodent or flea bites. Historically, plague destroyed entire civilizations. In the 1300s, the "Black Death," as it was called, killed approximately onethird (20 to 30 million) of Europe's population. In the mid-1800s, it killed 12 million people in China. Today, thanks to better living conditions, antibiotics, and improved sanitation, current World Health Organization statistics show there were only 2,118 cases in 2003 worldwide.

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Images Credit: cdc.gov.in

lague is caused by the bacteria Yesinia pestis.

A great Epidemics: Bubonic Plague

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Cover History‌

bola is a severe and often fatal disease in humans.

It is also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The 2014 Ebola outbreak is the largest Ebola outbreak in history and the first in West Africa. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and partners are taking precautions to prevent the spread of Ebola within the United States.

Ebola virus disease is a serious illness that originated in Africa, where there is currently an outbreak. But for people living in countries outside Africa, it continues to be a very low threat. The current outbreak of the Ebola virus mainly affects three countries in West Africa: Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. Around 14,413 cases and 5,177 deaths have been reported by the World Health Organization. This is the largest known outbreak of Ebola. Experts studying the virus believe it is highly unlikely the disease would spread within the UK even if it arrived here. Perhaps no virus strikes as much fear in people as Ebola, the cause of a deadly outbreak in West Africa. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports more than 14,400 confirmed or suspected cases of Ebola, mostly in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, as of Nov. 11. More than 5,100 people have died in the largest Ebola outbreak ever recorded. Four confirmed or probable cases have been reported in Mali, along with three deaths, the WHO said.A surgeon from Sierra Leone who lives in the United States died after being flown to the Nabraska Medical Center for treatment, the hospital said Nov. 17.(Court Say: Web Med).

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Image Credit: Foxnews.com

Ebola E

Ebola Virus

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Featured Article…..

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Credit: aei.org

Pandemics 014 Of the Year

A

-Kumaar Jeetendra (Chief Editor, Microbioz)

disease outbreak happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region or during a season. An outbreak may occur in one community or even extend to several countries. It can last from days to years. Sometimes a single case of a contagious disease is considered an outbreak. This may be true if it is an unknown disease, is new to a community, or has been absent

.

from a population for a long time A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive

global pandemics in history. Influenza pandemics have occurred more than once.

 Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.  Asian influenza killed 2 million people in 1957.  Hong Kong influenza killed 1 million people in 1968.

An influenza pandemic occurs when:  A new subtype of virus arises. This means humans have little or no immunity to it. Everyone is at risk.  The virus spreads easily from person to person, such as through sneezing or coughing.  The virus begins to cause serious illness worldwide. With past flu pandemics, the virus reached all parts of the globe within six to nine months. With the speed of air travel today, public health experts believe an influenza pandemic could spread much more quickly. A pandemic can occur in waves. And all parts of the world may not be affected at the same time.

Year 2014 are highly effected with number of infectious diseases, few pandemics, Diseases Out break killed lac of peoples worldwide, and no one can forgot “Ebola Disease Out Break” responsible for death of lac of peoples of West Africa and few other country, The most effected country is West Africa. Here are few pandemics which was in news in this year are explained below.

Influenza (Flu) In start of year 2014 influenza makes thousands of victims and responsible for death of many peoples here are a special report on disease out breaks are given.

A Brief Report….

Credit: BBC, News Health

Only a handful of people had been infected with H7N9 since June, but health officials have reported 73 cases so far this month. Influenza researchers argue the winter season and preparations for Chinese New Year may be driving the increase. The World Health Organization called for vigilance, saying the virus was likely to remain present for some time.H7N9 made the jump from infecting domestic chickens and ducks to infecting people at the end of March 2013.Within a month, 126 cases and 24 deaths had been recorded.

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Featured Article‌..

The virus was stopped in its tracks as control measures, such as closing live poultry markets, were introduced.There were just five cases between June and November. The recent jump takes the total number of cases to 219, including 55 deaths. Apart from a couple of cases in close family clusters, the virus has not been able to spread from person to person. Gregory Hartl, spokesman for the World Health Organization (WHO), said flu viruses circulated more easily during the colder winter months.

Prof John McCauley, the director of a WHO collaborating centre on influenza in London, said: "I've been worried all the time about H7N9; it's highly virulent and the case fatality is about one in three, so it poses a threat."The range of the virus had also spread, he added, with cases in Guangdong province, further south and east than previously. He said the winter might not be the whole explanation, particularly in southern provinces closer to the equator."It may be seasonal, or an alternative is more poultry exposure in the build-up to Chinese New Year, and more poultry going through the markets."They might need to reconsider closure of the markets."The H7N9 virus itself, however, does not appear to have mutated in a way that could make it more likely to spread around the globe.Prof Wendy Barclay, an influenza researcher at Imperial College London, did not think the virus had changed."There's still no evidence of humanto-human transmission or mutations to make it closer to a pandemic."So from that perspective there's nothing new to worry about."She said overall "we're in as good a position as we could hope" and the early steps of producing a vaccine were now completed.

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Featured Article‌..

Bubonic Plague

Bubonic Plague Is Back Never Really Left)

(but It The dailybest.com, Mr. Kent Sepkowitz

The plague is back. No, not Ebola, but rather infection with the dreaded bacterium, Yesinia pestis. An outbreak in Madagascar, where the disease is endemic, already has involved more than 100 people and killed almost half. The plague made a brief appearance in China earlier this year and continues in the U.S. with a few cases annually. The current Madagascar outbreak is of particular concern for two reasons. First, cases have arrived in the capital, Antananarivo, a city of more than 2 million located in the center of the island. As was demonstrated with Ebola, once any infection enters a city, the opportunity for spread is greatly heightened, owing to the dense concentration of people, the paucity of clean air and water, and likelihood that vermin are nearby. The second concern about the current Madagascar outbreak is that cases of pneumonic plague, a highly contagious and lethal form, have been seen. As I described in an article over the summer when the fatal case in China was diagnosed, plague has three distinct clinical forms. First, bubonic (rhymes with pneumonic but is altogether different) is a local infection sequestered in a lymph node. After an infectious flea bites a person and transmits the infection, the bacteria are carried to the closest upstream lymph node where (hopefully) the infection is contained, even without antibiotics. A patient with bubonic is ill with fever and headache, as well as the large lymph node (or bubo) in the appropriate spot, but not contagious. Many plague infections, unfortunately, are not contained in the local lymph but rather spill into the bloodstream, causing the second manifestation of plague, septicaemic (or blood borne) disease. This form often overwhelms the infected person, causing perturbations in clotting and blood vessels that lead to black, devitalized toes and fingers (and feet and toes for some) giving the Black Death its alarming name. Though devastating for the individual, this form is not that large a public health concern.

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Featured Article…..

According to one of science blog, Lifescience.com

Photo credit: Tim Evanson via Flickr, CC BY SA 2.0

Bubonic plague is a bacterial disease that is primarily spread in humans by bites from infected fleas traveling on rodents. Though the plague might be most well known for killing 25 million Europeans during the Middle Ages, the disease still exists today. Most recently, an outbreak of the plague started in Madagascar at the end of August, and has infected 138 people, killing 47. The body count is feared to grow as the disease has now reached Antananarivo, Madagascar’s capital city. The bacteria Yesinia pestis is responsible for the causing the plague. Though early intervention with antibiotics can successfully and easily treat the disease, foregoing treatment can rapidly lead to some serious symptoms. Symptoms of the plague include muscle cramps, high fever, seizures, and painfully swollen lymph glands. The plague also comes in two other forms: septicemic and pneumonic. Septicemic plague results in gangrene in the extremities, and can develop if bubonic plague is left untreated. Pneumonic plague is transferred person-to-person through the air and can lead to respiratory failure within 24 hours. This form can be transmitted directly or develop from bubonic plague if the lungs become infected with the bacteria. Only 2% of reported cases in this outbreak have been pneumonic. The mortality rate of the plague is hard to determine, as it is directly connected to when antibiotics are administered.

Ebola. Disease out Break One of the biggest disease outbreaks in the year 2014 and responsible for death of lacs of peoples in the world in this year, A brief report given in Microbioz India, September 2014 Issue, Cover Story entitled “ Ebola, Biggest Disease Out Break in West Africa” here brief report about disease outbreak are given.

A Short Report

----- Center for disease Control and prevention

The 2014 Ebola epidemic is the largest in history, affecting multiple countries in West Africa. There were a small number of cases reported in Nigeria and a single case reported in Senegal; however, these cases are considered to be contained, with no further spread in these countries.

Two imported cases, including one death, and two locally acquired cases in healthcare workers have been reported in the United States. CDC and partners are taking precautions to prevent the further spread of Ebola within the United States. CDC is working with other U.S. government agencies, the World Health Organization (WHO), and other domestic and international partners and has activated its Emergency Operations Center to help coordinate technical assistance and control activities with partners. CDC has also deployed teams of public health experts to West Africa and will continue to send experts to the affected countries.

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Featured Article…..

The number of people with Ebola in west Africa has risen above 16,000, with the death toll from the outbreak reaching almost 7,000, the World Health Organization (WHO) says. The number of deaths is more than 1,000 higher than the figure issued by the WHO just two days ago, but it is thought to include deaths that have gone unreported in the weeks or months since the outbreak began. Most of the new deaths were recorded in Liberia. The WHO has warned that its figures could be a significant underestimation of the number of infections and deaths. Data from the outbreak has been patchy and the totals often rise considerably when backlogs of information are cleared. The latest confirmed data shows that almost half those known to have been infected with Ebola have died. Meanwhile, two children tested for Ebola after arriving in Britain from Africa are not infected, Public Health England confirmed on Saturday. It said the overall risk to the public of the virus continued to be “very low”. The children, whose ages and names have not been released, underwent precautionary tests in Newcastle for both the virus and malaria.

-------- Credit: The Guardian.com

A child suffering from the Ebola virus receives treatment in Makeni, Sierra Leone. Photograph: Tanya Bindra/AP

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Cover History‌

Coping Up with HIV/AIDS

Credit: NHS...Choices

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H

IV is a virus which attacks the immune system, and weakens your ability to fight infections and disease. It's most commonly caught by having sex without a condom. It can also be passed on by sharing infected needles and other injecting equipment, and from an HIVpositive mother to her child during pregnancy, birth and breastfeeding.HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The virus attacks the immune system, and weakens your ability to fight infections and disease. There is no cure for HIV, but there are treatments to enable most people with the virus to live a long and healthy life. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, when your body can no longer fight lifethreatening infections. With early diagnosis and effective treatment, most people with HIV will not go on to develop AIDS. HIV is found in the body fluids of an infected person, which includes semen, vaginal and anal fluids, blood, and breast milk. It is a fragile virus and does not survive outside the body for long. HIV cannot be transmitted through sweat or urine.

The most common way of getting HIV in the UK is by anal or vaginal sex without a condom. According to statistics from the Health Protection Agency, 95% of those diagnosed with HIV in the UK in 2011 acquired HIV as a result of sexual contact.

At the end of 2012, there were an estimated 98,400 people in the UK living with HIV. The majority were infected through sex (41,000 gay and bisexual men and 53,000 heterosexuals).

More than one in five people with HIV (over 20,000) do not know they are infected. Around one in every 650 people in the UK has HIV, but the two groups with highest rates of HIV are gay and bisexual men and African men and women, where the rates are approximately one in 20 and one in 25 respectively. The World Health Organization estimates that around 34 million people in the world are living with HIV.The virus is more common in sub-Saharan African countries, such as South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique.

There's no cure for HIV/AIDS, but there are medications that can dramatically slow disease progression. These drugs have reduced AIDS deaths in many developed nations. But HIV continues to decimate populations in Africa, Haiti and parts of Asia.

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Cover History…

HIV virus disease cycle HIV can infect multiple cells in your body, including brain cells, but its main target is the CD4 lymphocyte, also called a T-cell or CD4 cell. When a CD4 cell is infected with HIV, the virus goes through multiple steps to reproduce itself and create many more virus particles.

The process is broken up into the following steps: (AIDS.gov.in)  Binding and Fusion: This is the process by which HIV binds to a specific type of CD4 receptor and a co-receptor on the surface of the CD4 cell. This is similar to a key entering a lock. Once unlocked, HIV can fuse with the host cell (CD4 cell) and release its genetic material into the cell.  Reverse Transcription: A special enzyme called reverse transcriptase changes the genetic material of the virus, so it can be integrated into the host DNA.  Integration: The virus’ new genetic material enters the nucleus of the CD4 cell and uses an enzyme called integrase to integrate itself into your own genetic material, where it may “hide” and stay inactive for several years.  Transcription: When the host cell becomes activated, and the virus uses your own enzymes to create more of its genetic material—along with a more specialized genetic material which allows it make longer proteins.  Assembly: A special enzyme called protease cuts the longer HIV proteins into individual proteins. When these come together with the virus’ genetic material, a new virus has been assembled.  Budding: This is the final stage of the virus’ life cycle. In this stage, the virus pushes itself out of the host cell, taking with it part of the membrane of the cell.

This outer part covers the virus and contains all of the structures necessary to bind to a new CD4 cell and receptors and begin the process again.

Cover History…

Cope Up With HIV If you are diagnosed with HIV, your physical health is not the only issue you have to deal with. Along with the physical illness are mental health conditions that may come up, such as depression and anxiety. Mental health refers to the overall well-being of a person, including a person's mood, emotions, and behavior.

Many people are surprised when they learn that they have been infected with HIV. Some people feel overwhelmed by the changes that they will need to make in their lives. It is normal to have strong reactions when you find out you are HIV positive, including feelings such as fear, anger, and a sense of being overwhelmed.

Often people feel helpless, sad, and anxious about the illness.

If your get exposed/Infected with HIV then, follow following steps for better coping with HIV/AIDS Credit: US Department of Veteran Affairs

Understand your diagnosis When your medical provider tells you that you are HIV positive, it means that you have been infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, the HIV test does not tell you if you have AIDS or how long you have been infected or how sick you might be.

Soon after your diagnosis, your provider will run other tests to determine your overall health, and the condition of your immune system. For descriptions of these tests, go to Understanding Laboratory Tests.

Learn about HIV and AIDS The more you know about HIV and how to treat it, the less confused and anxious you will be about your diagnosis. The more you learn, the better you will be at making decisions about your health. You don't have to learn it all at once, however. It is important to go at a pace you are comfortable with. This may be fast, slow, or in-between. You may want to go over the same information several times.

There are many ways to learn about HIV and AIDS:  Start with the Basics section of this site and read through all the sections.  Read information online. Remember that there is a lot of internet information that can be inaccurate or misleading- be sure to look for reputable sites whose content can be trusted. Check out government or nonprofit educational organizations that deal with HIV and AIDS issues. You can find a list of them on the Resources page at the end of this section.  Use your local library: The most current information will be in the library's collection of newspapers and magazines (books about HIV and AIDS may be out of date by the time they are published).  Check with your local VA medical center to see if there's an on-site library where you can find patient materials on HIV and AIDS.

Find support Talk with others who have been diagnosed with HIV and AIDS. Ask your doctors if they know of any support groups. Or you can go online, where you can find message boards and chat rooms. Always discuss what you learn from these sources with your provider. The information may not be accurate; and even if it is, it may not be right for your particular situation.

Finding support means finding people who are willing to help you through the emotional and physical issues you are going to face. If you let the right people in your life know that you are HIV positive, they can: offer you support and understanding; provide you with assistance, such as running errands and helping with child care, doctor visits, and work; Learn from you how HIV is spread and work with you to prevent the virus from spreading.

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Cover History‌ Telling others Deciding to tell others that you are HIV positive is an important personal choice. It can make a big difference in how you cope with the disease. It can also affect your relationships with people.

If you decide to share information about your diagnosis, it is best to tell people you trust or people who are directly affected. These include: Family members; people you spend a lot of time with, such as good friends; all your health care providers, such as doctors, nurses, and dentists.

You don't have to tell everyone about your HIV status right away. You might want to talk with a counselor or social worker first.

Join a support group Some VA Medical Centers have a support group for veterans with HIV, so you may want to ask your provider if your center has one that you can join for support and for more information about living with HIV.Joining a group of people who are facing the same challenges you are facing can have important benefits. These include feeling better about yourself, finding a new life focus, making new friendships, improving your mood, and better understanding your needs and those of your family. People in support groups often help each other deal with common experiences associated with being HIV positive. Support groups are especially helpful if you live alone or don't have family and friends nearby. There are different types of support groups, from hotlines to face-to-face encounter groups. Here are descriptions of some of the most popular types, and suggestions about how to find them.

Hotlines Find a hotline in your area by talking to a VA social worker in your hospital. Or look in the telephone book, in the yellow pages under "Social Service Organizations."

Ask the hotline to "match" you with another person with a history like yours. He or she can give you practical advice and emotional support over the telephone.

Professional help Veterans with HIV can get referrals to mental health professionals, such as psychologists, nurse therapists, clinical social workers, or psychiatrists. You also will likely have a social worker who is part of the HIV clinic where you will receive care. You can also get help for drug abuse.

Finally, the VA has Vet Centers, or Veteran Readjustment Centers, that specialize in supporting veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Many of these centers provide help to veterans with HIV.

Self-help organizations Self-help groups enable people to share experiences and pool their knowledge to help each other and themselves. They are run by members, not by professionals (though professionals are involved). Because members face similar challenges, they feel an instant sense of community. These groups are volunteer, nonprofit organizations, with no fees (though sometimes there are small dues).

Work with your provider HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. If ignored, it can lead to illness and death. This is why it is so important to get medical care if you find out you have HIV. Do not be afraid to seek a doctor or nurse practitioner with experience in treating HIV-infected patients--he or she can help you to stay well. Most VA doctors who treat HIV are specialists in infectious disease. They work with a team of other health professionals who focus on HIV as a chronic, or lifelong, disease.

Treatments for HIV are not perfect (no medicine is), but are very effective for most people. They also work very well to decrease the chance that you will transmit HIV to sex partners (for pregnant women they also decrease the risk of infecting the baby). A doctor or other health care provider can explain the best options for you.

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MICROBIOZ INDIA

MICROBIOZ INDIA LIVE TELEVISION WEBSITE AND SCIENTIFIC BROADCASTING

Expected Date of Launching…January 1st 2015….

Microbioz India going to start live television website, through which we cover number of Live International Conferences, Symposium, and Different Scientific Interview live lectures through our website, The website is sponsor by Microbioz India monthly e-Magazines, Microbioz International Journal of Microbiology and few of our valuable advertising and Media partners.

www.microbiozindia.com www.microbiozjournals.com

This Month in Microbiology…

Experimental Ebola vaccine appears safe, prompts immune response. ……..Credit: Science Daily

A 39-year-old woman, the first participant enrolled in VRC 207, receives a dose of the investigational NIAID/GSK Ebola vaccine at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Md. on September 2. Credit: NIAID

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N experimental vaccine to prevent Ebola virus disease was well-tolerated and produced immune system responses in all 20 healthy adults who received it in a Phase 1 clinical trial conducted by researchers from the National Institutes of Health. The candidate vaccine, which was codeveloped by the NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), was tested at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. The interim results are reported online in advance of print in the New England Journal of Medicine. "The unprecedented scale of the current Ebola outbreak in West Africa has intensified efforts to develop safe and effective vaccines, which may play a role in bringing this epidemic to an end and undoubtedly will be critically important in preventing future large outbreaks," said NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "Based on these positive results from the first human trial of this candidate vaccine, we are continuing our accelerated plan for larger trials to determine if the vaccine is efficacious in preventing Ebola infection."The candidate NIAID/GSK Ebola vaccine was developed collaboratively by scientists at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center (VRC) and at Okairos, a biotechnology company acquired by GSK. It contains segments of Ebola virus genetic material from two virus species, Sudan and Zaire. The Ebola virus genetic material is delivered by a carrier virus (chimpanzee-derived adenovirus 3 or cAd 3) that causes a common cold in chimpanzees but causes no illness in humans. The candidate vaccine does not contain Ebola virus and cannot cause Ebola virus disease.The trial enrolled volunteers between the ages of 18 and 50. Ten volunteers received an intramuscular injection of vaccine at a lower dose and 10 received the same vaccine at a higher dose. At two weeks and four weeks following vaccination, the researchers tested the volunteers' blood to determine if anti-Ebola antibodies were generated. All 20 volunteers developed such antibodies within four weeks of receiving the vaccine. Antibody levels were higher in those who received the higher dose vaccine. The investigators also analyzed the research participants' blood to learn whether the vaccine prompted production of immune system cells called T cells. A recent study by VRC scientist Nancy J. Sullivan, Ph.D., and colleagues showed that non-human primates inoculated with the candidate NIAID/GSK vaccine developed both antibody and T-cell responses, and that these were sufficient to protect vaccinated animals from disease when they were later exposed to high levels of Ebola virus.

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This Month in Microbiology‌

The experimental NIAID/GSK vaccine did induce a T-cell response in many of the volunteers, including production of CD8 T cells, which may be an important part of immune protection against Ebola viruses. Four weeks after vaccination, CD8 T cells were detected in two volunteers who had received the lower dose vaccine and in seven of those who had received the higher dose."We know from previous studies in non-human primates that CD8 T cells played a crucial role in protecting animals that had been vaccinated with this NIAID/GSK vaccine and then exposed to otherwise lethal amounts of Ebola virus," said Julie E. Ledgerwood, D.O., a VRC researcher and the trial's principal investigator. "The size and quality of the CD8 T cell response we saw in this trial are similar to that observed in non-human primates vaccinated with the candidate vaccine."There were no serious adverse effects observed in any of the volunteers, although two people who received the higher dose vaccine did develop a briefly lasting fever within a day of vaccination.

Bioengineering study finds two-cell mouse Embryos already 'talking' about their Future.

Credit: Science daily

The research team used single-cell RNA-sequencing to measure every gene in the mouse genome at multiple stages of development to find differences in gene expression at precise stages.

Credit: Art by Victor O. Leshyk provided courtesy of bioengineering professor Sheng Zhong, UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.

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ioengineers at the University of California, San Diego have discovered that mouse embryos are contemplating their cellular fates in the earliest

stages after fertilization when the embryo has only two to four cells, a discovery that could upend the scientific consensus about when embryonic cells begin differentiating into cell types. Their research, which used single-cell RNA sequencing to look at every gene in the mouse genome, was published recently in the journal Genome Research. In addition, this group published a paper on analysis of "time-course “single-cell data which is taken at precise stages of embryonic development in the journal of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

"Until recently, we haven't had the technology to look at cells this closely," said Sheng Zhong, a bioengineering professor at UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, who led the research. "Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we were able to measure every gene in the mouse genome at multiple stages of development to find differences in gene expression at precise stages."The findings reveal cellular activity that could provide insight into where normal developmental processes break down, leading to early miscarriages and birth defects. The researchers discovered that a handful of genes are clearly signaling to each other at the two-cell and four-cell stage, which happens within days after an egg has been fertilized by sperm and before the embryo has implanted into the uterus. Among the identified genes are several genes belonging to the WNT signaling pathway, well-known for their role in cell-cell communications. The prevailing view until now has been that mammalian embryos start differentiating into cell types after they have proliferated into large enough numbers to form subgroups. According to the co-authors Fernando Biase and Xiaoyi Cao, when the first cell fate decision is made is an open question. The first major task for an embryo is to decide which cells will begin forming the fetus, and which will form the placenta. The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health (DP2OD007417) and the March of Dimes Foundation.

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This Month in Microbiology‌

Liberia Free of Ebola by Christmas, Says President Credit: ABCnews.com

In this photo taken on Saturday, Nov. 8, 2014, Ebola health care workers bury the body of a person suspected of dying from the Ebola virus on the outskirts of Monrovia, Liberia. Liberia's president on Monday, Nov. 24, 2014, urged her countrymen to double their efforts to reach the government's goal of having zero new Ebola cases by Dec. 25, a target some experts have described as highly ambitious. (AP Photo/ Abbas Dulleh)‌.Not from Microbioz Team

Liberia's president on Monday urged her countrymen to double their efforts to reach the government's goal of having zero new Ebola cases by Dec. 25, a target some experts have described as highly ambitious."We've set a pretty tough target. But when you set a target it means that you stay focused on that target and on that goal and then you double your efforts," Sirleaf said during a ceremony marking the docking of a Dutch aid ship in the capital, Monrovia."When you're running a race, as you get closer and closer to the finish line you pick up the speed because you want to make sure that that last mile you will give it your best bet," Sirleaf added.Liberia has recorded nearly 3,000 confirmed, probable and suspected Ebola deaths since the outbreak began ? far more than any other country, according to the latest World Health Organization figures.The number of new cases in Liberia has declined recently, however, prompting the U.S. to scale back the size and number of treatment facilities it is building.Still, officials have warned against complacency. Anthony Banbury, who heads the U.N. fight against Ebola in West Africa, said Friday that while achieving a decline in cases is difficult, reaching the point of zero cases in the region will be "much, much harder."The arrival of the Dutch naval vessel, the Karel Doorman, in Monrovia marked the end of its tour of the three countries hardest hit by the Ebola epidemic.The ship visited the capitals of Sierra Leone and Guinea in the past two weeks, said Julius Kanubah from the European Union's political section in Liberia.

Nine European countries and the United Nations Children's Fund donated 160 vehicles, 80 containers and 1,200 tons of supplies for humanitarian agencies.

Sirleaf thanked the E.U. for also providing aid to Guinea and Sierra Leone."We are never totally free from Ebola until all of the affected countries... are also free from Ebola," she said.

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Microbioz India Call for papers and articles‌ Each author can win a chance of free of cost publication in Microbioz India, International Journal of Microbiology & Achievement Certificate of Microbioz India.

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ubmit your manuscripts today in Microbioz India e-

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This Month in Microbiology‌

US Looking Past Ebola to Prepare for Next Outbreak

...Credit: ABCnews.com

FILE - In this Sept. 18, 2014 file photo, a Nigerian port health official uses a thermometer to screen Muslim pilgrims for Ebola at the Hajj camp before boarding a plane for Saudi Arabia at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos, Nigeria. Even before the Ebola epidemic in West Africa is brought under control, public health officials are girding for the next health disaster. (AP Photo/Sunday Alamba, File). The Associated Press

T

he next Ebola or the next SARS. Maybe even the next HIV. Even before the Ebola epidemic in West Africa is brought under control, public health

officials are girding for the next health disaster."It's really urgent that we address the weak links and blind spots around the world," Dr. Tom Frieden, director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, told The Associated Press. "Ebola is a powerful reminder that a health threat anywhere can affect us."Ebola sprang from one of those blind spots, in an area that lacks the health systems needed to detect an outbreak before it becomes a crisis. Now the Obama administration has requested $600 million for the CDC to implement what it calls the Global Health Security Agenda, working with an international coalition to shore up disease detection in high-risk countries and guard against the next contagion. There’s little doubt there will be a next time. Just in recent years, the world has seen bird flu sicken people in Southeast Asia, the respiratory killer SARS spread from China, the 2009 flu pandemic, growing threats from antibiotic-resistant germs, and SARS' new cousin in the Middle East named MERS.And what if the next bug spills across borders even more easily than Ebola?If bird flu ever mutates to spread between people, "we better look out. It will make Ebola look like a picnic," Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, warned a recent Senate Appropriations Committee as he questioned whether $600 million was enough to do the job. After all, less than 20 percent of countries have reported meeting World Health Organization requirements showing they are adequately prepared to respond to emerging infectious threats. The Obama administration kicked off the global health security project in February at a White House meeting with representatives of more than two dozen countries ? unaware that Ebola already was quietly brewing in Guinea. Additional countries signed on in later meetings in Finland and Indonesia, and again at the White House in September, where President Barack Obama declared the world must "make sure we're not caught flat-footed" in future outbreaks. For its part in the international collaboration, the U.S. plans to assist at least 30 countries over the next five years to bolster local disease prevention and monitoring, improve laboratory diagnosis of pathogens and strengthen emergency response to outbreaks. Consider Uganda, where in 2010 a lack of a good laboratory system was one reason it took "a shockingly long" 40 days to determine a mysterious outbreak was yellow fever, said CDC scientist Jeff Borchert.

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This Month in Microbiology‌

Last year, CDC began a pilot project to improve Uganda's disease detection by piggybacking on a small program that tested babies born to HIV-positive mothers. Now, in a larger swath of the country, motorcycles race samples from sick patients to provincial capitals where they're shipped overnight to a central lab to test for a variety of diseases. The health ministry also set up an emergency operations center to oversee potential outbreaks. In March, Uganda's new system proved itself, Borchert said, as the country fought an outbreak of nearly 200 cases of meningitis, using that network for testing of patients in remote areas. And last month, in an another example of its overall preparedness, Ugandan officials rapidly tracked down contacts of a health worker who died of Marburg virus, an Ebola relative, a case that fortunately didn't spread.

Scientists identify early gene changes that Precede blood cancer

‌Credit: Medical News Today.com

Image Credit: Medical News Today.com

The teams believe their findings open new avenues for research into early detection and prevention of blood cancer. The studies - by teams from Harvard Medical School, the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI), the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Harvard-affiliated hospitals - are reported in two papers published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Working independently of each other, the two groups of scientists uncovered a detectable, pre-cancerous state in the blood that features mutations that develop in a small number of genes known to be related to blood cancers. The scientists think the mutations which cells acquire over time - originate in blood stem cells. Steven McCarroll, senior author of one of the papers and assistant professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, says:"People often think about disease in black and white - that there's 'healthy' and there's 'disease' - but in reality most disease develops gradually over months or years. These findings give us a window on these early stages in the development of blood cancer."

Studies looked for early mutations in healthy people's blood The studies are unusual because they tackled the research from an unconventional direction. Most genetic research on cancer focuses on genomes of advanced cancers to find mutated genes. But in these two new studies, the teams looked at somatic mutations - the copying mistakes in DNA that accumulate over time as cells divide and replicate - in DNA from blood samples of people who did not have cancer or blood disorders. They found that a subset - some, but not all - of mutations known to feature in blood cancers were present in individuals who were 10 times more likely to develop blood cancer later in life, compared with individuals who did not have these mutations. This cluster of pre-cancerous mutations - which is easily detected by DNA sequencing - is rarely found in the blood of people under the age of 40. It becomes more common with age and appears in more than 10% of people over the age of 70.The scientists believe the mutations originate in blood stem cells, spurring mutated cells and their descendant clones to grow faster until they account for a larger proportion of the cells in a person's blood.

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This Month in Microbiology‌

First steps for new breast cancer vaccine show promise

‌Credit: Medical News Today.com

Image Credit: Medical News.com

The study, published in Clinical Cancer Research, also suggests the vaccine primes patients' white blood cells to attack tumor cells, slowing down the progression of the cancer. The new vaccine works by targeting a protein called mammaglobin-A that is predominantly found in breast tissue. Its role in healthy tissue is currently unknown, but previous research has shown that breast tumor cells express the protein at abnormally high levels."Being able to target mammaglobin is exciting because it is expressed broadly in up to 80% of breast cancers, but not at meaningful levels in other tissues," says senior author Dr. William Gillanders. "In theory, this means we could treat a large number of breast cancer patients with potentially fewer side effects."Many pre-existing drug treatments for breast cancer target another protein called human growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). These treatments, including trastuzumab and pertuzumab, can have side effects that include diarrhea and heart problems.

Vaccine also found to slow cancer progression Specifically, the new vaccine primes white blood cells, an integral part of the body's immune system, to target cells that have the mammaglobin-A protein.Unfortunately, the vaccine would be ineffective in the small proportion of breast cancer patients whose tumors do not produce mammaglobin-A. The study took the form of a small-scale phase 1 trial, during which the vaccine was screened for safety. A total of 14 patients with metastatic breast cancer - cancer that has spread to other parts of the body - whose tumors expressed mammaglobin-A received the vaccination. Only a small number of side effects were observed; the authors reported eight cases that were identified as mild or moderate. These included the development of mild flu-like symptoms, rash and tenderness at the site of the vaccination. No severe or life-threatening side effects occurred. In addition to testing the vaccine's safety, evidence from the trial also suggested that the vaccine managed to slow the progression of the breast cancer. Around half of the 14 patients who received the vaccine showed no progression of their cancer a year on from having the vaccine. This finding compared favorably with one from a similar control group of 12 patients who did not receive the vaccine, within whom only around one-fifth showed no cancer progression after 1 year.

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Current Open Positions…

2015 DBU Doctoral Scholarships for International Students, Germany About

T

He German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) is offering 60 doctoral scholarships to young scientists from all disciplines for carrying out research in the field of environmental protection. Scholarships are awarded for three years. Each scholarship is initially awarded for a period of up to one year. After reviewing the progress of work is usually an extension of one year each.

In addition to above-average University degree is expected from the chosen thesis topic that is of high relevance and can contribute to solving problems in environmental protection and nature conservation. The application deadlines are 15th January and 15th June, 2015.

Eligibility Scholarships are awarded to applicants who  -Has not yet begun that your thesis.  -from foreign applicants good knowledge of German is expected to allow integration into the DBU scholarship network is possible.  -In addition to a higher university degree is expected from the chosen thesis topic that is of high relevance and can contribute to solving problems in environmental protection and conservation.

How to Apply The mode of applying is online: https://www.dbu.de/762.html

Deadline of Application The application deadlines are 15th January and 15th June, 2015

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Current Open Positions…

HRD Long/Short Term Fellowships for Health Research in India or Abroad, 2015 About The Department of Health Research (DHR) invites applications for Health Research fellowships available for Indian citizens working in Indian institutes. The long term Fellowships are awarded to a person with below 45 years of age for 6-12 months in Indian institutes or foreign institutes and short term fellowships are available to person’s up to 55 years of age for 1-3 months in Indian institutes or foreign institutes.

Eligibility Long Term Fellowship:      

Only Indian citizens working in Indian institutes are eligible.

Having M.D./ M.S./ M.D.S. or MBBS/BDS/ MVSc./ M.Sc./ M.Pharma/ M.Tech or equivalent with Ph.D. in topic related to health research.

Faculty having at least three experience in the institute as regular employee.

Person with below 45 years of age as on last date of receipt of application Person should not have any fellowship of one month or above duration from any of the agency of Govt. of India / State Govt in the last three years.

Fellowship is scientist and area specific and cannot be transferred.

Short Term Fellowship:  Person’s up to 55 years of age as on last date of receipt of application will be eligible.  Others conditions are the same as for Long Terms Fellowships

How to Apply Applications should be addressed to: The Programme Officer, HRD scheme of DHR, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and submitted by post.

Deadline of Application The application deadline is December 15, 2014

2015 Ohio Soybean Council Foundation (OSCF) Scholarships in Ohio, USA About Ohio Soybean Council is offering undergraduate or graduate scholarships in Ohio. Undergraduate scholarship applicants must be Ohio residents and enrolled as full-time students at an Ohio college or university. Graduate scholarships are available to graduate students who are enrolled as a full-time student at an Ohio college or university and have proof of legal residency in the United States.

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Current Open Positions…

Eligibility Undergraduate Scholarships  Undergraduate scholarship applicants must be Ohio residents and enrolled as full-time students at an Ohio college or university. The applicant must have attained at least sophomore status by fall 2015, with a grade point average of 3.0 or higher.  Eligible majors include biology, biochemistry, bioengineering, molecular biology, chemistry, engineering, biotechnology, bioenergy, biofuels, food science, crop science, environmental science, agricultural communications, agricultural business, agricultural education or any of the agricultural disciplines or related fields. Applicants must also demonstrate the desire to pursue a career related to the soybean industry and/or agriculture.

Graduate Scholarships  available to graduate students who are enrolled as a full-time student at an Ohio college or university and have proof of legal residency in the United States.  Applicants must be conducting research in bioproducts, biobased materials, biotechnology, bioengineering, biopolymers or a related field, and focused on advancing the soybean industry

How to Apply Applications may be submitted by email or regular mail.

Deadline of Application Applications may be submitted by email or regular mail.

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Meet Scientist 2014 December

An Interview Under Microbioz India, Scientist meet in this month our team member cum representative, Scolastica Becky Bello, perform an interview with Prof. Ediga B. Agbo, Department of Biological Sciences, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria, An eminent and famous professor of Microbiology from Nigeria. Our whole team thanks to Prof.Ediga B. for his kind response to Microbioz India, team, we all wishes him a great future a head. Here are few interesting points of interview are given.

Microbioz Team: Why you opt MICROBIOLOGY as a career?

Prof.Ediga B.: I became a microbiologist by accident but once I looked into the world of microbes I was so amazed that I was completely hooked by the end of my first year as an undergraduate.

Pf.Ediga B.Agbo

Microbioz Team: Tell us a little more about your professional experiences; particularly those not mention your resume/application?

Prof.Ediga B.: My best moments are when I notice my students realize the same experience I had at the beginning. The sudden realization that there is a whole world of life around us if which we just like interfering obstacles, even though completely ignorant of it is as shocking as it is pleasant to experience.

Microbioz Team: What is your favorite part of your current job and why is it your favourate part?

Prof.Ediga B.: The favourate part of my job is taking students through practical classes that show the diversity of microbial life and how we can never finish studying them.

Microbioz Team: How would your background and experiences strengthen this academic department?

Prof.Ediga B.: Knowledge about Salmonella in particular will continue to be expanded while optimization of microbial application to industrial processes will continue to be explored.

Microbioz Team: What is one or two of your proudest professional accomplishments?

Prof.Ediga B.: My happiest moment was receiving confirmation from Pasteur Institute hatIh ad made significant contribution to knowledge about Salmonella by isolating anew serotype (Salmonellamaska) in1987.

Microbioz Team: Mention few of your words in favour of Microbioz India.

Prof.Ediga B.: I have found Microbioz India very informative and an information bridge that is bringing microbiologists together across the world. I see potential for a vibrant network that will explore new vistas in multi continent collaboration.

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Readers Speak2

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I

n December 2014 Microbioz India goings to successfully completes its one year, during this joy full journey we collects thousands of loving wishes and bless from our readers ,seniors, and more as our followers through different channels here are few appreciating word for Microbioz India are given. No doubt this blesses will support we all in writing new success history for Microbioz India e-Magazines & Microbioz International Journals of Microbiology.

Dear readers and followers our whole team wishes you all for great future a head, Thanks you all again. Here are few interesting word for Microbioz India we explained below.

I have found Microbioz India very informative and an information bridge that is bringing microbiologists together across the world. I see potential for a vibrant network that will explore new vistas in multi continent collaboration.

Microbioz India, no doubt help us and better support in our future Microbiology Research

Pf.Ediga B.Nigeria

Saumya, Pune, India

Thanks again Mr.Kumaar and team for fantastic Microbiology Magazines having interesting articles.

Microbioz India is important for the diffusion of science and microbiology in India and in the world.

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Pf.Salvatore Rubino, Italy

Keep up the good work! A better education on science issues would only make India stronger.

I am waiting each issue of Microbioz Magazines for interesting articles and scholarship alerts.

Pf.C.S.Prakash, University of Tuskegee, USA

MICROBIOZ-INDIA is new to me. However I have read its recent on-line issue and found educative and good platform for students, young researchers to exchange their ideas, get new developments in the field. The team of MICROBIOZINDIAis putting great efforts for quality magazine. I wish all the success to MICROBIOZ-INDIA to achieve the new heights in future for the benefit of the society.Dr.Raverkar.GBPUAT,U.K.India MICROBIOZ-INDIA is a very easily available monthly magazine publishing current scientific matter. Indeed this is a very informative magazine for students and teaches of biological science. I am looking for its bright future.

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Dr.Ram Naraian,VBSPU,Jaunpur India

MICROBIOZ INDIA, DECEMBER 2014 ISSUE

Dr.Adam,Canada

--Nyasa Laxmi, Kerala, India

Hii…Sir I successfully solved Microbioz India, Cross Word many times and again waiting for next challenge.

–Mr.Pavol Court, Mc Gill University, Canada

Frankly speaking, I don’t know much about the MICROBIOZ-INDIA, but yes this is the wonderful initiative Taken by them so that youth of India will get motivated in the current research disciplines. Today we need to encourage and motivate them from their school days, so I can say MICROBIOZ-INDIA had taken a fantastic initiative. Iwish this initiative should continue in future also.

–Dr.Bhim Pratap Singh, Mizoram, India

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MICROBIOZ INDIA

2

014 CrossW Ord

December 2014 Issue

List of winners of November

December

MICROBIOZ INDIA

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December014

2014 Edition Following candidates are successfully solved Microbioz India Cross Word game of October 2014 Edition.

Rehan Ahmad

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Shikha Moni

Ghaziabad, India

Rahul Negi

Bhopal, M.P., India

Neha Shukla

Kanpur,.U.P.,India

Mahima Murung

Manipur

Vaishnavi Ramesh

Guntur, A.P, India

Ashish Banerjee

Vidyasagar, University, W.B., India

Asma Beg

Faisalabad, Pakistan

S.Cuks

Singapore,(NUS)

Pavol Court

Mc Gil University, Canada

Marry D.Pamela

Medical Technology. Peru

Taylor Francis

Ireland

Hints Key

Dear readers here we are not mentioning names of few winners because of Late submission of answers, Winners will be communicated later via e-mail for Microbioz India, Certificate.

Solve Today

 Spiral-shaped bacteria  An organism that obtains its nut rients From dead organic matter  An organism that lives in, on, or at the Expense of another  organism without contributing to the Host’s survival  A microorganism that lives and grows in The presence of free oxygen  A potent toxin that is secreted or excreted By living organisms  Bacteria that are permanent and generally Beneficial resident s in the human body  An organism in which another, usually Parasitic organism is nourished and Harbored.  A carrier of pathogenic organisms, Especially one that can transmit a di sea Se.

Solve this cross word and forward us scanned Copy of answers by 15th of December 2014