Uofillinois MF Vol 1

Team LINKoln VOLUME I: PROJECT REPORT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PROJECT SUMMARY

1

I

TEAM QUALIFICATIONS

2

II

TEAM MEMBERS

4

III

ACADEMIC INSTITUTION

5

IV

INDUSTRY PARTNERS

6

V

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS DESCRIPTIONS

7

VI

DESIGN GOALS

9

VII

ARCHITECTURE DESIGN

10

VIII

INTERIOR DESIGN

14

IX

CONSTRUCTABILITY

15

X

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

18

XI

ENERGY ANALYSIS

20

XII

SPACE CONDITIONING

25

XIII

ENVELOPE DURABILITY

29

XIV

INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) AND APPLIANCES

34

XV

INNOVATION

39

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Final Project Rendering for LINKoln Locale Figure 2: Modern Urban Landscape Figure 3: UIUC Campus Shot from the Main Quad Figure 4: LINKoln Locale Aerial Site Photograph Figure 5: Walking Distances to Campus Locations from LINKoln Locale Figure 6: Other Transportation Options Surrounding LINKoln Locale Figure 7: Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter Wind Profile for Urbana, IL (Left to Right) Figure 8: Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures, Monthly Diurnal Averages, and Solar Radiation for Urbana, IL Figure 9: Ground Temperature at Various Depths for Urbana, IL Figure 10: Site Shading Analysis Figure 11: Site Shading Analysis II Figure 12: Site Location and Surroundings Figure 13: Site Layout and Landscape Figure 14: Proposed Dimensioned Floor Plan Figure 15: Schematic Design Development Figure 16: Typical Floor Plan Rendering with Finishes Figure 17: East Elevation with Finishes Figure 18: North Section with Lighting Well Highlighted Figure 19: North Elevation with Finishes Figure 20: Conceptual Diagram Figure 21: Aerial Rendering Figure 22: Diagram of Sustainable Integration of Technologies Figure 23: Living Room Rendering Figure 24: Bedroom Rendering Figure 25: Kitchen Rendering Figure 26: Construction Cost Breakdown

1 2 5 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 14 14 18

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 27: Breakdown of Current Building Energy Use from BEopt and REM/Rate Figure 28: Figure 29: Figure 30: Figure 31: Figure 32: Figure 33: Figure 34: Figure 35: Figure 36: Figure 37: Figure 38: Figure 39: Figure 40: Figure 41: Figure 42: Figure 43: Figure 44: Figure 45: Figure 46: Figure 47: Figure 48: Figure 49: Figure 50: Figure 51: Figure 52:

Site Energy Usage Comparison for Base_Brick and Prop_Brick Predicted Heating and Cooling Energy for All Proposed Insulation Types BEopt Optimization Analysis for All Proposed Wall Types Breakdown of Proposed Building Energy Use from BEopt and REM/Rate Energy Consumption Breakdown of Existing Building, Proposed Design, East North Central, and Illinois LINKoln Locale HERS Index Monthly Energy Production of the Developed Solar System, Exported from SAM Simplified PV System Diagram Battery System Connection Principle CERV System Four Major Operation Modes During Recirculation and Ventilation The CERV System Coupled with GeoBoost HVAC Layour in Plan Overall System Diagram Heat Loss Through Window Frames Air Infiltration Through Window Frame Typical Above Grade Wall Detail Typical Foundation and Below Grade Wall Detail Typical Full Wall Section Typical Roof Detail Typical Parapet Detail Temperature and RH Output from WUFI Solar Radiation and Rain Drive from WUFI Basecase_3 Wythe Brick (Left); Proposed_4.72� Perlite (Right) Total Water Content Comparison for Modeled Assemblies Basecase_Brick Thermal and Hygrothermal Performance

19 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 23 24 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 53: Figure 54: Figure 55: Figure 56: Figure 57:

Proposed 4.72� Perlite Thermal and Hygrothermal Performance Interior Appliances and Lighting Diagram Hot Water Delivery System Layout Potable Water Use Reduction Reclaimed Water Collection and Reuse Systems

32 34 36 36 37

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Financial Breakdown Table 2: Property Tax Calculation Table 3: Debt to Income Ratio Calculation Table 4: Percent Decrease in Site Energy Usage from Base_Brick and Prop_Brick Table 5: Performance Specifications of the CERV Modules in Different Modes Table 6: ASHRAE 62.2 - 2013 Minimum Ventilation Requirements Table 7: Air Flow Recommendations for Balanced Ventilation in Different Units Table 8: Modeled Assemblies and Performance Table 9: List of Appliances Table 10: List of Home Automation Table 11: Reclaimed Water Collection and Reuse

18 18 18 20 25 25 25 31 35 35 37

PROJECT SUMMARY Project Summary

Relevance to the Goals of the competition

Team LINKoln plans to convert an existing 16-unit landmark student housing building in Urbana, IL, into a more efficient and flexible configuration. The project targets university students as the major market and adopts modern and sustainable design strategies for student housing while maintaining affordability and durability. One of Team LINKoln’s goals is to develop a design that would be applicable and adaptable to old masonry buildings of this type across the nation. Challenges to this project include maintaining the historical vernacular of the structure, enhancing building enclosure performance as well as allowing maximum sunlight penetration into the interior spaces.

Similarly, resiliency is one of the most important topics across the nation.

Team LINKoln aims to preserve the front facade and other architectural heritage much as possible in an effort to preserve the historical significance of the structure. The main focus of the project will involve the implementation of high performance insulation to maximize interior comfort. There also exists the need to increase natural lighting within the interior spaces.

Team LINKoln’s design strategies and project goals are primarily based on the needs of the target student occupants. One of the ultimate goals of Team LINKoln is to educate and inspire the public about sustainable student living. The team plans to rearrange the interior layout and integrate sustainable technologies in order to provide a more efficient and comfortable living space for students at an affordable price. Incorporation of a shared common space facilitates sociability among neighbors; by completely retrofitting the building, the proposal sets a precedent for renovation strategies of transforming an aged residential building into an affordable and sustainable living space.

The competition encourages a design to meet both the prescriptive and performance path requirements to make it qualify as a DOE Zero Energy Ready Home. Team LINKoln aims to retrofit a student housing unit to achieve higher performance, greater energy efficiency, and better living spaces. The project can also serve as a model of integrating sustainable features into aged buildings across the nation. In the project report, each team will define a specific location, building lot, and neighborhood characteristics as context for the house design and its relationship to surrounding homes and the community.

Design Strategy and Key Points The project focuses on providing better living conditions for university students and encouraging a sustainable lifestyle at an affordable price. The project integrates technologies and systems that reduce energy use to net zero.

Meanwhile, Team LINKoln plans to raise awareness and inspire the public of sustainable living. The design also emphasizes creating a common space shared by students to encourage sociability and improve aspects of student living. By renovating the program layout and incorporating high performance systems, the project will create a new standard of efficient, affordable, and harmonious homes for university students.

Project Data Location: Urbana, Illinois Climate zone: IECC 5A, BA climate zone “Cold” Square footage: 889, 1346, and 1510 sq. ft per unit Number of Bedrooms: 2, 3, and 4 bedrooms per unit, 8 units total Number of Stories: 3 stories above grade Home Energy Rating (HERS) score: 35 w/o PV - 12 w/ PV Estimated Monthly Energy Cost (Whole House): $307.6 w/o PV - $81.8 w/ PV Estimated Monthly Energy Cost (Whole House): $327.5 w/o PV - $114.5 w/ PV Estimated Monthly Energy Cost (Per Unit): $41 w/o PV - $14 w/ PV

Technical Data

Figure 1: Final Project Rendering for LINKoln Locale

1

PROJECT SUMMARY

Wall Insulation= R-19 | Foundation Insulation= R-19 | Slab Insulation= R-12 Roof Insulation= R-66 Window Performance= Triple-pane, argon-filled, low-e, U=0.22, SHGC1=0.24, SHGC2=0.40 HVAC specification= *Conditioning Energy Recovery Ventilator (CERV™); SEER: 17 / HSPF: 13.0 *GeoBoost

1 TEAM QUALIFICATIONS Team LINKoln Locale Team Profile Team LINKoln consists of a total of 20 undergraduate and graduate architecture and engineering students from the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. These students represent Illinois Solar Decathlon, the student organization that has competed in the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon in 2007, 2009, 2011, SD China 2013 and most recently in the 2015 U.S. Department of Energy’s Race to Zero competition.

The objectives for Team LINKoln in entering the U.S. Department of Energy Race to Zero Student Design Competition for the second year were to 1) develop Illinois Solar Decathlon’s capabilities and skillset for future Solar Decathlon competitions, and 2) develop complete construction documents, energy analysis, and financial analysis for the LINKoln Locale, which will be implemented in a real-world remodeling project in the future by our client The University Group. As an entirely student-run team, Team LINKoln was managed by Illinois Solar Decathlon. Similar to past Illinois Solar Decathlon project teams, the team was divided into six subteams: 1) Architecture 2) HVAC/Energy Analysis 3) PV/Electrical 4) Lighting/Appliance/Home Automation (LAHA) 5) Water 6) Finance/Sponsorship/Construction Management (FSCM)

Relevant Course Works Diversity at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign can be considered as one of the integral sources of ideas and perspectives. In real life, often times we work and collaborate with different experts to accomplish specific objectives. The variety of multidisciplinary courses encourage collaboration of students from different disciplines. These courses have been increasing at the University of Illinois in the recent years due to the realization of the benefits students can obtain through taking them.

Figure 2: Modern Urban Landscape

For the Department of Energy Race to Zero competition students will participate in an independent study as well as a collegiate course project, “ENG 491 SD - Engineering Design for a Net-Zero Solar Smart-Home”. This course is available to both undergraduate and graduate students in Illinois Solar Decathlon (ISD) Race to Zero team. Students will work as an interdisciplinary team to design a net-zero multifamily building for the U.S. Department of Energy Race to Zero design competition. Students will develop an innovative architectural solution; highly-efficient HVAC system; photovoltaic power generation; high-efficiency water systems; smart lighting, appliances, and home automation; complete construction details and financial planning.

To this end, the Illinois School of Architecture provides a rigorous level of coursework with concentration on major topics such as sustainable technologies, systems optimization, building structures, detail-fabrication, health and well-being as well as preservation and heritage through design studios, various seminars, and lectures. These courses help build the technological, environmental, and social background of architecture students from the University of Illinois. Likewise, the College of Engineering offers a variety of programs that reinforce concepts that are emphasized through the work performed by Team LINKoln.

TEAM QUALIFICATIONS

2

Race to Zero Organizers

Re: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Race to Zero Team

Team Qualification Letter

scale residential, commercial or mixed-use building in various climate regions and typically urban setting.

The students will learn from various examples of vernacular buildings and façade designs in hot-arid, hothumid, and moderate climates and how these concepts may be used in creating modern buildings which use less energy, are more comfortable for users, provide a healthier environment, use extensive daylighting, and provide proper shading.

As the faculty lead and advisor to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Race to Zero team I affirm that all students have satisfied the DOE Building Science Training Course requirement and/or have taken equivalent courses offered at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

ARCH594 – Building Simulation Energy Case Studies The primary objectives of this course are: 1. Awareness of Design Decisions on Building Energy Consumption 2. Understand Basics of Building Energy Analysis Process 3. Comprehend Benefits of Energy Simulation 4. Knowledge of EnergyPlus program and some interface options. Ideally, students should have some background in buildings and energy, preferably at least an undergraduate HVAC course like Arch 341. Thus, the course is open to graduate students but also to seniors who have completed Arch 341 and have the instructor’s permission to enroll.

Students have taken courses such as ENG491SD - Engineering Design for a Net-Zero Solar Smart-Home, ARCH341 - Environment Tech HVAC, ARCH342 - Environment Tech Ltg & Acoust, ARCH576 Climate Design, ARCH594 - Building Simulation Energy Case Studies, ENG471-Seminar Energy & Sustainable Engineering, ENG571- Theory Energy & Sustainability Engineering, ABE436- Renewable Energy Systems, ABE474- Indoor Environmental Control, ME498- Fundamentals of Modern Photovoltaic, ARCH 594Spec Prob Building Sci & Tech- Daylighting Design: Systems Performance and Human Factors, ARCH 594Spec Prob Building Sci & Tech- Building Mechanical Systems.

ENG491SD - Engineering Design for a Net-Zero Solar Smart-Home This interdisciplinary design course is available to both undergraduate and graduate students in Illinois Solar Decathlon (ISD) Race to Zero team. Students will work as an interdisciplinary team to design a netzero multifamily building for the U.S. Department of Energy Race to Zero design competition. Students will develop an innovative architectural solution; highly-efficient HVAC system; photovoltaic power generation; high-efficiency water systems; smart lighting, appliances, and home automation; complete construction details and financial planning.

Dear Sir/Madam:

ENG471– Seminar Energy & Sustain Engrg Challenges of developing energy systems and civil infrastructure that are sustainable in terms of resource availability, security, and environmental impact. Guest lecturers focus on: (i) global challenges -- future energy demand, geologic sources of energy, climate change, energy-water nexus, energy and security; (ii) markets, policies and systems -- economic incentives, policy and law, life cycle analyses; (iii) opportunities for change -- CO2 sequestration, renewable power, bioenergy feedstocks, biofuels for transportation, energy use in buildings, advanced power conversion, and the smart grid.

Dr.-Ing. Ralph E. Hammann Thomas D. Hubbard Professor in Architecture Faculty Lead/Advisor Relevant Building Science Courses at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ARCH341 – Environment Tech HVAC Study of the control of thermal environment, mechanical and related building sub-systems, and their integration into the overall building design. The specific topics include: thermal comfort and behavioral implications; fundamentals of thermal behavior of buildings; the principles of heat and moisture in buildings; indoor air quality and "Sick Building Syndrome"; energy and sustainability implications of building design; and mechanical systems including HVAC and plumbing systems.

ARCH342 – Environment Tech Ltg & Acoust Study of the control of luminous and sonic environments, the supporting building systems, and their integration into the overall building design. Specific topics include: lighting fundamentals; light sources; effects of lighting on comfort and performance; lighting calculations and design; energy economy and sustainability; acoustic fundamentals; room acoustics; noise control; and basic electrical and sound systems.

ARCH576– Climate Design The course introdiucesd sustainable concepts for building enclosure design with an emphasis on the largescale residential, commercial or mixed-use building in various climate regions and typically urban setting.

The students will learn from various examples of vernacular buildings and façade designs in hot-arid, hothumid, and moderate climates and how these concepts may be used in creating modern buildings which use less energy, are more comfortable for users, provide a healthier environment, use extensive daylighting, and provide proper shading.

3

ARCH594 – Building Simulation Energy Case Studies The primary objectives of this course are: 1. Awareness of Design Decisions on Building Energy Consumption 2. Understand Basics of Building Energy Analysis Process 3. Comprehend Benefits of Energy Simulation 4. Knowledge of EnergyPlus program and some interface options. Ideally, students

ENG571– Theory Energy & Sustain Engrg Mathematical, scientific, engineering, and economic bases needed to analyze sustainable energy systems and civil infrastructure. Evaluation of current practice and future development of (i) energy extraction and conversion processes from geological, biological, and non-biological resources; (ii) energy usage for transportation, in residential and commercial buildings, and by industry.

ABE436 – Renewable Energy Systems Renewable energy sources and applications, including solar, geothermal, wind, and biomass. Renewable energy's role in reducing air pollution and global climate change. Capstone project to design a system for converting renewable energy into thermal or electrical energy.

ABE474 – Indoor Environmental Control Analysis of indoor environments and relationship with humans, animals and plants. Interactions between facilities operation and both human comfort and animal plant production. Psychrometrics, occupant health and comfort, structural heat transfer, heating and cooling loads, and energy and mass balances as related to indoor environment, air properties, and ventilation.

ME498 – Fundamentals of Modern Photovoltaic In this course, students will develop a fundamental understanding of how solar cells convert light to electricity, how solar cells are made, how solar cell performance is evaluated, and the photovoltaic technologies that are currently on the market and/or under development. Using thermodynamics, materials physics, and engineering analysis we will learn how to assess and critique the potentials and drawbacks of modern photovoltaic technologies, including single- and multi- crystalline silicon, tandem cells, CdTe, CIGS, PVT, bulk hetero junctions (organic), Graetzel cells, nanostructure?based, and third generation PV. ARCH 594Spec Prob Building Sci & Tech – Daylighting Design: Systems Performance and Human Factors ARCH 594Spec Prob Building Sci & Tech – Building Mechanical Systems

2 TEAM MEMBERS Team Leaders Amir Amirzadeh Project Manager | Architecture | Graduate/PhD

HVAC/Energy Analysis

Vasco Yin Chun Chan Assistant Project Manager | Civil Engineering | Senior

Arjun Krishna Kumar | Mechanical Engineering | Senior

Robert Moy Competition Lead | Architectural Studies | Sophomore

Corey Weil | Electrical Engineering | Freshman

Subteam Leads

Xuen Hoong Kok | Electrical Engineering | Junior

Priscilla Zhang Architecture Lead | Architectural Studies | Senior

Cory Mosiman | Civil Engineering | Senior

Amanda Darmosaputro HVAC Lead Civil Engineering | Junior Shuli Huang PV/Electrical Lead Mechanical Engineering | Graduate

PV/ Electrical

Yiying Wang Water Lead Environmental Engineering | Graduate

Otto Hucke | Energy Systems | Graduate

Qinru Li Lighting, Appliances & Home Automation Lead Electrical Engineering | Junior

Hursh Hazari | Energy Systems | Graduate

Vasco Yin Chun Chan Finances, Sponsorship & Construction Management Lead Civil Engineering | Senior

Water Aromi Salot | Civil Engineering | Senior Lighting, Appliances & Home Automation

Team Members

Dylan Futrell | Technical Systems Management | Junior

Architecture

Zhe Chen | Technical Systems Management | Senior

Michal Najder | Architecture Team Advisor | Architecture | Senior

Catherine Nguyen | Industrial Engineering | Sophomore

Cynthia Suminto | Civil Engineering | Graduate Robert Moy | Architecture | Sophomore Justin Palmer | Architecture | Graduate

Finances, Sponsorship & Construction Management Abby Mackay Zacker | Civil Engineering | Sophomore

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3 ACADEMIC INSTITUTION PROFILE University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign As a prominent midwest institution for research and development, the University of Illinois continues to push the standards of technology, architecture, and their integration into society. In 2008, the chancellor signed the American College and University Presidents’ Climate Commitment, pledging to be carbon neutral by 2050. To meet this goal, the university has been upgrading existing buildings to energy efficient standards, creating micro power plants on and off campus, and converting the vast transportation fleet to be completely biodiesel. In the spring of 2015, construction of a 5.87 megawatt solar farm will break ground, marking the first of many sustainable power plants providing for the campus.

The university has begun integrating the rooftops of existing buildings with solar arrays, a challenge of balancing Georgian style architecture with 21st century technology. The newly built Electrical and Computer Engineering Building (ECEB) meets LEED Platinum standards and net-zero energy, one of the largest net-zero buildings in the world. Illinois Solar Decathlon’s previous project for the 2015 Race to Zero competition, the University’s Allerton Park, is currently in the process of becoming net-zero, emphasizing the initiative to be net-zero both on and off campus.

The variety of multidisciplinary courses encourages collaboration of students from different disciplines. These courses have been increasing at the University of Illinois in the recent years due to the realization of the benefits students can obtain through taking them.

For the Department of Energy Race to Zero competition, students will participate in an independent study as well as a collegiate course project, “ENG 491 SD - Engineering Design for a Net-Zero Solar Smart-Home”. This course is available to both undergraduate and graduate students in the Illinois Solar Decathlon (ISD) Race to Zero team. Students will work as an interdisciplinary team to design a netzero multifamily building for the Race to Zero design competition. Students will develop an innovative architectural solution; highly-efficient HVAC system; photovoltaic power generation; high-efficiency water systems; smart lighting, appliances, and home automation, complete construction drawings and financial planning.

To this end, the Illinois School of Architecture provides a rigorous level of coursework with concentration on major topics such as sustainable technologies, systems optimization, building structures, detail-fabrication, health and well-being as well as preservation and heritage through design studios, various seminars, and lectures. These courses help build the technological, environmental, and social background of architecture students from the University of Illinois. Likewise, the College of Engineering offers a variety of programs that reinforce concepts that are emphasized through the work performed by Team LINKoln.

Relevant Coursework Diversity at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign can be considered one of the integral sources of ideas and perspectives. In real life, we often times work and collaborate with different experts to accomplish specific objectives.

5

Figure 3: UIUC Campus Shot from the Main Quad

4 INDUSTRY PARTNERS Perkins+Will

Kennedy Hutson Associates

Perkins+Will is a globally-recognized interdisciplinary architecture and design firm established in 1935 with an emphasis on sustainability. With 23 offices headquartered around the world, their work covers a variety of different design and practice areas in both local, regional and global projects. Their firm is consistently ranked as one of the top architecture and design firms globally. The firm’s 1,700 professionals are thought leaders developing 21st century solutions to inspire the creation of spaces in which clients and their communities work, heal, live, and learn. Perkins+Will will advise Team LINKoln to assure quality of decisions made and guarantee the implementation of advanced architectural design and technology strategies.

Kennedy Hutson Associates is an architectural firm based in Decatur, IL. Kennedy Hutson Associates will serve as Team LINKoln’s liaison to the client and provide guidance in the 2generation of as-built documentations.

Sto Corp

Dow Corning

Sto is an innovative world leader and producer of a broad range of versatile building envelope solutions and coating systems for building construction, maintenance and restoration. For more than thirty-five years, Sto has been leading the way in building technology while providing its customers the most experienced technical support in the industry. Sto Corp advises and provide guidance for Team LINKoln to select the newest coating systems and envelope products applicable to building envelopes.

Established in 1943 specifically to explore and develop the potential of silicones, Dow Corning is a global leader in silicon-based technology and innovation. Dow Corning provides performance-enhancing products and solutions to meet the needs of customers in virtually every major industry and to improve the daily lives of nearly a billion of the world’s people. Dow Corning will serve as Team LINKoln’s consultant to design, implement and evaluate the solutions that are proposed to enhance the performance of the

SCHÜCO Schüco is one of the leading suppliers of high-quality window, door and façade systems made from aluminium, PVC-U and steel. Schüco will advise Team LINKoln in the selection of the appropriate high quality products to assure the highest standards of design, comfort, security, and energy efficiency in the proposed design.

The University Group The University Group provides quality housing to the Champaign-Urbana, and University of Illinois community since 1972. They will serve as Team LINKoln’s primary client.

Smart Energy Design Assistance Center Smart Energy Design Assistance Center will support Team LINKoln through their invaluable expertise in large scale commissioning, energy auditing, energy modeling, and construction of buildings and historic preservation.

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5 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS DESCRIPTION Project Location Lincoln Locale is located in Urbana, IL, a quiet and picturesque community known for its brick paved roads, iconic round lampposts and landmark buildings.

Demographics With a population of about 41,000 and 59% of the city between 20 and 30 years old, with the median age just 25, a large majority of the population consists of college-aged individuals. The major ethnicity is white, comprising 84% of the total population. Campus residences are evenly occupied by owner type and renter type residents[3].

Zoning and Accessibility The dominant use of surrounding buildings is dedicated to residential units for students, which are located east of the site. The area immediately west of the site contains mostly educational facilities for the University, although there is some commercial.

Figure 4: LINKoln Locale Aerial Site Photograph

Transportation The only major traffic volume is on Lincoln Avenue, which is immediately west of LINKoln Locale. It is the main arterial road, on which people can easily access public transportation. Most of the UIUC campuses are within reasonable walking distances as shown in Figure 5, so that college student residents can easily walk or bike to classes without riding a bus. On the other hand, the bus stop is directly in front of LINKoln Locale.

There are two bus routes in service every ten minutes that can drive people to major destinations in town or major transfer bus stops (Figure 6).

Climate Urbana, IL is located in climate zone 5A. The climate can be characterized by the typical US Midwestern climate showing high fluctuation in temperature and humidity. Cold winters and humid and hot summers are common. With an average annual precipitation is 41.15 inch and annual snowfall of 23 inch, Urbana is considered as part of group D in the Kรถppen climate classification system with humid continental climate[1] [2] . All graphics presented in the following sections were generated with Climate Consultant 6.0.

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Figure 5: Walking Distances to Campus Locations from LINKoln Locale

Figure 6: Other Transportation Options Surrounding LINKoln Locale

Figure 7: Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter Wind Profile for Urbana, IL (Left to Right)

Wind Seasonal wind data is provided in Figure 7. In the inner circle, spikes symbolize the wind speed for each direction, while on the outside, the hourly distribution can be determined. It is visible, that the wind usually comes from the south, west or north-east direction. Maximum wind speeds follow usually a south-west or east direction.

5 DESIGN CONSTRAINTS DESCRIPTION

Figure 8: Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures, Monthly Diurnal Averages, and Solar Radiation for Urbana, IL

Historical Preservation One of of our priorities for this project is to preserve the historical vernacular of the existing building, therefore, little work is done to modify the existing 3-wythe brick exterior masonry walls, instead, Team LINKoln proposes a solution to insulate on the interior. By preserving the historical vernacular of the structure, our goal is to establish a precedent for future renovation projects on century-old masonry residential buildings. With 14.6 billion square feet of multifamily residential in the U.S., our project serves as a model for many aging U.S. residential buildings slated for demolition.

Ground Temperature Besides atmospheric temperature, ground temperature is an important factor, especially when coupled with a highly efficient geothermal heat pump. The analysis shown in Figure 9 presents data taken from ground depths of 1.64 ft, 6.56 ft, and 13.12 ft. At these depths, the thermal energy is mainly fed by solar irradiation from the ground surface, which moves slowly due to the low thermal conductivity of the ground, meaning temperature fluctuation decreases at lower depths. Therefore, the ground temperature shows seasonal changes with a temperature peak in late summer and a low in spring. The deeper the measurements are taken, the larger the delay between atmospheric temperature high and ground temperature high.

References [1] U.S. Climate Data, http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/urbana/illinois/united-states/usil1191/2016/1, accessed on March 24, 2014 [2] Humid Continental Climate, Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/science/humid-continental-climate, accessed on March 24, 2016

Atmospheric Temperature and Diurnal Swings Figure 8 shows that cold, typically dry winters and hot, humid summers are the norm with large diurnal swings occuring regularly, but more significantly in the winter. In winter, the average low temperature reaches its minimum in January at 16.7°F, and the average high maximum is measured to be 85.0°F in July[4]. The large amount of temperature fluctuations and changing moisture content in the air require sufficient insulation as well as active mechanical systems to be used in order to meet the comfort needs of LINKoln Locale residents. Solar radiation is maximum in July with around 50% of diffuse irradiation and about twice as much intensity in July compared to February, represented by the areas in the lower portion of Figure 8. Although not shown, Climate Consultant 6.0 predicts the site mean annual cloud cover to be 55%. Interestingly, the minimum is reached in September when the ground temperature analysis also revealed its peak value, discussed in the following section. June shows the broadest spectrum with 2% average low covering and 90% average high.

Figure 9: Ground Temperature at Various Depths for Urbana, IL

Shadow Analysis Since there are no buildings around the site taller than LINKoln Locale, there is minimal shading on the roof across the year. Although there is a tree about the same height north of the building, it does not affect the solar irradiance for solar panels on the roof or natural lighting for indoor rooms. Figure 10 shows the annual sun path for the site.

[3] U.S. Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/1777005, accessed on March 24, 2016

Figure 10: Site Shading Analysis

[4] Averages and Records for Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, Illinois State Water Survey, http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/cuweather/cu-averages.htm, accessed on March 24, 2016`

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6 DESIGN GOALS Performance Goals DOE Zero Energy Ready Home The goal of the DOE Zero Energy Ready Home is very straightforward and effective. Its aim is to certify houses that are so energy efficient that the energy demands of the house can be met through the use of renewable energy sources.

Energy Star ENERGY STAR, set forth by the US Environmental Protection Agency, is a program that looks to reduce energy loads and energy costs by certifying products and homes.

EPA WaterSense WaterSense is a certification designed by the EPA to insure water-efficiency in homes. The program involves compliance with indoor and outdoor water usage criteria, as well as education of the homeowner for proper maintenance and usage of water systems.

EPA airPLUS The goal of the EPA Indoor airPLUS program is to promote construction practices and techniques to reduce the risk of poor indoor air quality resulting from insufficient moisture control systems, poorly designed HVAC and combustion-venting systems, and radon infiltration while also promoting lowemitting building materials.

LEED Set forth by the United States Green Building Council (USGBC), LEED is a green building certification with the aim of improving the energy performance in the built environment. Our building will further the University’s agenda in creating a sustainable campus by reaching Gold Certification.

Architectural Design The goals for this project are focused on tightening the building envelope, increasing natural sunlight penetration, and modernizing the interior to incorporate innovative and high performance finishes. At the same time, we strive to preserve the historical vernacular of the existing building as much as possible. As a result, our project aims to prove that net-zero performance can be achieved in much older buildings regardless of age, condition and location.

Interior Design The primary goal for interior design is to provide residents with more open layout living spaces. We designed an open layout that enhances living environment quality and building performance. All finishes will be sourced from sustainable means. This approach is an inevitable aspects of sustainability in LINKoln Locale. It also leads to promoting three elements of resiliency in our project, resourcefulness, robustness, and redundancy.

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Constructability Most importantly, we aim to implement a design that is feasible in both constructibility and financial affordability. All construction documents will convey the construction details and materials specifications to industry professionals in a clear and effective manner in order to guarantee successful construction practices.

Financial Analysis The foremost priority of the financial team is to make the retrofit building project affordable in a 30-year mortgage and also to reduce total cost as much as possible. In general, deep energy retrofits are costly because of the upgrades in the systems and the net-zero requirements. The objective is to find governmental incentives for various aspects of the energy- efficient solutions to lower the total costs.

Energy Analysis Because we chose to perform a deep energy retrofit to our building rather than begin a new construction project, BEopt and REM/Rate are initially used to understand the building’s current energy consumption. They are then used as optimization and analysis tools in order to determine the most cost-effective insulation materials. These results are used in conjunction with the building envelope analysis to inform a more holistic envelope selection.

Space Conditioning Our primary goal was to focus on energy efficiency, comfort of the residents, long-term affordability, a successful distribution system design, environmental performance, and operation and maintenance costs. Energy efficiency will be achieved through the selection of appropriately sized equipment with variable controls, as well as proper installation of the equipment.

Envelope Durability High efficiency building envelope extends beyond energy savings due to its critical impact on equipment sizing, HVAC loads, architectural integrity, structural durability, and overall comfort. Our main goal is to utilize a comprehensive approach to maximize the use of existing resources and to ensure thermal comfort, structural integrity, and energy efficiency of the building.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and Appliances For air circulation system, ventilation and filtration process should be optimized accordingly to achieve control over healthy indoor environment. For domestic hot water system, our primary goal is to minimize water wasted while waiting for hot water, to decrease residual water loss in pipes and to minimize the energy required to satisfy hot water circulation including pumping and reheating processes. For lighting and appliances, the goal is to maximize energy efficiency while implementing new technologies without sacrificing the comfort and functionality of the home.

7 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN Architectural Design Goals

Building Layout: Site

General Strategy The primary strategies of Team LINKoln focus on increasing building performance by integrating high efficiency systems with architectural design. The program and spatial organization promotes contemporary living experience by various strategies such as optimizing natural lighting, creating open layout living space, and modernizing the interior finishing, etc. Given the potentials and constraints of a historic structure, our project aims to prove that net-zero performance can be achieved in much older buildings.

Overall Goal The site design of LINKoln Local promotes accessibility and sustainability. Considering landscape, transportation, and energy aspect of the building context, the property provide an accessible open living space while encouraging sustainable life style.

Approaches The site design converts about 6,000 sf of asphalt suface into green space with native species, which also serves as public leisure space for the residents. The rest of the gound surface uses permeable pavement for both veihcle and pedestrain access. This strategy collaborates with the stormwater management system which consists of rainwater collecting and absorbing ducts running along the vegetated area of the site.

This section of design also encourages car pool and renewable energy use by providing 12 parking spots, two electrical car charging stations, and bicycle racks.

The entire site is accessible by wheel chairs and a ramp on the east side that leads to the ADA apartment unit.

Figure 11: Site Shading Analysis II

Figure 12: Site Location and Surroundings

Figure 13: Site Layout and Landscape

10

7 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN Building Layout: Plans Overall goals The architectural approach of rennovation concentrates on rearranging interior spaces to provide optimized public and private space, while celebrates the vernacular historical features of the 1920 architecture.

Approaches The existing apartments are 8 one bedroom units. Our scheme proposes one 3-bedroom unit and one 4-bedroom unit on each level above grade. In addition to two apartment units and mechanical space, the basement also hosts an emergency room as a shelter for residents during natural harzards, which enhances building’s resiliency against natural disasters.

ADA Access & Compliance The existing building is not ADA compliant. Team LINKoln intends to convert the south unit on the basement level to ADA compliant unit.

Optimizing natural light penetration Public areas, such as the living room, dining room, and kitchen are situated on the western side of the building to allow greater exposure to natural light. Each bedroom has access to daylight and views. Horizontal shading devices on the south facade prevents excessive lighting and heat during the summer.

The spatial organization celebrates the original characteristics of the original structure. The solar chimney is the central architectural element that collaborates with building systems and unifies design components. Continuous through the floors, the original ventilation shaft is converted to a solar chimney that provides passive cooling for the apartments and serves as an attraction on the roof garden.

We also propose a roof terrace with solar canopy and new porch on the east side of the building. These elements enhanced the spatial experience by providing poblic open space.

Figure 15: Schematic Design Development

Figure 14: Proposed Dimensioned Floor

11

Figure 16: Typical Floor Plan Rendering with Finishes

7 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN Building Layout: Elevations and Sections

Overall Goal One major goal of this project is to provide a precedent to future net-zero energy retrofits in many older buildings. Therefore, LINKoln Locale preserves the main facade and exterior materiality of the existing building while B C proposing additional architectural Acomponents that corresponds to theDexisting E USED ON EVERY SHEET. characteristics.

D (GWV) TO CONTAIN 1

2

A4.0

A4.0

9 A4.01

Approaches: Section The lighting well of the exsisting structure is an original design of the historic building. In our proposal, the lighting well is retrofited into a natural ventilation device that is also aesthetical for both interior and exterior space.

9 A4.01

SED IN PROJECT. O FACE OF STUD, MASONRY, OR

Approaches: Elevation The proposal perserves the west facade on Lincoln Avenue, which has rich design features of the 1920s.

R ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION E NOTES. R 'ADVANCED AIR SEALING'

7 A4.01

ROJECT TO CONTAIN MIN. 15%

On the south facade, wood horizontal shading devices hang over plant balconies in front of every window, serving as passive solar strategy as well as CURITY AND A/V WIRING WITH an enhancement to the living experience.

EYING WITH CLIENT.

TH

PHONE, ETHERNET, AND NG TO LOW VOLTAGE PANEL IN

SEC

SCAPING INSTALLATION LIENT. D BLOCKING FOR ALL WALL ABINETRY. TS SHALL MATCH ADJACENT

The roof garden on top of the building incoporates vegetations, social space, and solar canopy patios; it also celebrates the solar chimney as a central TCHEN, BASEMENT, AND WET component of architectural design.

CEIVE 5/8" 'GREEN' GWB.

FIRST F

O RECEIVE CEMENT BACKER R ELEVATION TO BE FLUSH WITH

The existing stairs and porch on the east facade is replaced with sustainable wood structure. The new structure will be a separate from the rest of the building. By minimizing penetrations for bracing for the new porch, the building will retain its peak envelope performance. This porch will enable the occupants to have a semi-public outdoor space for gatherings.

SSED LIGHTING W/DUCTWORK ALS. TE MECHANICAL & PLUMBING OOF PENETRATIONS. DIMENSIONS ON PLANS AND ORDERING ITEMS. VERIFY DRAWINGS OR ARCHITECT PRIOR TO ONSTRUCTION. FAILURE TO DO

HE COST OF THE G.C. SET AT 36" AFF, GUARDRAILS @ 42"

1

NORTH-SOUTH SECTION 1/8" = 1'-0"

DRAINAGE AWAY FROM BUILDING 1/4" PER FOOT. URFACES AWAY FROM BUILDING GE AT MIN. 1/8" PER FOOT. FICATIONS OF ALL FIXTURES AND GH-IN LOCATIONS. , ROOF AND OTHER TYPES SHALL E COATINGS TO MATCH AL. CONSULT ARCHITECT FOR

PLIANCES PROVIDED BY OTHERS, ORDINATE LAYOUT WITH OTHERS R TO INSTALL. BASE THROUGHOUT U.N.O. ; 1-1/2" GHOUT U.N.O.; GWB RETURNS AT WS WITH PAINTED WOOD SILLS

FOUNDATION

Figure 18: North Section with Lighting Well Highlighted 3

EAST-WEST SECTION 1/8" = 1'-0"

11 A4.01

9 A4.01

TH

MALDEHYDE BASED, OR HIGH VOC NSULATION, ADMIXTURES, OR D TO BE USED WITHIN THE F THE BUILDING.

ABATEMENT:

SECO

11 A4.01

Figure 17: East Elevation with Finishes

VIEW ALL HAZARDOUS MATERIAL EFORE DEMOLITION OCCURS AND EQUIRED TO COMPLETE THE SCOPE OF TILE IS BELIEVED TO BE VINYL ASBESTOS SHALL TAKE THE APPROPRIATE ACTIONS OTIFICATIONS, MEASUREMENTS, ABATEMENT,

F

Figure 19: North Elevation with Finishes 7 A4.01

12

FOUNDATION

7 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN Design Overview and Sustainability Integration Overall Program The architectural scheme of LINKoln Locale proposes a centralized plan with concentrated mechanical and wet space core; the interior and exterior space is organized around the central solar chimney which is both architectural and energy efficient. Living rooms and kitchens are located on the west side of the building facing Licoln Avenue and private bedrooms are located on the east side. This arrangement allows maximum access to natural lighting for all rooms, and ensures efficiency of building systems.

Sustainable Integration Integration of sustainable strategies is a crucial part of LINKoln’s architecural design. These strategies include passive and active solar gain, natural stack ventilation, rainwater collection, sustainable site, and geothermal system, etc.

Figure 21: Aerial Rendering

Figure 20: Conceptual Diagram Figure 22: Diagram of Sustainable Integration of Technologies

13

8 INTERIOR DESIGN Interior Design Approach Overall Goal In an effort to equipt the historical structure with the style and quality of modern living space, Team LINKoln recognizes the need to modernize the interior spaces by incorporating a luxury boutique style within, while keep the consistency and harmony among interior and exterior materiality.

Approaches The innovation of interior design respects the historic characteristics while aligning to the flexible life styles of students and yong professionals. Movable furnitures, wood and brick materials, modern lights and appliances are combined to create warm and contemporary dwelling space.

In all interior rooms, highly reflective white paint will be used to diffuse and multiply the intensity of natural light, decreasing occupant reliance on artificial light sources. All finishes will be sourced from sustainable means and those with minimum VOCs to obtain LEED credits and maximize occupant safety and wellbeing. These measures were implemented in order to provide students with an ultra-contemporary living space complete with state-of-the-art modern amenities.

Figure 24: Bedroom Rendering

Figure 23: Living Room Rendering

Figure 25: Kitchen Rendering

14

9 CONSTRUCTABILITY

A

LL SECURITY AND A/V WIRING WITH HOMEOWNER. LL KEYING WITH CLIENT. ANDSCAPING INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS WITH CLIENT. EALED BLOCKING FOR ALL WALL HUNG FIXTURES AND CABINETRY. LOSETS SHALL MATCH ADJACENT ROOM. M, KITCHEN, BASEMENT, AND WET AREA WALLS SHALL RECEIVE 5/8" 'GREEN' GWB. AS TO RECEIVE CEMENT BACKER BOARD; FINISH FLOOR ELEVATION TO BE FLUSH WITH AL. RECESSED LIGHTING W/DUCTWORK AND OTHER MECHANICALS. DINATE MECHANICAL & PLUMBING VENTS TO MINIMIZE ROOF PENETRATIONS. Y ALL DIMENSIONS ON PLANS AND ON JOB SITE PRIOR TO ORDERING ITEMS. VERIFY ANY N DRAWINGS OR SPECIFICATIONS WITH ARCHITECT PRIOR TO CONTINUANCE WITH FAILURE TO DO SO IN ERROR WILL BE AT THE COST OF THE G.C. BE SET AT 36" A.F.F, GUARDRAILS @ 42" A.F.F. TIVE DRAINAGE AWAY FROM BUILDING AT PERIMETER OF MIN. 1/4" PER FOOT. GE SURFACES AWAY FROM BUILDING OR TOWARDS DRAINAGE AT MIN. 1/8" PER FOOT. SPECIFICATIONS OF ALL FIXTURES AND APPLIANCES FOR ROUGH-IN LOCATIONS. HING, ROOF AND OTHER TYPES SHALL BE PAINTED OR RECEIVE COATINGS TO MATCH ATERIAL. CONSULT ARCHITECT FOR COLOR SELECTION. D APPLIANCES PROVIDED BY OTHERS, . COORDINATE LAYOUT WITH OTHERS PRIOR TO INSTALL. OOD BASE THROUGHOUT U.N.O. ; 1-1/2" DOOR CASING THROUGHOUT U.N.O.; GWB SIDES OF WINDOWS WITH PAINTED WOOD SILLS U.N.O. FORMALDEHYDE BASED, OR HIGH VOC SEALANTS, SEALERS, INSULATION, ADMIXTURES, ANY KIND TO BE USED WITHIN THE INTERIOR ENVELOPE OF THE BUILDING. NS IN

DW

14'-8"

1'-0"

9'-4"

16'-8"

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

6

7

DISASTER/GYM

MECHANICAL

REF.

W&D

2'-5 7/16"

B

5

12'-11 1/4"

24'-0"

LIVING ROOM

4

94'-1 1/2"

21'-7"

ELECTRICAL

MECH.

W&D

MECH.

UP

BEDROOM

ADA BATH.

BATH.

11' - 0"

10'-8"

REF.

0'-10 1/2"

9'-2 1/2"

LIVING ROOM

37'-9"

KITCHEN

7'-2"

AN 1 HR. RATING SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH APPROVED FIRE DAMPERS WHETHER OR NOT

33' - 10" 2'-0"

BEDROOM

BEDROOM

13' - 7 1/2"

12'-7 1/2"

UP

BEDROOM

12- 9 1/2"

1'-0" 16'-8"

NG INDICATION ON A WALL SHALL MEAN THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE WALL IS TO BE FIRE

THE FIRE-RESISTIVE AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY. PENETRATIONS INTO FIRE-REATED

22' - 2 1/2"

14'-8"

COMPLIANCE PLANS IN A-SERIES FOR DETAILED CODE COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS

2'-0 1/4"

3 - 9"

UP

C

COMPLIANCE

11'-2"

44'-0"

10'-8"

BATH.

, DUCTS, ETC. THAT PENETRATE FLOOR SLABS SHALL BE INSTALLED IN A MANNER THAT

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

3

2 31' - 10 1/2"

11' - 10"

DW

ANICAL DRAWINGS.

D 16'-8 3/4"

14'-6 1/8"

24' - 4"

79'-6 1/2"

14'-6"

LINCOLN LOCALE APARTMENTS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 808 S LINCOLN AVE.

66'-9 1/2"

OTED OTHERWISE, PARTITIONS ARE DIMENSIONED TO THE FINISH FACE OF THE WALL.

SIONS SHALL BE VERIFIED IN THE FIELD BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK. THE T NOTIFIED OF ANY CORRECTION.

ENINGS ARE GENERALLY DIMENSIONED TO CENTERLINE OF OPENING. DOOR OPENINGS NOT DIMENSIONALLY LOCATED ARE TO BE CENTERED BETWEEN WALLS OR POSITIONED JAMB AGAINST AN ADJACENT WALL OR COLUMN AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS. SIONS SHALL BE VERIFIED AND COORDINATED WITH THE WORK OF ALL TRADES

1

BASEMENT DIMENSIONED FLOOR PLAN 3/16" = 1'-0"

DROP CEILING. SEE SOFFIT DETAIL DWG #16 ON A4.01

EXHAUST FAN. SEE MECH. DRAWINGS

SPECIFICALLY SHOWN, GENERAL NOTES:OR NOT, PROVIDE INSULATION WITH VAPOR BARRIER BETWEEN ALL AND INTERIOR HEATED SPACES TO MAINTAIN DESIGN U VALUES A) NOT ALL NOTES ARE USED ON EVERY SHEET. S AND PENETRATIONS INSULATION BARRIER SHALL BE FULLY BUTTED/SEALED WITH B) ALL GYPSUMINBOARD (GWV) TO CONTAIN RECYCLED CONTENT. C) TO NOPROVIDE LAUAN TOA BE USED IN PROJECT. /SEALANT CONTINUOUS AIR/VAPOR TIGHT INSTALLATION. D) DIMENSIONS ARE TO FACE OF STUD, MASONRY, OR CONCRETE WALL, UNO. E) SEE SHEET A0.1 FOR ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION & WORK PERFORMANCE NOTES. ELECTRICAL AREAS F) SEE SHEET A0.1 FOR 'ADVANCED AIR SEALING' PROTOCOL. G) ALL CONCRETE IN PROJECT TO CONTAIN MIN. 15% FLY ASH CONTENT. H) NOTED, HOMERUN TELEPHONE, ETHERNET, AND COMMUNICATION WIRING TO LOW VOLTAGE PANEL IN THERWISE ALLALL WALLS BETWEEN MECHANICAL OR ELECTRICAL SPACES AND BASEMENT. SPACES SHALL BE ACOUSTICALLY ISOLATED FROM THE OCCUPIED SPACES AND SHALL I) COORDINATE ALL AND A/V WIRING WITH HOMEOWNER. A MINIMUM STC RATING OFSECURITY 52 J) COORDINATE ALL KEYING WITH CLIENT. K) COORDINATE LANDSCAPING INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS WITH CLIENT. CONTRACTOR TO COORDINATE ALL MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL FLOOR, ROOF AND WALL PROVIDE CONCEALED BLOCKING FOR WITH ALL WALL HUNG FIXTURES AND CABINETRY. AND ALLL)MECHANICAL SHAFTS AND OPENINGS MECHANICAL, PLUMBING, FIRE M) FINISHES IN CLOSETS SHALL MATCH ADJACENT ROOM.AND NOTIFY THE ON, ELECTRICAL, STRUCTURAL AND ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS N) DISCREPANCIES. ALL BATHROOM, KITCHEN, ANDSHALL WET AREA WALLS SHALL RECEIVE 5/8" 'GREEN' GWB. T OF ANY GENERAL BASEMENT, CONTRACTOR PROVIDE SLEEVES AND FLOOR O) ALL TILED AREAS TO RECEIVE CEMENT BACKER BOARD; FINISH FLOOR ELEVATION TO BE FLUSH WITH F OPENINGS AS REQUIRED TO ALLOW INSTALLATION OF ALL DUCTS AND PIPING AS SHOWN ADJACENT MATERIAL. ECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL DRAWINGS. P) COORDINATE RECESSED LIGHTING W/DUCTWORK AND OTHER MECHANICALS. Q) G.C. TO COORDINATE MECHANICAL & PLUMBING VENTS TO MINIMIZE ROOF PENETRATIONS. PERS SHALL BE PROVIDED AS SHOWN AND WHEREVER AIR DUCTS PENETRATE FIRE RATED R) G.C. TO VERIFY ALL DIMENSIONS ON PLANS AND ON JOB SITE PRIOR TO ORDERING ITEMS. VERIFY ANY CEILINGS. FIRE DAMPERS SHALL BE OR FIRESPECIFICATIONS DEPARTMENT LISTED AND APPROVED. DISCREPANCIES IN DRAWINGS WITH ARCHITECT PRIOR TO CONTINUANCE WITH CONSTRUCTION. FAILURE TO DO SO IN ERROR WILL BE AT THE COST OF THE G.C. S) HANDRAILS TO BE SET AT 36" A.F.F, GUARDRAILS @ 42" A.F.F. T) PROVIDE POSITIVE DRAINAGE AWAY FROM BUILDING AT PERIMETER OF MIN. 1/4" PER FOOT. U) SLOPE DRAINAGE SURFACES AWAY FROM BUILDING OR TOWARDS DRAINAGE AT MIN. 1/8" PER FOOT. V) COORDINATE SPECIFICATIONS OF ALL FIXTURES AND APPLIANCES FOR ROUGH-IN LOCATIONS. W) ALL GSM FLASHING, ROOF AND OTHER TYPES SHALL BE PAINTED OR RECEIVE COATINGS TO MATCH SURROUNDING MATERIAL. CONSULT ARCHITECT FOR COLOR SELECTION. X) CABINETRY AND APPLIANCES PROVIDED BY OTHERS, INSTALLED BY G.C. COORDINATE LAYOUT WITH OTHERS SHOP DRAWINGS PRIOR TO INSTALL. Y) 4" PAINTED WOOD BASE THROUGHOUT U.N.O. ; 1-1/2" DOOR CASING THROUGHOUT U.N.O.; GWB RETURNS AT TOP/SIDES OF WINDOWS WITH PAINTED WOOD SILLS U.N.O. Z) NO SOLVENT, FORMALDEHYDE BASED, OR HIGH VOC SEALANTS, SEALERS, INSULATION, ADMIXTURES, OR MATERIALS OF ANY KIND TO BE USED WITHIN THE INTERIOR ENVELOPE OF THE BUILDING. NS IN

1

E1

A.04

ALL RATINGS ARE TO COMPLY WITH UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES (UL) TEST RATINGS. IN THE ABSENCE OF TESTED ASSEMBLY, PROVIDE CERTIFICATE OF EQUIVALENCY FROM UL. MEET ALL THE REQUIREMENTS OF FACTORY MUTUAL ENGINEERING FOR BOTH CONSTRUCTION AND FIRE PROTECTION

B.01

UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE, PARTITIONS ARE DIMENSIONED TO THE FINISH FACE OF THE WALL.

B.02

ALL DIMENSIONS SHALL BE VERIFIED IN THE FIELD BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE WORK. THE ARCHITECT SHALL BE NOTIFIED OF ANY CORRECTION.

B.03

DOOR OPENINGS ARE GENERALLY DIMENSIONED TO CENTERLINE OF OPENING. DOOR OPENINGS THAT ARE NOT DIMENSIONALLY LOCATED ARE TO BE CENTERED BETWEEN WALLS OR POSITIONED WITH ONE JAMB AGAINST AN ADJACENT WALL OR COLUMN AS SHOWN ON THE PLANS. ALL DIMENSIONS SHALL BE VERIFIED AND COORDINATED WITH THE WORK OF ALL TRADES

WHETHER SPECIFICALLY SHOWN, OR NOT, PROVIDE INSULATION WITH VAPOR BARRIER BETWEEN ALL EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR HEATED SPACES TO MAINTAIN DESIGN U VALUES

C.02

ALL JOINTS AND PENETRATIONS IN INSULATION BARRIER SHALL BE FULLY BUTTED/SEALED WITH ADHESIVE/SEALANT TO PROVIDE A CONTINUOUS AIR/VAPOR TIGHT INSTALLATION.

1'-0"

REF.

14'-8"

9'-4"

16'-8"

2016 RACE TO ZERO COMPETITION DRAWN BY:

TEAM LINKOLN

W&D

E1

LIVING ROOM

22' - 2 1/2"

11' - 0"

2'-0"

E1

E1

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

E1

E1 KITCHEN E1

E1 BEDROOM 13' - 7 1/2"

0'-10 1/2" GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

E1 9'-2 1/2"

7'-2"

MARK

E1 BEDROOM

E1 BEDROOM

12'-7 1/2"

11' - 10"

DW

D 2' - 4" TYP.

16'-8 3/4"

2

BASEMENT REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

79'-6 1/2"

3/16" = 1'-0"

1

14'-6 1/8" E1

24' - 4"

FIRST FLOOR DIMENSIONED PLAN 1/8" = 1'-0"

EXHAUST FAN. SEE MECH. DRAWINGS

15

E2

MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL AREAS

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

EXHAUST FAN.1'-0" SEE MECH. DRAWINGS

E2

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

E2 E2

E2

DROP CEILING. SEE SOFFIT DETAIL DWG #16 ON A4.01

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED E2

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED E2

DATE

1

DN

33' - 10"

37'-9"

E1

UP E1

3 - 9"

1'-0" 14'-8"

2'-0 1/4"

BATH.

11'-2"

E1

E1

BEDROOM

W&D E1

E1

E1

BATH. E1 W&D

12/22/2015 (INITIAL SET)

2

2/12/2016 (CLIENT REVIEW)

3

3/23/2016 (FINAL SET)

UP 12- 9 1/2"

10'-8"

E1

REF.

E1

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

E1

BATH. MECH.

INSULATION C.01

GYPSUM BEDROOMBOARD, PAINTED

E1

UP

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

ALL PIPING, DUCTS, ETC. THAT PENETRATE FLOOR SLABS SHALL BE INSTALLED IN A MANNER THAT WILL PRESERVE THE FIRE-RESISTIVE AND STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY. PENETRATIONS INTO FIRE-REATED WALLS OF MORE THAN 1 HR. RATING SHALL BE PROVIDED WITH APPROVED FIRE DAMPERS WHETHER OR NOT SHOWN IN THE MECHANICAL DRAWINGS.

DIMENSIONING

B.04

10'-8"

44'-0" A19 Energy Star +

A.03

Dimmable LED Light Bulb

PROJECT:

E1

LIGHTING TYPE Dimmable LED Light Bulb

E1

MECH.

21'-6"

A19 Energy Star +

97

UP

C

SEE CODE COMPLIANCE PLANS IN A-SERIES FOR DETAILED CODE COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS 60W Equivalent Daylight

74

E1

7

E1

GYPSUM BOARD, BEDROOM PAINTED

BATH.

FIRE RATING INDICATION ON A WALL SHALL MEAN THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE WALL IS TO BE FIRE 40W Equivalent Daylight RATED.

6" RECESSED CAN LIGHTING

E1

DOWN

A.02

6" RECESSED CAN LIGHTING

LIVING ROOM E1

E1

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED BEDROOM

B

A.01

E1

E1

6

2'-5 5/16"

16'-8"

AMOUNT

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED KITCHEN

37'-9" REF.

5

E1

DW

E1

GYPSUM BOARD, PAINTED

4

E1

E1

A

LIGHTING FIXTURE SCHEDULE

FIRE RESISTANCE COMPLIANCE KEYNOTE # FIXTURE TYPE

3

2

31' - 10 1/2"

URBANA, IL 61801 RACE TO ZERO COMPETITION 2016

2' - 4" TYP.

SCALE:

AS INDICATED

DATE:

3/23/2016

SHEET TITLE:

BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN AND RCP SHEET:

A2.1 LINCOLN LOCALE APARTMENTS 808 S LINCOLN AVE. URBANA, IL 61801

GS ARE TO COMPLY WITH UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES (UL) TEST RATINGS. IN THE OF TESTED ASSEMBLY, PROVIDE CERTIFICATE OF EQUIVALENCY FROM UL. MEET ALL THE ENTS OF FACTORY MUTUAL ENGINEERING FOR BOTH CONSTRUCTION AND FIRE ON

E2

RACE TO ZERO COMPETITION 2016

1

44'-0"

Overall Constructability

S ARE USED ON EVERY SHEET. OARD (GWV) TO CONTAIN RECYCLED CONTENT. BE USED IN PROJECT. RE TO FACE OF STUD, MASONRY, OR CONCRETE WALL, UNO. 1 FOR ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION & WORK PERFORMANCE NOTES. 1 FOR 'ADVANCED AIR SEALING' PROTOCOL. IN PROJECT TO CONTAIN MIN. 15% FLY ASH CONTENT. TELEPHONE, ETHERNET, AND COMMUNICATION WIRING TO LOW VOLTAGE PANEL IN

9 CONSTRUCTABILITY

Roof Penetration Detail New or Existing Roof Penetration

Construction Details

New Sealant New Sheet Metal Collar

Soffit Detail

New Sheet Metal Flashing

Wood Flooring

1 2"

Wood Subflooring Existing Floor Joist

1 2" Insulation Cover Board Pressure Treated Plywood

New (3) 2" Layers of DOW XPS Rigid Insulation, Joints Staggered

4" Fiberglass Insulation Existing Strapping to Remain

New Fully-Adhered Air Barrier Membrane, Seal to Side of Penetration, Extend 2" Above Insulation Cover Board

Resilient Channel 24" O.C. New 58" Type X Gyp. Board Taped Joint Typ. Both Sides New (2) 2x4 Top Plates

Existing Board Sheathing or Sheathing Patch (Match Existing Thickness)

New 2x4 Wood Studs @ 16" O.C. New 2x4 Blocking for Gyp. Board

New 6" Closed-Cell (2.0 pcf) Spray Foam Insulation

New 6" Dia. Insulated Duct New 58" Type X Gyp. Board

Existing Floor Roof Joists

Rated Partition Detail Unit to Unit Partition Detail (2) Layer 58" Type X Gyp. Board Resilient Channels 24" O.C. one side 5 8"

(2) Layers Type X Gyp. Board (Both sides water resistant at wet areas)

2x4 Wood Stud @ 16" O.C. New Wood Base Sound Attenuation Blanket

New Taped Joint Typ. Both Sides

New 2x4 Bottom Plate

New Continuous Bead of Sealant

Continuous Fillet Sealant Bead, Seal GWB to Top of Deck, Typ. Both Sides

StoTherm Top Coat StoLevell in Mineral StoPrim Silicate (Primer) on StoLevell Reinforcing Compound over StoGlass Fiber Mesh F (Reinforcing Mesh) StoPerlite Insulation Board 045 StoLevell in Mineral Mineral, Diffuse-open, Non-hydrophobic Adhesive and Reinforcing Compound StoGold Coat Vapor Permeable, Air and Moisture Barrier Liquid-applied Membrane Thin Layer of Diffusion-proof Adhesive Tape (StoSeal Tape BK) Decoupling Stripes (Sto-Sidings Profile Tape Bonded to the StoSeal Tape BK Existing Brick Masonry To Be Repaired and Repointed New Strips of Mold-Resistant Fire-Rated 5 8" Type X Gyp. Board (Both sides water resistant at wet areas) 2" Mineral Fiber Insulation To Provide Thermal Break At Exterior

Detail 1_Rated Partition

New Wood Flooring Existing Wood Subflooring Continuous Fire Rated Sealant Bead or Expanding Foam, Seal GWB to Underside of Deck, Typ. Both Sides New (2) 2x4 Top Plates 4" Fiberglass Insulation Existing Strapping to Remain New Resilient Channel 24" O.C. Existing Floor Joist New 58" Type X Gyp. Board Taped Joint Typ. Both Sides New Wood Blocking for Gyp. Board Attachment, Typ. Both Sides (2) Layer 58" Type X Gyp. Board (2) Layers 58" Type X Gyp. Board (Both sides water resistant at wet areas)

16

9 CONSTRUCTABILITY Window Head Detail

Window Sill Detail

StoTherm Top Coat

New Wood Sill & Trim

StoLevell in Mineral

Decoupling Strips (Sto-Sidings Profile Tape Bonded to the StoSeal Tape BK

StoPrim Silicate (Primer) on StoLevell Reinforcing Compound over StoGlass Fiber Mesh F (Reinforcing Mesh)

Thin Layer of Diffusion-proof Adhesive Tape (StoSeal Tape BK)

StoPerlite Insulation Board 045

New Continuous Bead of Sealant

StoLevell in Mineral Mineral, Diffuse-open, Non-hydrophobic Adhesive and Reinforcing Compound StoGold Coat Vapor Permeable, Air and Moisture Barrier Liquid-applied Membrane

Shueco Triple Pane Window AWS 75-SI System, Provide Flashing Membrane, Sill & Jamb Flashing, Turned Up Back Dam with Paper Backing

New Continuous Bead of Sealant New Closed Cell Spray Foam Insulation Shueco Triple Pane Window AWS 75-SI System, Provide Flashing Membrane, Sill & Jamb Flashing, Turned Up Back Dam with Paper Backing

Window Jamb Detail

New Closed Cell Spray Foam Insulation StoGold Coat Vapor Permeable, Air and Moisture Barrier Liquid-applied Membrane StoLevell in Mineral Mineral, Diffuse-open, Non-hydrophobic Adhesive and Reinforcing Compound StoPerlite Insulation Board 045 StoPrim Silicate (Primer) on StoLevell Reinforcing Compound over StoGlass Fiber Mesh F (Reinforcing Mesh) StoLevell in Mineral StoTherm Top Coat

StoTherm Top Coat StoLevell in Mineral

StoPrim Silicate (Primer) on StoLevell Reinforcing Compound over StoGlass Fiber Mesh F (Reinforcing Mesh) StoPerlite Insulation Board 045 StoLevell in Mineral Mineral, Diffuse-open, Non-hydrophobic Adhesive and Reinforcing Compound

Wood Flooring Wood Subflooring Existing Floor Joist 4" Fiberglass Insulation Existing Strapping to Remain

StoGold Coat Vapor Permeable, Air and Moisture Barrier Liquid-applied Membrane

Resilient Channel 24" O.C.

New Continuous Bead of Sealant

Taped Joint Typ. Both Sides

Thin Layer of Diffusion-proof Adhesive Tape (StoSeal Tape BK) Decoupling Strips (Sto-Sidings Profile Tape Bonded to the StoSeal Tape BK Existing Brick Masonry To Be Repaired and Repointed

17

Within Unit Detail

New 58" Type X Gyp. Board

New (2) 2x4 Top Plates New 2x4 Wood Studs @ 16" O.C. New 58" Type X Gyp. Board

10 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Construction Cost Breakdown

Financial Analysis The financial and construction cost analyses for LINKoln Locale are performed to align with the goals of the Race to Zero Competition of DOE. Our proposal for LINKoln Locale provides affordable, quality housing efficiently and economically, for students. In order to evaluate the design and connect its principles to the marketplace targets, financial assessments are primarily based on “speculative approach”. The significance of constructing affordable residential dwelling shaped our affordability principles and strategies.

The property tax rate is 2.32%, with the annual mortgage interest rate at 3.9% from the Bank of America. Estimated at 20% of the total home cost, the down payment is $305,644. The annual median family income is $54,916 in Illinois.

The monthly utility costs for LINKoln Locale is calculated to be a total of $79.

Since LINKoln Locale is an apartment of 8 units, the debt that each unit has is only an eighth of the total debt. Thus, the debt to income ratio is 25%, which is considerably lower than the homeownership affordability target of 38%.

Applicable Incentives 179D Tax Deduction[1] The 179D Tax Deduction applies to commercial buildings constructed or retrofitted between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2016 that incorporate energy efficient lighting, HVAC, hot water systems and/ `or building envelope upgrades. Verification of the needed standard is required to be evaluated by a third party. An example of a third party’s Concord Energy.

Estimated Net Benefit is about $52,080 (lighting and HVAC) or $72,120 (lighting, HVAC and Building Envelope).

Expires: December 31, 2016 Energy-Efficient New Homes Tax Credit for Home Builders[2] Authorized by the Energy Policy Act of 2005, this tax credit has a value of up to $2,000. The energy qualifications the building must meet are: reduce heating and cooling energy consumption by 50% (relative to the IECC), meet minimum efficiency standards established by the Department of Energy, and building envelope improvements must account for at least one-fifth of the reduction in energy consumption.

Expires: December 31, 2016 Total amount saved: $52,080-$72,120 References [1] “Candidates - Concord Energy Strategies.” Concord Energy Strategies RSS. Accessed February 13, 2016.

Deck, Patio, Porches 2%

Permeable Driveway 5%

Landscaping, Cleanup, etc. Building Fees and Design Costs $91,078 $10,721

Flooring 2%

Foundation/Excavation $23,798

Appliances and Plumbing Fixtures $79,773

Framing $45,835

Exterior Walls and Roofing $9,163

Cabinets, Countertops $64,405

Total Cost $938,776

Windows and Doors $85,300

Lighting $22,364

Plumbing/HVAC $87,002 Drywall, Paint, Interior Trim $164,168

Rainwater System $11,874 PV/Electrical $74,580 Insulation $82,394

Figure 26: Construction Cost Breakdown

Table 1: Financial Breakdown

Table 2: Property Tax Calculation

Table 3: Debt to Income Ration Calculation

https://www.concordenergystrategies.com/179d-tax-deduction/candidates/.

[2] “Energy-Efficient New Homes Tax Credit for Home Builders.” DSIRE. Accessed March 20, 2016. http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/1272.

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11 ENERGY ANALYSIS Energy Analysis Goals and Objectives

Both BEopt and REM/Rate are used in the design and analysis of our building in order to understand the building’s current and predicted energy consumption.

An understanding of current energy consumption helps prioritize retrofit improvement strategies. The results of these simulations, when used in conjunction with WUFI Hygrothermal analysis, allows us to make an informed decision on the building envelope, and provides us with an understanding of the predicted building energy usage.

The BEopt analysis simulation was then run using all of the improved appliances and mechanical systems to evaluate using the proposed building geometry and the different insulation options available to determine a cost and energy optimal solution. REM/Rate and BEopt are used in conjunction with one another in order to check for consistency and accuracy of both models.

Energy Analysis Methodology

Current Energy Consumption Results The model created in BEopt was developed and further calibrated to approximate actual energy consumption based on utility bills. The current total energy consumption of the building is 1070.4 MMBtu/yr from REM/Rate and is predicted

by BEopt at 914.1 MMBtu/yr, showing that our original BEopt model is roughly accurate. A further breakdown of energy usage is displayed in Figure 27 below:

A BEopt and REM/Rate analysis were run on the current building. Then a BEopt analysis was performed using all of the improved appliances and mechanical systems to evaluate the energy savings from improved efficiencies alone. Following this, the optimization feature is used in BEopt to help identify a cost and energy optimal solution for the wall insulation. Final results from BEopt and REM/Rate are then compared.

Conventions and Assumptions for BEopt 1.For ease of labeling, the name for each BEopt simulation used follows the convention: ModelName_MainInsulationType. The main insulation isn’t representative of the full envelope, for full description of wall assembly and R-values, see Table 8 in Section 13.

2.In the BEopt simulation engine there is an option for creating a retrofit of a multifamily housing complex, however, this was decided against due to the changing architectural layout of the building and the inability to incorporate these changes into new design iterations. Therefore, two BEopt models were created: a basecase and a propsed case.

3.BEopt does not currently have the ability to simulate below grade units or partially below grade units, therefore, the analysis was run assuming four stories above grade.

4.BEopt was unable to run a simulation using the CERV inputs used in the REM/ Rate analysis and was therefore modeled as an ASHP and ERV separately[1].

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Figure 27: Breakdown of Current Building Energy Use from BEopt and REM/Rate

Predicted Energy Consumption due to Improved Systems Using BEopt, the site energy use from the Base_Brick is compared with the site energy use from the Prop_Brick so that improvements due to appliance and mechanical efficiencies can be viewed separately from the improvements due to the wall insulation types. The results are displayed in Figure 28 and Table 4 on the adjacent page.

11 ENERGY ANALYSIS

Figure 29: Predicted Heating and Cooling Energy for All Proposed Insulation Types

Figure 28: Site Energy Usage Comparison for Base_Brick and Prop_Brick Table 4: Percent Decrease in Site Energy Usage from Base_Brick to Prop_Brick

The optimal wall insulation in terms of ERI and Cost is the Prop_2� ccSPF_3.5� Cellulose shown in Figure 30. While BEopt optimizes based on material and labor costs, another consideration of ours in wall material selection was to select environmentally friendly materials, such as one of the perlite boards, which contains no foam. In order for our model to be accurate, the wall assembly had to be created within BEopt, however, we were unable to input the material properties of all the new wall assemblies that would accurately model CO2e savings in BEopt, hence why we did not utilize that BEopt function in our analysis. For a more in depth explanation of our material selection, please refer to Section 13

BEopt predicts a potential decrease in total energy consumption of 66% without increased insulation in the exterior wall assembly. The potential for reduction in energy for hot water (78%), heating (81%), and cooling (84%) is also substantial.

Predicted Energy Consumption from Systems Improvement and Wall Insulation Since energy related to heating and cooling equipment is most affected by changes in insulation, Figure 29 shows the potential for further reducing the energy used by the heating and cooling systems only. From the BEopt simulation, there is a potential to decrease energy used for heating and cooling by about 70% just by increasing the insulation value of the building walls as compared to the Prop_Brick case.

Figure 30: BEopt Optimization Analysis for All Proposed Wall Types

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11 ENERGY ANALYSIS BEopt and REM/Rate Outputs for Proposed Building Design A comparison of the BEopt and REM/Rate proposed models (using 4.72� Perlite) was created and the results are summarized in Figure 31 below:

HERS Index The LINKoln Locale achieves a HERS rating of 35 without installation of photovoltaic panels, however, due to implementation of renewable energies solar photovoltaic panels our project can obtain overall HERS rating of 12.

Figure 31: Breakdown of Proposed Building Energy Use from BEopt and REM/Rate

The results from the existing building simulation are rather close, although for the proposed building there is a large degree of variation. Most of the variation we believe is attributed to some of our assumptions outlined earlier, although more testing is needed in order to determine exactly why the two proposed simulations differ. To maintain uniformity throughout this document, we will use the numbers from REM/Rate, although the BEopt simulation still provides valuable information for the comparison of proposed wall types.

Modeled Energy Consumption Profile by REM/Rate A model of the building was developed using the REM/Rate program. To begin, the model was developed and then adjusted, or calibrated, to approximate actual consumption by matching the current utility bills. This calibrated model is then utilized to analyze various building retrofit options and see how much energy can be saved by applying different strategies.

Figure 32: Energy Consumption of Existing Building, Proposed Design, US, East North Central (ENC), and Illinois

21

Figure 33: LINKoln Locale HERS Index

For further information on energy simulation results by REM/Rate, please review the energy analysis section in Volume II.

Reference [1] Ben Newell, Build Equinox, January 28th 2016

Photovoltaic System

Figure 34: Monthly Energy Production of the Developed Solar System, Exported from SAM

11 ENERGY ANALYSIS PV System Overview The system consists of 107 SunPower X21-255 solar photovoltaic modules with an Enphase Energy C250 micro-inverter for each panel. The modules show a rated power of 255 Wdc and therefore, the system’s total solar capacity is 27.3 kWdc. The overall system behavior was simulated using System Advisor Model (SAM) and showed an annual energy generation of around 35,800 kWh. The monthly energy production is shown in Figure 34. A detailed report can be found in volume II. Due to the constrained space on the canopy, we had to limit the number of modules that can be installed in a row, which resulted in a layout that consists of four sub-array systems of unequal sizes.

Since the panels have micro-inverters and are all connected in parallel, the Balance of System (BOS) is unaffected. There are four rows of nine panels each on either side on the canopy, two rows of six panels each in southwest corner of the roof, five rows of three panels each in midwest of the roof and two rows of four panels in northwest corner of the roof. A total of 107 solar panels have 1437 ft2 active area, which occupy 2205 ft2 of area on the roof and canopies. Lastly, the location for SAM was selected to be Springfield, IL rather than Champaign, IL because snow data was available for that location, and accordingly losses due to snow were evaluated to be around 4%. Since the cities are approximately 90 miles apart, incoming solar radiation roughly remains the same and our results are accurate. The system design scheme is provided in Figure 35. The panel placements are carefully designed in collaboration with architecture team based on shading simulations throughout the years to minimize the shading effect due to solar chimney and solar panel self shadings. For details of shading simulation results, refer to the shading analysis in supplemental information. The Ground Coverage Ratio (GCR) for these sub-arrays is 0.544. See section PV calculations in volume II for detailed calculations.

Figure 35: Simplified PV System Diagram

Photovoltaic Modules The panel type was chosen because of its superior efficiency and compatibility with micro-inverters. The SunPower SPR-X21-255 consists of monocrystalline silicon cells with an efficiency of 21.5%. It produces 8-10% more power than conventional solar panels. The metal contacts are located at the back of the panel, which increases the surface area for cells to absorb sunlight and reduces the size of the panel. The thick copper conductor plate ensures constant conductivity and reduces performance losses due to expansion from heating.

Furthermore, by preventing moisture from entering the cells, the integrity and performance is maintained for a longer time interval. Also, due to absence of wires or other components on the front of the cell, these modules capture more incoming solar radiation. The panel data sheet is provided in volume II. Inverter Design Each panel is connected to one Enphase Energy C250 micro-inverter with an efficiency of 96.5%. A micro-inverter system design was chosen because of its flexibility, ease of installation, scalability, and monitoring capabilities. The current status of all panels is transmitted to the Envoy-C monitoring device via a powerline communication cable which is connected to the internet and therefore, it is possible to download all information via an arbitrary web browser or an app provided by Enphase Energy without the need for separated data wiring. With one inverter at every panel, each panel can be monitored to get the power data in real time which can result in quicker detection of possible problems. Every micro-inverter provides maximum power point tracking in order to maximize the power output in all lighting situations. As a result, eventual losses due to partial shading and module mismatch are minimized.

Furthermore, the AC wiring of the micro-inverter design allows the easy upgrade of an existing system with additional solar panels. With a warranty of up to 20 years, nearly no maintenance is expected. The detailed datasheet is attached in volume II. Tilt and Row Spacing The modular tilt of photovoltaic modules is an important design parameter.

Ideally, the tilt of the module should be equal to latitude of that location.

Our location, Urbana IL, is located at 40° north and hence, theoretically our panels should have a tilt angle of 40° facing south at an azimuth angle of 180°.

However, the panels are mounted in landscape orientation in multiple rows.

Due to the spatial constraints on the roof, If the panels’ tilt angle is chosen to be too high, self shading effect between the rows increases and therefore, the total energy output decreases. Based on the total consumption of entire building and space limits on the roof, we decided to choose a uniform row spacing of 4’10’’.

Multiple simulation runs in SAM revealed an optimal tilting angle of 29° for maximum power generation. The relevant calculations can be found in volume II.

22

11 ENERGY ANALYSIS Electrical System

AC Grid The electrical wires inside the units are to be embedded into the walls and protected by insulating layer. The power generated by the PV system is directly fed into the AC grid through distribution panel located in the electrical room in the basement. The electric diagrams are included in the architectural drawing set. All outlet designs strictly follow the design rules depicted in the code.

Because the design uses micro-inverters, all wiring is of AC type. The Enphase Engage Cable System is used to connect four or five micro-inverters at a time.

The whole PV system is electrically divided into three circuits: North canopy, south canopy, and west panels. The distribution was chosen in order to keep the currents for each system small while reducing the number of cables connecting the solar PV system with the main electrical distribution panel in the basement: With a nominal output current of 1.0 A at 240 V, all 36 micro-inverters on the north canopy (or south canopy) generate an array current of 36 A. The 35 west panels therefore generate 35 A of AC current. Each of these three solar PV array systems is connected to the main electrical service panel in the basement via its own AC power line and its own dual-pole circuit breaker. The AC wires are ducted through separate conduits for each PV array, the conduits leave from their array system on the roof (north canopy, south canopy, west array) to the north-west corner of the roof and then lead downstairs close to the west corner of the north facade to the electrical room in the basement. A plywood panel is not needed in this case because the inverters are located at the back side of the solar panels. See electric wiring diagram in volume II for details. The electrical wiring design follows the requirement stated in the EPA solar PV checklist, as included in volume II.

Battery Backup Power Our hazard analysis revealed that power outage due to grid failure is one of the most probable case scenarios to happen. In 2011, with 129 incidents Illinois was ranked number six among all states within the U.S. in terms of reported outages[1]. To provide some amount of backup power, we included a battery system into our electric system design. Batteries can also provide other different useful services for households and the grid. Solar energy can be stored to be used in the night, power can be absorbed or fed back into the grid to stabilize voltage and frequency. A network of distributed batteries can work together to form one single virtual power plant capable of storing renewable energy when its production exceeds the current consumption. In our case, the battery system is supposed to provide some basic lighting in case of power outage. Its size is not designed to power all devices in the building even though this is technically possible. To keep the system as flexible as possible, the battery is charged via the AC grid (preferentially with solar power, but grid power can also be used). Due to its comparatively low price, the Tesla Powerwall was chosen. The 6.4-kWhversion started to be shipped in spring 2016 and costs $ 3,000[2].

Because the battery is DC coupled, an AC-DC-converter does the connection to the AC grid: The SMA Sunny Boy Storage 2.5 is a device specifically designed for high voltage DC batteries. It can deliver 2.5 kW of continuous power and therefore, the battery will provide backup power for at least 2.5 hours.

The separation between AC-DC-converter and battery maintains a modular design that has the advantage that the system is both, easily scalable by adding additional batteries, and independent from specific manufacturers. In this way, the system could be upgraded to a 19.2 kWh system for instance by adding two additional Tesla Powerwalls in the future to make use of solar energy also during cloudy days or in the evening. The datasheets for Powerwall and Sunny Boy Storage can be found in volume II.

Reference [1] Eaton: Blackout Tracker United States Annual Report 2011 [2] Tesla Powerwall, Accesed on March 8, 2016. https://www.teslamotors.com/powerwall

Figure 36: Battery System Connection Principle

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outside. ERV and HRV systems operate on fixed schedules set by residents or facility managers.

12 SPACE CONDITIONING Goals and Objectives Our primary goal was to focus on energy efficiency, comfort of the residents, long-term affordability, successful distribution system design, environmental performance, and appropriate minimization of operation and maintenance costs.

Energy efficiency will be achieved through the selection of appropriately sized equipment with variable controls, as well as proper installation of the equipment.

Proposed HVAC Design CERV Overview Managing a multi-family housing unit is a demanding job for any ventilation unit. There are numerous variables to keep track of that most units fail to.

For example, a ventilation unit should take into consideration the user’s preferences, resident activity, time of the year, and needs to be intelligent enough to perceive when it is necessary to boost operation during times of high occupancy, and to cut down when fresh air is not as critically needed. The CERV™ (Conditioning Energy Recovery Ventilator) takes into account all of these factors and is designed for maximum flexibility to maintain the highest level of efficiency possible [2].

The major difference between the CERV and other recovery ventilators such as Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs) and Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRVs) is that the CERV’s ventilation rate adjusts in relation to occupancy level. In situations where the conditioned space’s occupancy level is higher than usual, which increases pollutants in the air, a fixed ERV/HRV will maintain the same rate of efficiency, unaware of the need to draw in additional fresh air from Coefficient of Performance (COP) 2.4 (without fan power) / 1.9 (with fan power) Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) = 8.6 Btu/W-hr Total Cooling Capacity = 1079 W Compressor Power = 450 W Fan Power = 120 W Lat. = 133 W Sens. = 947 W

Coefficient of Performance (COP) 3.5 (without fan power) / 2.7 (with fan power) Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) = 12.7 Btu/W-hr Total Cooling Capacity = 1342 W Compressor Power = 381 W Fan Power = 120 W Lat. = 231 W Sens. = 1110 W

The CERV unit adjusts ventilation rates in a home according to occupancy levels and other similarly influential factors. The CERV’s fresh air control module acts as the brain to the system. Through multiple sensors, the CERV continuously monitors the outside and inside temperatures, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, and volatile organic compound (VOC) levels.

Its sensors allow the CERV to maintain a comfortable and healthy living environment while being flexible enough to be more efficient than any other system. By having multiple sensors analyze the home’s conditioning status, CERV is able to decrease the activity of the home’s conditioning system when appropriate. Using its heat pump, CERV exchanges energy using air streams to actively heat or cool the air in a home. These examples highlight how flexible and useful a CERV system is to a multi-family housing unit. Operational flexibility, adequate monitoring, and control are all essential for maximized efficiency for space conditioning systems in multi-family units.

Ventilation Our team investigated two methods of ventilation: active and passive. The primary method, active ventilation, occurs through the CERV. We reduced our reliance on active systems by incorporating passive, natural ventilation.

Through close collaboration with the architecture team, we proposed to reuse the solar chimney that spans vertically throughout all of the building’s levels. The stack effect will naturally move air into the solar chimney from the residential units, and up through the chimney to the open roof. This solar chimney handles natural ventilation during milder days and months

Coefficient of Performance (COP) 3.1 (without fan power) / 2.4 (with fan power) Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) = 11.1 Btu/W-hr Total Cooling Capacity = 1165 W Compressor Power = 377 W

Coefficient of Performance (COP) 5.4 (without fan power) / 4.0 (with fan power) Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) = 19.3 Btu/W-hr Total Cooling Capacity = 1803 W Compressor Power = 335 W Fan Power = 120 W

Figure 37: CERV System Four Major Operation Modes During Recirculation and Ventilation [2]

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12 SPACE CONDITIONING when outside air temperature falls into the comfort zone defined by Urbana climate zone standards, to lighten the cooling loads on the CERV units, or to temporarily take over the CERV’s role entirely.

The CERV is capable of operating in a number of different modes, including ventilation heating/cooling and recirculation heating/cooling. The CERV’s ability to operate in these different modes depends on the building’s changing needs while still maintaining a high energy efficiency sets it apart from many standard ERV and HRV systems.

Since ventilation is unconditionally necessary to ensure the indoor air quality of any building, the CERV will always dedicate at least part of its operation to ventilation to maintain the manually-set minimum ventilation level, regardless of the CO2 or VOC levels detected by the unit’s sensors. In situations where outdoor air quality is better than indoors, the CERV may utilize the free heating/cooling mode in which the heat pump does not operate, or the ventilation heating/cooling mode, where the heat pump actively conditions the air.

the required amount of ventilation in each unit. The number of occupants and total floor area for each unit are the two primary variables. According to ASHRAE 62.2-2.13, a person needs 7.5 cubic feet per minute (CFM) for every breath. Each unit needs 3 CFM of fresh air per 100 square feet of living space.

Q_People=7.5 ×(number of bedrooms+1) Q_Units=0.03 ×(floor area) Q_Total= Q_People+ Q_Units 4 Bedroom Units=0.03×(1440)+7.5×(4+1)=80.7 CFM⁄unit 3 Bedroom Units=0.03×(1259)+7.5×(3+1)=67.77 CFM⁄unit 2 Bedroom Units=0.03×(916)+7.5×(2+1)=49.98 CFM⁄unit Total Ventilation Requirements By Floor: Basement=130.7 CFM

First, Second and Third=148.5 CFM Table 6: ASHRAE 62.2-2013 Minimum Ventilation Requirements

Table 5: Performance specifications of the CERV modules in different modes [2]

Each unit has been designed to have a balanced ventilation system, where equal amounts of supply and exhaust ventilation take place. The air supply is directed into the common living space and the bedrooms. The exhaust fans will be located in areas which produce high moisture and odor: the bathroom, mechanical and laundry rooms, and kitchens of each unit. Table 6 displays the recommended air flow rate in each unit.

Table 7: Air Flow Recommendations for Balanced Ventilation in Different Units [1].

In the case that the indoor air quality set point is satisfied but the heating or cooling set point is not, the CERV enters a recirculation mode, where it heats or cools air while re-circulating it throughout the space. When heating, cooling, or ventilation is not required, the CERV may shut off in order to conserve energy. It will then perform an assessment of the air quality conditions every 10 minutes and will begin to operate again only if needed. Figure 37 shows how the CERV unit can ventilate and/or recirculate air in each unit. Table 7 displays the performance specifications of the CERV unit in the different modes mentioned above.

The following formulas from ASHRAE 62.2-2.13 were used to calculate

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12 SPACE CONDITIONING As indicated in Table 6, the two-bedroom units will require the least amount of ventilation, whereas the four-bedroom units will require the most amount of ventilation. The ventilation values fall within the acceptable range of 100 - 200 CFM for the CERV units to operate efficiently. [1]

Additionally, vertical loops need less piping due to the presence of progressively more stable earth temperatures with the increase in underground depth [4].

Bore holes need to be at least 4 inches in diameter for the selected 0.75-inch diameter U-bend bores [5]. A single U-tube bore hole design will be installed at Additionally, a mini-split heat pump will be installed in the gym on the basement an average depth of 300 feet underground, where in total there will be sixteen level to ensure adequate comfort in the room when in use by residents. Details of pairs of U-tube loops for the building. The vertical pipes will be connected to the mini-split heat pump can be found in Volume 2. horizontal underground pipes that will direct the heat transfer fluid into the GeoBoost Geo-Boost heat exchangers in each apartment unit. Hence, each Geo-Boost unit The Geo-Boost system includes a relay controller box and Geo-Boost heat will be directly connected to two pairs of vertical bores. Each corresponding exchangers. This system is coupled with the CERV to form a hybrid geothermal bore hole is required to be 15 feet apart to prevent thermal conductivity and air source heat pump. This leads to an increase in overall efficiency levels for between the two loops. Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) pipe loops of 0.75heating and cooling compared to a regular, independently operating air source inch in diameter will be used, and the heat transfer fluid will be a mixture of heat pump.

Geo-Boost units are connected to geothermal loops, which facilitate the exchange water and propylene glycol at a 1:1 ratio. Propylene glycol is selected for its antifreeze properties that will increase overall system efficiency during the of heat between the building and the relatively stable ground temperature. winter season [3].

Using this technology, incoming fresh air will be preheated during the winter months and cooled during the summer season. The relay controller box acts as a regulatory medium which measures the cooling and heating capacity of the Geo-Boost fresh air. If needed, the relay controller will activate the associated circulation pump, which pumps a propylene glycol solution through the heat exchangers. The relay controller conducts assessments by running the geothermal pumps at different times, as well as calculates and evaluates the overall effectiveness of the system. This is done automatically to ensure that the circulation pumps remain inactive during undesirable conditions.

Geo-Boost will be located in the fresh air inflow duct, in between the air filter and the CERV unit. It is coupled with the geothermal loop through 0.5-inch diameter copper tubes both at inlet and outlet fixtures. The ducts will need to be 6 inches in diameter to ensure optimal compatibility with the Geo-Boost unit dimensions, or else adaptors will be required. A 0.5-inch FNPT drain fitting at the bottom end of the Geo-Boost heat exchange unit is coupled with a rigid PVC fitting to direct condensate to the drain line. A water trap is required to prevent liquid backflow [3].

Geo-Loop System Geo-Boost will be implemented with a vertical closed-loop system, and is expected to contribute 500 to 700 Watts of additional heating capacity with fluid delivery temperatures between 35°F to 55°F, at the heat exchangers [3]. Vertical ground loops are more advantageous and less space consuming, as only 150 – 300 square feet of land area is required per ton of cooling and heating.

Figure 38: The CERV system coupled with GeoBoost [3]

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12 SPACE CONDITIONING Building System Integration

HVAC Layout

Figure 40 incorporates all major systems of the LINKoln Locale. Solar PV and ground source heat represent the renewable energy resources. Furthermore, heat is recovered from the exhaust air. In Summer, when the building is cooled, the absorbed heat is transferred to the domestic hot water.

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Figure 40: Overall System Diagram

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Figure 39: HVAC Layout in Plan

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Reference [1] Build Equinox. “CERV Fan and Duct Sizing Information”. Newell Instruments, 2015. Accessed Winter, 2016.

[2] Build Equinox. “Operation Guide Model CERV-001-PARTA, CERV-001-PARTB Conditioning Energy Recovery Ventilator (CERV)”. Newell Instruments, 2015. Accessed Winter, 2016. http://buildequinox.com/files/CERV/OperationManual_v0.2010914.pdf.

[3] Build Equinox. “Installation Manual Geo-Boost Ground Loop Heat Exchanger”. Newell Instruments. Accessed Winter 2016.

Typical Upper Floor Plan

[4] P.G.,, Mark Schultz. “Geothermal HVAC Systems — An In Depth Overview.” Geothermal HVAC Systems. Accessed March 23, 2016. http://www.earthrivergeo.com/geothermal-hvac-loop-systems-information.php.

[5] ClimateMaster. “Geothermal Applications - Applying Geothermal Comfort to Residential Construction”. N.A. Accessed February 2, 2016.

13 ENVELOPE DURABILITY General Strategy On Building Envelope A great portion of the existing building stock is built with load-bearing masonry walls. These types of buildings are largely uninsulated or have inadequate levels of insulation. A high performance building envelope system has significant impacts on equipment sizing, HVAC loads, architectural integrity, structural durability, and overall comfort. The overall value of a high efficiency building envelope extends beyond energy savings. Our general goal was to create and adapt a comprehensive approach to maximize the use of existing resources, ensure thermal comfort, structural integrity and constructability, and energy efficiency of the whole building. According to research and practical studies, exterior insulation is considered to be the most ideal response for enhancing the building envelope’s durability. When exterior insulation is not feasible for reasons such as historic preservation, cost, zoning and space restrictions or aesthetics, interior insulation is the next best approach to enhance building envelope performance and durability. However, interior insulation of masonry buildings located in cold and wet climates may cause performance and durability problems if not designed properly. In general, we aimed to go beyond conventional methods. Interior insulation with XPS, cc SPF, and combination of cc SPF and cheaper insulation materials have already been evaluated and studied widely in industry. As a result, one of our goals was to apply and integrate different strategies to introduce a novel high performance wall system. The specific durability issues addressed and evaluated in this project are freeze-thaw (FT) damage, interstitial condensation, and rot and mold growth.

Proposed Interventions On Envelope Durability

Enclosure Durability StoPerlite is selected due to its high level of moisture management and distribution. It also protects the wall assembly against mildew and is economically and ecologically sustainable. Perlite is a form of volcanic glass which results in outstanding thermal and sound insulation properties. Perlite originates from obsidian, a naturally occurring volcanic glass. We selected Sto Gold CoatÂŽ to be applied on the interior of the brick to act as a vapor retarder and air barrier. Limiting vapor infiltration while allowing two-way vapor diffusion is important for reducing mold potential in the envelope. This layer also reduces air infiltration for enhanced comfort. We did not want to alter the way the building currently performs, therefore, we decided to select systems that allowed the building enclosure to transfer and move a balanced and controlled amount of vapor. StoLevell in Mineral is a diffused-open, non-hydrophobic adhesive and reinforcing compound that meets our demands. Selection of diffused open building enclosure systems is of great interest since they are associated with lower concerns regarding freeze-thaw damage as well as interstitial condensation between the insulation and the innermost brick layer.

Windows The triple glazed SchĂźco windows are considered highly durable, passive-house ready, highly energy efficient, and are the perfect choice for our project. These specific windows combine the structural strength, corrosion resistance, durability and recyclability of aluminum with thermal performance, which is suitable for use in high performance buildings. The frame we used has a U-value of 0.22, Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) of 0.24 and 0.40 and a Visual Transmittance (VT) of 0.38.

Evaluation of Existing Envelope We assessed and diagnosed current details and conditions within the building envelope assembly through a thorough infrared visual inspection and performance simulations using WUFI and THERM. FLIR infrared images are displayed in Figures 41 and 42 and show two of the most common building envelope issues; heat flow through and around window frames, and air infiltration. The infrared photos also displayed critical areas around doorways, and interior photos showed high heat loss through the brick walls.

These investigations allowed our team to critically observe and understand the envelope deficiencies. For the full report on existing building envelope conditions and issues, please review the building envelope section Figure 41: Heat Loss Through Window Frames in Volume II.

Figure 42: Air Infiltration Through Window Frame

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13 ENVELOPE DURABILITY

Figure 45: Typical Full Wall Section

Proposed Interventions On Envelope Durability Above Grade Walls The exterior walls will all be repointed and repaired with water repellent mortar to enhance the water repellency of the building enclosure. All plaster and gypsum boards will be removed to allow full bonding of the insulation material to the inner layer of brick (in this case filled brick and/or hollow clay brick). After the removal of the inner layers, a thin layer of Sto Gold Coat® is applied. The Sto Gold Coat® is a fluid applied vapor permeable membrane that is used under adhesively attached insulation and acts as a drainage plane. Then we have ⅜” of StoLevell in Mineral as the bonding layer, 4.72” of StoPerlite, a thin layer of StoPrim Silicate as a primer, ⅜” of StoLevell in Mineral (reinforcing compound), a thin layer of Sto-Glass Fiber Mesh F, another ⅜” of StoLevell in Mineral (reinforcing compound), and finally the selected Sto product is applied as the top coat (StoDecosil). See Figure 43 for clarity.

Figure 43: Typical Above Grade Wall Detail

Foundation & Below Grade Walls In order to increase the foundation wall’s and slab’s ability to defend against water and air infiltration, multiple steps are taken. First the slab is disconnected from the foundation walls on all edges. Then, a perforated drain pipe is placed close to the foundation wall at approximately the same elevation as the original foundation. Next, coarse gravel is added and covered with a new 3” concrete patch that will be connected to the existing concrete slab. Then a ⅛” or ¼” thick new dimple mat will be placed on top of the concrete. This strategy allows vapor pressure on top of the slab and under the slab to be equalized.

Consequently, the capillary uptake in water (capillary action) will be stopped as well as the movement of soluble mineral salts to interior spaces. After the dimple mat we have 2 ½” of XPS as a thermal control layer following with 6 mil polyethylene vapor barrier and finally, the entire foundation will be covered with a 3” concrete slab. See Figure 44 to the right for better understanding Figure 44: Typical Foundation and Below Grade Wall Detail

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13 ENVELOPE DURABILITY Proposed Interventions On Envelope Durability Roof/Parapet The parapet is a significant part of the building envelope assembly and is where the roof and walls meet. Often times we can trace water penetration and damages to areas near the parapets. One of our goals was to repair and design a well-detailed parapet that is highly effective against air infiltration and is capable of repelling water away from the affected areas. To make the proper modifications, a new fully-adhered air barrier membrane is installed. This membrane will be installed on top of the existing sheathing and must extend to the top of the plywood on the inner side of the parapet. Then (3) 2� XPS boards will be laid on top of the membrane. Due to the considerable amount of water leakage, we proposed a complete replacement of the existing cap on the parapet. New pressure-treated wood blocking fasteners will replace the existing cap. Another layer of new fully-adhered membrane will start from the outer layer of the parapet (approximately 4� below the metal coping) and will extend inward and run over the previous layers mentioned for the roof. Metal coping requires a 1:12 slope and the slope direction will be provided towards the inside of the building. The flashings are designed in a way Figure 46: Typical Roof Detail to reduce the amount of water run-off as much as possible. Figures 46 an 47 provide roof and parapet details.

Hygrothermal Simulations We used WUFI computer simulating software for our one-dimensional hygrothermal analysis. Our team used WUFI Pro 5.3 to run a wider range of case studies and to better understand how building enclosure performs under certain conditions. Use of WUFI was of great interest to calculate heat and moisture transfer under the influences of rain, sun, temperature, and humidity.

Conventions and Assumptions for WUFI 1. For the purpose of this project we have used the USA_IL_University.of.Illinois-Willard.

AP.725315_TMY3.epw climate data. Figure 48 shows an average temperature and humidity profile for Urbana-Champaign, and Figure 49 on the following page provides us with rain drive and solar radiation information.

2. Due to the special climate condition in Urbana we chose to analyze LINKoln Locale’s North orientation walls due to their higher wind and driving rain exposure. The medium exposure category with rain exposure factor (FE) of 1.5 and rain deposition factor (FD) of 0.5 is considered and remained the same for hygrothermal analysis of all insulations.

3. The constant initial relative humidity is assumed to be 80% across the components. We also assumed that the initial temperature in the component is equal to 68 F (the chosen initial temperature is a close estimation to the measured temperature during the site visit on November the 20th).

4. The current interior condition is assumed to be air-conditioning for the base case and is set to AC with dehumidification for proposed enhanced insulations.

5. The Air Exchange Rate [1/h] for the basecase is estimated to be 9. However, based on the site visit and infrared thermography results, we believe the air infiltration in the existing building is greater than our estimation. The Air Exchange Rate [1/h] for proposed cases is considered to be 1.70

Figure 47: Typical Parapet Detail

Figure 48: Temperature and RH Output from WUFI

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13 ENVELOPE DURABILITY Hygrothermal Simulations Modeled Enclosure Assemblies For the purpose of this project we tried to examine and evaluate 7 different wall assemblies in addition to our basecase. These cases range from 4” XPS, 6” XPS, 2” ccSPF with 3.5” cellulose, 3.14” Perlite, 3.94” Perlite, 4.72” Perlite, 1.18” Aerogel. Table 8 shows the overall thickness of each assembly, thermal performance, and air change per hour at 50 pascal.

Figure 50 represents the existing wall assembly. We have three layers of brick.

These layers are brick veneer, filled brick, filled brick (in some portions hollow clay brick) from outside to inside, respectively. In addition, Figure 50 shows our proposed wall assembly to use for the interior wall insulation in LINKoln Locale. For detailed information on simulated building enclosure assemblies please see the Building Envelope Section in Volume II. Table 8: Modeled Assemblies and Performance

Figure 50: Basecase_3 wythe brick (Left); Proposed_4.72” Perlite (Right)

Simulation Results As seen in Figure 51 below, adding internal insulation will enhance the total amount of water content in the building envelope regardless of insulation material and thickness. The 6” XPS (light purple) and 4” XPS (dark purple) showed the highest level of moisture increase in wall assembly, respectively.

The StoPerlite of various thickness performed second in regards to their overall water content. The thicker the material the higher the water content. The insulation that contains Aerogel showed the least amount of increase in water content in comparison to other cases. For further results regarding building envelope simulation with WUFI PRO 5.3 refer to Volume II.

Figure 49: Solar Radiation and Rain Drive From WUFI Figure 51: Total Water Content Comparison for Modeled Assemblies

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13 ENVELOPE DURABILITY Hygrothermal Simulations Analysis and Synthesis The cost effectiveness and overall impact of each wall is addressed and discussed in Section 11 using BEopt (for further information please see Section 11).

However, we also assessed insulation materials in regards to other parameters besides cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The two critical concerns addressed are the possibility of mold growth and the risk of freeze-thaw damage. According to generated results from WUFI, none of the walls will be affected by mold growth or microbes. During the winter season, specifically in December and February, condensation happens in the inner layer of brick. The intensity of condensation is in direct correlation with condensation; as RH increases, the chance of condensation also increases. If this condensation resides in the assembly for long periods of time, mold growth will occur, often leading to respiratory health issues. In comparison with XPS and cc SPF, Perlite insulations contain lower amounts of water and have a lower RH. Furthermore, condensation and water content play key roles in the occurrence of freeze-thaw damage. Freeze-thaw damage occurs when temperatures cycle above and below the freezing point for an extended period of time. At ˚23 F freezing is unavoidable in the assembly.

This freezing happens for all simulated cases in WUFI, however, due to the limited time duration, it is unlikely that freeze-thaw damage will occur in any of the assemblies. In brief, we applied a holistic approach to select the optimum wall assembly option. As mentioned in Section 5, BEopt identifies 2” of cc SPF with 3.5” Cellulose as the first optimal option. Second and third optimal options are 6” XPS and 3.14” Perlite. According to WUFI Pro 5.3, 6” XPS has a higher susceptibility of moisture accumulation, which is due to its impermeable characteristics, meaning the building will stay wet for longer periods of time relative to more permeable materials such as Perlite. BEopt and WUFI emphasize cost, energy, and hygrothermally optimum solutions, however, they fail to take environmentally optimum solutions into account.

References

Figure 52: Basecase_Brick Thermal and Hygrothermal Performance

Figure 53: Proposed_4.72” Perlite Thermal and Hygrothermal Performance

Conclusions Selection of optimal insulation, in our project interior insulation, requires an integrative approach with deep consideration of building performance (at both enclosure and whole classes), cost-effectiveness, human health and level of comfort, and a great deal of attention to the insulation’s overall environmental impacts.

Straube, Ueno, and Schumacher. “Measure Guideline: Internal Insulation of Masonry Walls.” July 2012. Accessed 2016. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/54163.pdf.; http://www.thermal-camera.co.uk/images/uploads/files/Dew%20Point%20Alarm. pdf; Musunuru, and Pettit. “Deep Energy Retrofit For Interior Insulation Of Masonry Walls.” April 2015. Accessed January 2016. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building_america/enclosure-retrofit-masonry-walls.pdf.; Natarajan, Klocke, and Puttagunta. “Measure Guideline: Installing Rigid Foam Insulation on the ...” June 2012. Accessed 2016. http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building_america/measure_guide_rigid_foam.pdf.; Ueno, Kohta, John Straube, and Randy Van Straaten. “Field Monitoring and Simulation of a Historic Mass Masonry ...” Accessed 2016. http://buildingscience.com/sites/default/files/migrate/pdf/CP-1301_Field_Monitoring_Simulation_Historic_Mass_Masonry_Retrofit_Interior_ Insulation.pdf.; Ueno, Kohta, and Randy Van Straaten. “BA-1202: Byggmeister Test Home-Cold Climate Multifamily Masonry Building Condition Assessment and Retrofit Analysis.” Building Science Corporation. August 13, 2012. Accessed 2016. http://buildingscience.com/documents/bareports/ba-1202-byggmeister-test-home-cold-climate-multifamily-retrofit-analysis/view.; Ueno, Kohta. “Masonry Wall Interior Insulation Retrofit Embedded Beam ...” April 3, 2012. Accessed 2016. http:// buildingscience.com/sites/default/files/migrate/pdf/CP-1201_Masonry_Wall_Interior_Insulation_Retrofit_Embedded_Beam_Simulations.pdf.; Ueno, Kohta, Phil Kerrigan, and Randy Van Straaten. “BA-1302: Retrofit of a Multi-family Mass Masonry Building in New England.” Building Science Corporation. February 15, 2013. Accessed 2016. http://buildingscience.com/documents/bareports/ba-1302-retrofit-multifamily-mass-masonry-building-new-england/view.; “December 2005 Water Penetration Resistance - Materials.” Accessed 2016. http://0323c7c.netsolhost.com/docs/no felt for flashing.pdf.; “Weather-Resistive Barrier - ORNL.” Accessed 2016. http://web.ornl.gov/sci/roofs walls/insulation/fact sheets/weather resistive.pdf.; “BSI-050: ParapetsWhere Roofs Meet Walls.” Building Science Corporation. Accessed 2016. http://buildingscience.com/documents/insights/bsi-050-parapets-where-roofs-meet-walls.

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14 IAQ AND APPLIANCES Indoor Air Quality Design Background and Potential The air inside a home can be 2 to 5 times more polluted than outdoor air.

Indoor air quality is a significant concern because most people spend 90% of their time indoors. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that the average person receives 72% of their chemical exposure from within their own homes. This is where people think they are safest from air pollutants, which puts indoor air quality as one of our highest concerns. With the CERV unit, air quality is continuously monitored in order to maintain the highest level of air quality.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are produced from solid and liquid products such as perfumes, paints, adhesives and cleaning products. High concentrations, toxicity levels and over exposure to VOCs leads to Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) and other health effects. VOC’s are dissipated at a faster rate than CO2. VOC compounds tend to infuse and generate odors with a home’s finishes and furnishing, due to the higher reactivity rates of these compounds.CO2 is unreactive in nature and can only be regulated with proper ventilation systems. When CO2 levels are high (>1000ppm) it affects human cognition functions in areas such as decision making, productivity, and creativity [1]. In residential homes, either CO2 or VOC air pollutants will dominate a home’s air quality ratings, hence it is important that we have a system that can efficiently monitor and regulate these compounds.

Approaches and Strategies The CERV’s Fresh Air Control Module allows the system to consistently monitor both the outdoor temperature and the building’s internal temperature.

It also contains sensors that monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) and volatile organic compound (VOC) levels as well as relative humidity (RH) levels within the building. The level at which this module operates is dependent on the level of indoor pollutants detected by the sensors relative to the indoor air quality setpoint determined by the user, ensuring efficiency by avoiding unnecessary operation.

Filtration for air from both outdoors and indoors is necessary to ensure that the air circulated by the CERV is free from chemical pollutants, particulates, pollen, and other unwanted impurities that may pose a threat to the health of the occupants. An inline filter box is incorporated into the design of the CERV. The manufacturer recommends the Fantech FB6 inline filter box for the CERV system which has a MERV -13 rating. It is able to provide filtered air to the house 24/7, adhering to the ASHRAE 62.2 residential ventilation air standards. It is used to filter the air taken in from outside before it is channeled into the CERV unit to be circulated indoors. The filter needs to be replaced approximately every three months, although this frequency ultimately depends on how much dirt has accumulated in the filter [2] . Replacing filters in a timely

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manner is crucial, as an outdated filter will create resistance to airflow, and consequently increase the demand on the HVAC system by forcing it to operate at a higher level in order to overcome the resistance and achieve a given result [3] . Maintenance of the filter housing is simple, as it can simply be wiped with a clean damp cloth.

The conditioning module of the CERV system controls humidity as well as cools, heats, and exchanges energy with high efficiency. The upper half of the module houses the evaporator, which is responsible for cooling and dehumidifying air that is to be rejected outside of the supplied inside air

Reference [1] “Indoor Air Quality.” The Importance of Healthy Air in the Home. Accessed Winter, 2016. http://greenguard.org/en/ consumers/consumers_iaq.aspx.

[2] Fantech. “Installation Instructions for Model FB6 Inline Filter Box”. 2010. Accessed Winter 2016. https://www. acwholesalers.com.

[3] “Indoor Air Quality | Sustainability Workshop.” Indoor Air Quality | Sustainability Workshop. Accessed March 21, 2016. http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/indoor-air-quality.

14 IAQ AND APPLIANCES Lighting and Appliances Lighting and Appliances Design Goals The design goals of lighting and appliances is to maximize energy efficiency while implementing new technologies without sacrificing the comfort and functionality of the home. With our lighting, we made calculations using the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 2015)[1] and the Light in Design, Illumination Lighting Design Society’s[2] standards to calculate the amount of lighting needed for each room and corridor. By making modifications to the power output, we were able to minimize the number of lights required for each space without forfeiting the number of lumens in the rooms. With these changes, we settled on choosing Ecosmart 35W and 60W LED bulbs. These bulbs have the advantage of using little power and have a long lifetime, in addition to their environmental-friendliness by using up to 70% less mercury than standard CFL’s[3]. Its 35W LED bulb has a 25000 hour lifetime, 6W power consumption, and 470 lumens brightness output[4]. All these features are realized by only 7.97 dollars per bulb. In this market, Ecosmart successfully finds a balance between technology and economy and as a result, we reduced the overall financial cost of the unit.

Approaches: Lighting and Appliances With the renovated kitchen, our priority went with energy efficiency, increased safety, and performance. Energy Star certified products, which included the refrigerator, dishwasher, and washer and dryer, were chosen to reduce energy consumption. Unfortunately, microwaves and ranges do not have energy star ratings, so they were picked based on energy intake, cost, and appearance. The products chosen were based on the utility to the average college student, with mid-sized fridges and ranges and over-the-counter microwaves with built-in fans to help ventilate the kitchen. Induction ranges will be placed in each unit.

This product will prevent burns and reduce the risk of building fires.

In addition to these products, we will be implementing motion sensor light switches in the hallways of the building. Because hallways are one of the areas with the least activity, but the highest traffic rate, hallway lights can be accidentally left on. The motion sensors will reduce energy consumption by only turning on when students are walking by. Each unit will also have a Zen Thermostat which will help reduce the electricity bill. The thermostat can be controlled through a smartphone and presets can be set so that the house is cooled at night and warms itself up again when residents wake up. As per code, units will be outfitted with smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. These devices are all linked together via the Smartthings Hub, which allows all the devices to communicate together and creates a centralized system.

Figure 54: Interior Appliances and Lighting Diagram

Though these appliances and lighting loads cut back on energy consumption, it is not very meaningful if residents cannot see how much they are using each day. With this in mind, we are implementing Neurio’s Home Energy Monitor.

This helps tenants see how much energy they are using and track consumption over time. Furthermore, Fluid, a water management system, will be implemented in the building to track water consumption and assist with water conservation. Though each smart product has their own app, we propose our own unique app that will allow for one easy access point to all home devices and gauge all information necessary to save on money, electricity, and water use. Further details of the application can be seen under the Innovation section.

Occupancy sensors We recommend installing lighting occupancy sensors in shared and common spaces such as staircases and any other intermittently used spaces, especially in public spaces where no one individual is responsible for turning off the lights.

Occupancy sensors are an inexpensive control that can dramatically reduce energy used by lighting. Occupancy sensors turn on lights when someone

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14 IAQ AND APPLIANCES enters a room or manually operates the switch; the sensors turn lights off automatically when the room is unoccupied for several minutes. With reference to our institutional advisers, SEDAC, we recommend that all sensors be set to manual on/auto-off. Team LINKoln recommends a 15 minute time delay setting for the auto-off control.

Specific types of occupancy sensors work best in different locations. Sensors can be mounted in place of a wall switch or on the ceiling to better ‘view’ the space. They can be installed on single-pole or 3-way switches. Sensors can be passive infrared, ultrasonic, microphonic, or multi-technology, which combine two or more of the three technologies to alleviate false turn-offs and turn-ons.

We used wireless sensors to allow installation of sensors without the necessity of accessing the fixture wiring.

References

[3] Ecosmart uses 70% less mercury than standard CFL’s, Accessed on Febuary 24, 2016 http://www.the3best.net/Reviews/ Eco-Friendly-Light-Bulbs: http://neur.io/products/ [4] Ecosmart LED specifications, Accessed March 10, 2016 http://www.homedepot.com/p/EcoSmart-35W-EquivalentBright-White-PAR16-Dimmable-LED-Flood-Light-Bulb-2-Pack-5bSM350STE2602/206668056 http://www.homedepot.com/p/EcoSmart-60W-Equivalent-Daylight-A19-Energy-Star-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb-4-PackA810SS-Q1D-04/206047105 [5]Whirlpool Drying Machine specifications, Accessed January 28, 2016 http://www.whirlpool.com/[WED99HEDW]-1022543/WED99HEDW/ [6]Whirlpool Washing Machine, Accessed January 28, 2016 http://www.homedepot.com/p/Whirlpool-Duet-4-5-cu-ft-HighEfficiency-Front-Load-Washer-with-Steam-in-White-ENERGY-STAR-WFW95HEDW/205390096?MERCH=REC-_PIPHorizontal1_rr-_-205786762-_-205390096-_-N [7]GE Induction Range, Accessed January 26, 2016 http://products.geappliances.com/appliance/gea-specs/PHB920SJSS [8]LG Over the Counter Microwave, Accessed January 28, 2016 http://www.homedepot.com/p/LG-Electronics-2-0-cu-ftOver-the-Range-Microwave-in-Stainless-Steel-with-Sensor-Cook-LMV2031ST/205178355

[1] International Energy Conservation Code, Accessed on Febuary 3, 2016: http://codes.iccsafe.org/app/book/toc/2015/I-

[9]LG Refrigerator, Accessed January 25, 2016 http://www.bestbuy.com/site/lg-23-8-cu-ft-top-freezer-refrigerator-stainless-

Codes/2015%20IECC%20HTML/index.html

steel/7355137.p?id=1219265950084&skuId=7355137

[2] Light in Design, Illumination Lighting Design Society’s standard’s, Accessed on Febuary 3, 2016

[10]LG Dishwasher, Accessed January 25, 2016 http://www.homedepot.com/p/LG-Electronics-Front-Control-Dishwasher-

http://illuminationslighting.com/

in-Stainless-Steel-with-Stainless-Steel-Tub-LDS5040ST/202864027

Table 9: List of Appliances Product Clothes Dryer Washing Machine

Induction Range Microwave Refrigerator Dishwasher LED Bulb

Brand Cost Whirlpool HybridCare™ Ventless Duet® Dryer with Heat Pump Technology Whirlpool High-Efficiency Front Load Washer with Steam GE Profile™ series 30" free-standing convection range with induction

Assumed usage

Yearly Energy Consumption

$943.20 Annual

531.0 kWh/yr[5]

$799.20 Annual

109.0 kWh/y[6]

Two stovetops at half power for an hour each Stovetop: 167kWh day, 3 days a week, for 9 months a year Oven: Bake for 1 hour a week, for 9 months a Oven: 102.6kWh[7] year $310.00 20 min/day, for 9 months 121.545kWh[8]

$1,799.10

LG 2.0 cu.ft. Over-the-Range Microwave Oven LG 24 cu.ft. Largest Capacity 33” Wide TopMount LG Fully-Integrated Dishwasher w/ Height Adjustable 3rd Rack Ecosmart 35W: $7.97 60W: $5.74

501kWh[9]

$1,199.00 Annual

258 kWh[10]

$538.20 Annual Annual

0.07884KWh

Table 10: List of Home Automation

Product SmartThings Hub Zen Thermostat Connect Camelot Touchscreen Deadbolt Smoke & Carbon Monoxide Alarm Neurio Home Energy Monitor Fluid

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Function Automation Hub Thermostat Front door lock Smoke alarm + CO detector Energy consumption monitor Water consumption monitor

Manufacturer Samsung Zen Schlage First Alert Neurio Fluid

Cost $99.00 $179.95 $179.46 $39.97 $179.99 $259

14 IAQ AND APPLIANCES Domestic Hot Water Goals and Objectives Water heating accounts for about 18% of a home’s energy use. It is important to reduce hot water use, select an energy efficient water heater and implement energy-saving design solutions. Our primary goal is to minimize water wasted while waiting for hot water, decrease residual water loss in pipes and minimize the energy required to satisfy the hot water circulation including pumping and reheating processes. To achieve this goal, we designed the distribution system with the shortest pipe run length possible and selected the appropriate pipe diameter and material. Additionally, in order to optimize factors like cost, maintenance, installation and accessibility, our system is designed to meet the WaterSense specifications and LEED requirements.

Heat Pump Water Heater The heat pump water heater can achieve a high efficiency performance.

Although this type of water heater is more expensive than a storage water heater, it can be 2-3 times more energy efficient. An Energy Star heat pump water heater can save almost $300 a year on electric bills[1].

Team LINKoln chose the GeoSpring™ Hybrid Electric Water Heater model # GEH50DFEJSR.

GeoSpring™ Hybrid Electric Water Heater Based on peak hour demand calculation, we selected a 50-gallon water heater with the Energy Factor of 3.25 and saves the average 3-4 person household $370-$490 every year in water heating expenses. Moreover, four operating modes plus a vacation setting make it simple to select the temperature and optimal energy savings performance.

Water Saving Based on fixtures we chose, we usd the Water Reduction Calculator for Flush and Flow Fixtures v1.1 [3] to calculate the water saving. Below are flow-rate calculations based on the water fixtures selected. Compared with fixtures of IPC/UPC (CODE), our building can save almost 50% on potable water usage.

Figure 55: Hot Water Delivery System Layout

To shorten the pipe length, we designed two recirculation systems in each unit. One is to satisfy the hot water use of kitchen (kitchen faucet and dishwasher), the other is to satisfy the hot water use of the washer and bathrooms (bath faucet and tub & shower). Team LINKoln chose the CPVC SCH 40 tubing for these purposes. Using the EPA tool, we calculated the hot water delivery system.

Figure 56: Potable Water Use Reduction

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The rainwater cistern is located outside of the apartment. Its storage capacity was designed to be 5000 gallons to satisfy flushing water usage per month. The Rain Water Harvesting size of the cistern was designed to be D×H=144 in.×87in. The parking place The reclaimed water system is an important approach to fulfilling our secondary catches far more water than our irrigation demand theoretically. We designed a Net-Zero-Water design goal. Reusing rainwater for flushing the toilets and 1000 gallon cistern that has a dimension of L×W×H=90 in.×78in.×55in.to store irrigation can save a significant amount of potable water use as well as reducing water for irrigation and 50 percent of permeable paving to manage runoff. The discharge of sewage into a building. Although the Illinois Department of Public first gallon per 100 feet of catchment area should be discarded after each rain Health (IDPH) restricts non-potable water reuse, we put forward this proposal for event to ensure only the cleanest water is harvested. potential future development and implementation of a reclaimed water system in Illinois. For our project, the rainwater collected from the roof is used for flushing toilets while the rainwater collected from parking spaces is used for irrigation.

The rainwater harvesting system can be designed based on factors such as precipitation, collection areas and water usage. According to the data, the average amount of rainfall precipitation is 3.43” every month[4]. The estimated catchment area for the roof is approximately 3500 sq. ft and 13,298 sq. ft for the parking lot.

Employing the Calc Tool[5], we have determined that the roof area and parking lot would permit 7,483.6 and 28,433.5 gal per month, respectively.

There will be 27 tenants living in the LINKoln Locale building. For our analysis we assumed an average of 4 people per unit and we used the water usage calculator[6] to assess the water usage for the building. We assumed that each unit runs the dishwasher 3 times a week, washes 4 loads of laundry per week and a typical person takes a shower 7 times a week.

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Table 11:Reclaimed Water Collection and Reuse Rainwater collection Reuse

Highest gal/month Roof Parking 10647.3 40453.6 Flushing gal/month 4972

Lowest gal/month Average gal/month Roof Parking Roof Parking 4472.7 16993.8 7483.6 28433.5 Irrigation gal/month 969

Rain Water Capacity To calculate the storage capacity of the rainwater cistern, we combined the data of the precipitation amounts and projected water usage. In central Illinois, the highest monthly rainfall occurs in May, with an average of 4.88 inches, while the lowest monthly rainfall occurs in January with only 2.05 inches. From the table of water usage for the building, flushing for the whole apartment demands 4872 gal/month while the outdoor irrigation demands 969 gal/month. The flushing water usage can be satisfied for the average monthly rainwater collection. For the lowest rainfall month, it demands only 500 gallons of potable water.

1000 gallons 2635 gallons water cistern water cistern Dimension: Dimension: 90’’L x 78’’W 140’’L x 90’’W x 55’’H x 72’’H

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Figure 57:Reclaimed Water Collection and Reuse Systems

References [1]http://energy.gov/articles/new-infographic-and-projectskeep-your-energy-bills-out-hot-water [2]http://www.geappliances.com/ge/heat-pump-hot-waterheater.htm [3]Perkins+Will, Water Reduction Calculation for Flushing and Flow Fixtures.

[4]http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/urbana/illinois/ united-states/usil1191 [5]http://www.calctool.org/CALC/other/default/rainfall [6]http://www.home-water-works.org/calculator [7]http://www.plastic-mart.com/product/806/2635-gallonelliptical-horizontal-leg-tank-40547 [8]http://www.tanksforless.com/p/7153/ norwesco-1000-gallon-elliptical-skid-mountedtank-n-40330?gclid=CjwKEAiAx--2BRDO6q2 T84_a52YSJABWAbfrY7P_St7NSSvIfpukMj6_ vllO3I0cOIH-OEGS-tUrmxoCAJvw_wcB

15 INNOVATION Innovation Goals and Approaches

Solar Chimney

With so many systems in play, it is difficult to create a cohesive design that benefits both the consumer and the community. We were able to achieve a higher standard by proposing an environmentally friendly solution to these problems. By keeping our client, The University Group, and their customers, college students, in mind, Team LINKoln created a spacious dwelling with improved functionality, ambiance, site design, and energy consumption. By scheduling regular meetings with The University Group, Perkins + Will, Smart Energy Design Assistance Center (SEDAC), and Sto Corp, we were successfully able to create and prepare an integrated proposal that follows client’s constraints while preserving the mission to create an innovative net zero energy home.

Since there is an existing chimney used for mechanical ductwork, wiring, and plumbing going through the building, we decided to incorporate and revitalize the chimney into our design as a solar chimney. With this proposal we created a solar chimney that primarily works as a passive system for natural ventilation.

The chimney allows for natural lighting into the central area of the apartment that would otherwise not receive any through the north and south windows.

Home Automation As more and more technologies come to market that allow users to control every aspect of their home, home automation is becoming available preinstalled in more apartments. To keep up with this trend we decided to implement Samsung’s SmartThings device to give building managers and the residents the option to add or remove devices to suit their needs. By utilizing Samsung’s SmartThings Hub,[1] all the devices can communicate with one another and more devices can be easily added to the system by connecting to the hub through wifi. Therefore our system is simple and easy to use consisting of a smoke alarm that will send an alert to residents phones, a deadbolt that can be locked and unlocked from anywhere, a thermostat that can learn your schedule to save energy, and systems that monitor water and electricity usage.

We decided to propose our own app, LINKON, that will allow users to link and control all of these devices from their phone as well as see energy and water consumption to that date, predict utility bills, and see predicted utility usage for the next month.

Perlite- Natural Insulation Material “A form of volcanic glass, perlite has outstanding thermal and sound insulation properties and is ideal for distributing moisture. Perlite originates from obsidian, a naturally and constantly occurring volcanic glass. Accordingly, it can be designated as a “sustainable resource”, while the resulting products can be returned to the natural environment without problems. Our team used an innovative internal insulation in the form of StoTherm in Comfort. This mineral internal insulation system well and truly stands out on account of its excellent moisture distribution and thermal insulation properties. The core component of the system is an insulation board made of perlite – a pure, mineral volcanic glass that is non-combustible and completely environmentally friendly[2].”

Site Design In addition to the deep retrofit of LINKoln Locale, we will be improving the site. The current lot design maximizes car parking spots, while minimizing the foliage surrounding the building. With the changes to the building, we would like to create a more inviting area with reduced parking spaces, car sharing options among residents, and alternative sources for transportation. With this in mind, we will be reducing the twenty seven parking spots to twelve and introduce shrubs, grass, and trees to the lot. A bike rack will be located towards the back of the lot, next to the two electric vehicle charging stations. There will be a hidden garden behind the building, where students can relax and get away from the busy life on campus. As cars exit the lot, there will be a long stretch of permeable pavement to further increase the green around the building. Hidden within all of this new foliage will be our drainage system. Salt resistant plants will be placed around the system and building to slow down water flow. This system, combined with the slope of the lot and rain garden accounts for our stormwater management system.

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15 INNOVATION Water Repellent Coat Protecting load bearing masonry from water penetration was one of our main priorities. We proposed to repair and repaint the masonry brick with water repellent mortar that provides unsurpassed water repellency on exterior side of the building enclosure. In addition, we used Sto Gold Coat®, a fluid-applied vapor-permeable membrane, to enhance the building enclosure performance against water penetration and air infiltration. All in all, the combination of these strategies allowed us to obtain optimal water, air, and moisture control in building envelope assemblies.[3]

Building Resiliency The four R’s, recovery, resourcefulness, robustness, and redundancy, have all been enhanced with our proposed design in LINKoln Locale project.

The northern unit has been reduced to a two bedroom suite to allow for an emergency relief room and extra mechanical room for the new systems in place.

CERV Build Equinox’s CERV simplifies the building’s mechanical system by combining functions that are usually handled by separate components such as heat pumps, HRV/ERVs, and air purifiers into a single unit that maintains both indoor temperature and air quality. Its wireless controller and monitoring system ensures that the system will not operate in excess, maximizing energy efficiency.

Greywater Usage During winter and spring, Illinois garners heavy rainfall. Not all of the water collected will be used in the home. With the excess water, we can sell it back to the university at a competitive price. The university will be saving money and reduce water consumption by using this grey water to water lawns or to use for flushing toilets.

Tesla Powerwall Our hazard analysis revealed that power outage due to grid failure is one of the most probable case scenarios to happen. In 2011, with 129 incidents Illinois was ranked number six among all states within the U.S. in terms of reported outages. To provide some amount of backup power, we included a battery system into our electric system design. The other main issue that occurs when people try to use solar panels to power an entire home is that the peak energy production of solar panels occur when people are at work and not at home.

Tesla’s Powerwall is a battery system that stores that energy for use later, like during peak demand when people get home from work.This device can be mounted on the wall in the mechanical closet and kept out of the residents way, allowing them all the benefits of this system with no effort needed on their part. We propose to use the Tesla 6.4 kWh Powerwall, which was introduced in 2015 and started shipping in spring 2016[4].

Rooftop Garden and Solar Canopy In order to make the most out of the space provided to us we excited and proposed to use the roof for more than just solar panels. We realized that we could put solar panels on a frame and use them as shade for a livable space on the roof. Since some sun light is able to get around the solar panels, we decided to use this area as a rooftop garden where residents have an outdoor space to interact with their neighbors and grow small scale vegetables. This design allows us to use the space for more than just power generation, to give residents an outdoor space to interact with one another and enhance social aspects of human life.

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References [1] SmartThings information, Accessed March 10, 2016: https://www.smartthings.com/how-it-works [2] “Protect Every Building with StoGuard - Sto Corp.” Accessed 2016. http://www.stocorp.com/wp-content/themes/stocorp/ alfresco-enterprise-file-transfer-receiver/ftr-root/Systems_Marketing/Air and Moisture Barriers/Brochures/BR_StoGuard_ Brochure_EN_web_S880.pdf.

[3] http://www.sto.com/evo/web/sto/100376_EN-PDF-2010-0708en_01_08-10_72dpi.pdf.htm.pdf [4] Tesla Powerwall, Accessed March 10, 2016: https://www.teslamotors.com/powerwall

Team LINKoln thanks the DOE Race to Zero organizers and all supporting staff who have helped to make this competition possible.

We have learned a ton in the process and are thankful to have had this opportunity!