Bridge maintenance safety management and life extension airong chen download pdf by michaelhill1734

BridgeMaintenance,Safety, ManagementandLifeExtension

Editors

AirongChen

DepartmentofBridgeEngineering,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,P.R.China

DanM.Frangopol

DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,ATLSSEngineering ResearchCenter,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

XinRuan DepartmentofBridgeEngineering,TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,P.R.China

ThebackgroundpictureisanetchedportraitofZhaozhouBridge,constructedin618,SuiDynasty,China.The bridge,withanastonishingspanof37.02mandafascinatinghistoryof1400years,wasdesignedbyaprestigious designmasternamedChunLi.ZhaozhouBridgeisknownasthemostancientopenspandrelarchbridgewhichhas beenmaintainedinperfectservicestate.1400-yearhistorynotonlyprovidesZhaozhouBridgewithspectacular grace,butalsoestablishesaninvaluablemodelforbridgesafetyandmaintenance.Theforegroundpictureis aninkillustrationofacablesupportedbridgewithintegrationoftraditionalChinesecalligraphy–aninspiring metaphorwhichindicatesinfinitepossibilitiesinthefuturedevelopmentofbridgeengineeringinChinaandthe wholeworld.

Designedby:LishaREN,YulinTU,fromCollegeofDesignandInnovation,TongjiUniversity

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Tableofcontents

Preface XXV Conferenceorganization XXVII Acknowledgements XXXVII

T.Y.LINLECTURE

Conceptualdesignofbridges 2 M.C.Tang

KEYNOTELECTURES

Bridge“examineering”orhowmonitoringandUHPFRCimprovetheperformanceofstructures13 E.Brühwiler

AssessmentofexistingstructuresinFrance:Standardandadvancedpractices 27 C.Cremona

Life-cycleperformancemonitoringandevaluationoflong-spanbridges 40 J.P.Ou,X.G.Zhang,H.Li,M.S.Pei&N.Li

Fourdecadesofinspectingasuspensionbridgecable 57 B.T.Martin

Performanceenhancementofbridgesandotherstructuresthroughtheuseof fibre-reinforcedpolymer(FRP)composites:SomerecentHongKongresearch 73 J.G.Teng,S.S.Zhang,Q.G.Xiao,B.Zhang&D.N.Fernando

Lifecyclemanagementofsteel-concretecompositebridges 82 M.M.S.Cheung&K.K.L.So

Thefutureofageingmetallicbridges 95

M.K.Chryssanthopoulos&B.Imam

Durabilityofsteelorthotropicbridgedecks 110 J.W.Fisher&S.Roy

TheoutstandinglegacyofEdgarCardoso:Anaudaciousandvisionary Portuguesebridgeengineer

124 P.J.S.Cruz

MINI-SYMPOSIA

Datamanagement&analysisforbridgemonitoringresults

Organizers:A.Miyamoto,I.Hakola,A.Yabe&G.Watanabe

Simplifiedmethodofbridgedurabilitydetermination

145 H.Zobel,Th.Alkhafaji&M.Wróbel

3-Dvisualizationforbetterbridgeassetmanagement

153 J.K.Shaffer,L.D.Tanase,B.D.Witter&T.W.Gilmore

Astructure’sfatigueevaluationthroughfluctuatingstressmeasurement duringserviceandeffectiveplanofmaintenance

158 S.O.Na,C.J.Cha,I.H.Kim&N.Y.Park

Real-timefatiguelifeevaluationofsteelsuspensionbridge 166 P.Hradil&I.Hakola

Basicprinciplesofglobalbridgemonitoring,testingandanalyzingsystem 172 I.Hakola,P.Hradil&M.Halonen

Practicalapplicationofahealthmonitoringsystemforshort-andmedium-span bridgesbasedonpublicbusvibration 179

A.Miyamoto

Datamanagementanddamagecriteriaforahealthmonitoringsystembasedonpublicbusvibration187 H.Emoto,A.Miyamoto&A.Yabe

ProposalforpredictionoffatiguecrackpropagationinsteelbridgesusingK-gages 195 M.Yamanishi,T.Yamagami,S.Tsukamoto,T.Uesugi,S.Fujita&Y.Kannoto

Evaluationmethodsofthermalmovementsincable-supportedbridgesbasedonmonitoringdata202 H.J.Kim,J.C.Park,I.K.Lee&S.K.Kang

Developmentofahealthmonitoringsystemforshort-andmedium-spanbridges basedonpublicbusvibration 207 A.Yabe,A.Miyamoto&H.Emoto

Life-cycleassessmentofbridgeperformanceinanaggressiveenvironment Organizers:I.Iwaki,M.Akiyama&D.M.Frangopol

Safetyassessmentandlife-circlemanagementoflarge-spansteelsuspensionbridgesin itsdesignlifetime 215

Y.Zeng,A.R.Chen,R.J.Ma,H.M.Tan&J.L.Ren

Amethodforlifecirclefatigueassessmentofsuspensionbridgehangersbasedonin-situ trafficinvestigation 226

Y.Zeng,D.H.Chen&H.M.Tan

Life-cyclereliabilityofRCjettiesinamarineenvironmentusingMarkovmodel andsequentialMonteCarlosimulation

K.Takenaka,M.Akiyama,D.M.Frangopol&I.Yoshida

231

Time-dependentreliabilityanalysisofCFSTarchesforin-planestabilityconsideringconcretecreep237 W.Jiang&D.G.Lu

Life-cyclevehiclecarryingsafetyassessmentforhighwayRCGrillageNarrowBridge consideringcarbonationandcorrosion 243

Z.Sun,Y.Zhang&Y.An

Experimentalstudyonthebondstrengthofcorrodedreinforcedconcrete

248 Z.H.Chen,D.Y.Tan&Y.Zeng

Seismicperformanceofreinforcedcorrodedconcretebridgepiers 253 C.Q.Fang,Z.J.Yuan,J.M.Zhang&J.Zhu

Numericalsimulationofcorrodedreinforcedconcretebridgepiersundercyclicloading 261 H.J.Zhou,X.Xu,Z.H.Fang&F.Xing

Analysisoftheperformanceoftheconcretespecimenssubjectedtocyclicloading andaggressiveenvironment

269 J.Göringer&M.Foglar

Time-variantriskofagingbridgesunderseismicmainshockfollowedbyaftershocks 277 Y.Dong,D.M.Frangopol&S.Sabatino

Sustainability-basedpre-earthquakeprobabilisticretrofitoptimizationofhighwaybridges consideringriskattitudes

284 Y.Dong,D.M.Frangopol&S.Sabatino

Riskassessmentofbridgeswithpartiallyorfullyclosedlanes

290 B.J.Zhu&D.M.Frangopol

Stochasticdeteriorationmodellingandresidualperformanceassessmentofconcrete bridgesaffectedbycorrosion

H.P.Chen&N.Xiao

Bridgeloading–Measurementandmodelling Organizers:C.Caprani&X.Ruan

Simplifiedprobabilisticmodelformaximumtrafficloadfromweigh-in-motiondata

M.Soriano,J.R.Casas&M.Ghosn

Field-calibratedinfluencelinefortheapplicationofBWIMtechnologyonwidebridge

B.Long,H.Zhao,X.D.Shao&C.J.Tan

Experimentalstudyonloadcapacityvariationwithpierscourdepth

C.C.Chen,K.C.Chang,C.Y.Lin&M.Y.Shen

Continuousprestressedconcretebridge:Lossoffullcontinuity

J.Huang&D.Woehl

EvaluationandmodelingofwroughtironbridgeinBahia

A.C.Marques,A.R.Borges&T.N.Bittencourt

Arecurrentbridgeloadmodellingtechniquesrealisticforexistingroadbridges?

M.A.Treacy&E.Brühwiler

Dynamicsimulationanalysisforvehicle-bridgeinteractiononasimplysupportedmulti-T-girderbridge348 L.W.Zhang,H.Zhao&X.D.Shao

Finiteelementanalysisofultimateload-carryingcapacityfordouble-deckandthree maintrussessteelbridgewithrigidcable

Y.J.Liu,M.Z.Fu,X.Y.Gao,S.Q.Jiang&J.Liu

Frominnovativeinvestigationsinaprestressedconcretebridgetorepairproject

A.Houel,D.Germain&A.Mathey

Characteristicsofpedestriancrowdflowdemandforvibrationserviceabilityoffootbridges

J.Keogh,R.Duignan&C.C.Caprani

VehicleloadstatisticaldistributioncharacteristicsforhighwaybridgesbasedonWIMsystem

378 Y.J.Xu,H.J.Zhang&Z.H.Xia

AdjustingAASHTOLRFDdesignliveloadusingrecentweigh-in-motiondata

385 B.Sivakumar

Static-dynamicloadtestingoftheNanpanjiangsuspensionbridge 391 Y.Zhong

StatisticaltrafficloadmodelbasedonWIMmeasurementsforbridgefatigueassessment

396 L.M.Sun&S.W.Sun

Visualevaluationandremainingservicelifeassessmentofareinforcedconcretearchbridge: Çayirhanbridge

403 A.Caner&A.Turer

Trafficloadingmodelforlongspanmulti-pylonsuspensionbridge:UsingWIMdataand performancedesignconcepts

408 J.Y.Zhou,X.Ruan&X.F.Shi

Bridgeperformanceassessmentandpredictionusingmonitoring Organizers:A.Strauss&D.M.Frangopol

Detectingthelimitsofaccuracyoflifetimepredictionsbystructuralmonitoring

416 D.Sanio,M.A.Ahrens&P.Mark

ReliabilitypredictionofbridgestructuresbasedonBayesiandynamicnonlinear modelsandMCMCsimulation

424 X.P.Fan&D.G.Lu

Riskassessmentofbridgeschemescomparisoninecologicallandscapezone atthepreliminarydesignstage 430 Y.Zeng,H.M.Tan,Z.F.Xiang,Z.H.Li&F.Yu

Earlydamagewarningofrailwaybridgeintime-domainbasedonstatisticallearningtheory 437 D.S.Shan,Z.Huang,I.Khan&C.Y.Fu

Modalparametersidentificationofcombinedcable-stayedsuspensionbridgeintime-frequencydomain445 D.S.Shan,Z.Huang,Q.Li&I.Khan

Ontheevaluationofaductilitycriterionforshearfailurebasedonthecrackwideningvelocity453 Ch.Fust,M.A.Ahrens&P.Mark

Awirelesssensornodeforvibrationmeasurementoflargecivilinfrastructure 461 J.J.Lee,Y.S.Park,U.J.Na,W.T.Lee&C.G.Lee

LoadbearingcapacityassessmentofexistingconcretebridgessupportedbyresultsfromNDT 465 L.Topczewski&J.Ciesla

EnhancementoftheChongQibridgeprojectgirdersectionstoreducevortex sheddinginducedoscillationsbyapplyingpassivetunedmassdampersystems 472 C.Meinhardt,X.Yin,Y.Luo&X.Gao

Structuralhealthmonitoringofasteelgirderbridgerehabilitatedwithfulldepthfull widthprecastdeckpanelsovertheredrivernearthetownofMorris,Manitoba

R.M.Ellis,H.M.Vogel,B.Wood,K.Amy&R.Eden

Smartphonesandmassmarketmicrocontrollersforbridgemonitoringapplications

G.Morgenthal&N.Hallermann

FuturemaximumloadeffectbasedonWIMdataanditsapplication

G.Fu,P.Yen,J.You&L.Liu

Vibrationbasedstructuralmodelupdatinganddamageidentificationofbridges

H.P.Chen

Investigationsonthecorrelation-baseddeterminationofdampinginengineeringstructures

507 M.Österreicher,A.Strauss,K.Bergmeister,D.Prammer,T.Zimmermann&R.Flesch Resistant-wearroadexpansionjoints 513

A.Strauss,T.Zimmermann,S.Lachinger,S.Hoffmann,M.Delatonio&D.M.Frangopol

DesignandmanagementofhighwayandrailwayBrazilianbridges Organizers:T.N.Bittencourt&L.C.Meneghetti

Assessmentofthestructuralconditionsofthebridge“FazendaModelo” 519 L.M.Trautwein&L.C.Almeida

Estimatingconcretestrengthusingfieldtestingdata 524 A.B.Colombo,L.C.Meneghetti,R.M.Teixeira&T.N.Bittencourt

StructuralhealthmonitoringandnumericalanalysisofasteelrailwaybridgeontheriverSantaMaria530 L.M.Trautwein,T.N.Bittencourt,L.C.Meneghetti,R.M.Teixeira&A.P.C.Neto AbridgemanagementsystemforBrazil 537 F.F.Fontes,R.C.Verly,G.S.Santos,E.P.Magalhães Bridgesmaintenance–theBrazilianexperience 544 J.Timermant

Researchandapplicationsinbridgehealthmonitoring Organizers:F.N.Catbas,J.Casas,H.Furuta&D.M.Frangopol

Quantifyingdeteriorationordamagelevelswithnovelbridgemonitoringconcepts 551 G.D.Chen

Fatiguecrackgrowthmonitoringofweldedtubularstructuresusingpiezoelectric filmacousticemissionsensor 559 Y.Zhang,C.Zhou&L.W.Tong

ContinousmonitoringofbearingforcesanddisplacementsintheHighCoastBridge

I.González&R.Karoumi

AnalysisofsafetyassessmentbasedbridgemanagementsysteminKorea

W.W.Lee,G.H.Lee,J.S.Kong&K.-H.Park

Vibration-baseddamagedetectionanddamage-inducedstressredistributionofarealsteel trussbridge

C.W.Kim,K.C.Chang,S.Kitauchi&M.Kawatani

Datasummarizationforheterogeneousinfrastructureusingspike-basedmonitoringtechnique

G.Sundaresan,L.L.Wu,H.-B.Yun,K.-T.Park&J.-W.Kim

BridgefieldtestingbyusingwirelessandlaserDopplersensingtechnologies–Casestudies

K.S.Dai&Z.H.Huang

Applicationofcontemporaryprogrammingtechniquesinhealthmonitoring softwareofsuspensionspanningstructure

D.S.Shan,J.Dong,J.C.Yang,S.X.Zhang,I.Khan&Z.Huang

JointdistributionofwindspeedanddirectionofSutongBridgebasedonSHMS

H.Wang,J.R.Zhang,T.Y.Tao&T.Guo

Awaveletbaseddrive-bybridgeinspectionsystem

P.J.McGetrick&C.W.Kim

Quantitativenon-destructiveevaluationofdamagesinasteelplatebondingmethod 622 H.Tachibana,K.Nakamoto,Y.Yamaguchi&S.Hirose

WaveletdomainanalysisforidentificationofvehicleaxlesintheapplicationofBWIMtechnology628 C.J.Tan,H.Zhao,W.W.Xiao&Y.Z.Wang

Modeshape-informedtensionforceestimationofstaycables

B.F.Yan,X.D.Shao,M.Soliman&D.M.Frangopol

DamagequantificationandlocalizationalgorithmsforindirectSHMofbridges

640 G.Lederman,Z.Wang,J.Bielak,H.Noh,J.H.Garrett,S.Chen,J.Kovaˇcevi´c,F.Cerda&P.Rizzo

Ontheimpactofpriorperceptiononbridgehealthdiagnosis

648 C.Cappello,F.Bruschetta,D.Zonta,S.Maestranzi,R.Zandonini,M.Pozzi,B.Glisic, D.Inaudi&D.Posenato

Applicationofanoveltimeseriesbasedmethodfordamagedetection,localization andquantificationusingoutputonlyaccelerationdata

656 Q.Mei&M.Gul

VisualinspectionstrategiesforlargebridgesusingUnmannedAerialVehicles(UAV)

661 N.Hallermann&G.Morgenthal

Non-targetdisplacementmeasurementofstructuresusingvisionbasedapproaches

668 T.Khuc&F.N.Catbas

Operationalperformancemonitoringofthecriticalmechanicalcomponentsofamovablebridge676 M.Malekzadeh&F.N.Catbas

Experimentalstudyontheextantpre-stressedforcetoa20-yearoldconcretesimply-supportedbeam683 Y.Huang&Z.Z.Fang

ApplicationoftheAcousticEmissionMethodofidentificationandlocationofdestructive processestothemonitoringofconcretebridges

688 B.Goszczy´nska,G. ´ Swit,W.Tra˛mpczy´nski&A.Krampikowska

Monitoringoftrafficinducedvibrationsonconcretebridges:Acasestudy

695 A.Fiore,G.C.Marano&P.Monaco

WindvibrationcharacteristicofBogazicisuspensionbridgeusingstructuralhealthmonitoringdata703 N.M.Apaydin,B.Dogan&C.Zulfikar

Vulnerabilitymodelingandriskassessmentofbridgessubjectedto multiplethreats

Organizers:J.E.Padgett&C.Caprani

Multi-hazardreliabilityanalysisofbridgesbasedupondamageindices

S.Kameshwar&J.E.Padgett

Influenceofliveloadsoncomponentandsystemlevelhighwaybridgeseismicfragility

C.C.Caprani,J.Ghosh&J.E.Padgett

TsunamiriskassessmentofbridgesbasedonanAHP-FUZZYalgorithm

J.Andri´c&D.G.Lu

Risk-basedcombinationofearthquakeandscourhazardsforthedesignofreinforcedconcretebridges732 Z.H.Wang,L.Dueñas-Osorio&J.E.Padgett

Aframeworkforrisk-basedoptimumcablereplacementstrategiesforcable-stayedbridges

B.F.Yan,M.Soliman&D.M.Frangopol

Terrorismrisksforbridgesinamulti-hazardenvironment

M.G.Stewart&J.Mueller

Theseismic,blastandfireresilienceofconcrete-filledFRPtube(CFFT)bridgecolumns

A.Echevarria,A.E.Zaghi,V.Chiarito&R.Christenson

Theinfluenceofthedifferentbridgepierreinforcementarrangementsonthe performanceundervehicleimpact

P.Ji˘rí˘cek&M.Foglar

Strategiesforsafetyassuranceofbridgesexposedtomultipleclimate-relatedthreats

C.C.Caprani,J.E.Padgett&W.K.Chiu

Displacement-basedfragilityanalysisoftypicalmulti-spanRCbridges

G.Tecchio,F.Longo,M.Donà&C.Modena

Fatiguecracksinorthotropicplates–Acasestudy

G.Tecchio,M.Caldon,F.P.Marchesini,M.A.Zanini,M.Donà,C.Pellegrino&C.Modena

Hazardanalysisofcable-stayedbridgeswithcable-slidingfrictionaseismicbearing

J.Zhong,Y.T.Pang&W.C.Yuan

Seismicfragilityanalysisofmulti-spandeepwaterbridges 800 Y.T.Pang,K.Wei,J.Zhong,W.C.Yuan&G.Y.Shen

Managementandstrengtheningofbridges–AnAustralianperspective Organizers:N.Powers,R.Al-Mahaidi&X.L.Zhao

AstudyofthebondofFRP-concreteusingshear-laptestsinAustralia

808 H.B.Pham&R.Al-Mahaidi

Fromindependentspanviaducttostaticallyindeterminatebridgethanksto longitudinalexternalprestressingtendons

818 R.Sadone,B.Jacquier&D.Germain

Deteriorationmodelingusingconditioninspectiondataandengineeringjudgment

824 N.Powers&S.Hinkeesing

DeteriorationforecastingofconcretebridgeelementsinVictoria,AustraliausingaMarkovChain832 M.S.Hasan,S.Setunge,D.W.Law&S.Hinkeesing

ThestrengtheningoftheWestgateBridgeusingFRPcompositesandinnovateanchoragesystems840 R.Kalfat&R.Al-Mahaidi

Rehabilitationofalkali-aggregatereactiondamagedbridgecolumnsusingCFRPcomposites

848 T.Kubat,R.Al-Mahaidi&A.Shayan

Strengtheningoffire-damagedbridgecolumnsusingCFRPfabrics

855 Y.S.S.Al-Kamaki,R.Al-Mahaidi&I.Bennetts

PreliminarystudyonmodularassemblyofGFRPsandwichesforpotentialbridgesuperstructures863 S.Satasivam,Y.Bai&X.L.Zhao

InnovativeFRPspaceframestructureforpedestrianbridgeapplication 871 X.Yang,Y.Bai&X.L.Zhao

Experimentalstudyonrepairofsteelplatewithdifferentdamagedegreessubjecttofatigueloading879 Q.Q.Yu,X.L.Zhao,R.Al-Mahaidi,Z.G.Xiao,T.Chen&X.L.Gu

FatiguedesignofCFRPstrengthenedweldedsteelconnections

C.Wu,X.L.Zhao&M.Motavalli

Researchonstrengtheningeffectoftheprestressingtechnologyonthedeterioratingtrussed combinationarchbridge

G.W.Yao&T.Li

WestGateBridge–fatiguecrackingtreatmentworks

J.Silla-Sanchez,J.Noonan&R.Percy

Assessmentandstrengtheningofurbantoll-wayviaductsatSouthernLink,Melbourne: Part1Assessment

L.J.Walsh,H.B.Pham&K.Forsterling

Assessmentandstrengtheningofurbantoll-wayviaductsatSouthernLink,Melbourne: Part2Strengthening

L.J.Walsh,H.B.Pham&K.Forsterling

Dangerousbridgedetails

Organizer:P.G.Malerba

Experimentstudyonpier-girderjointinlong-spanhigh-piercontinuousrigid-framebridge

R.Z.Zhou,D.Liu&Y.H.Yang

Rivetedsteelelementsdeformedbytheswellingofinterstitialrust.Astudyona residualbearingcapacity

P.G.Malerba&L.Sgambi

Structuralsafetyofsegmentalconcretebridgesduringconstruction

F.Biondini&P.G.Malerba

Life-timeperspectivefordesignandmaintenanceofshort,medium, andlong-spanbridges

Organizers:S.Shin,H.Nassif,H.-K.Kim&N.-S.Kim

Earlyagecrackinginhighperformanceconcretedecksofacurvedsteelgirderbridge

Y.Xia,H.Nassif,D.Su,C.Na&P.Lou

Applicationofliveloadmodelfordesignoflongspancablebridges

E.-S.Hwang,D.-Y.Kim&J.-Y.Mok

Investigationofdeflectionandvibrationcriteriaforbridges

E.-S.Hwang,X.H.Le,Q.H.Nguyen&J.-W.Jeon

Vision-basedmonitoringsystemforestimatingcabletensileforcesofcable-stayedbridge

S.W.Kim,N.S.Kim,Y.M.Kim&J.C.Park

Effectofsupportrotationalstiffnessontensionestimationofshorthangerropes

J.Lee,C.-H.Chung,B.Kang,S.K.Ro&J.-H.Jang

Applicationofvibrationcontroldevicesforbridgedesignandmaintenance

Y.M.Kim,Y.S.Kim&J.S.Hwang

Applicationofelasto-magneticbasedstresssensorsformeasurementsofcable tensionforceincable-stayedbridge

S.W.Shin,J.Yim,M.L.Wang&C.B.Yun

Understandingofengineeringsignificanceofheritagebridges

N.K.Hong,H.-M.Koh&S.-G.Hong

Reliability-basedsafetyassessmentofbridges 1001 S.Shin,I.Paik,D.J.Kim&S.-S.Ahn

Longspansuspensionbridges–bridgeinformationmodeling 1005 V.Samec,J.Stampler,H.Sorsky&T.W.Gilmore

Reliabilityanalysisofwindloadforlong-spanbridges 1011 C.H.Yoo&H.K.Kim

Evaluationofexistingrailwaybridgesusingstructuralhealthmonitoringandfiniteelementmodeling1015 D.Su,H.Nassif&P.Lou

Employmentofprobabilisticconceptindevelopmentofdesignmanualforlong-span cable-supportedbridge 1021 S.H.Lee,H.S.Lee&I.Paik

Modelingoftrain-bridgedynamicinteractionsystemforbridgeswithstepped-beamcross-sections1027 Y.J.Wang,H.Nassif,P.Lou&E.S.Hwang

Fusionofmultisensordataforbridgedeflectionestimation 1034 S.-H.Sim,S.Cho,J.-W.Park&R.P.Palanisamy

MAINLINE–Maintenanceandmanagementofrailwaybridges Organizers:J.S.Jensen&P.Cruz

InfluenceofadvancedassessmentmethodsontheLCAofelderlybridges 1040 M.Soriano&J.R.Casas

ChallengeswithinLifeCycleCost(LCC)studiesandLifeCycleAssessment(LCA) 1048 P.Linneberg,A.O.S.Solgaard,K.Eriksen&J.S.Jensen

MAINLINE–MAINtenance,renewaLandImprovementofrailtransportiNfrastructure toreduceEconomicandenvironmentalimpacts 1056

J.S.Jensen,M.Sloth,P.Linneberg,B.Paulsson&L.Elfgren

Life-cycleassessmenttoolforrailwayinfrastructure 1064 D.Castlo,P.Linneberg&R.Puddicombe

Lifetimeanalysisofinfrastructures 1069

P.J.S.Cruz,H.Gervásio&L.SimõesdaSilva

Testtofailureofasteeltrussbridge–Calibrationofassessmentmethods 1076 T.Blanksvärd,J.Häggström,J.Nilimaa,N.Sabourova,N.Grip,B.Täljsten, L.Elfgren,A.Carolin,B.Paulsson&Y.Tu

Extendingthelifeofelderlyrailbridgesbystrengthening 1082 J.Nilimaa,T.Blanksvärd,B.Täljsten,L.Elfgren,A.Carolin&B.Paulsson

Performanceprofilesofageingsteelrailwaybridgesaffectedbyatmosphericcorrosion 1089 A.N.Kallias&M.K.Chryssanthopoulos

Lifecyclemanagementofinfrastructures

Organizers:M.M.S.Cheung,X.Q.Zhang,J.G.Dai,Y.C.Sung&T.Kanakubo Developingalife-cyclebasedmanagementsystemforbridgedisasterprevention 1098 Y.C.Sung,C.C.Chen,H.H.Hung,K.Y.Liu,M.C.Lai,C.C.Hsu&K.C.Chang

Smartcarbonfiberreinforcedconcreteforstructuralhealthmonitoring

1104 F.Y.Yeh,C.C.Chen,K.C.Chang&W.C.Liao

Seismicassessment,maintenanceandmanagementofTaiwanhighwaybridges 1111 T.L.Chang,M.G.Chen,H.M.Wu,H.C.Chen&D.W.Chang

Modelingonwaterandchloridetransportincrackedunsaturatedconcrete 1118 L.C.Wang&J.W.Bao

Steeljacketrepairingofreinforcedconcretebridgecolumnsundernear-faultgroundmotion 1126 K.Y.Liu,Witarto,K.C.Chang&Y.C.Sung

Reliability-basedstructuralperformanceevaluationofdeterioratedRCbridges 1134 Y.-C.Sung,C.C.Chen,H.-H.Hung,M.-C.Lai&C.-C.Hsu

InvolvingthesocialcostsintheMarkov-basedbridgemaintenanceoptimizationinHongKong1141 H.Gao&X.Q.Zhang

Probability-baseddamageevaluationforRCbridgesconsideringthecorrosiveand seismichazardsinTaiwan 1149

C.K.Chiu

Time-dependentreliabilityanalysisofcorrodedexistingRCbridges 1157 X.Y.Sun,H.L.Wang,Z.C.Zhang&H.Pan

Probabilisticshearstrengthmodelsforreinforcedconcretedeepbeams 1163 T.Wu,X.Liu,B.B.Lv&D.M.Frangopol

Performance-baseddetection,evaluationandstrengtheningofexistingbridges Organizers:C.S.Wang,E.Brühwiler&Y.E.Zhou

Fatiguesafetyexaminationofrivetedrailwaybridgesusingmonitoreddata 1169 E.Brühwiler

Technicalresearchontheseamlessnessandcontinuitytransformationofexisting multi-spansimply-supportedhollowslabbridge 1177 J.-C.Dong,B.C.Chen,Y.-Z.Zhuang,B.Briseghella&C.-W.Yang

Criteriaandindicessystemsforcomprehensiveevaluationonbridgesubstructure 1185 Q.Huang,Z.W.Huang,Y.Ren,J.Z.Sun&J.G.Zheng

EffectofdiaphragmonintegrityofprecastT-shapegirderbridgebasedoninnerforceanalysis1193 Y.W.Niu,Y.Zhao,S.Rong&P.M.Huang

Life-cyclebearingperformanceanalysisofprestressedconcretecontinuousrigid framebridgeconsideringcorrosionofsteelstrand 1198 X.M.Wang,S.H.He,P.F.Ge&H.Y.Li

DurabilityevaluationforserviceRCbridgesbasedonAHPmethod 1206 G.F.Ren,C.Y.Shen,X.G.Jiang&X.Z.Gao

Fatiguecrackdetectionandevaluationinaweldedsteelgirderhighwaybridge 1211 C.C.Fu,G.Zhao,T.Saad,Y.Zhang&Y.E.Zhou

Fatigueperformance-baseddetectionandmonitoringoforthotropicsteeldecks 1217 C.S.Wang,Q.Dong,L.Tian,M.Soliman&D.M.Frangopol

Fatigueperformance-basedsafetyevaluationandmaintenanceoforthotropicsteelbridgedecks1225 C.S.Wang,M.S.Zhai,D.M.Frangopol,M.Soliman,Q.Dong&X.T.Li

Memberperformanceanddistortion-inducedfatiguedamageatcommonbridgedetails 1233 I.C.Hodgson,B.T.Yen&Y.E.Zhou

Performance-basedfatigueevaluationofconcretegirderbridges 1240 C.S.Wang,P.J.Zhang,E.Brühwiler,M.S.Zhai&L.Duan

Performance-basedretrofittingmethodsfordistortion-inducedfatigueinsteelgirderbridges 1248 C.S.Wang,Y.J.Sun,M.C.Wei,Y.E.Zhou,X.Q.Wei&X.K.Quan

Performance-basedsafetyevaluationofconcretebeambridge 1256 Q.Wang,R.Li&C.S.Wang

Researchonperformance-basedreinforcementmethodsfororthotropicsteeldecks 1265 C.S.Wang,C.Li,L.Duan,L.Tian&E.Brühwiler

DevelopmentandchallengeofbridgemonitoringandmaintenanceinChina Organizers:L.P.Feng,N.Li&B.Hu

Fatiguedamagemonitoringandresiduallifeevaluationfortheorthotropicsteeldeck ofHZMBJianghaiNavigationBridge 1274 B.Hu,G.J.Zhang,L.P.Feng&S.Hao

Thefunctionofbridgehealthmonitoringsystemandtheapplicationexamplesinbridgeoperation1279 Z.Liang,L.P.Feng&N.Li

StudyonstructuralhealthmonitoringsystemofNanjing4thYangtzeRiverBridge 1284 Z.Q.Liu,L.P.Feng,N.Li&H.Xie

Dynamicresponsesanalysisoflong-spansuspensionbridgewiththeactionofboth runningvehicleandcrosswind 1291 Q.Ma&L.P.Feng

Researchondynamicbehaviorofcrackedsimplysupportedgirderbridgeundermovingvehicularloads1295 S.W.Ma&F.L.Liu

Theprecisionresearchreportofkeydetectionindexdataofdynamicweighingsystem onQingzhouBridge 1299 H.G.Wang

ThespectrumanalysisofGPSdynamicdeformationmonitoringonQingzhouBridge 1304 H.G.Wang

Thepresentsituationandexperienceofmaintenancemanagementofthelongandhugebridge1309 J.Zhang,Y.S.Jiang&Z.L.Long

Nullliveloadpointidentificationmethodofliveloadforcontinuousrigidframebridgesbased onmonitoringdata 1314 P.Lu,H.J.Wu,G.W.Yao,K.L.Zhang&S.N.Wang

Safetymarginsinbridge’sfatiguedesignandastructuralfatigue-damageevaluationdiagram(SFED)1319 S.Hao

SPECIALSESSIONS

Steelbridgerehabilitation

Organizer:M.Sakano

Orthotropicsteeldeckdesigntoextendthelifetimeofplateandboxgirderbridgeandviaducts1329 A.Pipinato

Railroadbasculebridgeloadrating 1337 Y.Z.Yang&D.A.Magistro

FatiguedamagetestandanalysisofU-ribsbuttweldofsteelorthotropicdeck 1345 B.H.Ji,W.Zhu,Z.Q.Fu,H.Maeno,Z.S.Jiang&G.G.Shi

Evaluationforcablebandsonsuspensionbridgesatthestageofmaintenance 1351 T.Fujiwara,Y.Kobayashi&H.Ikeda

Durabilityofanewtypeofpotbearingforshortspanrailwaybridge 1358 H.Namiki,F.Yamada,S.Toriyama,K.Matsumoto,H.Suzuki&Y.Yamaguchi

FatiguestressanalysisoftheUribtodeckweldconnectionsinorthotropicsteeldeck 1366 Y.Y.Zhao,B.H.Ji,Z.Q.Fu,X.F.Chen,F.Wang&H.Maeno

Numericalsimulationonfatiguecrackgrowthoforthotropicsteelhighwaybridgedeck 1373 J.S.Zhu,Y.H.Guo&Y.Xing

Fatiguestrengthimprovementofout-of-planegussetjointsunderplatebendingbyultrasonicpeening1382 K.Kinoshita,A.Imamura,Y.Watanabe&M.Handa

Largescalestructureimprovementforthepurposeofthefatiguedamagesriskreduction 1386 K.Tokumasu,K.Amo,S.Kawamura&H.Ueda

TheFinnishsteelbridgeprogram 1394 J.Wuorenjuuri

Clayhithebridgestrengthening 1399 R.Singh&G.Sivasamynathan

Developmentofmonitoringsystemforbridgecollapsedetectionbyenergyharvestwithsolarcell1405 H.Shirahata,N.Ueda&A.Kishida

Fatiguecrackinginrivetedcross-frameconnectionangles 1411 L.L.-Y.Lai

MaintenanceandreinforcementtechniqueofTianjinJiefangBridge 1417 Z.Y.Han

Alightweightcompositebridgedecksystem 1422 Z.Zhang,X.D.Shao,W.G.Li&J.H.Cao

Extendingfatiguelifeforsteelbridgebygirderlinkmethodanditsverification 1428 O.Shokaku,Y.Aoki,A.Tabata&K.Tokumasu

Astudyabouttheimpacttestsofalownoiserailwaybridgewiththerubber-latexmortarcoating1436 N.Taniguchi,M.Hansaka,F.Ohkubo,S.Satake&Y.Sugino

Forensicengineeringforbridges:Stateoftheartandfuturetrends

Organizers:S.Arangio&C.Crosti

Forensicinformationmodelinginbridgerenovation:ShermanMintonBridge 1441 S.Jozefiak,J.Lau,J.Abruzzo,E.A.Malsch,L.Cao,E.Karanci,E.Cheung&G.Panariello

Bridgefailuremodesduetolocalscour 1448 N.Tanasic&R.Hajdin

SafetyofbridgesandbreakwatersbythelatestdraftofJapaneseloadandresistance factordesignforroadwaybridges 1456 E.Watanabe

Extremeloadperformanceanddesignofbridgesforaccelerated bridgeconstruction

Organizer:M.SaiidSaiidi

Numericalsimulationandanalysisofcompositesteel-concretebridges 1465 J.Wu,D.M.Frangopol,M.Soliman,X.Q.Luo&Q.L.Zhang

Seismicperformanceoftwo-columnbridgepierswithinnovativeprecastmembers andpipepinconnections 1472

A.Mehrsoroush&M.S.Saiidi

Blastresilienceofconcrete-filledFRPtube(CFFT)bridgecolumns 1480 A.Echevarria,A.E.Zaghi,V.Chiarito&R.Christenson

Constructioncontrolsimulationforcable-stayedbridgesbasedongeometricallynonlinearanalysis1488 J.Wu,D.M.Frangopol&M.Soliman

Bridgemaintenancestrategiestowardsenhancedserviceability

Organizers:A.H.Malik&C.C.Fu

Aproposalforweightedoptimizationmethodonbridgehealthintegritythrough corrodedsteelbridgeinfrastructure 1494 Arong,S.Murakami&I.Hosoe

ExperimentalresearchonmechanicalperformanceofhoopingstrengtheningRCarchrib 1503 H.Sun,Y.J.Qian&X.G.Li

LosAngelesInternationalAirport(LAX)secondlevelroadwayrehabilitation 1509 R.M.Firme

Maintainabilityoftheexpansionjoints:casestudyofthejointfailureontheTydingsBridge 1516 C.C.Fu&N.Zhang

Seismicretrofittingprovidedenhancedserviceabilitywithminimummaintenance 1523 A.H.Malik

Fastassessmentmethodofarch-girdercompositebridges 1527 X.S.Li,M.Sun&C.C.Fu

AcceleratedBridgeConstruction(ABC)–Aparadigmshiftinbridgeengineering Organizer:U.B.Attanayake

Rationalsupportplatformforanalyzingbridgereplacementoptions–MiABCD 1536 A.W.Mohammed,U.Attanayake&H.M.Aktan

InnovativedesignsforrapidreplacementofbridgesintheUSA 1543 B.Sivakumar

Prefabricatedbridgeelementconnections–comprehensivereviewanddesign 1549 R.M.Abduallah,U.Attanake&H.M.Aktan

Incrementallaunchingschemeandmechanicalsafetydemonstrationofathree-spanbaskethandlearch1557 C.X.Li,C.W.Dong,G.Q.Xiao&L.Peng

Acceleratedbridgeconstructionusingprecastsegmentalbridgepiers 1565 A.P.Ranasinghe

Bridgesforhigh-speedrailways

Organizers:R.Calçada&J.M.Goicolea

Evaluatingthedegradationofballastedtrackatbridgesforhigh-speedrailways 1571 M.Baeßler,J.Bronsert,P.Cuéllar&W.Rücker

Efficientmethodologyforthesafetyassessmentofashortspanrailwaybridgeunderhigh-speedtraffic1580 J.M.Rocha,A.A.Henriques&R.Calçada

Equivalentlinearanalysisofhigh-speedrailwayseismic-isolatedbridgesubjectedtoforward rupturedirectivitytypenear-faultgroundmotions 1588 L.-K.Chen,N.Zhang&Q.Y.Jia

Dynamicinteractionbetweenhigh-speedtrainsandcurvedrailwaybridges 1596 E.G.Dimitrakopoulos&Q.Zeng

Ratingtechniquesresearchonoperationperformanceofbridgewithcommonspan inChinahighspeedrailway 1604

W.Wang,J.Yin,Y.Q.Yang,J.C.Yao,Z.S.Dong,X.Meng&Z.T.Ke

Simulationanalysisofthevehicle-bridgeinteractionforarailwaysimply supportedbeambridgebasedonSIMPACK 1609 X.H.He,P.R.Deng,W.Zhu&Y.M.Huang

Effectsofresonanceandvibrationcancellationforsimplebeamsunderhigh-speedtrainload 1617 H.L.Li&H.Xia

Pseudo-dynamictestonround-endedhigh-speedrailwaybridgepierreinforcedwithHRBF500bars1625 B.N.Li,H.Dai&J.W.Zhang

Dynamicandstaticloadtestingofhigh-speedrailbridges 1632 M.A.Vicente,D.C.González&G.Fu

AmodifiedGaussprecisemethodanditsapplicationtodynamicinteractionoftrain-bridgesystem1640 X.T.Du,H.Xia,H.Qiao,Y.Nan&M.M.Gao

Dynamicanalysisofalongspancable-stayedbridgecombinedwithtrainandturbulentwind 1646 Y.Tian,N.Zhang&H.Xia

Outstandingcomposite(steelandconcrete)highspeedrailwaybridgesinSpain. Designaspectsfocusedonsustainability 1652 F.Millanes,L.Matute&M.Ortega

Onthefatiguebehaviorofprecastconcretebridgedecksinhigh-speedrailwaylines 1660

C.F.Sousa,J.F.Rocha,R.Calçada&A.S.Neves

Structuralredundancy,robustnessandresilienceofbridges

Organizers:F.Biondini&D.M.Frangopol

Conditionratingofconcretebridgesbasedonstructuralrobustness 1667

G.Anitori,J.R.Casas&M.Ghosn

RobustnessissuesandhybridizationofaTunedMassDampersystemona suspensionbridgemodelundervariablewindbuffeting 1675 M.Domaneschi,L.Martinelli&E.Po

Robustnessofpassiveandsemi-activecontrolschemesonacablestayedbridge underextremeloadingconditions 1683

M.Domaneschi&L.Martinelli

Lifetimeresilienceofagingconcretebridgesundercorrosion 1691

A.Titi,F.Biondini&D.M.Frangopol

LifetimerobustnessofaRCbridgepierundercorrosionconsideringbridgeimportance 1699

V.DiSilvestri,F.Biondini,A.Titi&D.M.Frangopol

Systemreliability-basedbridgedesignusingredundancyfactors 1705

B.J.Zhu&D.M.Frangopol

Riskandbridgemanagement

Organizer:L.Klatter

NaturalhazardsandimpactsonFloridabridgesandsignstructures 1711

J.O.Sobanjo,P.D.Thompson&R.I.Kerr

UseofadvancedbridgemanagementsystemanalyticaltoolsinPrinceEdward IslandDepartmentofTransportationandInfrastructureRenewal 1718

D.J.Evans&R.M.Ellis

Incorporatingfatigueriskinabridgemanagementsystem 1724

P.D.Thompson,J.O.Sobanjo&R.I.Kerr

Managementofoverweighttrafficriskonroadbridges 1732

E.Debiasi,R.Zandonini&D.Zonta

ManagementofrailwayculvertsinFinland 1739 J.Wuorenjuuri

Optimalinterventionstrategiesformultipleobjecttypesaffectsbybothmanifestand latentprocessesusingaMarkovmodel 1743

N.Lethanh,B.T.Adey&D.N.Fernando

Assessmentandmanagementofrisksatbridgeandnetworklevels 1751 G.Klanker&L.Klatter

ResearchupdateofatypicalbridgemanagementsystemappliedtoaUKlocalauthority 1757 B.M.Kamya

Nondestructiveconditionassessmentofhighwaybridgesforsafetyenhancement 1764

H.Bakamwesiga,J.Mwakali&S.Thelandersson

Exploringtheeconomicconsequencesoftheriskinducedbyearthquakes 1772 F.Carturan,C.Pellegrino&C.Modena

Cablevibrationmitigation,inspectionandmonitoring

Organizer:H.J.Zhou

Analysesandstudyoflocalinflexibilityofpipescontainingstraight non-penetrativecracksunderbendingmoment 1780 D.Liu,J.S.Hu,T.Zhu&J.Zhou

Predictionofinclinedcablegallopingusinga2DOFaeroelasticmodel 1786 A.Arash,S.Cheng&D.S.-K.Ting

Recommendationsfortheshearassessmentofreinforcedconcretesolidslabbridges 1794 E.O.L.Lantsoght,C.VanderVeen,J.C.Walraven&A.DeBoer

Bridgelifecycledesign–Approachandpracticeapplication

Organizers:G.Liu&J.H.Ma

Arationalmethodfordeterminingdesignlifeofbridgecomponents 1804 G.Liu,J.H.Ma,R.G.Wang&L.J.Huang

Methodofdeteriorationanalysisofbridgecomponentsunderdominantenvironmental attackconsideringtheinfluenceofsecondaryenvironmentalattacks 1810 J.H.Ma,G.Liu,R.G.Wang&L.J.Huang

AnalysisonsafetyrisksduringoperationofChinesehighwaybridges 1816 W.J.Li,J.L.Zhao,M.Feng&X.Li

Performanceanalysisforvesselcollisiononpilefoundationwithcapundersoilsurface 1822 Q.H.Feng&H.B.Wu

Researchonmixproportiondesignandpropertiesofinternalcuringconcreteinbridges 1826 R.Guo,X.G.Zhang,G.Liu,G.P.Li,M.Z.An&S.Han

Designconceptandapproachonsustainabledevelopmentofbridgeengineering 1831 X.G.Zhang,G.Liu,J.H.Ma,H.B.Wu&W.M.Wu

MechanicalpropertiesandinfluencefactorsofReactivePowderConcrete(RPC) 1839 Q.L.Xu,H.Zhang,H.C.Li&J.Li

HSEassessmentinoperationperiodandHSEfacilitydesignofabridge 1843 Y.Wang,J.H.Ma,X.L.Du,Q.M.Gao&Q.Zhou

Researchoninitialgapoftransverserestrainerdeviceforsimply-supportedbridgeunderearthquake1849 Y.Q.Xu,Z.X.Li,Q.L.Xu,J.H.Ma&T.Y.Zhong

Latestachievementsinintegralabutmentbridges

Organizers:B.Briseghella&T.Zordan

ItaliannationalroadauthorityIABsstrategy 1854

J.Q.Xue,B.Briseghella,B.C.Chen,T.Zordan&E.Mazzarolo OptimizationofCalatravaBridgeinVenice 1863 T.Zordan,E.Mazzarolo,B.Briseghella,B.C.Chen,Y.Feng,E.Siviero&L.Fenu Equivalentlinearizationofbridgeswithbilinearisolationsystems 1870 T.Zordan,E.Mazzarolo,Q.L.Zhang,B.Briseghella&T.Liu

GENERALSESSION

PreventivemaintenanceforanoldsteelrailwaybridgeinJapan:Experimentalandnumericalstudy1878 T.Yoda,W.Lin,N.Taniguchi&H.Kasano

Longitudinalwebstiffeninginsteelgirders:Fracturepropagationandlifecycledesign 1886 A.Pipinato

Steelbridges:Codes,designspecificationsandconstructionissues 1891 A.Pipinato

Steelbridgecoatingsandcorrosionprotection 1899 A.Pipinato

Effectsofsoil-structureinteractionontheseismicresponseofintegralbridges 1906 E.Mohtashami&A.Shooshtari

Riskassessmentofsteelbridgepiersunderunthinkableseismicloading 1913 H.Kinomura,M.Dogaki&E.A.Aktan

Researchonrefinedcalculationmethodconsideringallthespaceeffectsofbox-girderbridges1921 D.Xu&C.Liu

Latestapplicationsofstructuralhealthmonitoring–casestudiesfromcablesupported bridgesinChina,CanadaandIndia 1927 G.Moor,K.Islami&P.Savioz

Applicationofseismicisolationusingfrictionpendulumisolatorstoanewiconiclandmark inthecityofAthens,Greece 1936 M.Imam,A.Surhoff,F.Stirnimann&T.Spuler

Studyonimprovementofhingedjointinassemblyvoidedslabbridge 1945 Y.C.Chen,Q.X.Wu&B.C.Chen

Concretebridgecorrosionprotectionwithembededgalvanicanodes 1951 H.X.Liao

EmergencyweldrepairstoM4BostonManorViaduct,London,UK 1958

A.D.J.Nicholls,C.G.Armstrong,J.Harrison&S.El-Belbol

Post-tensionedtendoncorrosionevaluationandmitigation 1966 H.Liao

RehabilitationoftheviaductoverStan’sValleyinRomânia 1971 V.Popa

Maintenancesystemforashuttle-shapebridgetower 1977 B.Ma,Y.C.Lan&L.J.L.Xie

InspectiontimesforconcretebridgesundercorrosioninMexicoincludingtheireconomicimpact1982 D.DeLeon,J.C.Arteaga&D.Delgado

Adegradationandmaintenancemodel:ApplicationtoPortuguesecontext 1988 C.Ferreira,L.Neves,J.Matos&J.S.Soares

Non-linearstabilityanalysisofcriticalgussetplateconnectionsinsteelbridges 1995 F.DelValle,G.Velázquez,E.Ruiz&G.Portela

Anovelformulationforfiniteelementmodel-baseddamagedetection 2003 Z.Y.Wu&G.Q.Xu

Newbridge“inpérgola”forthenewrailwayofhighspeedtrainstothenorthwestofSpain 2008 C.J.Cabañes

Analysisoftrough-deckfatigueinorthotropicsteelbridgedecks 2013 R.Liu,B.H.Ji,X.Chen&Y.Q.Liu

SeismicbehaviorofFatihSultanMehmetSuspensionBridgeunderspatiallyvariationgroundmotion2018 N.Apaydin&S.Bas

Estimatingbridgeconsumptioncostsforoversize-overweightpermittedtrucks 2024 J.Weissmann

Seismicevaluationoftheagedhigh-pierandlong-spanbridgessubjectedtoextremely halobioticcondition 2031 W.P.Wu,L.F.Li,X.D.Shao&S.C.Hu

Influenceofmembraneactiononrobustnessindicatorsandaglobalresistancefactordesign 2038 W.Botte,R.Caspeele,D.Gouverneur&L.Taerwe

Developmentofanewpliablematerialprotectingconcretesurface 2047 K.Nakamoto,K.Miwa,Y.Hayashi,M.Achiwa&S.Tanikawa

AnalysisandstrengtheningofsuperstructurediseasesofconcretebridgesinChina 2054 Y.Q.Xiang,X.Zhang&Y.Xing

AnalysisandstrengtheningofsubstructurediseasesofconcretebridgesinChina 2062 Y.Q.Xiang,X.Y.He,C.Xing,H.Kordestani&L.H.Shao

SafetyprotectiveeffectofanovelFRPfloatingpontoonforpiersagainstship-collision 2070 X.X.Zhang,B.S.Du&Z.L.Wu

Optimalinspectionplanningusingpolynomialchaoscrackpropagationmodels 2079 W.J.S.Gomes&A.T.Beck

BridgemanagementsystemimplementationforItalianhighways:FromPontis® towardsSIOS(SistemaIspettivoOpereSineco)andnewgenerationsystems 2087 E.Fruguglietti,G.Pasqualato&E.Spallarossa

Bridgeperformancemeasures:Afreshperspective 2092 P.S.McCarten

Asustainablepedestrianbridgemadeoftextile-reinforcedconcrete 2100 C.Kulas,R.Karle,J.Hegger&C.Goralski

Numericalanalysisofsoil-steelbridgewithRCslab 2108 D.Beben&A.Stryczek

Experimentalstudyonthecorrosionprotectionforsteelmaterialsembeddedinsaltcontainedconcrete2116 T.Takasuka,T.Kasugai,T.Irube,K.Takabayashi&K.Kobayashi

Implementingthenextgenerationofbridgeinspectionandmanagementsystems 2124 J.K.Shaffer,L.D.Tanase,B.D.Witter&T.W.Gilmore

Dynamicanalysisofcablelossofarigid-frametiedthroughconcrete-filledsteeltubulararchbridge2129 Y.G.Yu,Q.X.Wu&B.C.Chen

CalibrationofstrengthIVlimitstateintheAASHTOLRFDbridge designspecifications

W.G.Wassef,V.L.Storlie&J.M.Kulicki

ApproachfordevelopingcalibratedservicelimitstatesfortheAASHTOLRFDbridge designspecifications

W.G.Wassef,J.M.Kulicki&A.S.Nowak

Studyofhorizontallycurvedbridgegirderswithtubulartopflanges

H.Ma&R.Sause

SelectionofdeteriorationfactorsinRCslabusingMarkovdeteriorationhazardmodel

D.Mizutani&K.Kaito

Temperatureeffectanalysisofviscoelasticdamperandmagnetorheologicaldamper forvibrationcontrolofstayed-cable

I.Khan,D.S.Shan&A.Q.Bhatti

Ultrahighperformancefiberreinforcedconcreteforstrengtheningandprotecting bridgedeckslabs

M.Bastien-Masse&E.Brühwiler

Investigationonapplicabilityofhighstrengthstrandforposttensionedprestressed concretemembers

Y.H.Jeong,H.Park&J.Y.Cho

Vehiclecarryingsafetyassessmentforhighwaygrillagenarrowbridgeconsidering lumpedplasticityandengineeringuncertainty 2190 Y.Zhang,Z.Sun&Y.An

ResearchonintelligentcomputingwebplatformofBHMbasedonJavaEEandscientific computinglibrary 2195 D.H.Dan,Y.M.Zhao&Z.H.Chen

M25laterupgradedsection(LUS)–bridgeassessments

R.Singh&A.Gargeswari

PSObasedintelligentmodelupdatingandparametersidentificationofcable-dampersystem 2209 D.H.Dan,Y.Y.Chen&B.Xu

Comparativeanalysisonseismic-isolationdesignmethodsforridgeframebridge 2215 B.Yan&X.L.Du

TheGatteointegralhighwayoverpass

L.F.Torricelli&A.Marchiondelli

Studyofcomputeraideddesignforcable-stayedbridges

X.Q.Luo&J.Wu

Fatiguevulnerabilityanalysisofahistoricalrailwaysteelbridge

F.P.Marchesini,R.Morbin,C.Pellegrino&C.Modena

Aboutofseismiccapacityofbridgepiers:Asimplifiedapproach

D.Raffaele,G.Uva,F.Porco&A.Fiore

SimplifiedassessmentofseismicretrofittinginterventionsonRCcircular piersinmulti-spansimplysupportedbridges

D.Raffaele,F.Porco,G.Uva&A.Fiore

Determinationofoptimallybundledinterventionstrategiesforbridge elements:Ajointreplenishmentmodel

D.N.Fernando&N.Lethanh

BridgemanagementinPortugal:Thepast,thepresent,andthefuture

T.Mendonça&V.Brito

Anumericalmodelincludingbridgevehicleinteractioneffectsforprobabilisticassessment ofstressspectruminhighwaybridges

S.Arun,D.Menon&A.M.Prasad

Throughservicelifeinspectionoftheexpansionjointsandbearings

L.Bevc

Interferometricradarapplicationfordynamictestingofbridgestructures

D.Beben&W.Anigacz

Influenceofrelevantparametersonseismicvulnerabilityassessmentofbridges

M.A.Zanini,R.Morbin,C.Pellegrino&C.Modena

Deflectionmonitoringsystemmakinguseofinclinometersandcubicsplinecurves 2305 P.Olaszek

PartialsafetyfactorsinstrengtheningofbridgepierswithCFRP 2313 J.L.Chambi,M.Soriano&J.R.Casas

Strengtheningofthecable-stayedbridgeoverDanubeatAgigea 2322 I.R.R˘ac˘anel&C.S.Mutu

Technicalstudyonlong-termstrategicmaintenanceandlarge-scalerenewalbyHanshinExpressway2330 T.Nishioka,F.Yasuda,T.Suzuki,A.Tabata&E.Watanabe

OnsafetyprovisionsagainstbucklingofsteelstructuresinJapanesespecificationsforroadwaybridges2337 S.Kiso,K.Takase,Y.Mineyama&E.Watanabe

Anewcompositestructurewithaluminumalloybridgedeckandsteelgirder 2344 Y.Zhang,Z.X.Tang&S.B.Li

Precautionsagainstexcessivedeflectionoflong-spanPCrigid-framebridges 2349 Y.Zhang,Y.Y.Chen&C.Bao

Modaldampingandfrequencyofasimplecable-network-dampersystem 2354 H.J.Zhou&X.Yang

Experimentalresearchandanalysisonprestresslossofthedoubletensionprestressing steelstrandsanchoragesystem 2362 R.S.Pan,X.D.Shao&Y.Zhang

Load-bearingassessmentofbridgesbyinternet-basedtools 2367 R.Kiviluoma,P.Korhonen&O.Pyykönen

Dynamicanalysesforfatigueassessmentofexistingsteelbridges 2373 J.Leander,C.Svedholm&R.Karoumi

Formulationofanewcostmodelforreinforcedconcretestructuresunderseveraldegradationprocesses2382 L.Saad,W.Raphael&A.Chateauneuf

Managementoptimizationofmultiplestructuresundercapitalrationingconstraints 2390 W.Raphael,R.Faddoul&A.Chateauneuf

Time-efficientpaperlessvisualinspectionofZonguldak-Irmakrailroadbridges 2395 M.C.Yücel,A.Caner&A.Türer

Probabilisticloadmodellingforlongspanbridges

A.A.Hayrapetova,J.D.Sørensen,H.S.Toft&A.J.O’Connor

ApreliminarydesignaidforprestressedconcretebridgegirdersusingLRFD

J.Márquez,D.Jáuregui,B.Weldon&C.Newtson

Uniandbi-directionalquasi-staticcyclictestingofEmulativePrecastSegmentalBridgePiers(E-PSBP) inmoderatetohighseismicregions 2416

M.Mashal,S.White&A.Palermo

Minimallyinvasivemaintenance,refurbishmentandreplacementoptionsforbridgeexpansionjoints2425

P.Savioz,T.Spuler&C.O’Suilleabhain

Life-cycleandtotalcostanalysisofbridgeexpansionjoints 2433

P.Savioz,T.Spuler&G.Moor

Remainingstrengthtestofrivetedjointofabridgeusedforabout100years

R.Satake,K.Fujii,N.Kosako&T.Kaita

Time-inhomogenousMarkovchainsinthebridgemanagement

S.Mašovi´c&R.Hajdin

ProbabilisticframeworkforseismicassessmentofcommonexistingRCbridgetypologies

R.Morbin,C.Pellegrino,M.A.Zanini,C.Modena&H.Zhang

Behaviourofintegralbridgesunderverticalandhorizontalearthquakegroundmotion 2466 M.Masrilayanti&L.Weekes

ModellingoffatiguebehaviourofbridgedeckslabelementsstrengthenedwithreinforcedUHPFRC2472 T.Makita&E.Brühwiler

Operationalmodalanalysisofatrussbridgeunderdifferentexcitationcases

K.A.Grimmelsman,J.D.Lindsey,J.T.Norris&R.T.Dufour

Developmentofpartiallyearthanchoredsystemformultiplespancablestayedbridge 2488 J.H.Noh,J.Y.Cho,J.J.Kim&C.S.Kim

Currentsituationofresearchandapplicationofsiliconewaterrepellentfor protectingreinforcedconcrete 2495 H.Y.Sun,Z.Yang,G.L.Shan,N.Xu&G.X.Sun

Parametricstudyofhighwaybridgeswithirregularsubstruturesandsuperstructures 2503 C.Gómez-Soberón,E.Pérez-Ortiz,D.Salas-Mengchúng&L.Gómez-Soberón

Dynamicloadingofbridgesduetopeoplerunning 2511 V.Racic&J.B.Morin

Cost-analysis-baseddecision-makingmethodsandprocessesforbridges 2518 Y.Q.Wang,A.R.Chen&X.Ruan

Effectofcross-tiesolutiononthemodalfrequencyandmodaldampingofcablenetworks 2527 J.Ahmad,S.Cheng&F.Ghrib

Studyoflocaldynamicimpactfactoronprestressedconcretebox-girderbridges

2535 Y.Yu,Y.B.Ma,Y.Shao&L.Deng

Stochasticdurabilityassessmentofconcretepylonforlong-spancablestayedbridge 2544 Z.Li,X.Tu&A.R.Chen

Simplifiedevaluationapproachforcorrosionofreinforcedconcretestructures basedonnumericalsimulation 2552 X.Tu,Z.Li&A.R.Chen

Studyonthebucketgroupeffectofcompositemulti-bucketstructureinsand 2561 Y.T.Zhang,S.C.Jin&Q.H.Wu

Amethodtoincreasetheredundancyofthestructurewithtopologyoptimization 2567 C.Chang,A.R.Chen&D.L.Wang

Fire-resistanceanalysisofathree-pyloncable-stayedbridgeexposedtotankfire 2572 M.L.Ma,R.J.Ma&A.R.Chen

Quantitativeanalysisofvariabilityinmodalfrequenciesofakilometer-scalecable-stayedbridge duringoperatingphase 2578

J.F.Liu&Q.W.Zhang

StructuralevaluationandsustainabilityassessmentofSivasKesikkopruBridgeagainstfloodand earthquakes 2586

A.Turer,C.Erdem&H.Sert

Hiddendamagequantificationformaincablesofsuspensionbridgesincorporating DCmagnetizationwithasearchcoil-basedtotalfluxmeasurement 2593

J.-W.Kim,J.Kim,S.Park&D.-J.Moon

On-siteapplicationofinnovativebridgeinspectionmethodsusingimageprocessingand infraredtechnology 2598

M.Matsumoto,K.Mitani,F.N.Catbas&S.Hayashi

ThesystemofInternetofThingstomonitorbridgehealthbasedonprivatecloud computingarchitecture 2606

S.Wang,Z.Wang,Y.Lu,X.Kong&S.Li

Automonitoringofcable-stayedtensiononbridgebyanovelRS485accelerationsensor 2614

S.Wang,Z.Wang,X.Xue,Q.Feng,X.Kong&S.Li

MaintenanceandmanagementofZhoushanTrans-seaBridge

H.Tian,X.P.Jin&A.R.Chen

Advancedmaterialsystemsforthemaintenanceandsustainabilityofrigidandflexiblepavements2629

A.M.Dinitz

ThereconstructionoftheManhattanBridgeinNewYorkCity

R.D.Csogi

ManagementoftheM4ElevatedSectionsubstructures

C.R.Hendy,C.T.Brock&A.D.J.Nicholls

ManagementoftheSevernBridgeSuspensionBridge 2652 C.R.Hendy,C.Mundell&D.Bishop

FatiguemanagementoftheMidlandLinkssteelboxgirderdecks 2661 C.R.Hendy&S.Chakrabarti

Riskmitigationoftransportstructuressusceptibletoprematuredegradationin aggressiveenvironments 2670

R.Brueckner,D.Wright,C.Atkins&P.Lambert

StructuralhealthmonitoringofsignaturebridgeinDelhi–thebridge-structural-healthmonitoring-systemfortheWazirabadBridgeproject 2677 P.Furtner,D.DellaCa’&Ch.Gosh

Shrinkageanddurabilityofconcretebridgedecksusingdifferentcements 2683 D.Richardson,Y.Tung,A.Ibrahim,R.Hindi&D.Tobias

Comparisonbetweenconcretebridgedesignspecifications

R.Hindi&H.Liu

Damagedetectionusingthepositionofneutralaxis

D.H.Sigurdardottir&B.Glisic

High-resolutionsensingsheetfordamagedetectionbasedonlargeareaelectronics 2706 Y.Yao,E.Tung&B.Glisic

Systemreliabilityassessmentmethodfortraveleronbridgeconstructionstage

R.F.Nie,X.F.Shi&X.Ruan

SeismicperformanceandmaintenancemanagementstrategyofRCbridgepiersin considerationofunexpectedevents 2718 H.Kinomura,T.Toi,M.Dogaki&E.A.Aktan

Twinriverbridges–DongshuimenBridgeandQiansimenBridge

D.J.Han&D.L.Yin

Maintenanceinterventionoptimisationforexistingrailwaybridges 2733 D.Nielsen,T.McSweeney&D.Raman

Analysisofthedegreeofdeteriorationinreinforcedconcretebridgegirdersdamagedbychloride induceddeterioration,andapplicationofvariousnon-destructiveinspections

H.Honda,T.Shimozato&Y.Arizumi

Investigation,majorrepair,monitoring,andsubsequentriskmitigationofthe Diefenbakerbridgefracture

R.M.Ellis,M.Medhekar&D.MacLaggan

MaintenanceandmanagementsystemforHarbinSonghuaRivercable-stayedbridge

Y.Ren,Q.Huang&X.W.Dong

Mesoscopicsimulationofsteelcorrosionprocessinconcreteanditsdamagetoconcretecover2764 Z.C.Pan,A.R.Chen&R.J.Ma

Inspectionandexpertevaluationbasedcomprehensivemodelforcondition assessmentofexistingconcretebridges

J.Z.Sun&Q.Huang

Optimizationaldesignofcoastallandscapebridgeconsideringwaveloadeffects

X.T.Zhang,J.M.Huang,H.M.Zhou&H.L.Wang

Seismicresponseofbridgesincludingsoil-structureinteraction

R.Ferrarese,A.R.Chen&G.Bosco

Monitoringandinspectionofsteelcable-stayedbridges

Q.W.Zhang,J.F.Liu&Y.F.Ji

Theriskassessmentandmanagementofalongspancablestayedbridgeunderconstructionstage2803 Y.K.Yang,R.J.Ma&A.R.Chen

Durabilitydesignmethodandapplicationforconcretebridgebasedoncarbonation numericalsimulation 2810 Z.Y.Yin,X.Ruan&A.R.Chen

Simplifiedanalysismethodforrockfallimpactload

X.Y.Zhou,D.L.Wang&A.R.Chen

StudyofthetemperaturestatisticalpropertiesofSutongBridge 2826 C.X.Ge&R.J.Ma

Cost-effectiveconnectiondetailsforenhancedlifecycleperformanceof steelorthotropicbridgedecks 2833 S.Roy,S.Mukherjee&X.Zhao

ChamplainbridgeinMontreal–life-cycleassessmentanddemolitionscenarios 2838 S.Zmigrodzki

Evaluationoftrafficloadonbridgesbasedonextremeloadeffectanalysis 2846 J.-Y.Joung,J.-G.Choi,S.-H.Kim&D.-W.You

Preliminarystudyonanchorpropertiesofpre-stressedCFRPplateathightemperature 2849 J.Zhuo,H.Yang,K.Jiang&W.P.Zhang

ClassificationofinventorydatasuitformanagingAustralianrailwaybridges

I.Thilakarathna,T.H.T.Chan,D.Thambiratnam&M.Aflatooni

Vehiclecharacteristicsandloadeffectsoffour-lanehighway

X.Ruan&K.P.Zhou

Authorindex

Preface

Withtheincreasinglycriticalproblemsofdeterioratingbridgesworldwide,researchaimedatreducingthe costsofmaintenance,repair,rehabilitationandreplacementofthesebridgeshasbeenrecognizedasoneofthe mostimportantandpracticalresearchfieldsinbridgemanagement.Optimizingthedeploymentofresources isthereforeessentialtothemaintenanceofsafetyandserviceabilityforexistingbridges.Internationally,the bridgeengineeringprofessioncontinuestotakeimportantstepstowardsdevelopingmorecomprehensivebridge managementsystems.IABMASconferencesmakesignificanteffortstokeepthetraditionofbringingtogether alloftheverybestworkthathasbeendoneinthefieldsofbridgemaintenance,safety,managementand lifeextension,amongothers.ThesameendeavorsareexpectedattheSeventhInternationalConferenceon BridgeMaintenance,SafetyandManagement(IABMAS2014),heldinShanghai,China,July7–11,2014 (http://www.iabmas2014.org).

TheFirst(IABMAS’02),Second(IABMAS’04),Third(IABMAS’06),Fourth(IABMAS’08),Fifth (IABMAS2010),andSixth(IABMAS2012)InternationalConferenceonBridgeMaintenance,Safetyand ManagementwereheldinBarcelona,Spain,July14–17,2002,Kyoto,Japan,October18–22,2004,Porto, Portugal,July16–19,2006,Seoul,Korea,July13–17,2008,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,USA,July11–15,2010 andStresa,LakeMaggiore,Italy,July8–12,2012,respectively.

IABMAS2014isorganizedonbehalfoftheInternationalAssociationforBridgeMaintenanceandSafety (IABMAS)undertheauspicesofTongjiUniversity.IABMASencompassesallaspectsofbridgemaintenance, safety,andmanagement.Specifically,itdealswith:bridgerepairandrehabilitationissues;bridgemanagement systems;needsofbridgeowners,financialplanning,wholelifecostingandinvestmentforthefuture;bridgerelatedsafetyandriskissuesandeconomicandotherimplications.TheobjectiveoftheAssociationisto promoteinternationalcooperationinthefieldsofbridgemaintenance,safety,andmanagementforthepurpose ofenhancingthewelfareofsociety(http://www.iabmas.org).Theinterestoftheinternationalbridgecommunity inthefieldscoveredbyIABMAShasbeenconfirmedbythehighresponsetotheIABMAS2014callforpapers. Infact,theConferenceSecretariatreceivedabout600abstracts.Approximately65%ofthemwereselectedfor finalpublicationasfullpapersandpresentationattheConferencewithinmini-symposia,specialsessions,and generalsessions.Thetotalnumberofpapersscheduledforpresentationis396.

ContributionspresentedatIABMAS2014coverallmajoraspectsofbridgemaintenance,safety,management andlifeextensionincludingadvancedmaterials,agingofbridges,assessmentandevaluation,bridgecodes,bridge diagnostics,bridgemanagementsystems,damageidentification,designfordurability,deteriorationmodeling, earthquakeandaccidentalloadings,fatigue,fieldtesting,healthmonitoring,loadmodels,life-cycleassessment, maintenancestrategies,non-destructivetesting,predictionoffuturetrafficdemands,repairandreplacement, residualservicelife,safetyandserviceability,servicelifeprediction,andsustainablebridges,amongothers. BridgeMaintenance,Safety,ManagementandLifeExtension containsthelecturesandpaperspresentedat IABMAS2014.ItconsistsofabookofabstractsandaDVDcontainingthefullpapersof396contributions, includingtheT.Y.LinLecture,nineKeynoteLectures,and386technicalpapersfromallovertheworld.Thisset providesanup-to-dateoverviewofthefieldofbridgeengineering,aswellastherecentsignificantcontributionsto theprocessofmakingrationaldecisionsonbridgemaintenance,safety,management,sustainability,monitoring, lifeextensionandresourcesoptimizationdeploymentforthepurposeofenhancingthewelfareofsociety.Itis expectedthattheseproceedingswillserveasavaluablereferencetoallconcernedwithbridgestructureand infrastructuresystems,includingstudents,researchers,engineers,consultantsandcontractorsfromallsections ofbridgeengineering.

AirongChen and DanM.Frangopol Chairs,IABMAS2014

ShanghaiandBethlehem,April2014

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Conferenceorganization

CONFERENCECHAIRS

AirongChen TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

DanM.Frangopol LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

CONFERENCEHONORARYCHAIRS

HaifanXiang TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

LichuFan TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

CONFERENCESECRETARY

XinRuan TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

INTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE

Chairs

JoanCasas TechnicalUniversityofCatalonia,Barcelona,Spain

JohnFisher LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

HitoshiFuruta KansaiUniversity,Osaka,Japan

LiminSun TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

Secretary

XinRuan TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

Members

BryanT.Adey ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland

AnilK.Agrawal TheCityCollegeofNewYork,NewYork,NY,USA

MitsuyoshiAkiyama WasedaUniversity,Tokyo,Japan

A.EminAktan DrexelUniversity,Philadelphia,PA,USA

HalukAktan WesternMichiganUniversity,Kalamazoo,MI,USA RiadhAl-Mahaidi SwinburneUniversityofTechnology,Hawthorn,Victoria,Australia

SreenivasAlampalli NewYorkStateDepartmentofTransportation,Albany,NY,USA

AlfredoH.S.Ang UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA

NurdanM.Apaydin 1stDivisionofGeneralDirectorate,Istanbul,Turkey

StefaniaArangio SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy

KonradBergmeister UniversityofNaturalResources&AppliedLifeSciences,Vienna,Austria

RaimondoBetti ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA

JanBien WroclawUniversityofTechnology,Wroclaw,Poland FabioBiondini PolitecnicodiMilano,Milan,Italy

TúlioN.Bittencourt UniversityofSãoPaulo,SãoPaulo,Brazil

PaoloBocchini LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

FrancoBontempi SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy

FernandoBranco TechnicalUniversityofLisbon,Lisbon,Portugal

JamesBrownjohn TheUniversityofSheffield,Sheffield,UK

EugenBruehwiler EPFL,Lausanne,Switzerland XXVII

HaraldBudelmann TechnicalUniversityofBraunschweig,Braunschweig,Germany

AlpCaner MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Ankara,Turkey

ColinCaprani

DublinInstituteofTechnology,Dublin,Ireland

NecatiCatbas UniversityofCentralFlorida,Orlando,FL,USA

Chin-ChenChang HongKongUniversityofScience&Technology,HongKong,China

StevenChase UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,VA,USA

BaochunChen FuzhouUniversity,Fuzhou,China

MoeCheung

TheHongKongUniversityofScience&Technology,HongKong,China

MariosChryssanthopoulos UniversityofSurrey,Guildford,Surrey,UK

MarcelloCiampoli SapienzaUniversityofRome,Rome,Italy

JoelConte UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,CA,USA

RossCorotis UniversityofColorado,Boulder,CO,USA

PauloCruz UniversityofMinho,Guimarães,Portugal

GeorgeDeodatis ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA

SofiaDiniz FederalUniversityofMinasGerais,BeloHorizonte,MinasGerais,Brazil

BruceEllingwood GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,GA,USA

ReedEllis StantecConsultingLtd.,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada

DavidDeLeonEscobedo AutonomousUniversityofMexicoState,Toluca,Mexico

AllenEstes CaliforniaPolytechnicStateUniversity,SanLuisObispo,CA,USA

MichaelForde UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK

GongkangFu IllinoisInstituteofTechnology,Chicago,IL,USA

MichelGhosn TheCityCollegeofNewYork,NewYork,NY,USA

AndreaDelGrosso UniversityofGenoa,Genoa,Italy

NenadGucunski Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey,Piscataway,NJ,USA

TongGuo SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing,Jiangsu,China

RadeHajdin UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia

MichaelC.H.Hui GovernmentofHongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,HongKong,China

NaeemHussain ARUP,HongKong,China

DanieleInaudi SMARTECSA,Manno,Switzerland

JensSandagerJensen COWIA/S,Lyngby,Denmark

BohaiJi HohaiUniversity,Nanjing,China

AhsanKareem UniversityofNotreDame,SouthBend,IN,USA

Ho-KyungKim SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,Korea

RistoKiviluoma WSPFinlandLtd.,Helsinki,Finland

LeoKlatter PublicWorks&WaterManagement,Utrecht,TheNetherlands

ChanGheeKoh NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore

Hyun-MooKoh SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,Korea

JungSikKong KoreaUniversity,Seoul,Korea

ChadKusko LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

HakEunLee KoreaUniversity,Seoul,Korea

ChuanxiLi ChangshaUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Changsha,China

ZhiwenLiu HunanUniversity,Changsha,China

DagangLu HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin,China

WeliangLu BeijingJiaotongUniversity,Beijing,China

MyintLwin FederalHighwayAdministration,Washington,DC,USA

JeromeLynch UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA

PierGiorgioMalerba PolitecnicodiMilano,Milan,Italy

DennisR.Mertz UniversityofDelaware,Newark,DE,USA

ThomasMesservey R2MSolution,Catania,Sicily,Italy

AyahoMiyamoto YamaguchiUniversity,Ube,Japan

ClaudioModena UniversityofPadua,Padua,Italy

GianniMoor MagebaSA,Bülach,Switzerland

AftabMufti ISISCanadaResearchNetwork,Winnipeg,Manitoba,Canada

HaniNassif Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey,Piscataway,NJ,USA

AndrzejNowak UniversityofNebraska,Lincoln,NE,USA

NaderOkasha HailUniversity,Hail,SaudiArabia

AndréD.Orcesi LaboratoireCentraldesPontsetChaussées,Paris,France

JamieEllenPadgett RiceUniversity,Houston,TX,USA

ShamimPakzad LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

AlessandroPalermo UniversityofCanterbury,Christchurch,NewZealand LiviaPardi Autostradeperl’Italia,Rome,Italy

MinshanPei CCCCHighwayConsultantsCo.Ltd.,Beijing,China

StephenPessiki LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

VictorPopa SearchCorporation,Bucharest,Romania

NigelPowers VicRoads,Camberwell,Victoria,Australia

MarkReno QuincyEngineeringInc.,Sacramento,CA,USA

JamesRicles LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

MehdiSaiidi UniversityofNevada,Reno,NV,USA

RichardSause LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,USA

CharlesSeim ElCerrito,CA,USA

MasanobuShinozuka UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA,USA

ArunprakashM.Shirolè AroraandAssociates,P.C.,Robbinsdale,MN,USA

BalaSivakumar HNTBCorporation,NewYork,NY,USA

JuanSobrino PEDELTACANADAInc,Toronto,Canada

MarkStewart UniversityofNewcastle,Newcastle,Australia

BratislavStipanic UniversityofBelgrade,Belgrade,Serbia

RobertSweeney ConsultanttoModjeski&Masters,Montreal,QC,Canada LucTaerwe UniversityofGhent,Ghent,Belgium

Man-ChungTang T.Y.LinInternational,SanFrancisco,CA,USA

GeoffTaplin AECOM,Melbourne,Australia

PalleThoft-Christensen AalborgUniversity,Aalborg,Denmark

PaulThompson CastleRock,CO,USA

YiannisTsompanakis NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,Athens,Greece ThomasUmmenhofer KarlsruheInstituteofTechnology,Karlsruhe,Germany PedroVellasco StateUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil

ThomasVogel ETHZürich,Zürich,Switzerland

ChunshengWang Chang’anUniversity,Xi’an,China

EiichiWatanabe KyotoUniversity,Kyoto,Japan

YiqiangXiang ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,China

DongXu TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

FuyouXu DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,China

You-LinXu HongKongPolytechnicUniversity,HongKong,China

YongbinYang NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,China

WanchengYuan TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

Hae-Bum(Andrew)Yun UniversityofCentralFlorida,Orlando,FL,USA Chung-BangYun UNIST,Ulsan,Korea

RiccardoZandonini UniversityofTrento,Trento,Italy

QilinZhang TongjiUniversity,Shanghai,China

YunfengZhang UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD,USA

HaijunZhou ShenzhenUniversity,Shenzhen,China

JinsongZhu TianjinUniversity,Tianjin,China

AlesZnidaric SlovenianNationalBuildingandCivilEngineeringInstitute,Ljubljana,Slovenia

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Japan, trails her purple skirts over the trellis under which the rickshaws go to their abode. The corn-bottles have come up exactly where I asked them to, scattered thick among the leaves of the chrysanthemums which are already tall and bushy. They are exactly the right blue in exactly the right green and they give a little air, not at all a disagreeable little air, of discernment and sophistication to their corner of the garden. I would like to venture to say that they resemble blue stars in a green sky, if I were sure of offending nobody’s sense of humour. It is natural enough to observe this and pass on, but why should one find a subtle pleasure in the comparison, and linger over it? It must be the same throb of joyful activity with which the evolved human intelligence first detected a likeness between any two of the phenomena about it, and triumphed in the perception, attracted to wisdom and stirred to art. Those indeed were days to live in, when everything was mysteriously to copy and inherit and nothing was exploited, explained, laid bare, when the great sweet thoughts were all to think and heroism had not yet received its molecular analysis, and babies equipped with an instinctive perception of the fundamental weakness of socialistic communism were neither born nor thought of. These seem violent reflections to make in a garden, and they may well be obscured behind the long bed of poppies and field-daisies and more bluets that runs along the side of the house under the windows that support the roses. If you can tell me for what primitive reason poppies and field-daisies and corn-flowers go well together I had rather you didn’t.

I have clumps and clumps of hollyhocks, and a balustrade of them, pink and white ones, on each side of the steps that run down from the verandah in front of the drawing-room door. It is an unsophisticated thing, the single hollyhock, like a bashful school child in a sun-bonnet. Do what you will you cannot make it feel at home among the beaux and belles of high life in the garden; it never looks really happy except just inside a cottage paling with a bunch of rhubarb on one side and a tangle of “old man” on the other. Still it is a good and grateful flower in whatever station it pleases the sun to

call it. It gets along on the merest necessities of life when times are bad and water scarce, and flowers, with anything like a chance, twice in the season. One cannot, after all, encourage class feeling in the garden; there every one must stand on his own roots, and take his share of salts and carbon dioxide without precedence, and the hollyhocks in my garden receive as much consideration as anybody. Petunias are up all over the place, purple and white and striped. I knew by experience that we could have too many petunias on this shelf, so whenever a vague, young pushing thing disclosed itself to be a petunia, as it nearly always did, I requested Atma to pull it up. Nevertheless they survive surprisingly everywhere, looking out among the feet of the roses, flaunting over the forget-me-nots, unexpected in a box of seedling asters. Now if I were going to recognize social distinctions in the garden, which I am not, I should call the good petunia a person unmistakably middle-class. Whether it is this incapacity of hers to see a snub, or her very full skirt, or her very high colour, the petunia always seems to me a bourgeoise little lady in her Sunday best, with her hair smooth and her temper well kept under for the occasion. I think she leads her family a nagging life, and goes to church regularly. One should always mass them; a single petunia here and there among the community of flowers is more desolate and ineffective than most maiden ladies. Rather late this spring we discovered a corner of the bed in front of the diningroom window to be quite empty, and what to put in we couldn’t think, and were considering, when Atma told us that he knew of a thousand petunias homeless and roaming the shelf. I quite believed him, and bade him gather them in, with such a resultant blaze of purple as I shall never in future be without. The border just beyond them is simply shouting with yellow coreopsis, and behind that rise the dark branches of the firs on the khud-side, and between these, very often in broken pictures sharp against the blue, the jagged points and peaks of the far snows. All this every morning the person has with her eggs and bacon who sits opposite the dining-room window. I am glad to say that the other members of my family object to the glare.

Atma has a liberal and progressive mind toward the garden; he is always trying to smuggle some new thing into it. In out-of-the-way corners I constantly come upon perfect strangers, well-rooted and entirely at home, and when I ask him by whose order they were admitted, he smiles apologetically and says that without doubt they will be very beautiful, and that his brother gave them to him. He can never tell me the name. “It will be so high,” he shows me with his hand, stooping, “and the flower will be red, simply red it will arrive.”

I look at it without enthusiasm, and weakly let it stay. Generally it “arrives” a common little disappointment, but once a great leggy thing turned out an evening primrose, and I knew, before it was too late, that I had been entertaining an angel unawares.

“To grow a little catholic,” writes Stevenson, “is the compensation of years.” Dear shade, is it so? In the spiritual outlook, perhaps, in the moral retrospect,—but in matters of taste, in likes and dislikes? You who wrote nothing lightly must have proved this dispensation, poorer spirits can only wish it more general. I remember youth as curious and enterprising, hospitable to everything, and I begin to find the middle years jealously content with what they have. Who, when he has reached the age of all the world, looks with instinctive favour upon anything new? An acquaintance, who may create the common debt of friendship; you are long since heavily involved. An author, who may insist upon intimately engaging your intelligence,— a thing you feel, after a time, to be a liberty in a new-comer. Or even a flower, offering another sentiment to the little store that holds some pain already. Now this godetia. I suppose it argues a depth of ignorance, but until Mr. Johnson recommended it to me in the spring, I had never heard of godetia. Mr. Johnson is the source of seeds and bulbs for Simla, we all go to him; but I, for one, always come away a little ruffled by his habit of referring to everything by its Latin name, and plainly showing that his respect for you depends upon your understanding him. I have wished to preserve Mr. Johnson’s respect, and things have come up afterward that I did not think I had ordered. However, this is by the way. Mr. Johnson assured me that godetia had a fine fleshy flower of variegated

colours, would be an abundant bloomer, and with reasonable care should make a good appearance. I planted it with misgivings, and watched its advent with aloofness, I knew I shouldn’t recognize it, and I didn’t. I had never seen it before, I very nearly said so; and at my time of life, with so many old claims pressing, I could not attempt a new affection. And I have taken the present opportunity, when Atma’s back is turned, and pulled it all up. Besides it may have been fleshy, but it wasn’t pretty, and the slugs ate it till its appearance was disgraceful.

I suppose our love of flowers is impregnated with our love of life and our immense appreciation of each other. We hand our characteristics up to God to figure in; we look for them in animals with delight and laughter, and it is even our pleasure to find them out here in the garden. Who cares much for lupins, for example; they are dull fellows, they have no faces; yet who does not care for every flower with a heart and eyes, that gives back your glance to you and holds up its head bravely to any day’s luck, as you would like to do.

But it is growing late. I can still see a splendid crimson cactus glooming at me from his tub in the verandah; the rest of the garden has drawn away into the twilight. Only the honeysuckle, that nobody notices when the sun is bright and the flowers all talk at once, sends out a timid sweetness to the night and murmurs, “I am here.” If I might have had a seam to do, it would have been finished; but instead there has been this vexatious chapter, which only announces, when all is said and done, that another human being has spent a day in the garden. I intended to write about the applied affections.

But it is too late even for the misapplied affections, generally thought, I believe, the more interesting presentment. Happy Thisbe on the verandah, conscious of another bud to her tapestry, glances at the fading west and makes ready to put all away. I will lay down my pen, as she does her needle, and gather up my sheets and scraps, as she does her silks and wools; and humbly, if I can get no one else to do it for me, carry my poor pattern into the house.

CHAPTER X

THE Princess has a hill almost entirely to herself. She lives there in a castle almost entirely made of stone, with turrets and battlements. Her affectionate subjects cluster about her feet in domiciles walled with mud and principally roofed with kerosene tins, but they cheerfully acknowledge this to be right and proper, and all they can pay for. One of the many advantages of being a princess is that you never have to put down anything for house-rent; there is always a castle waiting for you and a tax-payer happy to paper it. The world will not allow that it is responsible to a beggar for a crust; but it is delighted to admit that it owes every princess a castle. It is a curious world; but it is quite right, for princesses are to be encouraged and beggars aren’t.

The Princess is married to the Roy-Regent, who puts his initial upon Resolutions and writes every week to the Secretary of State; but it is the Princess who is generally “at home,” and certainly the Princess who matters. The Roy-Regent may induce his Government to make Resolutions; the Princess could persuade it, I am sure, to break them—if she wanted to. Unfortunately we are not permitted to see that comedy, which would be adorable. She does not want to. She is not what you would call a political princess; I have no doubt she has too much else to do. To begin with, only to begin with, she has to go on being beautiful and kind and unruffled; she has to keep the laughter in her eyes and the gentleness in her heart; she has to be witty without being cynical, and initiated without being hard. She has to see through all our little dodges to win her favour and not entirely despise us, and to accept our rather dull and very daily homage without getting sick and tired of us. To say nothing of the Roy-Regent and the babies who have some claims, I suppose, though we are apt to talk about the Princess as if she were here solely to hold her Majesty’s vice-Drawing-rooms and live up to a

public ideal. All the virtues, in short, which the rest of us put on of a Sunday, the Princess must wear every day; and that is why it is so difficult and often so tiresome to be a real princess.

Fortunately the Simla Princess is not expected to hold her commission for life. Her Majesty knew, I suppose, from her own royal experience, how it got on the nerves, and realized that if she required anything like that it would be impossible to get the right kind of people. So at the end of every four or five years the RoyRegent goes home to his ordinary place in the Red Book burdened for life with a frontier policy, but never again compelled to drive out in the evenings attended by four cantering Sikhs, each Sikh much larger than himself and shaking a lance. He may go on to greater things, or he may simply return to the family estates; but in any case the Princess can put her crown away in a drawer and do things, if she likes, in the kitchen, which must be a great relief. Of course she can never quite forget that she has been a princess, in commission, once. The thought must have an ennobling effect ever after, and often interpose, as it were, between the word and the blow in domestic differences. For this reason alone, many of us would gladly undertake to find the necessary fortitude for the task; but it is not a thing you can get by merely applying for it.

To the state of the Princess belongs that quaint old-fashioned demonstration, the curtsey. The Princess curtseys to the QueenEmpress—how I should like to see her do it!—and we all curtsey to the Princess. This alone would make Simla a school for manners, now that you have to travel so far, unless you are by way of running in and out of Windsor Castle, to find the charming form in ordinary use. How admirable a point of personal contact lies in the curtsey— what deference rendered, what dignity due! “You are a Princess,” it says, “therefore I bend my knee. I am a Person, therefore I straighten it again,” and many things more graceful, more agreeable, more impertinent than that. Indeed, there is a very little that cannot be said in the lines and the sweep of a curtsey. To think there was a time when conversation was an art, and curtseying an accomplishment, is to hate our day of monosyllables and short cuts,

of sentiments condensed, and opinions taken for granted. One wonders how we came to lose the curtsey, and how much more went with it, how we could ever let it go, to stand instead squarely on our two feet and nod our uncompromising heads, and say what we have to say. I suppose it is one of the things that are quite gone; we can never reaffect it, indeed our behaviour, considered as behaviour, is growing steadily worse. Already you may be asked, by a person whom you have never seen before, whether you prefer Ecclesiastics or Omar Khayyám, or how you would define the ego, or what you think of Mr. Le Gallienne—matters which require confidence, almost a curtain. We have lost the art of the gradual approach; presently we shall hustle each other like kinetic atoms. A kinetic atom, I understand, goes straight to the point.

We all love curtseying to the Princess therefore, partly because it is a lost art, and partly because it is a way in which we can say, without being fulsome or troublesome, how happy we are to see her. There is only one circumstance under which it is not entirely a privilege. That is when, dismounted, one meets her in one’s habit. Whether it is the long boots or the short skirt, or the uncompromising cut, I cannot say, but I always feel, performing a curtsey to the Princess in my habit, that I am in a false position. Every true woman loves to stalk about in her habit, and tap her heels with her riding crop; there is a shadow of the privileges of the other sex about it which is alluring, and which, as the costume is sanctioned, one can enjoy comfortably; but it is not arranged for curtseying, and there ought to be a dispensation permitting ladies wearing it to bow from the waist.

Then the Princess passes on, leaving you smiling. I have seen people continue to smile in a lower key for twenty minutes after the Princess has gone by, as water will go on reflecting a glow long after the sunlight has left it. The effect is quite involuntary, and of course it looks a little foolish, but it is agreeable to feel, and nobody, positively nobody, can produce it but the Princess. Indeed the power to produce it would be a capital test for princesses.

If I were in any way in a position to submit princesses to tests, I should offer that of the single pea and the twenty feather beds with confidence to ours. Which is a pride and a pleasure to be able to say in these days, when ladies thus entitled are so apt to disguise themselves in strong minds or blunt noses or irritating clothes. It is delightful to be assured that, in spite of this tendency, the Princess has not yet vanished, the Princess of the fairy tales, the real Princess, from among us, that such a one is sitting at the moment in her castle, not ten minutes’ walk from here, eating marmalade with a golden spoon, or whatever she likes better than marmalade, and bringing to life day after day that delight in living which you must have, or there’s no use in being a princess. It is possible that she may not put on her diadem every morning; there is no necessity for that, since you could not imagine her without it; and if she prefers reading her Browning to watching her gold-fish, it is not in any way my affair. Indeed, although she occupies a public position, there is no one who more readily accedes her right to a private life than I, though, of course, with the rest of her subjects, I would prefer that she had as little of it as possible. It is said that the Roy-Regent, knowing what would be expected of her, was not content until he had found the most beautiful and agreeable Princess there was; and I can well believe that he sailed over seas and seas to find her, though it is probably only a tradition that they met at George Washington’s country seat where the Princess was looking for trailing arbutus,—another lovely thing whose habitat is the banks of the Potomac. And an improbable tradition, as George Washington never encouraged princesses.

Last night there was an entertainment at the castle and among the guests a chief of one of those smaller Indias that cluster about the great one. He wore his own splendid trappings, and he was a handsome fellow, well set up; and above his keen dark face, in front of the turban, set round with big irregular pearls, was fastened a miniature of the Queen-Empress who holds his fealty in her hand. To him the Princess, all in filmy lace with her diadem flashing, spoke kindly. They sat upon gold-backed chairs a little way apart, and as

she leaned to confer her smile and he to receive it, I longed to frame the picture and make perpetual the dramatic moment, the exquisite odd chance. “Surely,” thought I, “the world has never been so graciously bridged before.” Talking of George Washington, if the good man could have seen that, I think he might have melted toward princesses; I do not think, from all we know of him, that he would have had the heart to turn coldly away and disclaim responsibility for this one. I wish he could have seen it; yes, and Martha too, though if anybody thought necessary to make trouble and talk about sacred principles of democracy, it would have been Martha. Martha, she would have been the one. Her great and susceptible husband would have taken a philosophic pinch of snuff and toasted posterity.

I see that I have already admitted it, I have slipped in the path of virtuous resolution and lofty indifference; I have gone back, just for a minute, into the world. The reason I have neglected every flower in the garden this morning to write about the Princess is that I have been dining with her. It is so difficult to be unmoved and firm when you know the band will play and there will be silver soup-plates, to say nothing of the Roy-Regent smiling and pleased to see you, and the Roman punch in the middle of the menu. At home, one so seldom has Roman punch in the middle of the menu. Besides, now that I think of it, it was a “command” invitation, and I did not go for any of these reasons, or even to see the Princess, but because I had to; a lofty compulsion of State was upon me, and nobody would place her loyalty in question on account of a possible draught. If there had been a draught and I had taken cold I should have felt an added nobility to-day; somewhat the virtue, I suppose, of the elderly statesman who contracts a fatal influenza at a distinguished interment, and so creates a vicious circle of funerals; but there was no draught.

The Princess lives in splendid isolation. If it were not for the RoyRegent and the babies, and the Commander-in-Chief and hisfamily, she would die of loneliness. And of course the Bishop, though I can’t understand in what way one would depend much upon a bishop,

except to ask a blessing when he came to dinner. Kind and human as the Princess is she lives in another world, with an A.D.C. always going in front to tell people to get up, “Their Excellencies are coming.” You cannot ask after the Princess’s babies as you would ask after the babies of a person like yourself; you must say, “How are Your Excellency’s babies?” and this at once removes them far beyond the operation of your affectionate criticism. When it is impossible even to take babies for granted the difficulties of the situation may be imagined. The situation is glorious but troubling, your ideas often will not flow freely in it, and is there anything more dreadful at a supreme moment than to have your ideas stick? You find yourself saying the same thing you said the last time you had the honour, which is the most mortifying thing that can happen in any conversation.

I often wonder whether the Princess does not look at our little mud houses and wish sometimes that she could come in. The thought is a reckless one but I do entertain it. If you take a kind and friendly interest in people as the Princess does in us all, you cannot be entirely satisfied merely to add them up as population and set them a good example. Nor can it be very interesting to look at the little mud houses and observe only that they have chimneys, and not to know how the mantelpieces are done or whether there is a piano, or if anybody else’s sweet-peas are earlier than yours. In my dreams I sometimes invite the Princess to tea. An A.D.C. always comes behind her carrying the diadem on a red silk cushion, but at my earnest prayer he is made to stay outside on the verandah. We have the best china; and in one dream the Princess broke a cup and we wept together. On another occasion she gave me a recipe for pickled blackberries and told me of a way—I always forget the way—of getting rid of frowns. There is generally something to spoil a dream, and the thing that spoils this one is the A.D.C., who will look in at the window. All the same we have a lovely time, the Princess ignoring all her prerogatives, unless I say something about the state of the country, when she instantly, royally, changes the subject....

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