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Examples of Stimulus Control
Defining Stimulus Control
Developing Stimulus Control: Stimulus Discrimination Training
Discrimination Training in the Laboratory
Developing Reading and Spelling with Discrimination Training
Stimulus Discrimination Training and Punishment
The Three Term Contingency
Stimulus Control Research
Generalization
Examples of Generalization
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Practice Test
Appendix A
Chapter 7, Quiz 1
Chapter 7, Quiz 2
Chapter 7, Quiz 3
1. Provide interesting, everyday examples of stimulus control, describing the antecedent, behavior and consequence in each example. Have students identify the SD, the S-delta, and the reinforcer in each example.
2. Have students think about their activities in a typical day and write down five examples of different behaviors and the ABCs of these behaviors. Have students identify the SD and reinforcer for each behavior and describe how the behavior was developed through the process of discrimination training.
1. An antecedent stimulus is a stimulus or event that precedes the occurrence of an operant response. For example, Ms. Wimer calls on Kiran when he raises his hand to answer a question in class. Kiran always provides the correct answer to Ms. Wimer’s question. Kiran’s raised hand is the antecedent stimulus which precedes Ms. Wimer’s behavior of calling on him. Calling on Kiran is reinforced by Kiran’s providing the correct answer.
2. A behavior continues to occur in those situations where it has been reinforced in the past, and stops occurring in those situations where it has not been reinforced or has been punished in the past.
3. Stimulus control is defined as the increased probability that a behavior will occur only in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus or a stimulus from a specific stimulus class.
4. The following example illustrates stimulus control: Eating with his hands at the fraternity house is reinforced because John’s friends laugh at this behavior. However, eating with his hands at a restaurant is punished by disapproving looks from others. As a result, John only eats with his hands when at the fraternity house.
5. An SD (discriminative stimulus) is defined as the antecedent stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced. An SΔ (S-delta) is any antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior does not get reinforced.
6. The process of reinforcing a behavior only when a specific antecedent stimulus (discriminative stimulus) is present is called stimulus discrimination training. The following two steps are involved in stimulus discrimination training:
(1) When the discriminative stimulus (SD) is present, the behavior is reinforced;
(2) When any other antecedent stimuli are present except the SD, the behavior does not get reinforced. (Any antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior does not get reinforced in an SΔ). The outcome of stimulus discrimination training is stimulus control - the increased probability that the behavior will occur in the presence of the SD
7. The following example demonstrates stimulus discrimination training with reinforcement: When Kelley’s cousin (antecedent stimulus) is working at the ice-cream stand, Kelley gets free ice-cream (reinforcer). When anyone else is working, Kelley does not get free ice-cream (extinction). As a result, Kelley only stops at the ice-cream stand when her cousin is working. The following example demonstrates stimulus discrimination training with punishment: When Jenny gossips in front of her friend Rika (antecedent stimulus), Rika gives Jenny a dirty look and walks away (punishers). When Jenny gossips in front of any of her other friends, the friends pay close attention and participate in the gossip (reinforcers). As a result, Jenny is less likely to gossip when her friend Jenny is around.
8. The presence of an SD does not cause a behavior to occur. Reinforcement causes a behavior to occur again. The SDmakes the behavior more likely because the behavior was reinforced in the presence of the SD in the past..
9. Stimulus discrimination training involves a three-term contingency in which the consequence (reinforcer or punisher) is contingent on the occurrence of the behavior only in the presence of the specific antecedent stimulus called the SD. A three term contingency involves a relationship between (a) an antecedent stimulus, (b) a behavior, and (c) the consequence of the behavior. For example, when Mary Ellen sees that the flag on her mailbox is up (antecedent) she walks to the mailbox and opens it (behavior), thus finding her mail (consequence).
10. The green light is the SD. The rat’s behavior of pressing the level will increase in the future when the green light is on.
11. Stimulus generalization takes place when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some ways to the SD that was present during stimulus discrimination training.
12. The following example illustrates stimulus generalization: Ethan’s parents taught him to look both ways before crossing the street in front of their house. Now Ethan looks both ways before crossing any street.
13. A stimulus class consists of stimuli which share common properties. For example, requests made by a parent, teacher, or baby sitter are part of a stimulus class of requests from known adults - antecedent stimuli that share similar features.
14. Stimulus generalization would be desirable when a child who is taught to say “thank you” when given a gift by her parents also says “thank you” to others who give her gifts. Stimulus generalization would be undesirable when a child who is taught to go with her nanny after preschool will go with any adult female.
15. Generalization will be more likely to occur when a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a number of antecedent stimuli that share the same feature(s) (they are in the same stimulus class). Generalization will be less likely to occur if a behavior is reinforced in the presence of only one specific antecedent stimulus.
Quiz 1
1. discriminative stimulus or SD 2. S-delta 3. stimulus control 4. through stimulus discrimination training 5. antecedent or SD, response, and consequence or reinforcer 6. stimulus discrimination training 7. mom 8. dad 9. getting cookies 10. positive reinforcement
Quiz 2
1. reinforced 2. the behavior is more likely to occur 3. stimulus control 4. S-delta 5. generalization 6. clerk out of sight 7. clerk in sight 8. an example of reinforcement 9. an example of another behavioral principle 10. generalization
Quiz 3
1. not reinforced 2. the behavior is less likely to occur 3. stimulus discrimination training 4. SD 5. similar 6. being at school with classmates 7. being at home with parents 8. stimulus discrimination training 9. generalization 10. any example in which a behavior is said to be more likely to occur in the presence of a specific stimulus
1. In behavior modification, the stimulus that is present when a behavior occurs is referred to as a(n):
a) antecedent
b) consequence
c) cause
d) reinforcer
ANS: A
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the ABCs of operant behavior?
a) cause
b) consequence
c) antecedent
d) behavior
ANS: A
3. Understanding the antecedents of operant behavior provides information on the circumstances in which the behavior was:
a) reinforced
b) not reinforced
c) punished
d) all of these
ANS: D
4. If the effects of reinforcement, extinction, and punishment occur in some situations but not in others, the effects are said to be:
a) generalized
b) situation-specific
c) isolated
d) intermittent
ANS: B
5. Bill drives faster than the speed limit only when his friends are in the car with him because they tell him he is cool. Bill’s behavior of driving over the speed limit only when his friends are with him is said to be under ______ control.
a) situational
b) operant
c) isolated
d) stimulus
ANS: D
6. A group of stimuli having the same functional effect on a certain behavior are said to belong to a stimulus:
a) group
b) class
c) category
d) contingency
ANS: B
7. Bill drives faster than the speed limit only when his friends are in the car with him because they tell him he is cool. He doesn’t speed when his parents or girlfriend are in the car because they don’t say it’s cool. What is the SD in this example?
a) parents
b) girlfriend
c) friends
d) parents and girlfriend
ANS: C
8. Bill drives faster than the speed limit only when his friends are in the car with him because they tell him he is cool. He doesn’t speed when his parents or girlfriend are in the car because they don’t say it’s cool. What is the Sdelta in this example?
a) parents
b) girlfriend
c) friends
d) parents and girlfriend
ANS: D
9. Whenever Tommy has a babysitter and asks to stay up past his bedtime, the babysitter lets him. Whenever Tommy asks his parents to let him stay up past his bedtime, they do not let him. As a result, Tommy only asks the babysitter if he can stay up past his bedtime. The presence of the babysitter at bed time is referred to as a(n)
for asking to stay up late:
a) stimulus class
b) S-delta
c) reinforcer
d) discriminative stimulus
ANS: D
10. Whenever Tommy has a babysitter and asks to stay up past his bedtime, the babysitter lets him. Whenever
Tommy asks his parents to let him stay up past his bedtime, they do not let him. As a result, Tommy only asks the babysitter if he can stay up past his bedtime. The presence of the parents at bed time is referred to as a(n)
__________ for asking to stay up late:
a) stimulus class
b) S-delta
c) reinforcer
d) discriminative stimulus
ANS: B
11. When Mary asks her Mom to take her to the shopping mall, her Mom usually takes her. Whenever Mary asks her Dad to take her to the mall he refuses. As a result, Mary only asks her Mom to take her to the mall. The process that has resulted in Mary only asking her Mom to take her to the mall is called:
a) classical conditioning
b) stimulus discrimination training
c) respondent conditioning
d) reinforcement
ANS: B
12. When the family dog licks the faces of the children in the family, they laugh and give the dog a treat. When the dog licks the faces of the parents, they scold the dog. As a result, the dog no longer licks the faces of the parents, but continues to lick the faces of the children. The parents’ faces would be an example of a(n)_________ for the dog licking their faces:
a) negative reinforcer
b) S-delta
c) unconditioned stimulus
d) discriminative stimulus
ANS: B
13. When the family dog licks the faces of the children in the family, they laugh and give the dog a treat. When the dog licks the faces of the parents, they scold the dog. As a result, the dog no longer licks the faces of the parents, but continues to lick the faces of the children. The children’s faces would be an example of a(n) ________ for the dog licking their faces:
a) negative reinforcer
b) S-delta
c) unconditioned stimulus
d) discriminative stimulus
ANS: D
14. Which of the following is involved in stimulus discrimination training?
a) when the discriminative stimulus is present the behavior is reinforced
b) when the S-delta is present the behavior gets reinforced
c) the discriminative stimulus controls the behavior
d) all of these
ANS: A
15. As a result of stimulus discrimination training, the presence of the discriminative stimulus:
a) signals that the behavior will be reinforced
b) signals that the behavior will not be reinforced
c) causes an alternative behavior to occur
d) A and C
ANS: A
16. Which of the following is developed through discrimination training?
a) reading
b) spelling
c) obeying traffic signals
d) all of these
ANS: D
17. When Mark swears around his friends they laugh, but when he swears around his parents they ground him. As a result, Mark is less likely to swear when his parents are around. Mark’s behavior of not swearing around his parents is a result of:
a) discrimination training
b) generalization
c) reinforcement
d) A and C
ANS: A
18. In behavior modification, a three-term contingency involves a(n):
a) antecedent- behavior-consequence
b) all behavioral consequences
c) antecedent- behavior -contingency
d) all of these
ANS: A
19. Stimulus discrimination training can occur as a result of:
a) reinforcement
b) punishment
c) extinction
d) all of these
ANS: D
20. Which of the following shows the correct sequence in a three-term contingency?
a) discriminative stimulus, response, consequence
b) consequence, response, discriminative stimulus
c) response, consequence, discriminative stimulus
d) discriminative stimulus, consequence, response
ANS: A
21. In behavior modification, when a certain behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the discriminative stimulus during stimulus discrimination training, ____________ has occurred.
a) expansion
b) refinement
c) discrimination
d) generalization
ANS: D
22. A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of stimuli that are more similar to the discriminative stimulus
than it is in the presence of stimuli that are less similar to the discriminative stimulus. This is called a:
a) stimulus class
b) generalization gradient
c) cause-effect relationship
d) discrimination gradient
ANS: B
23. Generalization is associated with ____________ stimulus control.
a) strong
b) unique
c) broad
d) specific
ANS: C
24. Darin cheers at a football game when his hometown team scores, and his Dad gives him a high five. Darin later begins cheering with his Dad at basketball, baseball, and hockey games when his hometown teams score. This is an example of Darin’s cheering behavior ____________ to other situations.
a) discriminating
b) generalizing
c) narrowing
d) expanding
ANS: B
25. When you tell jokes and your friends laugh, you are more likely to tell jokes to your friends. Your friends are _______ for telling jokes.
a) discriminative stimuli
b) S-deltas
c) punishers
d) conditioned stimuli
ANS: A
26. The relationship between an antecedent, behavior, and consequence is referred to as a(n):
a) three term contract
b) three term contingency
c) stimulus control
d) three way interaction
ANS: B
27. ___________ takes place when a behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the discriminative stimulus.
a) reinforcement
b) generalization
c) discrimination training
d) discrimination
ANS: B
28. _____________ develops as a result of stimulus discrimination training.
a) reinforcement
b) punishment
c) stimulus control
d) expectancy
ANS: C
29. Stimulus control develops as a result of
a) classical conditioning
b) stimulus discrimination training
c) stimulus differentiation
d) conditioned stimulus training
ANS: B
30. What happens when a discriminative stimulus is present?
a) it has no influence over the behavior
b) it makes the behavior less likely to occur
c) it inhibits the behavior
d) it makes the behavior more likely to occur
ANS: D
1. A stimulus that precedes a behavior is referred to as a(n)
ANS: antecedent
2. When a behavior is more likely to occur only when a specific antecedent stimulus is present, the behavior is under
ANS: stimulus control
3. When the stop light turns green, you go and when it is red, you don’t go. The red light acts as a(n) __________ for going and the green light acts as a(n) ________________ for going.
ANS: S-delta; SD or SD
4. A three-term-contingency involves a relationship between , , and
ANS: antecedent, behavior, consequence
5. _____________ occurs when a behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the SD
ANS: generalization
6. When a(n) ____________ is present the behavior is more likely to occur.
ANS: SD, SD
7. When a(n) _____________ is present the behavior is less likely to occur.
ANS: S-delta
8. A(n) ________________ is the stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced.
ANS: SD, SD
9. A(n) ________________ is the stimulus that is present when the behavior is not reinforced.
ANS: S-delta
10. _____________________ is the process in which the behavior is reinforced in the presence of the SD and not reinforced in the presence of the S-delta.
ANS: Stimulus discrimination training
1. T F The effects of reinforcement, extinction and punishment are relatively situation specific.
ANS: T
2. T F Behaviors usually occur at random and are rarely under stimulus control.
ANS: F
3. T F Stimulus control is developed by stimulus discrimination training.
ANS: T
4. T F The presence of a discriminative stimulus causes a behavior to occur.
ANS: F
5. T F Stimulus discrimination training may also occur with punishment.
ANS: T
6. T F A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the SD.
ANS: F
7. T F A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the SD
ANS: T
8. T F A behavior is less likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta.
ANS: T
9. T F A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of the S-delta.
ANS: F
10. T F Generalization is associated with broad stimulus control.
ANS: T
1. What is a discriminative stimulus?
ANS: Discriminative stimulus is the antecedent stimulus that is present when a behavior is reinforced.
2. What are the 2 steps involved in stimulus discrimination training?
ANS: The following two steps are involved in stimulus discrimination training: a) When the discriminative stimulus (SD) is present, the behavior is reinforced; and b) When any other antecedent stimuli are present except SD , the behavior does not get reinforced.
3. What is an S-delta?
ANS: Any antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior does not get reinforced is an S-delta.
4. How is stimulus control developed?
ANS: Through stimulus discrimination training. Stimulus control is the increased probability that the behavior will occur in the presence of the SD
5. Provide an example of stimulus discrimination training. Identify the SD and the S-delta.
ANS: When Kelley’s cousin (SD) is working at the ice cream stand, Kelley gets free ice cream (reinforcer). When anyone else (S-delta) is working, Kelley does not get free ice cream (extinction). As a result, Kelley only stops at the ice cream stand when her cousin is working.