Study of structural systems for long span structures

STUDY OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS FOR LONG SPAN STRUCTURES Presented by – Mishul Gupta 75186008 B.arch, 9th sem.

Introduction

Background •

Structural system plays an essential role in understanding architecture.

•

The typology of the building it supports will determine the structural system.

•

Long-span structures are important in the convention center because it has large spaces where column-free interior space is required.

Long span structure (Source: long span structure - Google)

Long span structure (Source: long span structure Google)

Impact of dissertation topic on design of the project •

The dissertation topic will help to understand the various structural system types, their materials, fixing of members & their load transfer mechanism in long-span structures, which help to decide type of structures and their combinations suitable for the thesis project.

Long span structure in convention center (Source: convention center Google Search)

Long span structure in convention center (Source: convention center - Google Search)

Long span structure in convention center (Source: convention center - Google Search)

Aim •

To study structural systems for long-span structures.

Convention center, Mawei New Town, Fuzhou, China

Orange County Convention Center, Orlando, Florida

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

Objectives •

To do library study related to dissertation topic.

•

To do case studies related to the topic to understand the structural system and functional aspects of the building.

•

To analyse large-span structural system types, their materials, fixing of members and load transfer mechanism.

•

To draw inferences and conclude.

Shijiazhuang international convention and exhibition center (Source: Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition Center / THAD | ArchDaily)

Definition of structural system • The structure is a physical object whose purpose is to carry forces/ loads from one plane to another to carry their loads/ forces to the ground in the shortest distance.

• There are two kinds of structures: multi-story structures and long-span structures, with spans more than 20 meters.

Multi-story structure (Source: long span structure - Google)

Long span structure in sports complex

Long span structure in porch area

Long span structure in library

(Source: long span structure - Google)

(Source: long span structure - Google)

(Source: long span structure - Google)

Classification of structure systems

  

Frame structure Folded plates Load bearing

  

Flat truss Curved truss Space truss

  

Bending active Membrane active Cable structures

  

Plate structure Folded structure Shells and domes

  

Air supported Air inflated Hybrid pneumatic

Bulk active Pneumatic active system

Vector active

(Source: pneumatic structure system Google Search)

Vector active system (Source: vector active structure system Google Search)

Structure system

Form active

Surface active

Form active system

Surface active system

(Source: form active structure system Google Search)

(Source: surface active structure system Google Search)

Pneumatic

Classification of structure systems (Source: Structure in Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Role of long-span structures in convention center • Convention centers consist of large exhibition halls, auditoriums, lecture halls, conference rooms, concert halls, hotel areas, etc. in all that space column-free and unobstructed interior space is required to accommodate a group of thousands of people.

The Irving Convention Center In Las Colinas

Boston Convention and Exhibition Center

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

Long span structure •

Those structures which have unobstructed, column-free space with a span greater than 15-20 m are classified as long-span structures.

Long span structure in stadium

Long span structure in mall

(Source: long span structure Google search)

(Source: long span structure Google search)

Scope In the limited period of the dissertation, the following components will be studied: • Study of different structural systems will be studied in the library study.

• Study of long-span structure in case studies and comparative analysis • Study of structural fixing detail and their load transfer mechanism

Kentucky International Convention Center

Colorado Convention Center

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

Methodology Selection of topic Collection of data related to topic Study long span structures: •

Related materials

•

Fixing of members detail

Library study on structures

•

Load transfer mechanism

Case studies related to topic

Analysis of collected data through case studies and library study

Conclusion based on various studies

Methodology (Source: Author)

Organization of dissertation •

Introduction

•

Literature study

•

Case studies

•

Analysis and conclusion

New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center

Owensboro-Daviess County Convention Center

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

(Source: convention center - Google Search)

Literature study

Long span structure •

Those structures which have unobstructed, column-free space with a span greater than 1520 m are classified as long-span structures.

Long span structure

Long span structure

(Source: long span structure Google search)

(Source: long span structure Google search)

Need of long span structures Typically used for programs that need a large volume of uninterrupted space.

•

Arenas

•

Recreational centers

•

Exhibit halls

•

Convention centers

•

Theatres

•

Airports + Hangars

•

Warehouses

•

Industrial/ Manufacturing

Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China (Source: Tianjin Binhai Library, Tianjin, China - Google Search)

Role of long-span structure in a convention center • •

A Convention center is a place where a group of people gathers to share their common interests.

So that spaces in convention centers like an exhibition hall, auditorium, lecture hall, conference rooms, etc. should have an uninterrupted column-free environment & also meet up the requirement of stiffness & aesthetically pleasant.

Indiana Convention Center Expansion, United States (Source: Indiana Convention Center Expansion, United States Google Search)

Owensboro-Davies County Convention Center, United States (Source: Owensboro-Davies County Convention Center, United States - Google Search)

Galileo Square-Cube Law Objects can’t just be scaled up and retain their proportions.

•

Quantitative: Long spans >60’

•

Qualitative: Situations beyond standard beam theory

Taiyuan Botanical Garden, Taiyuan, china

Cosmic Ray Pavilion, Mexico City

(Source: Taiyuan Botanical Garden, Taiyuan, china - Google Search)

(Source: ARCH 445 Lecture 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Long span: Bigger issues •

Integration & coordination with structural engineer, cladding engineer, etc.

•

High risk is greater in long-span structure

•

Construction difficulties in transportation and assembling of structural elements

•

Cost/ Economy

•

Material performance

•

Connections efficiency issues

•

Thermal expansion

•

Deflections Failure of long-span steel structure (Source: Failure of long-span steel structure - Google Search)

Long span: Materials •

All Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) including precast & prestressed

•

All types of metal like mild steel, structural steel, stainless steel, or aluminium alloy

•

All timber

•

Steel-Concrete composite material

•

Plastic-coated textile material (fabric)

•

Fiber-reinforced plastic

Heydar Aliyev center

Heydar Aliyev center (Source: Heydar Aliyev center - Google Search)

Basic geometries of long span structures One-way long span structures: •

The structures spanning in one direction on predictable & repeatable units are classified as one-way long-span structures.

One-way long span structure (Source: One-way long span structures - Google Search)

Potential span limit of different one-way structural system

Braced barrel vault

(Source: ARCH 445 Lecture 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

(Source: ARCH 445 Lecture 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Basic geometries of long span structures Two-way long span structures: •

The structure spanning in two directions is classified as a two-way long-span structure.

Palazzetto dello sport, Rome, 1957 (Source: Palazzetto dello Sport (Rome, 1957) | Structurae)

Potential span limit of different two-way structural system

Pantheon dome, Rome, 126AD

(Source: ARCH 445 Lecture 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

(Source: Why does the Pantheon have a hole in the roof? - Quora)

Historical context

Thin shells space trusses lattice shells cable structures

Arch dome

Ancient space structures

1900

Pneumatic membrane structures cable-membrane structure beam string structure cable domes, etc.

1925

Age partition of space structure (Source: Mircea Georgescu Lecture 18: 02/03/2017)

Modern space structure

Premodern space structures

1950

1975

2000 Composite space trusses cable-stayed grid structures tree-type structures polyhedron space frames, etc.

Ancient period long-span structures (up to 1925) The material available in ancient times: • Timber • Masonry is made from stone (vulnerable to tension and bending forces) • Masonry is made from brick (also vulnerable to tension and bending forces)

Arch system in churches

Vault system in cathedral

(Source: church and cathedral vault - Google Search)

(Source: church and cathedral vault - Google Search)

Industrial revolution (started in England 18th century) • • •

Production of steel on a massive scale The price of steel is the same as the material used in construction Steel can resist tension and bending loads.

Crystal palace, London (Source: Mircea Georgescu Lecture 18: 02/03/2017)

Pre-Modern period long-span structures (between 1925 to 1975)

Glenn L. Martin Co. Aircraft Assembly building Baltimore (Source: Glenn L. Martin Co. Aircraft Assembly building Baltimore - Google Search)

Lattice shell built in Zeiss planetarium, Germany (Source: Lattice shell built in Zeiss planetarium, Germany - Google Search)

Airship hanger US Navy-New Jersey (Source: Airship hanger US Navy-New Jersey - Google Search)

Modern period long-span structures (from 1975) •

Long-span structures become popular during this period.

Louisiana superdome, USA (Source: Mircea Georgescu Lecture 18: 02/03/2017)

Comparison ancient-modern structures in terms of span (Source: Mircea Georgescu Lecture 18: 02/03/2017)

Classification of long span structure systems Long span Structure systems

Section active

Vector active

Form active



Fish belly beams

•

Plane truss



Castellated beams

•

Space frame



Tapered girders



Stub girders



Folded plates



Long vault

•

Arches

•

Cables

Surface  

Pneumatic Air supported Air inflated

Shells and domes Classification of long span structure systems (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Section active long-span structure systems •

Structural systems that represent by beams & columns, which support different load by their cross-section are known as section active structure systems.

The following structures is based on this structural system: • Fish belly beams • Castellated beams • Tapered girders • Stub girders • Folded plates • Long vault

Different type of bending moment and shear diagram (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Fish belly beams •

•

Fish belly beam external profile is similar to fish belly. Its upper chord is straight and lower chord has convex curved.

Fish belly beam can use up to 10-18m of span.

Fish belly beams (Source: Fish belly beam - Google Search)

Fish belly shaped prestressed concrete beam (Source: patents.google.com)

Evolution of fish belly beam (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Castellated beams • • •

Castellated beam have cutout in web and then welding between cutout.

Web opening also allow HVAC ducts to pass through the beams.

It can span up to 10-16m.

Stress diagram- rectangular beam (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Detail of castellated beam section (Source: Castellated beams (Source: Castellated beams - Google Search)

http://www.bdcuniversity.com/site s/sgcuniversity/files/NMBS %20Castellated%20Beams %20Course_0.pdf)

Different web shape opening (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Tapered girders •

Tapered girder span up to 10-20m.

•

This type of beam also allow services to pass through the beam, depth of beam is increases in middle where moments are high and thinner near supports.

Different type of tapered beam profile (Source: type of Tapered girders - Google Search)

Tapered girders (Source: Tapered girders - Google Search)

Stub girders •

•

The stub girder has a bottom chord I section on which (stub) short length I section sit where I section in form of purlin is overlapping the bottom chord, over that metal decking then the concrete slab is placed.

Spans of stub girder up to 20m.

Components of stub girder (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Stub girder Stub girder detail (Source: Raafat E S Ismail, www.reasearchgate.net)

(Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Folded plates • • •

Folded plates is folded planar surfaces that behave like beams that spans between support in long direction.

It resists tension, compression and shear stress within surfaces of the plates.

By removing material from neutral axis of folded plates can make space for entering daylight into the structure.

Using folded plate in warehouse

Museo Del Acero in Monterrey, Mexico

Load transfer mechanism (Source: ARCH

(Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

(Source: Grimshaw | ArchDaily)

445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Folded plates

Fixing of members detail (Source: www.scribd.com)

Long vault • • • •

Long vault behave like curved beam having bearing capacity depend upon retention of curved surface.

Long vault top portion in compression, bottom portion in tension and shear in middle.

A long vault may use as to capture the north light in factories It can span up to 90m.

Kimbell art museum, TX (Source: https://archeyes.com/kimbell-art-museum)

Discontinuous long vault

Load transfer mechanism

(Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

(Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc YouTube)

Long vault

Construction detail of long vault (Source: the shell structures system - PDFCOFFEE.COM)

Form active long span structure systems •

The structure which supports external forces & self-weight on account of the particular form given to their material is known as form active structures or single stress condition structures.

Its classified into two groups: 1. Arches & short vault structures (compression structure) 2. Cable structures (tensile structure)

Cable structures (Source: Cable structures - Google Search)

Short vault structure (Source: Short vault structure - Google Search)

Short vault • • •

Short vault behave like arches primarily and generate thrust at spring line.

To resist thrust: stiffen with ribs, tie back structure with cables and curve surfaces.

Short vaults are also made as a hybrid structure of folded plate (section modules)

Load transfer mechanism in short vault & arch (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Airship hangars, Orly (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Cable structures •

• •

Cables are slender, flexible members composed of high-strength wires twisted together to form a strand, which has ultimate tensile strength.

They can carry direct tension stress but buckle under compressive forces.

Load measured per unit length in cable structures.

Stabilization of suspension cable (Source: Structural Elements in Architecture by Peter Maratta 1978)

Inverted barrel roof with vertical columns (Source: Structure

Inverted barrel roof with vertical columns and guy wires (Source: Structure in

Inverted barrel roof with inclined columns (guy masts) and guys (Source:

in Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Structure in Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Cable structures

Suspended cantilever roof (Source: Structure in Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Funicular form of cable (Source: Author)

Suspended RCC roof (Source: Structure in Architecture

by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Mechanism of vertical load (Source: Author)

Bicycle roof (Source: Structure in Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Cable structures •

Cable nets: Nets of cables can be of many shapes such as square, triangular, hexagonal, etc.

•

Membrane: It is s sheet of material so thin that it does not develop compression and bending but only tension. They are used only because they like two-dimensional funicular surfaces.

Base connection of membrane structure (Source: Base connection for a large tension membrane structure | IDEA StatiCa)

Fixing detail of cable (Source: (28) Pinterest)

Type of cable nets (Source: Author)

Vector active long span structure •

There is a structure consisting of linear members joined together with hinge joints in which members develop either axial compression or tension but no bending stresses.

There are two type of trusses: 1. Planar truss 2. Space frame truss

Load transfer mechanism of truss (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Structural behavior of truss (Source: Structural Elements in Architecture

Members of truss (Source: Structural Elements in Architecture by Peter Maratta

by Peter Maratta 1978)

1978)

Vector active long span structure Planar truss •

• • • • • • •

A set of several triangles joined by hinge joints in a vertical plane constitute a plane truss, a different type of truss suitable for different spans.

Howe (6 panels) Pratt (flat) Howe scissors Warren W/O vertical supports Tubular truss (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube) Hip Warren with vertical supports Quadrangular warren Lynx Central Station, Orlando, FL

Type of plane truss

(Source: Transportation Service | CST Industries)

(Source: Structure in Architecture by Prof. Harbhajan Singh)

Planar truss

Construction detail of Pratt truss (Source: Steel

Construction detail of Howe truss (Source: General Drawing of Howe Truss - Covered Bridge,

Floor Flat Pratt Truss Support to SHS Column (civilworx.com))

Carlisle, Warren County, IA | Library of Congress (loc.gov))

Vector active long span structure Space frame truss •

•

A space frame is a lightweight rigid structure with interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. It usually utilize multidirectional spans with few supports Space frame depth is related to the length of span; typically an L/D ration of 15-25

Direct grid

Offset grid

Space frame (Source: space

Type of support in space frame (Source:

frame structure - Google Search)

Structural Elements in Architecture by Peter Maratta 1978)

Differential grid

Lattice grid

Type of skeletal space frame truss (Source: Structural Elements in Architecture

Space frame truss

Square & Triangular shape space frame (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Different type of space frame connections (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Classification of space truss by orientation (Source: Structural Elements in Architecture by Peter Maratta 1978)

US air force academy, Colorado (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Surface active long span structures •

•

Structures in which loads are transferred through the surface by tension, compression, or shear are known as surface active structures.

Compression is along the arch and the tension is along the longitudinal direction.

Single and double curved surfaces (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Comparison b/t surfaces Type of synclastic surfaces (Source: Author)

(Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Load transfer mechanism (Source: Structural Elements in Architecture by Peter Maratta 1978)

Surface active long span structures Type of supports in multi-hyperbolic paraboloid: • • •

For two supports For single supports For four supports

Hangars at marigane, Auguste perret (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Assembly hall, university of Illinois (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Hyperbolic parabolic surface (Source: Author)

Single and double curved surfaces (Source: Structural Elements in Architecture by Peter Maratta 1978)

Pneumatic long span structures • • • • • • • • •

The pneumatic structure is a membrane (envelop) is a shell of the structure.

It is tensioned by its surface.

A translucent membrane provides natural light to the interior space and gathers solar radiation in the winter.

Structure components: Material Cables Anchors Air lock Inflation system

Eden project in Cornwall, UK (Source: Yha Eden Project from $38. Par Hotel Deals & Reviews - KAYAK)

Types of anchorage in pneumatic structure

Component of pneumatic structure (Source:

(Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Pneumatic long span structures There are two types of pneumatic structures: 1. Air supported structure 2. Air inflated structure

Air supported structure: •

Air-supported structures have single roof membranes which are sealed around the perimeter and supported by internal pressure slightly higher than the surrounding atmosphere.

Air supported structure (Source: air supported structure - Google Search)

Mechanism of air-supported structure (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Behavior of structure under loading (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Pneumatic long span structures Air supported structure:

U.S. Pavilion, expo 1970, span of 142m (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc

Different type of geometry of airsupported structure (Source: ARCH 445

Non spherical air supported shapes (Source:

Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Pneumatic long span structures Air inflated structure: •

An Air-inflated structure is built on pillows (ribs) of a variety of shapes, even in the plan this structure is circular but in a section, they form as arch or gravity resistance form.

Load transfer mechanism of air-inflated structures (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Component of air-inflated structure (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Pneumatic long span structures (Air inflated structure)

Bubble building/ 3GATTI architecture studio, China (Source: www.archdaily.com)

Fuji pavilion, Expo 70, Osaka, Japan, 12 inflated tubes with 50m span (Source: ARCH 445 Lectures 01bc Long Span Intro bc - YouTube)

Ontario's celebration zone pavilion (Source: Ontario's Celebration Zone Pavilion / Hariri Pontarini Architects | ArchDaily)

Case study’s

Case Study I: Kimbell Art Museum (Kimbell Art Museum, Texas, United States )

data Project Typology: Museum  Project Location: Texas, United States  Longest span: 100 ft. (30 m)  Area: 4.9 acres  Architect: Louis I. Kahn

Auditorium area (Source: https://archeyes.com/kimbell-museum-louis-kahn)

 Year of complete: 1972  Structure system: Long vault (Section Courtyard area

active system)

(Source: https://archeyes.com/kimbell-museum-louis-kahn)

57

Structure of museum • •

There are a total of 16 vaults, each measuring 23 ft. by 100 ft. clear.

All the vaults are supported by distinct columns that are each divided by a 6' concrete channel and are each supported by 2' X 2' concrete columns Cycloid vault

Load transfer of vault & detail (Source: http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/Files/kimballArt.pdf)

(Source: Cycloid Wikipedia)

Section of typical vault (Source: https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/s/a3540-louiskahns/)

Load transfer direction in plan (Source: http://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/Files/kimballArt.pdf)

Structure of museum

Floor plan (Source:https://archeyes.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/02/ kimbell-museum-louis-kahn courtyard.jpg)

Structural detail of museum (Source: https://archeyes.com/kimbell-art-museum)

Case Study II: Chhatrapati Shivaji International AirportTerminal 2 (Mumbai)

data Project Typology: Airport  Project Location: Mumbai, India  Longest span: 210 ft. (64 m)  Area: 105 hectares  Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill

Structure of roof (Source: https://www.archdaily.com)

 Year of complete: 2014  Structure system: Pratt Planer truss and Waiting area

space frame truss (Vector active system)

(Source: https://www.archdaily.com)

61

Structure of airport •

•

There are 30 mega columns, each 135 ft. tall and supporting 17 acres of the mega roof 190 ft. above and 45,000 ft. of space without an expansion joint which takes the load of 15,000 tons.

Each mega column's pods, are 55 ft. tall steel frame structures that extend 105 ft. from the center and laterally to form 24 separate arches while connecting all 30 mega columns.

Glass-fiberreinforced gypsum panels use in roof Truss of roof

Load transfer mechanism

(Source:https://www.archdaily.com/477107/chhatrapati-shivaji-international-airport-terminal-2som)

(Source:https://www.youtube.com_Bridge Megastructures)

(Source:https://www.archdaily.co m/477107/chhatrapati-shivajiinternational-airport-terminal-2som)

Structure of airport

Section through north south (Source: https://www.archdaily.com)

Type of steel connection used (Source: https://www.archdaily.com/477107/chhatrapati-shivajiinternational-airport-terminal-2-som)

Plan of airport (Source: https://www.archdaily.com)

Case Study III: The Ismaili Center (Lisbon, Portugal )

data Project Typology: Institutional & administration  Project Location: Palma de Baixo, Lisbon, Portugal  Longest span: 131 ft. (40 m)  Area: 3.5 acres

Corridor of Ismaili center (Source: Gallery: Architecture of the Ismaili Centre, Lisbon | the. Ismaili)

 Architect: Raj Rewal, Frederico Valsassina  Year of complete: 1998  Structure system: Lattice structure, space truss & Cable (Vector active system)

View of prayer hall (Jamat khana) (Source: https://ismailimail.blog/2015/08/02/ismailicentre-in-lisbon-portugal/)

Structure of building •

•

The design choice combines stone, which is strong in compression, with steel, which is strong in tension, creating a coherent structural pattern that evokes Islamic principles and takes into account the Lisbon seismic zone.

Pre-stressed cables are suspended in the air support domes.

Detail of composite structure (Source:

https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/lisbon-ismaili-centre-portugal/)

Detail of composite structure of granite and steel with tensile steel cables (Source:https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/lisbon-ismaili-centre-portugal/)

Detail of composite structure (Source: https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/lisbon-ismaili-centreportugal/)

Interior of prayer hall

Structure of building

Prayer hall front view (Source: portugal/)

https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/lisbon-ismaili-centre-

Rear view of Prayer hall (Source: https://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/photo/lisbon-ismailicenter-jamatkhana-royalty-free-image/941115460)

Plan of Ismaili center (Source: portugal/)

https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/lisbon-ismaili-centre-

Case Study IV: Shijiazhuang International Convention Exhibition Center (Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China)

&

Project data  Typology: Convention & Exhibition center  Project Location: Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China  Longest span: 354 ft. (108 m)  Area: 64.4 hectares  Exhibition hall area: 11,000 & 26,000 sqm

Standard exhibition hall (Source: Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition Center / THAD | ArchDaily)

 Architect: Weimin Zhuang  Year of complete: 2019  Structure system: Two-way cable suspended (Form active system)

Interior of exhibition hall (Source: Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition Center / THAD | ArchDaily)

Structure of building • • •

The top of the exhibition halls in the cable-suspended structure is undulating and well-proportioned, and it spans a large area.

The primary bearing structure's maximum span is 105 m, while the second bearing structure's maximum span is 108 m.

To stabilize the structure, tension ties employed in direction of primary cables.

Perspective section of standard exhibition hall (Source: Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition Center / THAD | ArchDaily)

Suspension of cables (Source: Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition Center / THAD | ArchDaily)

Parabolic suspension cables Catenary suspension cables

Guyed mast support

Evolution of structure (Source: Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition Center / THAD | ArchDaily)

Suspension structure detail (Source: Shijiazhuang International Convention & Exhibition Center / THAD | ArchDaily)

Case Study V: Sydney Opera House (Sydney, Australia )

data Project Typology: Performing Arts Center  Project Location: Sydney, Australia  Longest span: 600 ft. (183 m)  Area: 4.4 acres

Interior of opera house

(Source: Gallery of AD Classics: Sydney Opera House / Jørn Utzon - 2 (archdaily.com)

 Architect: Jorn Utzon  Year of complete: 1973  Structure system: Shell (Surface active system)

Steps to opera house

(Source: Gallery of AD Classics: Sydney Opera House / Jørn Utzon - 2 (archdaily.com)

Structure of building • • • • •

They developed a workable design that used a ribbed structure of precast concrete shells made from sphere-shaped sections.

The shells are covered with 1,056,066 ceramic tiles.

The 2000 glass panels are supported by bronze glazing bars.

The structure is 183 m (600 ft.) long, 120 m (394 ft.) wide.

Section of a sphere is 75.2 m radius.

Component of shell system Sphere shaped section

(Source: Sydney Opera House - Designing Buildings)

(Source: (62) Sydney opera house - case study report | Adriana X Sanchez Academia.edu

Chevrons tile pattern over roof (Source: (62) Sydney opera

Component of shell system

house - case study report | Adriana X Sanchez - Academia.edu

(Source:https://www.getty.edu/foundation/ pdfs/kim/sydney_final_report.pdf)

•

•

A network of concrete ribs which line up 2,194 precast concrete roof panels weight up to 15 tons each. which are all covered with more than a million tiles The 580 concrete piers that support the opera house are excavated up to 25 m below sea level

Section of opera house (Source: Sydney Opera House / Jorn Utzon | ArchEyes)

Site & ground floor plan (Source: Sydney Opera House / Jorn Utzon | ArchEyes)

Case Study VI: The Eden Project (Bodelva, United Kingdom)

data Project Typology: Green house  Project

Location:

Bodelva,

United

Kingdom  Longest span: 787 ft. (240 m)  Area: 15 hectares

Inside The Eden project (Source: https://www.archdaily.com/901136/grimshaws-next-edenproject-could-be-in-the-north-of-england)

 Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw  Year of complete: 2001  Structure system: Geodesic dome and airinflated (Pneumatic system)

Air-inflated pillow in structure (Source:https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/arch504ukgreenarch/ casestudies/edenproject1.pdf)

Structure of building • •

•

The largest biome, the humid tropics, is nearly 240 m long, 55m high and 110 m wide.

The structure incorporates of hexagonal pieces, which were further attached to networks of triangles for stability.

In the glazing air-inflated pillows material ETFE (ethyltetraflouroethylene) is used.

Plan & section of biomes Schematic section of Eden project (Source: https://www.archdaily.com/901136/grimshaws-next-eden-project-could-be-in-the-north-of-england)

(Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 294617101_The_Eden_Project_Design_fabrication_and_assembly_of_the_l argest_greenhouse_of_the_world)

• Energy efficient wise, the sphere shape help to conserve the heating that is needed in the humidtropics biome.

• Because that sphere shape has the largest amount of volume compared to its surface area of any form.

Plan of Eden project Connection detail (Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 294617101_The_Eden_Project_Design_fabrication)

(Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 294617101_The_Eden_Project_Design_fabrication_and_assem bly_of_the_largest_greenhouse_of_the_world)

Analysis & Conclusion

Analysis Sr. no Parameters

Kimbell Art Chhatrapati

The

Ismaili Shijiazhuang Sydney

Museum,

Shivaji

Center,

Internationa

Opera

Project,

Texas,

International

Lisbon,

l Convention House,

England

United

Airport-

Portugal

& Exhibition Australia

States

Terminal

2,

Location

Located

in Located

China in Located

Texas, United Airport States

Terminal

Classification of Section active Vector active structure system

in Located

in Located

Palma de Baixo Shijiazhuang, Sydney, 2, Lisboa,

Mumbai, India 2.

Eden

Center,

Mumbai 1.

The

Hebei, China

Australia

Portugal Vector active

in Located in Bodelva, United Kingdom

Form active

Surface active

Pneumatic

3.

Structure system Long vaults

Pratt Planer Lattice

used

truss

Two-way

Shell

and structure, space cable

space frame truss & Cable

Geodesic dome

suspended

and

air-inflated

truss 4.

Longest span

30 m

5.

Is the case study Yes, because it Yes, because Yes, because it Yes, because Yes, because Yes, because a good example uses of

a

long-span vaults

structure?

64 m long it

uses

planer

40 m a uses

108 m a

183 m

240 m

lattice it uses a two- it uses a shell it

and structure, space way

cable- structure

uses

a

geodesic

space frame frame truss & suspended

dome

truss

air-inflated

cable

structure

pillow

and

6.

Construction Concrete,

Steel, Glass- Pink

material

steel

fiber-

used

granite Cables,

Precast

Tubular

lattice, steel, steel

concrete shell, steel truss,

reinforceme reinforced

ceramic tiles, pulley,

tensioned steel ETFE

nt,

polished tiles steel

cables,

glass

& cables

panels

&

glass

cable, gypsum panels

ceramic tiles

7.

Advantages of

Long

vaults Load

this behave

like transferred

structure

curved

beams- through

system

having

bearing networks

capacity

triangular

is Space frame Cables usually

carry

utilizes

tension

can Thin shells are Unobstructed direct thin enough not interior

of multidirectio through nal

members.

the retention of which are light accomplishe

can

portion

in is also low.

compression, bottom

a

portion

supports.

because there

bending stresses is no need for It but thick enough columns. be to carry loads by The

curved in weight and s long spans uniformly

surface its top their dead load with

develop space,

their appreciable

spans flexible

depending upon panel chords, and the

to

tension,

few distributed

air-

inflated

compression, and structures

load & self- shear stresses.

can

load along the

better

length

asymmetrical

and

resist

in tension, and

takes the form

loading

shear in middle.

of

(wind, snow,

catenary

and parabolic

etc.)

8.

Disadvantages Section

Space

of

structure

this active

structure

structure can consists

system

get

frame Space

frame Cables

structure of consists

heavy linear

can of carry

A

shell Higher

structure

initial cost

consists of due

to

linear members direct

different

and bulky if members

joined together tension

types

they use a joined

with hinge joint stress

curvature

inflated

shapes

structure.

long

span together with which consists but

structure and hinge

joint of failures and buckle

modification which in structure cannot done.

their consists failures

thermal of expansion and the material.

be thermal expansion of the material.

under

complicity of of

which require

of compres accuracy of sive

formwork

forces.

and precision.

air-

9.

How does the The structure The structure The

structure The

structure

system

system

system

system

influences

influences the influences

influence

the the aesthetic aesthetic

form

and of

the the

aesthetic of the building building

through

a mega

its through space lattice

cross-section frame roof. of

a

vault.

long

structure structure the system

system

of aesthetic of the influenc influences

building building

through

The

structure.

es

the the

The structure system influences the

its aesthetic aesthetic of aesthetic of of

the the building the building

building through its through its through

spherical

pentagonal

suspensi shell shape. geodesic on cables.

dome.

10.

Construction

12 million

600 million

Residential,

Assembly

15 million

3.2 billion

102 million

141 million

and Assembly

and Assembly,

Assembly,

Assembly,

and mercantile

mixed-use

cost 11.

Which typology

of educational,

institutional

building this mercantile and building. structure 12.

storage

building.

mercantile

and business and business

building.

building.

building.

does Structure

Structure

Structure

is business

suitable

building.

Does

Structure does Structure

structure

not

provide

flexible spaces spaces

flexible

&

spaces

institutional

provide provide flexible provide flexible does provide does

& modification.

modification

does Structure

modification.

& spaces modification.

& flexible spaces

not does provide

provide

flexible

& flexible

modification. spaces

spaces

&

& modification.

modification.

Conclusion • • •

•

•

Structural system decided according to the typology of the building, span, availability of material, and type of flexible spaces it provides.

The type of structural system used in the building depends upon the functional requirement & type of load carried by the structure.

Composite & sustainable materials are energy efficient and it has low carbon emissions which blended the building with the existing landscape. Using new composite material will have more strength to weight ratio than our conventional building material. Some materials like compressed paper tubes, cardboard and vernacular materials like bamboo, wood, slate tiles, locally available stone, etc.

In long-span structures flexible spaces are very crucial shell structures are more rigid and section active limited span and form active structure bulk under compression load and pneumatic structures have to put energy into it. Thus vector active structures in comparison to other types of structures provide flexible spaces and their material and form are also viable.

Structure systems in long spans can be achieved through the combination of different structures according to their material, span, and advantages of that structure system.

References • • •

• • •

•

• •

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Thank you