BRAVO Native Wasington Magazine (online)

BRAVO WASHINGTON

NATIVE MAGAZINE

Olympic Peninsula, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane

CONTENTS CHIEF SEATTLE

Chief Sealth was born in 1786 and was the leader of the Suquamish and Duwamish tribes.

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PEOPLE OF THE CLEAR SALT WATER

The ancestral Suquamish have lived in Central Puget Sound for approximately 10,000 years before present.

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TSE-WHIT-ZENANCIENT INDIAN VILLAGE

The State Department of Transportation unearthed Tsewhite-zen in August 2003, while building a dry dock on the Port Angeles, Washington front.

60 THE QUINLEUTE PEOPLE

The Quileute people settled onto the Quileute Indian Reservation after signing the Treaty of Quinault River of 1855,

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THE PEOPLE OF THE INSIDE

The First People of the City of Seattle, Mercer Island, Renton, Bellevue, Tukwila and much more of King County, Washington.

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CITY OF DREAMS American Indian tribes located in what is now Jefferson County in the mid-19th century included the Chemakum (or Chimacum), Hoh (a group of the Quileute), Klallam (or Clallam), Quinault and Twana (the Kilcid band Anglicized: Quilcene.

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OZETTE VILLAGE

The Makah people have inhabited Neah Bay for more than 3,810 years, according to archaeological research.

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THE COWLITZ PEOPLE

The Cowlitz people are divided into two main groups-the Taidnapam, or Upper Cowlitz, and the Lower Cowlitz.

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12 NATIVE WASHINGTON, MAGAZINE 2024 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder.

All efforts have been made to provide updated information regarding businesses included in this publication.

Front Cover Photo: Best, Christopher ISBN 978-0-9812574-1-9

Published and bound in China chris@metro-online.ca Warfleet Press 1038 East 63rd Ave. Vancouver BC V5X2L1 www.warfleetpress.com

Dear Readers!

We hope you enjoy your adventure into the fabulous world of the west coast First Nations people. Look for other adventure guides on our web page at: www.adventure-guides.ca

Washington Helena 21

Sidney 50

Missoula 25

Virginia City 51

Kalispell 27

Bozeman 53

Great Falls 29

Bridger 55

Fort Benton 33

Lewiston 57

Malta 45

Roundup 58

Glasgow 46

Billings 59

Bainsville 47

Hardin 61

Scobey 49

Squamish

Musqueam Kwantlen

Nanaimo

Semiahmoo

Chemainus

Nooksack Cowichan

Saanich

Lummi

Malahat

Nuwheha

Nootka

Songish

Samish

Sooke

Swinomish Skagit

STRAITS SALISH TRIBES Klallam

Snohomish

Adapted from Wayne P. Suttles, “Economic Life Of The Coast Salish of Haro and Rosario Straits,” Unpublished PH.D Dissertation, University of Washington 1951

BELLINGHAM

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House Of Tears Carvers

plants such as Camas and different species of berries, and most importantly involved the fishing of salmon. The Lummi developed a fishing technique known as “reef netting”. Reef netting was used for taking large quantities of fish in salt water.

Photo: Lummi man with thunderbird spirit dance costume and drum, ca1930-33, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, NA1796

WHATCOM MUSEUM HISTORY & ART

The museum’s collection of Native American artifacts includes good examples of the use of natural materials to enhance the quality of native life, including baskets, bentwood boxes, masks, canoe, fishing gear, Salish and Chilkat blankets, mats, hats, and other tools and accessories. A video on contemporary Lummi basketweaver Anna Jefferson adds a first-person voice to the interpretation. www.whatcommuseum.org

Bellingham

In pre-Colonial times, the tribe migrated seasonally between many sites including Point Roberts, Washington, Lummi Peninsula, Portage Island, as well as sites in the San Juan Islands, including Sucia Island. The traditional lifestyle of the Lummi, like many Northwest Coast tribes, consisted of the collecting of shellfish, gathering of

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The Honoring Pole, at Shanksville, PA www.lummihealingpole.org Photo: JeffreyJ.Kitsko

Photo: Next page, Nisqually men named Bill Quiemuth, Luke, George Leschi & Yelm Jim, Washington, c1899, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, NA654

House Of Tears Carvers In early July of 2002, Lummi tribal member Jewell Praying Wolf James (Indian Name: tse-Sealth, a lineal descendant of Chief Seattle) began carving an old growth cedar log donated by Crown Pacific Limited Partnership of Portland, Oregon. Mr James, a Northwest Coast Spirit Dancer, master carver and President of the House of Tears Carvers, volunteered to carve a traditional Healing Pole dedicated to the memory of those who were killed at the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.

The Healing Pole was placed on September 7, 2002 in Arrow Park, in the 20,000-acre Sterling Forest, one hour north of Manhattan.

In September of 2003, a second carving, named the Honoring Pole (pictured at left) was delivered by the Lummi delegation to the site of the crash of Flight 93 in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

Now, the final totem memorial, a linked pair named the Liberty and Freedom Poles, has completed its cross-country journey for placement at the Pentagon, September 19th, 2004.

LYNDEN

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Lynden (Squ-ha-lisb)

wack and Matsqua tribes in B.C. To a lesser extent, they traded with coastal Lummis and Semiahmoos, and the Skagit Valley tribes. During spring and fall fish runs, 10 to 12 families would share a smokehouse on the riverbank next to fish traps. They’d catch, clean and dry thousands of salmon a day. Phoebe Judson, founder of Lynden, wrote that the Nooksack believed “the spirit of the fish dwells in its backbone and returns to the salt water to lure other salmon to their traps.”

Lynden

Five thousand years before pioneers came to the Nooksack River Valley, the Nooksack Indians were plunging shallow root nets into the river to catch Chinook, Coho and Chum salmon. They paddled the currents in shovel-nosed canoes fashioned from Western Red Cedar trading with the nearby Lummi and Chilliwack tribes.

While the women and children would harvest the plentiful wildroot crops of berries and carrots, the men would hunt for mountain goat to harvest their meat and use the pelts for winter warmth and summer trade.

Their primary trade partners were the Sumas, Chilliwack and Matsqua tribes in B.C. To a lesser extent, they traded with coastal Lummis and Semiahmoos, and the Skagit Valley tribes.

About 450 Nooksack Indians lived in the valley in 27 villages on the shores of the Nooksack River.

The largest settlements were near present-day Lynden (Squ-ha-lisb), Everson (Pop-a-homy) and (Kisk-a-well) where the river forks (Mile 14). Early Nooksack dug pit dwellings 4-12 feet deep over which they erected a bark tepee. Later generations built plank longhouses. Their primary trade partners were the Sumas, Chilli-

20 From I-5 Bellingham Take exit 256. Turn onto Guide Meridian / WA-539 going northbound toward Lynden. Continue to follow Guide Meridian Rd / WA-539 for 12.5 miles. Turn right at WA-546. Go 3.5 miles.

Turn left at Northwood Road.

Go 2 miles

Nooksack River Casino is home to over 500 slots, all your favorite table games, live poker, keno, fabulous dining, and the best promotions in the area. Just 15 minutes east of Bellingham, and 25 minutes south of Sumas border crossing, we’re your sure bet for fun! www.nooksackcasinos.com

LA CONNER

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The Swinomish Tribe

Cassera Arts Premiers

106 1st St

(310) 691-9391

www.casseraartspremiers.com

LaConner

For thousands of years the Swidubsh ancestors lived in harmony with the earth, sea, and animals in the area now referred to as Skagit, San Juan, and Island Counties. In the middle of the nineteenth century, white settlers began to arrive. the Treaty of Point Elliott was signed on January 22, 1855. The Treaty established the Swinomish Reservation as a permanent homeland for the Swinomish, Kikiallus, Samish, and Lower Skagit Tribes. These four Coast Salish speaking Tribes are now referred to as the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community or simply the Swinom ish Tribe. Vast aboriginal lands, once stretched across the San Juan Islands and parts of Whidbey and Camano Islands and throughout the Skagit River drainage. Photo: swinomish.org

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The Museum documents, preserves, and interprets 180,000 County-related artifacts. Extensive collections of dolls, household items, quilts, clothing, Native American pieces, tools, and farm equipment are exhibited on a rotating basis to provide a variety of views into our county’s past. Reference questions regarding collections are answered by appointment.

The Museum also offers assistance to patrons who want to know how to store and care for their personal heirlooms and photographs. The Museum’s goal is to “Preserve history for all people, for all time.” www.skagitcounty.net

K. Paul Carvings Master wood carver

Visitors travel from many directions to visit the carver at his studio home in the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community. Kevin comes from a family of traditional carvers. His family of carvers includes his late father, Alex Paul, Sr. (Colville tribal member), Alex Paul, Jr. (Colville tribal member) and his late uncle, Michael Paul (Colville tribal member. www.kpaulcarvings.com

FRIDAY HARBOR

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A Temperate Climate

www.arcticravengallery fridayharbor.com

Bellingham

The San Juan Islands were inhabited by the Northern Straits Salish peoples for at least 9,000 years prior to European contact. The Northern Straits Salish include the Lummi and Mitchell Bay Indians, who believe San Juan Island to be their place of origin. Other Native people inhabited the islands seasonally, preserving food in summer for the winter.

Arctic Raven Gallery is a fine art gallery featuring Arctic and Northwest Coast Native work. We are located in “the heart of the Salish Sea,” in Friday Harbor on San Juan Island in Puget Sound. Our collection of Northwest Coast Indian masks, wood carvings and prints represents local peoples including the Coast Salish, Kwaguilth, and Makah nations as well as the more northern Haida, Tlingit and Tsimshian.

ORCAS ISLAND

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A Village And Burial Site With a land area of 57.3 square miles (148.4 km²) and a population of 4,453 (2000 census), Orcas Island is slightly larger, but less populous, than neighboring San Juan Island. Orcas is shaped like a pair of saddlebags, separated by fjord-like East Sound, with Massacre Bay on the south side, and tiny Skull Island just off the coast. At the northern end of the island is the village of Eastsound, the largest town on Orcas and the second largest in San Juan County. In 1989 the Lummi Nation regained a village and burial site on Orcas Island’s Madrona Point near Eastsound, and now sound, and now operates it as Madrona Point Park, a private preserve characterized by hundreds of twisting madrona trees sprouting from the rocky shoreline. Photo: c1905 The Honest, Edward S. Curtis

ORCAS ISLAND HISTORICAL MUSEUM In the 1950s and 1960s, various island families donated six original homestead cabins built during the 1870s and the 1890s to the Society. Volunteers disassembled the structures at their original sites, then moved, reconstructed and linked the structures together to create the main museum facility. These cabins are now over a hundred years old, and not only house the collections, but are considered important historical artifacts in themselves. Each cabin serves as a space for interpreting specific aspects of island history as told through the life stories and material culture of the First Peoples and early European-American settlers of this area.

www.orcasmuseum.org

MARYSVILLE

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Language Called Lushootseed

Mary Moses, Washington, ca. 1900, U of Wash. Libraries, Special Coll. Na774

Bernie Kai-Kai Gobin Hatchery

Operated by the Tulalip Tribes and located on the Tulalip reservation near Marysville, Washington, USA. The hatchery raises and releases three species of salmon. www.tulalip.nsn.us

Marysville

The modern Tulalip is a mixture of several older indigenous peoples: the Snohomish, Snoqualmie, Skagit, Sauk-Suiattle, Samish and Stillaguamish; all these groups spoke a Salishan language called Lushootseed ( dxwləšúcid ); the Lushootseed spelling of “Tulalip” is “dxwlilap”.

Like many Northwest Coast natives, the Tulalip relied on fishing from local rivers for food and built plank houses (longhouses) to protect themselves from the harsh, wet winters west of the Cascade Mountains. RIGHT: Tulalip woman named

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PHOTO:Tulalip man named William Shelton carving a totem pole, Tulalip Indian Reservation, Washington, ca. 1910/ Ferdinand Brady Photographic Postcards. University of Washington Libraries. Special Collections Division, NA859

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Tualip

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ABOVE: Tulalip family in ceremonial dress pose in Volunteer Park, Seattle, Washington, 1938 / Norman Edson Collection no. 475 ,University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections Division, NA657

William Shelton (1869-1938) is the last hereditary chief of the Snohomish Indian tribe in Tulalip, Washington. He was also an author, a notable sculptor, and an emissary between the Snohomish people and the United States government.

During his lifetime, Shelton was one of the few Snohomish Indians to speak both English (which he learned when he enrolled himself in a mission school) and Lushootseed, the language of the Coast Salish Indians. During his lifetime, Shelton carved a number of story poles (often mistakenly called totem poles), very few of which still remain. One of those remaining story poles was cut in half after it began to rot. The top half now stands on the grounds of the Tulalip Elementary School. Shelton’s 1925 book The Story of the Totem Pole or Indian Legends is subtitled “Early Indian Legends As Handed Down From Generation To Generation. Shelton was permitted to carve a story pole in exchange for his willingness to create a written record of the oral legends behind the figures he wished to carve on the pole. At the time of Shelton’s death in 1938, the 71-foot pole was still unfinished. Members of the tribe finished carving the pole on his behalf. That pole stands on the grounds of the state capitol campus in Olympia,

Native American culture added to the curriculum La Conner schools build on long ties to Swinomish Tribe MOUNT VERNON — Though a channel divides the town of La Conner from the Swinomish Indian Tribal Community reservation, the two cultures are intertwined in Michael Carrigan’s shop class at La Conner High School.

His file cabinets are full of traditional Native American imagery — pictures of salmon, orcas and ravens. In a heartbeat, Carrigan can pull out examples of student-made tools and drums.

For their final projects, students carve totem poles that tell their own stories.

“It’s good for keeping some of the skills alive,” Carrigan said. “It generates an awareness, which creates a respect for other cultures.”

In La Conner schools, the cultural collaboration between the district and the tribe is a way of life.

“The Swinomish Tribe and La Conner schools have worked together for a very long time,” said Peg Seeling, who is the district’s director of teaching and learning, as well as its director of assessment. “It’s amazing how much history they have together.”

See full article from The Columbian, https://www.columbian.com/news/2016/jan/19/native-american-culture-added-to-the-curriculum/

William Shelton

Nakesha Edwards, a La Conner High School junior, shows some of her Native American-inspired carvings in La Conner High School. The cultural collaboration between the district and the Swinomish Tribe tribe is a way of life in La Conner. (Photos by Scott Terrell/Skagit Valley Herald)

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David Boxley Artist, Teacher, Performer TSIMSHIAN CULTURE BEARER David Boxley is a Tsimshian carver from Metlakatla, Alaska. David’s inspiration comes from his ancestors of the Tsimshian Tribe from Northern British Columbia and Southeast Alaska. David has dedicated over 40 years of his life to the revitalization and rebirth of Tsimshian arts and culture. www.davidboxley.com

SEATTLE

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Named “Seattle” After Chief Sealth Seattle

By the time the first European settlers arrived in the area, the Dkhw’Duw’Absh and Xachua’Bsh people (now called the Duwamish Tribe) occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay. The village was named “Seattle” after Chief Sealth (si’áb Si’ahl) of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes.

His father, Schweabe, was a noble from the main Suquamish village at Agate Pass and his mother, Sholitza, was Duwamish from the lower Green River. His birth occurred during an apocalyptic time in his peoples’ history.

PHOTO: Duwamish and Suquamish Chief Seattle, c1864, University of Washington Libraries,

FLURY & COMPANY LTD

In business at its present location in Seattle, Washington since 1981, Flury & Company Ltd. has established itself as one of the leading galleries in the world dealing in the purchase and sale of Edward S. Curtis photographic works.

322 First Avenue South Seattle, Wa 98104

206 587 0260 www.fluryco.com

32 Left: Statue (erected 1908) of Chief Seattle, Tilikum Place, Seattle, Washington. The statue is on the National Register of Historic Places Photo: Jan Kronsell

Chief Seattle Chief Seattle or Sealth (Lushootseed: siʔaɬ; c. 1786 – June 7, 1866), also spelled Seathle, Seathl, or See-ahth, was a leader of the Suquamish and Duwamish Native American tribes in what is now the U.S. state of Washington. A prominent figure among his people, he pursued a path of accommodation to white settlers, forming a personal relationship with David Swinson “Doc” Maynard. Seattle, Washington was named after him.

Sealth was born around 1786 on or near Blake Island, Washington. His father was a leader of the Suquamish tribe, and his mother was Wood-sho-lit-sa of the Duwamish.

In later years, Sealth claimed to have seen the ships of the Vancouver Expedition as they explored Puget Sound.

Sealth earned his reputation at a young age as a leader and a warrior, ambushing and defeating groups of enemy raiders coming up the Green River from the Cascade foothills, and attacking the Chemakum and the S’Klallam, tribes living on the Olympic Peninsula. Like many of his contemporaries, he owned slaves captured during his raids. He was tall and broad for a Puget Sound native at nearly six feet; Hudson’s Bay Company traders gave him the nickname Le Gros (The Big One). He was also known as an orator; and when he addressed an audience, his voice is said to have carried from his camp to the Stevens Hotel at First and Marion, a distance of 3/4ths of a mile.

He took wives from the village of Tola’ltu just southeast of Duwamish Head on

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Above: Chief Seattle’s gravesite on the Port Madison Indian Reservation in Suquamish, Washington Photos: Daniel M. Short

Above: Closeup of Chief Seattle’s tombstone in Suquamish, Washington

Seattle

Elliott Bay (now part of West Seattle). His first wife La-Dalia died after bearing a daughter. He had three sons and four daughters with his second wife, Olahl. The most famous of his children was his first, Kikisoblu or Princess Angeline. Sealth was baptized in the Roman Catholic Church, and given the baptismal name Noah, probably in 1848 near Olympia, Washington. The meaning of this ceremony may be called into question by his references to his people’s gods in his most famous speech.

For all his skill, Sealth was gradually losing ground to the more powerful Patkanim of the Snohomish when white settlers started showing up in force. When his people were driven from their traditional clamming grounds, Sealth met Maynard in Olympia; they formed a friendly relationship useful to both. Persuading the settlers at Duwamps to rename the town Seattle, Maynard established their support for Sealth’s people and negotiated relatively peaceful relations among the tribes.

Sealth kept his people out of the Battle of Seattle (1856). Afterwards, he was unwilling to lead his tribe to the reservation established, since mixing Duwamish and Snohomish was likely to lead to bloodshed. Maynard persuaded the government of the necessity of allowing Sealth to remove to his father’s longhouse on Agate Passage, ‘Old Man House’ or Tsu-suc-cub. Sealth frequented the town named after him, and had his photograph taken by E. M. Sammis in 1865. He died June 7, 1866, on the Suquamish reservation at Port Madison, Washington.

5011 Bernie Whitebear Way,

206-507-9681

www.sacredcirclegiftsandart.com

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Sacred Circle Gallery of American Indian Art is a

general meeting venue for Native American conferences and cultural studies activities, along with an annual summer powwow, Daybreak Star Cultural Arts Center also has a gallery featuring the paintings, prints, textiles and sculpture of contemporary Canadian and U.S. Indian artists. As you bask in the pastoral comfort of Discovery Park or scrutinize the triangle-wedge view of Puget Sound, you can imagine what this part of the country was like before the first European settlers arrived.

3801 West Government Way (Daybreak Star Cultural Arts Center/Discovery Park) Seattle, WA 98199 +1 206 285 4425

Snow Goose Associates Inc

For nearly 40 years, Snow Goose has featured some of Seattle’s finest Eskimo, Inuit, & Northwest Coast Indian art & artifacts including: masks, prints, sculpture, jewelry, textiles, and Alaskan ivory. Enjoyed by casual shoppers & collectors alike! sue@snowgooseseattle.com

(206) 523-6223

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SHOTRIDGE STUDIOS TLINGIT CARVER, ISRAEL SHOTRIDGE

His traditional and contemporary masterpieces represent a variety of different art forms for which Native carvers of the Northwest Coast are well known, such as totem poles, house screens, canoes, masks, bentwood boxes, bowls, relief panels, ceremonial objects, drums and engraved jewelry. They are all on display throughout the United States, England, Scotland and Germany in private, corporate and public collections including totem parks, museums, airports and Alaskan visitor centers.

The three traditional colors used by Northwest Coast Native Artists are black, red and a form of turquoise green. At times a few other colors were and are used at the Artist’s discretion such as green, white and brown to reflect specific animal crests. Each artist opts to use different hues to reflect www.shotridgestudios.com

Seattle

Welcome to Israel’s Art Portfolio, where you will see some of the finest examples of Tlingit art today.

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Salmon has been a primary food staple of the Pacific Northwest for thousands of years. That tradition continues today and is nowhere more prominent than at Seattle’s Tillicum Village. The Northwest Coast Native salmon preparation featured at Tillicum Village was the catalyst that inspired Founder, Bill Hewitt, to create this special attraction dedicated to preserving and sharing this incredible culinary delight. After being introduced to this ancient cooking process, Bill Hewitt expressed his delight with not only the showmanship and visual impact of the cooking method but even more impressively the wonderful flavor of the product. It was by far the best he had ever tasted. www.tillicumvillage.com

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Tillicum Village Dance on the Wind”, the Tillicum Village stage show, was created especially for Tillicum Village in a cooperative effort between Tillicum Village and Greg Thompson, Seattle’s premier producer of stage shows for venues all around the world. The show incorporates the dance prerogatives that have been gifted to Tillicum Village into a continuous series of dances and legends masterfully tied together by Greg Thompson’s stage magic. Dance on the Wind takes the viewer on a rare journey through the Northwest Coast Native culture in a manner never before available. A truly unique combination of traditional songs, dances and stories that have been passed down from generation to generation, and a spellbinding theatrical presentation; Dance on the Wind brings the past alive.

40 THE

BURKE

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AND CULTURE

Ethnology is the branch of anthropology concerned with living cultures. The Burke Museum is particularly renowned for its collections of Native American art and artifacts.

The Burke Museum’s Ethnology Division cares for objects of cultural heritage from living cultures of the Americas, the Pacific Islands, and Asia. A portion of these collections are on display in the museum galleries. You can also explore the collections online. www.washington.edu/burkemuseum

Northwest Tribal Art (gallery of fine native arts)

1417 1st Ave Seattle, www.northwesttribalart.com

“The People of the Inside”

Photo: Chief Seattle’s niece at her Shilshole home, c1901, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, NA 571

Seattle

The people known today as the Duwamish Tribe are the Dkhw’Duw’Absh, “The People of the Inside”. We are the people of Chief Seattle. We are the First People of the City of Seattle, Mercer Island, Renton, Bellevue, Tukwila and much of King County, Washington. We have never left our ancestral homeland. We are bringing the strengths of our Native Nation, our culture, our teachings, and our Native values with us into the 21st Century.

In 1851, when the first European-Americans arrived at Alki Point, the Dkhw’Duw’Absh occupied at least 17 villages, living in over 90 longhouses, along Elliott Bay, the Duwamish River, the Cedar River, the Black River (which no longer exists), Lake Washington, Lake Union, and Lake Sammamish It is said that Si’ahl was born at his mother’s Dkhw’Duw’Absh vil-lage of Stukw on the Black River, in what is now the city of Kent.

Cheslahud was a renowned Duwamish chief and travel guide to Lake Union, Lake Washington, and Lake Sammamish in the

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42 days before roads were built in the City of Seattle and its suburbs of the “Eastside”.

Cheslahud was the leader of a Duwamish village on Lake Union. Cheslahud had a cabin and a potato patch on land given to him by pioneer David Denny at the foot of Shelby Street aslate as 1900. Duwamish people living in villages along the shores of Lake Washington were collectively known as hah-choo-AHBSH, that is, people of HAHchoo (meaning ‘a large lake’, referring to present-day Lake Washington.) Cheslahud’s village was named hehs-KWEE-kweel (‘Skate’), and was located at Edgewater Park near the point at the south edge of the mouth of Union Bay onto Lake Washington. One longhouse there may have been used as a potlatch house. This village was occupied by the influential group known as hloo-weelh-AHBSH who took their name from the s’hloo-WEELH (literally, “a tiny hole drilled to measure the thickness of a canoe”), the narrow passage through the resource-rich Union Bay marsh.

The Duwamish in this area had a portage from Lake Washington to Lake Union called Skhwacugwit (“portage” in Lushootseed, the Puget Sound Salish language.)

This was a vital passage from the coast into the lakes and river system all the way up to Issaquah and beyond.

Just east of the mouth of the Arboretum creek, called Slalal (“fathom”), was the Duwamish village Hikw’al’al (“Big House”), the Longhouse of cedar boards at Edgewater Park. Offshore, on today’s Foster Island was the Duwamish burial ground, Stitici, where the dead were placed in boxes tied up in the branches of trees.

Cheslahud and his wife, known by her Pastid name “Madeline”, were often referred to as “the last of the Lake Union Indians,” since they were in fact the last Duwamish family to maintain residence on the lake as the city grew up around it. After “Madeline” died, Cheslahud sold the land given to him by his friend “Debadidi” (David Denny) and moved with many of his people to the Suquamish Reservation across Puget Sound.

Ballast Island

Duwamish families and other Native Americans came by canoe to the Seattle waterfront. Some were seasonal visitors, seeking work. Native Americans harvested and sold shellfish, and sold woven baskets and carvings, catering to the Whites’ demand for souvenirs. Some were traveling to harvest the hopfields upriver. For some Duwamish, Ballast Island became a year-round residence by 1885. The Duwamish had been forced from their Longhouses in the new city of Seattle and other parts of their homeland. The United States Army and other Whites burned the Longhouses to prevent the Duwamish from returning to their traditional homeland.

Many Duwamish people did not want to relocate to live with traditional enemies at reservations built far from their ancestral villages and burial grounds. For several years, they were allowed to live on the bleak parcel of land, devoid of fresh water and other vital resources. Over time, the Duwamish adopted the use of canvas tents to

c1900 Duwamish Camp at Ballast Island at the Seattle Waterfront/ Photos duwamishtribe.org

Seattle

replace their traditional cattail mat shelters.

In time, even Ballast Island became too valuable to the Whites and the Duwamish were exiled once again. By 1917, at the beginning of World War One, Native Americans living on Ballast Island was a distant memory.

On January 22, 1855, near Mukilteo, among the signers of the Point Elliott Treaty, the Duwamish Tribe was listed first. Chief Si’ahl’s name was placed at the very top of the treaty, reflecting his personal importance and that of his tribes.

In return for the reservation and other benefits promised in the treaty by the United States government, the Duwamish Tribe exchanged over 54,000 acres of their homeland. Today those 54,000 acres include the cities of Seattle, Renton, Tukwila, Bellevue, and Mercer Island, and much of King County.

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Interior of Duwamish Longhouse, Seattle, January 2009/ HistoryLink.org Photo by Peter Blecha

Photo: Next page, Indian camp with canoes, Ballast Island at the foot of Washington Street, Seattle, c1891, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, NA680

Seattle

On January 3, 2009, members and descendants of Seattle’s First People, the Duwamish Tribe, held a Grand Opening ceremony at their beautiful new Duwamish Longhouse and Cultural Center (4705 West Marginal Way SW), which is situated at a traditional riverside village site.

After more than three decades of active planning and fundraising, the new Duwamish $4 million facility is a physical testament to the 570-member tribe’s ability to endure, persevere, and accomplish great things. The nearly four-hour opening ceremony itself served as way to announce that the tribe is here to stay -- and to acknowledge and thank many of the friends and benefactors of the project.

The 6,044-square-foot facility itself was designed by Byron Barnes of Potlatch Architects and constructed in a form reminiscent of a traditional wooden longhouse. www.duwamishtribe.org

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46 Edmonds

Snohomish

Suquamish Kirkland Bainbridge Island

3

Redmond 202

Bellevue

Seattle

Sammamish Snoqualmie

Bremerton 90 Kitsap

Burien

Renton

5 Sea Tac

Kent 516

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SUQUAMISH

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“people of the clear salt water”

major river with large salmon runs in their immediate territory, had to travel to neighboring marine areas and beyond to harvest salmon. Photo: Suquamish dance during Chief Seattle days’, annual powwow at Suquamish, Wa c1912, U of W Lib, SC, NA1950

Suquamish Museum & Cultural Center

15838 Sandy Hook Road, Poulsbo Wa www.suquamish.nsn.us/museum

Suquamish

The ancestral Suquamish have lived in Central Puget Sound for approximately 10,000 years before present. The major Suquamish winter village was at Old Man House on the shoreline of Agate Passage at d’suq’wub meaning “clear salt water.” The Suquamish name translates into the “people of the clear salt water.” The Suquamish depended on salmon, cod and other bottom fish, clams and other shellfish, berries, roots, ducks and other waterfowl, deer and other land game for food for family use, ceremonial feasts, and for trade. The Suquamish, due to the absence of a

48 Port Angeles

Sequim

Port Townsend

Tualip 5

Everett Suquamish Port Gamble Res. Port Madison

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Bainbridge Island

Seattle Bremerton Hoodsport

Sea Tac

Skokomish Tribal Shelton Nation

Tacoma

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Kamilche

Squaxin Island Tribe

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Olympia Nisqually

Reservation

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Centralia

SQUAXIN ISLAND

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“ People of the Water” Squaxin Island

We are descendants of the maritime people who lived and prospered along the shores of the southernmost inlets of Puget Sound for untold centuries. Because of our strong cultural connection with the water, we are also known as “The People of the Water”. Pre-historically, Squaxin Island was a place of gathering. Songs sailed out across the waterways as our ancestors paddled their magnificent cedar canoes on their way to gather, trade, or attend a family potlatch there. In our Lushootseed language, Squawksin means “in between”, or “piece of land to cross over to another bay” signifying the location of the village site on the isthmus between Hood Canal and Puget Sound.

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The Squaxin Island Tribe’s Museum Library and Research Center The Squaxin Island Tribe Museum Library and Research Center presents a number of spectacular exhibits that bring the story of The People of the Water to life.

Hall of the Seven Inlets is an enormous and visually breath-taking panoramic look at Squaxin Island history and culture. The Hall of the Seven Inlets consists of seven gigantic wall panels, each depicting a specific inlet watershed of South Puget Sound with a tribal legend, photographs, art and tons of information linked to that area.

For example, the Henderson Inlet watershed (closest to the rising sun) tells the story of the great flood according to Tribal elder Jim Krise. You are also introduced to the Squaxin Island people through a collage of photographs, both historical and contemporary.

The graphics on each panel were designed by Squaxin Island Tribal member Jeremiah George. www.squaxinislandmuseum.org RIGHT: Hall of the Seven Inlets

SKOKOMISH

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“Big River People”

ans and the creation of the reservation. The term Skokomish (or big river people) refers to the largest Twana group, which resided in villages along the Skokomish River and its north fork. It was but one of nine bands that shared a region, culture and language. The Twana language, or tuwaduqutSid, is a southern Puget Sound dialect of the Salish language family. The intricate basketry and artwork of the Skokomish Tribe is world-renown. Photo: Skokomish couple c1930, U of W Lib., SC NA647

Skokomish Tribal Center and Museum

The museum houses wood carvings, masks, totems, and original hunting and fishing tools, historical photos and bead work from the previous centuries.

•End at 80 N Tribal Center Rd, Skokomish Nation, WA 98584-9748 US

Seattle

The aboriginal name of the Skokomish tribal members was Twana, which referred to a larger population that lived in the Hood Canal drainage before contact with Europe-

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Pete Peterson, a Skokomish com-

mercial fisherman and artist, specializes in bending cedar planks into large, lidded bentwood boxes, which were traditionally used as storage chests by Native Americans.

Peterson does not exhibit his work in galleries, but rather chooses to meet visitors and buyers at his modest home and artist studio in Hoodsport. Besides bentwood boxes, other artwork by Pete Peterson includes cradles, masks, carved bowls, and more.

Open by appointment only, please call in advance.

Location Hoodsport Washington 98548 Phone 360-877-9158 www.skokomishcarverpete.tripod.com

Peterson Gallery Owned and operated by Andy Wilbur-Peterson. Andy is a member of the Skokomish Tribe and is a renowned artist. The Peterson gallery is located on the southern end of the Hoods Canal, about 10 miles north of Shelton, just off Hwy 101, about one quarter mile north of Potlatch State Park. (JUST BEHIND LONGSHORE DRIVEIN) www.petersongalleries.com

PORT GAMBLE

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“strong people”

The Klallam shared villages with the Makah on the Pacific Coast as far south at the Hoh River, and fishing villages with the Twana as far south as the Hamma Hamma River on the Hood Canal. The Quimper Peninsula was shared with the Chemakum tribe.

S’Klallam Singers & Dancers

www.pgst.nsn.us

Port Gamble

Before the arrival of Europeans to the Pacific Northwest the territory inhabited by the Klallam stretched across the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula from the Pacific Ocean to Puget Sound and also included the souther tip of Vancouver Island across the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Klallam villages were mostly located along the coast, while some villages were inland along rivers, inlets or large lakes. Based on early interviews of tribal elders by early ethnologists and anthropoligists, the estimated number of Klallam villages has ranged from ten to over thirty.

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ABOVE: S’Klallam village at Point Julia

The Port Gamble S’Klallam Foundation’s accomplishments include collaboration with the Port Gamble S’Klallam Tribe to successfully complete a $4.5 million capital campaign to a build the House of Knowledge, including the first tribal Longhouse in over 100 years, an Elders Center, a Career and Education Center and a recently completed Little Boston Library. In addition to the House of Knowledge project, in the past two years the Foundation has successfully managed a tribal art acquisition project for the House of Knowledge; and assembled a museum quality exhibit for the University of Washington’s Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI) featuring the history of the S’Klallam Tribe during the 1920s, 30s, and 40s. www.pgst.nsn.us Photo: On page 99, Clallam Indians (the Hicks family) pose with canoe near Chimacum Creek, Wa, c1914, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, NA681

SEQUIM

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Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe

an Indian Tribe in the 1950s. In order to re-establish their treaty rights and to better provide for their people, the Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe sought federal rec-ognition in 1964 and achieved it on February 10, 1981. The area known as “Jamestown” is the historic settlement of the ancestors of this S’Klallam Tribe.

Northwest Native Expressions Art Gallery

www.jamestowntribe.org

Sequim

In 1874, a small band of S’Klallam families purchased 210-acres near the mouth of the Dungeness River, divided the land among families members, and named the small community Jamestown for their leader, Chief Lord James Balch. The Jamestown S’Klallam Tribe remained independent on this land through the 1930s while other bands of S’Klallams were moved to reservations, but they lost formal recognition as

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Cheech Ma Han Also known as Chetzemoka or the Duke of York, he was the chief of the S’Klallams and a friend to the Port Townsend area settlers.

He is carved holding a blanket, a signal he had used from Sentinel Rock to prevent bloodshed between the S’Klallams and settlers during the Indian Wars of 1855-1856 From the Dance Plaza House Post Carvings Dale Faulstich, Lead Carver and Designer.

Assistant Carvers: Nathan Gillis and Ed Charles. Volunteer carvers: Harry Burlingame and Don Walsh.

Seven Cedars Northwest Coast Native Art

www.nwcoastart.com

PORT TOWNSEND

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City Of Dreams

lands encompassed the future city were led

by Chetzemoka’s older brother S’Hai-ak, who granted permission for the settlement.

S’Hai-ak drowned soon after, and Chetzemoka succeeded to leadership of the 1,000 or so Klallams. Like his brother, Chetzemoka was friendly with the new settlers, whom he assisted in many ways, including in their relations with other Indian groups.

Photo: Klallam people at Port Townsend, 1859, by James G. Swan

Ancestral Spirits Gallery

www.ancestralspirits.com

Port Townsend

American Indian tribes located in what is now Jefferson County in the mid-19th century included the Chemakum (or Chimacum), Hoh (a group of the Quileute), Klallam (or Clallam), Quinault and Twana (the Kilcid band - Anglicized: Quilcene. When the first non-Indians settled at Port Townsend in 1851, the Klallam Indians whose

58 other Indian groups. Chetzemoka lived with about 200 of his people, including his two wives See-hem-itza and Chill’lil and their children, in a village of large cedar plank lodges not far from the new settlement. In a not-so-subtle form of ridicule, likely inspired by their difficulty in pronouncing the Klallam names, the white settlers, as they did with other Indians, bestowed names of British aristocrats on Chetzemoka and his family, calling him the Duke of York, his wives Queen Victoria and Jenny Lind, and his son the Prince of Wales.

The supposed difficulty of pronouncing Chetzemoka was raised when the name was proposed for the park, but a local newspaper assured citizens that “after the word has fallen from from your lips the music of its syllables will appeal to you...

Today, Chetzemoka Park, which has a commanding view of the Cascade Mountains from its hillside location, boasts flower gardens, a tropical water garden, picnic areas, play equipment, and a bandstand modeled after the Victorian original, as well as access to the beach and tidelands.

www.ancestralspirits.com

637 Water St, Port Townsend, WA 98368

+1 360-385-4770

www.pacifictraditions.com

PORT ANGELES

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Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe

title to their ancestral holdings. several Klallam families eventually became land owners. But, in taking up homesteads, the Klallam had to sever tribal relations.

Many did not want to do this and therefore had to leave their home sites.

Elwha Klallam Carnegie Museum

205 S Lincoln St

+1 (360) 452-8471 ext 2904 or email klallam.museum@elwha.org www.elwha.org

Port Angeles

Historically the Klallam people lived throughout the northern Olympic Peninsula. There were approximately 33 village sites from the Hoko River on the west to Puget Sound on the east. Downtown Port Angeles was once a thriving Klallam village known as č̕xʷícən. Settlers began arriving in the 1860’s. Port Angeles and other towns were established around that time. The homesteaders pushed many Klallam from their traditional home sites. Some Klallam purchased land, but found that because they were not considered U.S. citizens, they were unable to obtain

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Tse-whit-zen Ancient Indian Village The State Department of Transportation unearthed Tse-white-zen in August 2003, while building a dry dock on the Port Angeles, Washington front. After spending about $60 million - and finding 335 intact skeletons - the state abandoned the project. But one of the department’s costliest mistakes has turned into an extraordinary find: Working side by side, archaeologists and tribal members have uncovered burials, the remains of many structures, and signs of human activity dating back at least 2,700 years.

Tse-whit-zen (pronounced ch-WEET-sen), nestled in the elbow of Port Angeles’ Ediz Hook, was once a thriving fishing village inhabited by the Lower Elwha Klallam tribe. It is the biggest Native American village found in the state since the Ozette village, once inhabited by the Makahs, was unearthed in the 1960s.

In August 2003, state contractors began digging a dry dock on the site to build bridge pontoons to repair the Hood Canal Bridge. Although crews began finding artifacts and human bones within weeks, the project was not shut down until 2004, after a tense, emotional clash of cultures involving the tribe, the city of Port Angeles and state and federal transportation managers.About $90 million in state and federal money was spent on the failed dry-dock site, including about $10 million for archaeological work.

The result is more than 80,000 items or samples excavated from Tse-whit-zen, including carved bone harpoon points, fishing hooks and stone tools such as hammer stones and a finely polished adze head. For some, the star of the collection is a delicate bone comb, crowned by an exquisite carving of cormorants hovering over a child. www.jamestowntribe.org

NEAH BAY

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“the people who live by the rocks and seagulls”

canoe ashore after fishing, Neah Bay, Washington, 1900/ Library of Congress.

Anders Beer Wilse Collection no. 285

MAKAH CULTURAL & RESEARCH CENTER

The Makah Museum in Neah Bay, recognized asthe nation’s finest tribal museum, welcomes visitors to experience the life of pre-contact Makah people. The permanent exhibits include artifacts from the Ozette collection, uncovered from a Makah village partially buried by a mudslide nearly 500 years ago. www.makah.com

Neah Bay

The Makah tribe lives in and around the town of Neah Bay, Washington, a small fishing village along the Strait of Juan de Fuca where it meets the Pacific Ocean. Their reservation on the northwest tip of the Olympic Peninsula includes Tatoosh Island. The Makah people refer to themselves as “Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx” which translates as “the people who live by the rocks and seagulls”. Makah oral history relates their tradition of Aboriginal whaling. The Makah whaling technique is difficult and labor intensive. From cedar canoes, each seating six to nine people and more recently, from small fishing vessels, they hunt in the Pacific Ocean adjacent to their territory. Photo Makah couple haul

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Port Angeles

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Ozette Village The Makah people have inhabited Neah Bay for more than 3,810 years, according to archaeological research. While Neah Bay is the only centralized village on the contemporary reservation, there were five Makah villages prior to contact with non-Indians in 1790. One of these other villages was Ozette, the southernmost Makah village.

Makahs abandoned Ozette in 1917 to send their children to school as ordered by the government. Many contemporary Makahs trace their ancestry to the Ozette village.

In the winter of 1969-1970 a storm caused the bank at the Ozette village location to slump, exposing hundreds of perfectly preserved wooden artifacts. A hiker contacted the Makah Tribe, then the Tribe phoned Washington State University, and in April 1970, some two months after the storm, excavation of the Ozette Site began. Makah oral history told of a “great slide” which buried a portion of Ozette long ago; archaeologists collaborating with the Tribe proved this oral history correct. Radiocarbon dates demonstrated that a slide some 500 + 50 years BP (before present) buried six longhouses and their respective contents, locking the pre-contact wooden and wood-based artifacts in a shroud of mud.

The 11-year excavation produced over 55,000 artifacts, which the Tribe kept on the reservation.

Consequently, the MCRC came about from the Tribe’s desire to curate and interpret this unique collection. BELOW: Ozzette Petroglyphs

Neah Bay also offers whale watching, fishing charters and guided tours.

Don’t forget to visit The Makah Cultural & Research Center, and have fun learning about the history of the Makah People. Step inside a life-size reproduction of a longhouse and see how the Makah lived for thousands of years. You can also stop by the Gift Shop.

We have a wide variety of items made by local Native artists. Choose from jewelry, tee shirts, masks, baskets, books and plush stuffed toys for the kids. Click the links to the left and explore all that Neah Bay has to offer you and your family. RIGHT: Gift Shop

HOBUCK BEACH RESORT

www.hobuckbeachresort.com

Neah Bay

The Makah Indian Tribe offers many exciting recreational activities for you to enjoy. Bring the whole family and explore our beaches, hike our trails and enjoy all the natural beauty of this unique part of the world. The Cape Flattery Trail offers beautiful views of the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary which is home to a wide variety of marine life.

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LA PUSH

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“Top of the Rock” The Quileute people settled onto the Quileute Indian Reservation after signing the Treaty of Quinault River of 1855, later reauthorized as the Treaty of Olympia in 1856 with the United States of America. It is located near the southwest corner of Clallam County, Washington at the mouth of the Quillayute River on the Pacific coast. The reservation’s main population center is the community of La Push, Washington. The Quileutes, along with the Makah people, were once great whalers. In the Quileute culture it was possible for families to own dances, songs, and a range of other intangible items . It was also possible to own the rights to fishing in certain places and the rights to tell people they couldn’t fish there. In addition to owning land, rights, songs, and dances, the Quileute also owned slaves. This was common in the region, there was even a slave trade in the Pacific Northwest, but the Quileute people weren’t

67 directly connected. The Quileutes, and many of their neighboring tribes were a part of the Potlatch culture. Potlatches were a cer emonial way for tribal leaders to essentially “one-up” each other and a means of redistributing wealth. The word “Potlatch” is a

BELOW: Drying smelt / Taylor, Fannie E, University of Washington

La Push

St.James Island quileutenation.org

deviation of the the Chinook word patshatl which means “giving. “ During the ceremony the potlatch giver will throw worldly possessions onto a fire to show how much he has. His willingness to burn the valuable objects showed how little he needs them.

A common object to burn was a part of a copper (a valuable family heirloom). Another common occurrence at a potlatch was to kill or free slaves . After the burning of wealth, the potlatch giver would give presents to the attendees who he would insult while presenting them with gifts. They would be expected to pay him back double at their next Potlatch. The potlatch culture peaked in the 1700s, because of that is when the Europeans started to show up, and the old ways started to change, Daily Quileute life included time for relaxation, in which they played

68 different games. Sometimes they had dramatic readings of legends and sometimes they gambled. They played games of strength and endurance as well as games of skill. One game that they played was called fsa’fsá’wafs which means “rolling.” In this game they would roll a hoop with grass wrapped in it down a hill and shoot at it with arrows.

They object of the game was to hit the grass with an arrow but to have it keep rolling.

Each hit was one point. www.quileutenation.org

THINGS TO DO: First Beach Second Beach Third Beach Rialto Beach Fishing Whale Watching Wildlife Viewing Kayaking and Surfing

Oceanside Resort

www.quiletenation.org

Taholah

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The Quinault Indian Nation

Quinault girl with shell ornaments.

Quinault Museum

http://209.206.175.157

Taholah

We are among the small number of Americans who can walk the same beaches, paddle the same waters, and hunt the same lands our ancestors did centuries ago. The Quinault Indian Nation (QIN) consists of the Quinault and Queets tribes and descendants of five other coastal tribes: Quileute, Hoh, Chehalis, Chinook, and Cowlitz. Our ancestors lived on a major physical and cultural dividing line. Beaches to the south are wide and sandy, while to the north, they are rugged and cliff-lined. We shared in the cultures of the people to the south as well as those to the north. Photo: Library of Congress c1913, Young

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The Quinault Indian Nation has opened the Northwest Pride Art Gallery at the Southshore Mall in Aberdeen. The gallery’s centerpiece is a replica of the tribe’s 33-foot ocean-going canoe. Look here for Quinault Pride Seafood Products, plus Southwest Indian arts and crafts and Native American books and music.

1017 S Boone Ste 106 Aberdeen Washington 98520 Photo: Quileutes unloading canoes 360 533 4585 on beach at La Push, Wa., c1900, In the Southshore Mall University of Washington Libraries,

Quinault National Fish Hatchery

Special Collections, NA 726

Neilton Wa 98566 360 288 2508

The Queets Mercantile

Tribal Arts & Crafts Just off hwy 101, north of Lake Quinalt 402 Jackson Heights Dr. Queets Wa 98331 360 962 2003

The Quinalt Legend

http://209.206.175.157/tandycharley come fish the pristine waters of the Quinalt River

OAKVILLE

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A Rich Heritage In SW Washington

while the Satsop people were part of the Lower Chehalis subtribe. the Chehalis relied on fishing from local rivers for food and built plank houses (longhouses) to protect themselves from the harsh, wet winters west of the Cascade Mountains. The Chehalis people settled on their current Chehalis Indian Reservation along the Chehalis River in 1860. The major communities within the reservation are Chehalis Village and part of the city of Oakville.

Lucky Eagle Casino

www.luckyeagle.com

Oakville

The Chehalis tribe in Washington consists of two distinct subtribes: The Upper Chehalis and the Lower Chehalis. Within these two groups were several subgroups: the Copalis, Wynoochee and Humptulips people were part of the Upper Chehalis subtribe,

Vancouver 72

Nooksack

Lummi

Upp Makah

Swinomish

Victoria

Stil Lower Elwha

Western Washington

Jamestown S’Klallam Port Gamble

Quileute

First Nations

Hoh

Port Madison

Seattl Quinault Skokomish Squaxin Island Grays Harbor Chehalis Willapa Bay

Puyallup Olympia Nisqually

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per Skagit

h

llaguamish Tulalip

n

le

Muckleshoot

The Cowlitz People The Cowlitz people are divided into two main groups-the Taidnapam, or Upper Cowlitz, and the Lower Cowlitz. Speaking Salishan like many of their neighbors in the 1800s the more populous Lower Cowlitz occupied 30 villages dotting the Cowlitz River from present-day Mossyrock southward to within a mile or two of the Columbia River. The name Cowlitz means “seeker” in a spiritual sense, according to some Cowlitz living today. Place Names of Washington also spells the name as “Ta-wa-l-litch,” which meant “capturing the medicine spirit,” referring to the Cowlitz practice of sending their youths to the river’ s prairies to seek their tomanawas, or spirit power.

The earliest historical accounts of the Lower Cowlitz, whose villages began a short distance up the Cowlitz River from the Chinookan villages on the Columbia River, do not begin with Lewis and Clark, but rather with the Astorians of the Pacific Fur Company, who arrived in 1811. One of their first excursions up the Columbia River from Fort Astoria brought them to the 150-foot-high Mount Coffin, the Chinook burial rock studded with canoes outfitted with funeral offerings of clothing and baskets of food. As Alexander McKay, Ovid Montigny and three Indian paddlers headed up the Cowlitz River, they were confronted with 20 canoes of Cowlitz Indians intent on war with the village of Chinookan Skilloots at

Cowlitz River

i

74 the mouth of the river. The battle was averted by negotiations. The second engagement between the Cowlitz and non-Indians took place after the North West Company, which had bought out the Pacific Fur Company in 1813, sent trappers and hunters, including Iroquois Indians, up the Cowlitz River. Problems began in 1818 after the Iroquois forced themselves on Cowlitz women. In the ensuing conflict one Iroquois died and two others were wounded. Not realizing that his men were the aggressors, James Keith, the chief trader, sent Peter Skene Ogden to punish the Cowlitz.

Only with some persuasion did Ogden convince his Cowlitz guide, Chief How How, to lead him to the right village. Once there, the Iroquois, acting against orders, massacred 13 men, women and children, scalping three before they could be stopped. The incident temporarily halted the company’s hunting and trapping on the Cowlitz River.

Chief Schanewa, controlled the fur traffic through the Cowlitz Corridor. Chief Schanewa’ s strategically placed village at the big bend in the Cowlitz River made it possible for him to become a “man of authority among the Chehalis, Chinook, Multnomah, White River, Lummi, Skagit, Tulalip and Quinault, among others.” www.cowlitz.org

EAGLES LANDING HOTEL

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LONGVIEW

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“the blue bloods of southwest Washington”

coast and Columbia River. They have been called the blue bloods of southwest Washington, yet they were also known as warlike. One of the earliest accounts describes their swoop downriver to attack a Chinookan village at the mouth of the Cowlitz. Another account describes the unsuccessful effort of war chief Wieno and others to take slaves from a village on Vancouver Island.

Cowlitz Resort Casino

The Cowlitz Tribe is planning to create and develop our initial reservation on 152 acres at La Center’s I-5 interchange in Clark County, Washington.

These plans continue to evolve as we work to understand how best to benefit the Tribal members while providing a recreational amenity for the people of the region. Support our project.......

www.cowlitzcasino.com

Longview

THE COWLITZ INDIANS were originally considered to be “a large and powerful Salishan tribe.” Because they were an interior tribe (that is, their territory did not open onto a large body of water), they were more cohesive than other Salish groups on the

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www.evergreen. edu/longhouse/facilities.htm

History of the Longhouse Evergreen’s Native programs began in 1972, when faculty member Mary Ellen Hillaire of the Lummi tribe founded the Native American Studies program. She is also credited with having first articulated the need to have a culturally appropriate facility, such as a longhouse, on campus so that people from all different cultural backgrounds could teach and learn with each other. Her vision for a public gathering space influenced students in the Master in Public Administration program, who wrote their thesis exploring issues relating to the creation of a Longhouse at Evergreen. Colleen Jollie took the lead as the Longhouse Coordinator, who oversaw the project to its completion.

Graduating classes of Evergreen students designated a portion of their fees to go toward the creation of the Welcome Figures that stand at each side of the entrance. The Quinault Indian Nation donated much of the timber used in the building. The Burke Museum donated cedar shakes and posts from the Sea Monster House, which was erected as part of the World’s Fair in 1962. The Squaxin Island tribe held annual fundraising dinners and the Makah and Skokomish Tribes provided cultural and spiritual leadership. The Washington State Legislature allocated 2.2 million for construction of the building.

The Longhouse opened in 1995 with over 1,000 people in attendance, including Governor Mike Lowry and many tribal dignitaries. The inaugural year of the Longhouse coincided with the first year of the Daniel J. Evans Scholar program, which brought five Native American scholars to campus: Hazel Pete, John Hottowe, Billy Frank Jr., Buffy St. Marie and Sherman Alexie.

In 2005 the Longhouse celebrated its ten-year anniversary with a huge potlatch that featured dancing, drumming, feasting and gifting. The Longhouse continues to promote indigenous arts and cultures through a wide variety of programs.

OLYMPIA

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“the black bear place”

The Longhouse Education and Cultural Center

The Longhouse exists to provide service and hospitality to students, the college, and surrounding Native communities. With a design based in the Northwest Indigenous Nations’ philosophy of hospitality, its primary functions are to provide a gathering place for hosting cultural ceremonies, classes, conferences, performances, art exhibits and community events. www.evergreen.edu/longhouse

Olympia

Located on the southernmost point of Puget Sound, the peninsula known as Olympia was “Cheetwoot” (the black bear place) to the Coastal Salish who occupied the site for many generations before the American settlement was established. The end of what we now know as Budd Inlet was a favorite shellfish gathering site for many Coastal Salish tribes, including the Nisqually, Duwamish and Squaxin. Evidence exists that potlatches, the Northwest tribal custom in which tribal leaders shared their wealth with neighboring tribal groups, were held both east and west of the Inlet near Olympia. The falls of the Deschutes River at Tumwater called “Stehtsasamish” by the Nisqually Indians may have been occupied as a permanent village site for shellfish and salmon harvesting for 500 years or more before the coming of white settlers.

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Kalama Totem Poles

The Cathlapotle Plankhouse

Along the Columbia River in Kalama are four totem poles featuring mythical forms, symbols and creatures of Pacific Northwest Native American culture. The tallest pole, carved from Western Red Cedar, is recorded as the world’s tallest, at 140 feet.

Carved in the early 1960s by Chief Don Lelooska, the totem poles encompass Native American lore.

Cathlapotle was one of the largest Chinookan villages encountered by Lewis and Clark, but today it is one of the few archaeological sites on the Lower Columbia River that has withstood the ravages of flooding, looting, and development.

Washington State Capital Museum Traditions and Transitions Re-created Salish Tribal Winter House. Enter the home and experience daily life of Western Washington’s Native peoples.

Greeted by a totem “Healing Pole,” visitors are immersed in the world of the Salish culture in the Winter House or Plank House.

Visitors are invited to touch and handle the artifacts especially created by local tribal members, listen to docent demonstrations, and learn more about the tribal life of the South Sound Indian culture in a traditional setting.

211 West 21st Avenue Olympia, WA 98501

360-753-2580

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Today it’s a red wind that blows over Nisqually land, the home of the Red Man . The wind is called La-liad. It blows over the land of the Nisqually Indian people bringing the gentle rains in its path and spreading sunshine over the prairies, meadows, and showering blessings on the people who continue to live here. And like magic, the blue camas blooms, the berries ripen, the cedar trees grow taller, and the eagle spreads its wings to soar aloft on the early morning breeze.

12819 Yelm Hwy, Olympia, WA 98513 www.redwindcasino.com

Olympia

RED WIND CASINO

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Fort Nisqually Fort Nisqually was the first European trading post on the Puget Sound. The vast British fur trading enterprise, known as the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), established the fort in 1833. The fort was established primarily to facilitate trade with the Indians and any others who might have goods to trade. The primary motivation was the fur trade and the main suppliers were the local Indian tribes. The Indians sought wool blankets, guns and other manufactured goods available at the fort in return for their fur pelts William Fraser Tolmie spent the year there, writing about the region extensively in his journal. Fort Nisqually was located on the plains around the Nisqually River Delta near the present town of Dupont, Washington. Fort Nisqually was operated and served by Scottish gentlemen, Native Americans, Kanakas (Hawaiians), French-Canadians, Metis, West Indians, Englishmen and, in the last final years before the British cession of their claims to Puget Sound with the Oregon Treaty, a handful of American settlers. Fort Nisqually grew from an obscure trading post to major international trading establishment. The fort’s main export was beaver pelts that could be used for making a beaver-pelt top hat. Along with the Puget Sound Agricultural Company, a subsidiary of HBC, Fort Nisqually also started to export livestock and crops for local consump-tion and export to Russian America, Hawaii, Mexican California, Europe and Asia. From 1843 to 1857, during the transition from British to American control, as well as the Puget Sound War, Dr. William Fraser Tolmie was Chief Factor of Fort Nisqually as well as the manager of the Puget Sound Agricultural Company. He was well respected due to his experience with the region and friendly relations with British, American, and Indian peoples.

Fort Nisqually was never a military outpost and only one small military engagement was recorded in the fort’s history.

STEILACOOM

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Called Scht’leqwem (Indian Pink)

Nisqually Tribes, the Steilacoom did not have a glacier-fed river within their territory for freshwater resources. The principal feature of the Steilacoom territory was a group of spirit-inhabited.lakes. The main village in the Tacoma basin was located on Chambers Bay. It was called Scht’leqwem, later anglicized as Steilacoom. It received its name

Steilacoom Tribal Cultural Center & Museum

www.steilacoomtribe.com

Steilacoom

The Steilacoom Tribe was an independent group inhabiting a geographic area now known as the Tacoma Basin. There were approximately 600 Steilacoom Indians living in five bands within the basin. They spoke a separate subdialect of the Puget Sound Salish language. Unlike their closely related neighbors, the Puyallup and the

82 from the Fringe Cup (or Indian Pink) plant that grew so abundantly on the bluffs. The villagers were called Scht’leqwem-amsh. “Steilacoom People.” The use of the label “Steilacoom People” to apply to all the residents of the drainage basin followed a common practice in the Puget Sound region. The name of the most prominent saltwater or downriver people was extended to include all the other people in the tribe.

The Legend of Raven

This is an ancient story told on Puget Sound and includes how Raven helped to bring the Sun, Moon, Stars, Fresh Water, and Fire to the world.

Long ago, near the beginning of the world, Gray Eagle was the guardian of the sun and moon and stars, of fresh water, and of fire. Gray Eagle hated people so much that he kept these things hidden. People lived in darkness, without fire and without fresh water.

Gray Eagle had a beautiful daughter, and Raven fell in love with her. At that time Raven was a handsome young man. He changed himself into a snow-white bird, and as a snow-white bird he pleased Gray Eagles daughter. She invited him to her fathers longhouse.

When Raven saw the sun and the moon and the stars and fresh water hanging on the sides of Eagles lodge, he knew what he should do. He watched for his chance to seize them when no one was looking. He stole all of them, and a brand of fire also, and flew out of the longhouse through the smoke hole.

As soon as Raven got outside he hung the sun up in the sky. It made so much light that he was able to fly far out to an island in the middle of the ocean. When the sun set, he fastened the moon up in the sky and hung the stars around in different places.

By this new light he kept on flying, carrying with him the fresh water and the brand of fire he had stolen.

He flew back over the land. When he had reached the right place, he dropped all the water he had stolen. It fell to the ground and there became the source of all the freshwater streams and lakes in the world.

Then Raven flew on, holding the brand of fire in his bill. The smoke from the fire blew back over his white feathers and made them black. When his bill began to burn, he had to drop the firebrand. It struck rocks and went into the rocks. That is why, if you strike two stone together, fire will drop out.

Ravens feathers never became white again after they were blackened by the smoke from the firebrand. That is why Raven is now a black bird.

TACOMA

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Named After Mount Tahoma

Puyallup Tribal Museum In 1900, the Chief of the Puyallup Tribe gave his land to build a government school. In 1929, the boarding school became the Cushman Indian Hospital, located on the outskirts of present-day Tacoma. After a new hospital was built, the building became the Puyallup Tribal Museum. The museum has a good collection of local Native art for sale, including baskets and cedarplaited dresses. There are also baskets on display which are several hundred years old.

2002 E 28th St., 253-597-6200 www.puyallup-tribe.com

Tacoma

Tacoma was inhabited for thousands of years by the Puyallup people, who lived in settlements on the delta of the Puyallup River and called the area Squa-szucks. In the old days, in our aboriginal language, we were known as the S’Puyalupubsh, meaning “generous and welcoming behavior to all people (friends and strangers) who enter our lands.” Our people lived in villages from the foothills of Mount Tacoma, along the rivers and creeks to the shores of Puget Sound. Our villages were scattered throughout the many islands, prairies and rich valley country of the Pacific Northwest.

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Petroglyph Theater and Native Heritage The Petroglyph Theater and Native Heritage sections relate to Native American life at the turn of the 20th century. A three-part film describes the struggle for Native American retention of language, land, and culture. Outside, you’ll find a Native American language station and artifacts relating to cedar, gathering, gaming, fishing, baskets, and beadwork. The Clovis Points, a collection of 13,000 year old points and scrapers, is located between the Natural Settings and Native Heritage Galleries.

Examine Native American artifacts from an earlier century.

The Native Heritage Gallery features artifacts relating to occupations and spiritual lives of Northwest Indians a hundred or more years ago.

Each artifact tells its own story, and each story contributes to understanding the complexities and richness of Indian life.

Use an interactive computer to learn the languages and stories of Washington’s native peoples.

Although there are many dozens of tribes in and around Washington, each is unique in its language, location, and material culture. Hear nine different greetings in such languages as Chinook jargon, Nez Perce, and Chinook, then listen to Chief Joseph’s War Chant, and the rembrances of Lillien Pullen, one of only a few fluent Quileute speakers.

Washington State History Museum 1911 Pacific Ave. Tacoma, WA www.wshs.org

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The Washington State History Museum and the Longhouse Education and Cultural Center at The Evergreen State College are proud to present the fourth annual In the Spirit: Northwest Native Arts Market and Festival, happening in downtown Tacoma at the History Museum on Saturday August 10, 2024.

The Arts Market & Festival features some of the best Native artists in the region selling exquisite artworks. Visitors can catch performances of Native singers, musicians, and dance groups throughout the weekend. Specialty food vendors will also be on hand to introduce festival-goers to Native cuisine. All outdoors festival activities are FREE to the public. www.washingtonhistory.org/event/in-the-spirit-festival-2024/

BELOW: www.wrvmuseum.org

Tacoma

The 19th Annual IN THE SPIRIT Arts Market and Northwest Native Festival

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Puyallup Fish Hatchery

(November 6, 2008) - The Puyallup Tribe’s Clark Creek salmon hatchery has reached its goal of collecting 1.1 million chinook eggs for the first time since it opened four years ago.

“We’ll be running at full capacity this winter and spring,” said Blake Smith, enhancement biologist for the Puyallup Tribe. As in most hatcheries, more than 90 percent of the eggs will survive to be released, translating into 1,000,000 juvenile hatchery salmon swimming out into the Puyallup River early next summer. The hatchery features nearer to nature rearing ponds that mimic natural salmon habitat with tree root wads and gravel. These features help young chinook develop better survival skills.

“Fish born in the wild develop instincts that help them find food and avoid being eaten,” Smith said. “Unfortunately, this isn’t something we see a lot of in hatchery fish raised in featureless cement ponds. The more salmon learn to survive in the wild, the more hatchery fish that will return to the river in a few years.” In addition to releasing fish from the hatchery itself, the tribe also uses the young fish from Clarks Creek to repopulate the upper Puyallup River watershed.

6824 Pioneer Wy, Puyallup Wa 98371, 253 573 7926 Year round tours!

Curtright & Son Tribal Art Retired

The gallery was established in 1985 after twenty years of collecting and trading north american Indian material culture. The gallery is one of the nation’s leading venues for authentic northwest and northwest coast Indian materials. Our goal is to offer the customer the finest and newly discovered Native American objects available to the collector’s market.

(253)383-2969 www.curtrightandson.com

AUBURN

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People Of The Salmon

White River Valley Museum

www.wrvmuseum.org

Auburn

Traditionally, the Muckleshoots lived along the eastern shores of Washington State’s Puget Sound region and the adjacent rivers of the Cascade Range. They spoke Whulshootseed, a local form of Lushootseed. Although they were skilled hunters, salmon-fishing was the mainstay of traditional Muckleshoot life. Salmon was gathered and cured, and very often traded with other peoples along the coast and inland. Inevitably, salmon was treated with great reverence, which continues until this day. In the elaborate First Salmon Ceremony, which is still

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observed, the entire community shares the flesh of a Spring Chinook, then returns its remains to the river where it was caught, so that it can inform the other fish of how well it was received. With a seemingly endless supply of food, the Muckleshoots could engage in various crafts, including weaving, wood-carving, and basket-making.

A complex social structure also emerged, consisting of a nobility, middle class, and slaves, generally captured members of other tribes.

People of the Salmon

During the millennia that preceded their displacement by American settlers and industrial interests, Tribes living in the Northwest Coastal Region were among the most prosper ous on the continent. At the base oftheir prosperity was the Salmon, which -- then as now -- the people regarded with great reverence. Season after season, the rivers and streams were literally filled with spawning salmon. The knowledge of how to smoke and preserve them for year-round use did much to free the people form the endless pursuit of food. In fact, surplus quantities of smoked salmon, as well as other commodities, were traded far and wide in an extensive network of commerce spanning the entire Pacific Northwest and extending across the Cascade Mountains and far into the dry country beyond. Photo: On previous page is of the Dan Lobehon Family courtesy of the White River Valley Museum.

White River Amphitheatre

www.livenation.com

NESPELEM

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Final Resting place Of Chief Joseph

inside circle of tipis on July 4th, Nespelem, Colville Indian Reservation, Washington, ca 19001910. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, NA963

Colville Tribal Museum In our Colville Tribal Museum we sell a lot of items that reflect our upstairs Museum exhibit. We try to find items that reflect what we have in our main exhibit area, like 150 photos of our tribal people from the 1900-1930’s and our beautiful beaded bags, beaded gauntlet gloves and cedar baskets dating from 1900. We also have a diorama about Kettle Falls and a fishing exhibit with artifacts from the same era.

Photo: Nez Perce named Yellow Bull at Chief Joseph’s tombstone, Colville Indian Reservation, Wa, c1905, U of W Lib., SC, NA617

512 Mead Way , Coulee Dam, WA 99116

(509) 633-0751 Monday - Saturday, 10:00am-6:00pm; April 1st - December 31st

Nespelem

Home to one of the largest Indian reservations in Washington State; the Confederated Tribes of Colville Reservation land. Photo:Colville men on horseback ride around

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Coulee Corridor

Desert sagebrush mixed with green farm fields, vast open lands and arid landscapes punctuated by lakes and desert potholes. The 150 mile Coulee Corridor Scenic Byway is a unique oasis in the desert located in the heart of one of the world’s geologic wonders. The byway crosses the lands of the Federated Tribes of Colville following State Highways 17 & 155. Its a magnet for wildlife and rich in lively human history.

World Famous Suicide Race

In 1935, Omak Stampede Publicity Chairman, Claire Pentz searched for an exciting event to add to the young rodeo. He heard about a wild and dangerous mountain race that the local Indians (Colvilles) had been running for many years in the Keller area. It was about that time that Grand Coulee Dam was structured, which flooded the Keller Salmon Days area and race course. After discussing it with local Tribal leaders, and the rodeo board, Pentz originated the Suicide Race. The first race was held in 1935, the second year. www.omakstampede.org

Colville Indian Reservation Riverside

Okanagon Nat. Forest

Coleville National Forest

Omak 20

Rice Gefford

Okanagon

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Inchelum

Nespelem Brewster Keller Bridgeport

Mansfield

Elmer City Electric City

Hunters

Coulee Dam Grand Coulee 21

Lincoln

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Nespelem

Colville Confederated Tribes The Colville Indian Reservation is located between the Okanogan and Columbia Rivers and consists of 1.4 million acres. The Reservation is diverse with natural resources including standing timber, rivers, lakes, minerals, varied terrain, native plants and wildlife. Today, over 9,000 descendants of 12 aboriginal tribes of Indians are enrolled in the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. They are the Lakes, Okanogan, Entiat, Chelan, Methow, Moses Columbia, Nespelem, Palouse, San Poil, Colville, Wenatchi, and the Nez Perce of Chief Joseph’s Band.

Prior to the influx of Canadians and Europeans in the mid-1850’s the ancestors of the 12 aboriginal tribes were nomadic, following the seasons of nature and their sources of food. Their aboriginal territories were grouped primarily around waterways such as the Columbia River, the San Poil River, the Okanogan River, the Snake River and the Wallowa River.

Many tribal ancestors traveled throughout their aboriginal territories and other areas in the Northwest (including Canada), gathering with other native peoples for traditional activities such as food harvesting, feasting, trading, and celebrations that included sports and gambling. Their lives were tied to the cycles of nature both spiritually and traditionally.

The Colville Indian Reservation was established by Presidential Executive Order in 1872 and was originally twice as large as it is today. The Colville Indian Reservation land base covers 1.4 million acres or 2,100 square acres located in North Central Washington, primarily in Okanogan and Ferry counties.

The Colville Indian Reservation offers a vast variety of natural and recreational tourism activities for any age to truly experience and enjoy. www.colvilletribes.com Photo Above: Chelan women on horseback, Chelan, Wa, July 6, 1912, University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections, NA1036

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Washington

Colville

Colville Reservation

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Spokane Reservation tle

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Wellpinit

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Grand Coulee Dam Columbia River

Fort Spokane

Spokane River

Spokane

Coeur d’Alene Reservation

Ancestral Territory of the Spokane Indians Current Spokane Indian Reservation

Moscow

The word “Spokane” is generally accepted as meaning “Sun People” or “Children of the Sun”, although the interpretation is somewhat controversial. In 1807, David Thompson, a trapper with the Northwest Fur Trading Company, first used the name “Spokane” in referring to three Spokane bands.

WELLPINIT

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“children of the sun”

Indians were split up and some found new homes, which are now known as the Coeur d’Alene Indian Reservation, the Flathead Indian Reservation, and the Colville Indian Reservation. Photo: NW MUS of A&C, L96.87.19

Diane’s Native American Star Quilts

www.dianesnativeamericanstarquilts.net

Wellpint

In earlier times, the Spokane Tribe lived on, protected, and respected over 3 million acres of land. Tribal members fished the Spokane River, the Columbia River, and utilized the grand Spokane Falls as a gathering place of family and friends. The Spokanes lived along the river in three bands known as the Upper, Middle and Lower Spokane Indians. Traditional campsites were lived in depending upon the Seasons of the year.

In January 1881, President Rutherford B. Hayes formally declared the Spokane Indian Reservation the new and smaller home of the Spokane ndians. The three bands of

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SPOKANE

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The North West Company’s Spokane House

and fishing. Early in the 19th century, white fur trappers from the east came into the northern Columbia Plateau forests. They were friendly with the native people they encountered. Photo: Here is a woman standing with a horse. She is identified as Nellie Garry, the daughter of Spokane Garry. Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, Spokane WA

AMERICAN INDIAN COLLECTION •Represents culture groups from throughout the Americas.

•One of the pre-eminent collections of Plateau material culture in the United States augmented by 10,000 photographic images of Plateau Indian culture.

•Also includes works by living American Indian artists and artisans of the Plateau www.northwestmuseum.org

Spokane

The Spokane Falls and its surroundings were a gathering place and focus for settlement for the area’s indigenous people due to the fertile hunting grounds and abundance of salmon in the Spokane River. For unrecorded millennia, the Spokane tribe lived in the area around the Spokane River and led a seasonal way of life that consisted of fishing, hunting, and gathering. The Spokane Falls were the tribe’s center of trade

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ABOVE: An encampment near Spokane on the river in the 1920s. BELOW:An encampment in Spokane near Pleasant Valley. The date on the photograph is 1925. Europeans have driven in their cars to view the teepees. There is smoke coming from many of the teepees. The Monroe Street Bridge has already been built. Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, Spokane WA L96.88.4 and L96.88.2.

USK

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“River/Lake paddlers” or “camas people”

Northern Quest Resort & Casino Where the fun never ends!”

Northern Quest Resort & Casino helps to provide economic development for the Kalispel Tribe, as well as Airway Heights, and increases employment opportunities for tribal and community members and ensures financial support for the Camas Institute. www.northernquest.com

Usk

The Tribe inhabited a 200-mile stretch of land along the Pend Oreille River with a Tribal membership of about 3,000 people. The abundant homeland consisting of mountainous, forested land, and most importantly the river, provided the necessary natural resources for the Tribe to sustain their way of life. In 1855, the Upper Kalispel Tribe gave up its lands and moved to the Jocko Reservation in Montana at the request of the U.S. Government. The Lower Kalispel Tribe, of which today’s Kalispel members are descendants, refused to give up its ancestral lands and continued to work toward an agreement that would allow the Tribe to remain on its homeland.

98 War of 1855 (led by Chief Kamiakin), the tribe was moved onto their present reservation. The Treaty of 1855 identified the 14 confederated tribes and bands of the Yakama including “Yakama, Palouse,” (now written “Palus”), “Pisquouse, Wenatshapam, Klikatat, Klinquit, Kow-was-say-ee, Li-ay-was, Skin-pah, Wish-ham, Shyiks, Ochechotes, Kah-milt-pay, and Se-ap-cat. The seasons drew them to various parts of the plateau. In the winter, people lived along interior rivers in villages of tule-mat lodges, and subsisted on dried foods. In March they trekked to root grounds and camped with neighboring Indians. In May or June salmon began to travel up the Columbia River. Then the Yakama moved to the lower Columbia to catch and preserve the fish.

In the fall they went into the Cascade Mountains to pick berries and hunt, while drying their victuals for the winter. Photo: Colville reed tipi and lean-to, Colville Indian Reservation, Wa, ca1900-05, Uof W Lib., SC, NA964

TOPPENISH

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“People of the trail that comes from the foot of the hills”

of A&C, L96.53.188

The Yakama Nation Museum opened in 1980 and is one of the oldest Native American Museums in the United States. The 12,000 sqare foot exhibition hall is the result of years of hope, thought, and effort on the part of the Yakama people. www.yakamamuseum.com

Toppenish

Some sources cite the city’s name of Toppenish as deriving from an Indian word “Xuupinish”, meaning sloping and spreading, while another source contends it is a derivative of the word “Thappahnish”, which translates to “People of the trail that comes from the foot of the hills”. The Yakama people were similar to the other native inhabitants of the Columbia River Plateau. They lived off the abundant salmon in the Columbia River as well as berries from the nearby mountains. As a consequence of the Walla Walla Council and the Yakima Photo: NW MUS

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FORT SIMCOE

Fort Simcoe was a United States Army fort erected in south-central Washington Territory to house troops sent to keep watch over local Indian tribes. The site and remaining buildings are located seven miles (11 km) west of modern White Swan, Washington, in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains.

The site was a meeting, trade and culture center for prehistoric native tribes from areas all around the present state of Washington. Prior to 1850, the site was used as a trade center and campground for the various bands of Native Americans that now make up the Yakama Indian Nation. The fort was built in the late 1850s by future Civil War General Robert S. Garnett and was in use for three years. In 1859, the military turned the fort over to the Yakama Indian Agency. The fort was then converted to an Indian school and the Yakama Indian Agency managed its affairs from the site until the early 1900s. The park was established in 1956.

Fort Simcoe State Park is located in an old oak grove watered by natural springs.

It is a 200-acre (0.81 km2), day-use heritage park on the Yakama Indian Reservation.

The park is primarily an interpretive effort, telling the story of mid-19th century army life and providing insights into the lifeways of local Native American culture. Five original buildings are still standing at the fort: the commander’s house, three captain’s houses and a blockhouse. Various other buildings have been recreated to appear original. Houses are filled with period furnishings. Due to its unique historic significance, the park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in June, 1974.

Photo Above: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Historic American Buildings Survey.

Source: U.S. Library of Congress

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White Swan

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Naches

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Selah

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Yakima

Moxee City Wapato

Yakima

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Indian

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Sunnyside 22

Grandview

Reservation 2

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Klickitat White Salmon

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Alderdale 3

Goldendale Maryhill 10 8 Wishram

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Columbia R.

1.Brooks Memorial State Park 2.Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge 3. Crow Butte State Park 4. Fort Simcoe State Park 5.Goldendale Observatory State Park 6. Horsethief Lake State Park

7.Indian Rock Paintings State Park 8. Maryhill State Park 9. Mount Adams Wilderness 10. Stonehenge Memorial 11.Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge 12. Yakima Nation Museum 13 Yakima Sportsman State Park

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Yakima