BRAVO Colonial America Magazine 2024

BRAVO CANADA

COLONIAL AMERICA MAGAZINE

Ontario, Quebec

Fort Saint-Jean National Historic Site Fort Saint-Jean National Historic Site of Canada is located on the Richelieu River, about 40 kilometres southeast of Montréal, in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Québec. Built in the 18th century, remains of the early fort ramparts include the masonry foundations, piling impressions, and stockade trenches.

Remains of the 1776 fort can also be seen on the site today, particularly the two bastions.

Official recognition refers to the footprint of the forts built in 1748 and 1775–1776.

In 1760, the French abandoned and burned the fort, but the surrounding area remained sought after for its strategic location on route to Montreal. In the summer of 1775, during the American Revolution, the fort was once again rebuilt, this time to protect against the cannon fire of the American invasion. Styled after the model by Sébastien Le Prestre, Marquis de Vauban, the new fort withstood a 45-day siege led by the American General Richard Montgomery. Following the 1837 uprising, new fortifications were built on the site, which, since 1952, have formed the core of the Royal Military College Saint-Jean.

RIGHT: Royal Military College

Saint-Jeansur-Richelieu, Quebec, J3B, Canada

ONTARIO

Photograph

©2005 E N Enterprizes

Thunderbay Fort William Fort William Historic Park

Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park Museum

Mattawa

Ottawa

Lake Huron

17th Century Huron Indian Village Local Museum United Empire Loyalists Museum

Penetanguishene

Kingston Toronto

Fort York Gibson House McDonald Mowat House MacKenzie House Montgomery’s Inn

Niagara-on-the-Lake London xxxxxxx

Amherstburg Chatham

Chatham Kent Museum

Lake Erie Eldon House Fanshawe Pioneer Village London Museum of Archaeology Elgin Military Museum Royal Canadian Regimental Museum Historic Otterville

Photograph

Adolphstown

Lake Ontario

Queenston

Fort Malden

Laurier House Governor General Footguards Museum Earnscliffe Canadian War Museum Bytown Museum Billings Estate

McFarland House Fort George Old Fort Erie Welland Canal St. Andrews Presbyterian Church Lundy’s Lane Historical Museum Niagara Apothecary Museum

Photograph

Bellevue House Elizabeth Cottage Fort Henry Murney Tower Penitentiary Museum Royal Military College

JOIN US ON A FASCINATING JOURNEY INTO THE LIFE OF THE STRONGEST MAN OF ALL TIME IN THE HOUSE ONCE OCCUPIED BY LOUIS CYR AND HIS FAMILY, IN LANAUDIÈRE REGION: THE MAISON LOUIS-CYR. Formerly known as Musée Louis-Cyr, the Maison LouisCyr in Saint-Jean-de-Matha, has been completely updated to reflect the growing public interest in the subject, particularly since the 2013 release of the feature film Louis Cyr: The Strongest Man in the World.

Learn about the fascinating story of the man who was considered the world’s strongest man in his time and whose exploits have never been equalled, even 150 years after his birth! Immerse yourself in Louis Cyr’s life and times in an interactive exhibition that’s ideal for the whole family. Step into the home of Louis Cyr and his wife Mélina Comtois. Test your own strength, compare your physique and explore a world in which physical strength is matched only by strength of mind.

215, Sainte-Louise, Saint-Jean-de-Matha

Fort William Historical Park is a leading heritage and cultural attraction that brings people from across North America to our doors to experience northern hospitality, be entertained, and conduct business - just like we did two hundred years ago.

1350 King Road, Thunder Bay, ON.

(807) 473-2344 www.fwhp.ca

CONTENTS Colonial America

Ontario Thunder Bay 17 Penetanguishene 19 Mattawa 21 Amherstburg 23 London 25 Chatham 29 Queenston 33 Niagara-on-the-Lake 39 Toronto 43 Adolphustown 45 Kingston 47 Ottawa 49 Brockville 53 Morrisburg 55 Dunvegan 57 Williamston 59 Merrickville 61 St. Andrews 63

Quebec Lachine 69

Saint Laurent 111

Montreal 71

Des chambault 113

Laurentians 77

Restigouche 115

Chateauguay 81

Rimouski 117

Richelieu River Area 82 Garden of Quebec 85 Magog 86 Lac Megantic 87 Chambly 89 Vercheres 90 Trois Rivieres 91 Cap Sante 93 Quebec City 95 Charlesbourg 101 Saint-Jean 103 Beauport 105 Pointe-Au-Pic 107 Sainte Petronille 109

10

COLONIAL AMERICA MAGAZINE 2024 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder.

Publishers note: All effort has been made to keep this guide book up to date regarding shops still being in business, hours, change of names and so on. Be sure to check ahead if you are traveling out to a destination.

Best, Christopher Colonial America Magazine ISBN Published and bound in China chris@metro-online..ca Adventure Guides 1038 East 63rd Avenue Vancouver BC V5X2L1 www.adventure-guides.ca

This Adventure Guide begins in Thunder Bay, Ontario and a visit to historic Fort William then continues eastward through the Great Lakes visiting stops from Amherstburg to Kingston to Ottawa, the capital of Canada. Carrying on we visit Toronto and head east still into Quebec.

In Quebec, we visit Montreal, the Eastern Townships, Trois Rivieres, and Quebec City.

In both provinces, we visit historical sites, museums, forts and historic homes from the colonial days.

ONTARIO ©2005 E N Enterprizes

Photograph

Laurier House Governor Generals Footguards Museum Earnscliffe Canadian War Museum Bytown Museum Billings Estate

QUEBEC Glengarry Pioneer Inn

Williamstown Fair Fraserfield Nor Westers & Loyalist Museum Bethune-Thompson House Blockhouse Museum

Georgian Bay

Ottawa

Dunvegan

St Andrews Church Williamstown St Andrews Merrickville Morrisburg Prescott Brockville

Kingston Lake Huron

Upper Canada Village Chryslers Farm Battlefield

Fort Wellington National Historic P Jones & Peck House Homewood Museum

Kleinburg Lake Ontario

Gibbons Family Farm & Maple Sugar Museum

Bellevue House Elizabeth Cottage Fort Henry Murney Tower Penitentiary Museum Royal Military College

Lake Erie

McMichael Canadian Collection

Photograph

USA

Photograph Photograph Photograph

M.S. Rau Antiques

M.S. Rau Antiques has been a French Quarter landmark for almost 100 years earning the trust of discerning antiques collectors worldwide. Our 25,000 square foot gallery literally overflows with remarkable collections of fine art, exquisite jewelry and, of course, exceptional 18th-and 19th-century antiques, and our highly trained staff of sales associates, research associates and support personnel are second to none.

630 Royal Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 USA

504-523-5660 www.rauantiques.com

Ontario Thunder Bay 17

Adolphustown 45

Penetanguishene 19

Kingston 47

Mattawa 21

Ottawa 49

Amherstburg 23

Brockville 53

London 25

Morrisbuurg 55

Chatham 29

Dunvegan 57

Queenston 33

Williamston 59

Niagara-on-the-Lake 39

Merrickville 61

Toronto 43

St. Andrews 63

THUNDER BAY

17

Headquarters of the North West Company

1816, with 42 buildings inside a palisade. There are store houses, artisans’ shops, a jail, and a Council House where company partners conducted business.

Craftsmen built traditional birchbark canoes, fiddlers played happy tunes and voyageurs sang .PHOTO: Fort William

Thunder Bay

In the early 19th century Fort William was the headquarters of the North West Company fur traders. Every summer more than 2,000 voyageurs and traders met there for the “Great Rendevous”, the company’s annual meeting. Voyageurs, their canoes loaded with furs, had paddled up to 4,830 kilometres from as far west as Chipewyan on Lake Athabaska. Others brought canoes full of trade goods from Montreal. While company partners from the Northwest and from Montreal settled accounts and planned strategy against trading rivals, voyageurs brawled, feasted and drank. Fort William has been reconstructed as it was in

18

Thunder Bay Military Museum Honouring Canada’s armed forces, the museum features displays of uniforms, medals and early telegraphy and radio communication devices. Also impressive is the the recreated First World War bunker and a detailed model of a prison-of-war camp. 317 Park Avenue

Thunder Bay Museum Located in a historic building, which once served as a Police Station and Court House, the Thunder Bay Museum offers visitors six galleries of local, regional and national heritage. Enjoy the permanent exhibits on the main floor, depicting the early years of Thunder Bay and Northwestern Ontario. Traveling and local exhibits that change frequently are featured on the second floor.

The Antechamber Gallery, featuring works by local artists and craftspeople; as well as a gentlemen’s games room, music gallery, and military exhibit can be found on the third floor.

425 Donald St. E.

1.

(807) 623-0801 info@thunderbaymuseum.com

PENETANGUISHENE

19

Royal Navy Military Establishments

Once a British navel and military base in the early 1800s, Discovery Harbour now proudly displays Ontario’s strong marine heritage. Tours, activities and theatre productions celebrate the summer months, and striking British Naval replicas are moored. Group tours can be accommodated.

Penetanguishene Centennial Museum & Archive

13 Burke Street

705-549-2150 www.penetanguishene.ca

Penetanguishene

Five kilometres north of Midland, at Penetanguishene, are the Royal Navy and Military Establishments. Built by the British after the War of 1812, the Establishments—part dockyard, part rmy camp—were maintained until the 1850s. A lively settlement of English and French fur traders grew up around these bases. The town of Penetanguishene still retains its bilingual character to this day. The bases that were its beginnings have been renovated and reconstructed—symbols of the days of British power on the Great Lakes.

20

Discovery Harbour Visitors to Discovery Harbour in Penetanguishen had better come prepared to join in the work of a shipshape naval depot. Swab the deck! Hoist the sails! Pull the oars! The orders and salt-dog insults are offered by good-natured staff in full costume who help – or cojole – visitors into everyday chores at this working frontier settlement.

The British chose this site as a supply depot because of its protected and easily defended harbor. By 1820, the base had 20 vessels, 30 buildings, and supported about 70 sailors, civilians, and their families. The village of today comprises several carefully constructed and very believable replicas of buildings typical of the period.

The first sight of Discovery Harbour draws gasps from visitors. It seems a scene straight out of history: three beautiful tall ships are moored at a wharf that is encircled by bright rose and blue warehouses. Bayfield’s Charthouse is the place to join an interpretive tour and sign up for a cruise on either HM Schooner Tecumseth or HM Schooner Bee. (Visitors may want to phone in advance, as this highly recommended activity is very popular.)

One of the first calls on land is to Dr. Todd’s house, where young and old alike squirm as they learn about bloodletting and amputations with anesthetics. Todd’s front porch makes a prime post for a survey of the active harbor area. Listen to the whining sawmills as timbers are squared, the clang of hammer on anvil at the smithy and more.

93 Jury Drive, Penetanguishene,, ON | L9M 1G1

MATTAWA

21

Historic Link in the Canoe Route

plain Provincial Park on the Mattawa has a reconstruction of canot de maitre, a voyageur freight canoe of birch bark and spruce roots. Audiovisual display at the park tells of canoe construction and the lives lived by voyageurs.

Voyageur Heritage Centre

Located within the Samual de Champlain Provincial Park, this centre explains the history of voyageurs who played an important role in Canada’s development.

Features a pictorial display. Open from Mid-May to the end of September.

Samual de Champlain Provincial Park | Mattawa, ON

1 705 744-2276

Mattawa

The wild Mattawa River — a historic link in the canoes route between the St. Lawrence River and the West —flows through Mattawa River Provincial Park. For more than 200 years, explorers, missionaries and fur traders travelled to Ottawa and Mattawa rivers to Lake Nipissing, then the French River to Georgian Bay. Etienne Brule was the first white man to pass this way in 1611. Later came Champlain, the Jesuit missionaries to Huronia, Radison and Groseillers, the La Verendryes and Alexander Mackenzie. Samuel de Cham-

22 The Town of Mattawa is located at the junction of the Ottawa and Mattawa Rivers. The convergence of the two rivers meant that this site has held an important position for the people who travelled this historic waterway to explore the rest of Canada.

Many explorers like Étienne Brûlé (1610), Samuel de Champlain (1615), and Pierre Radisson (1659), passed through Mattawa, plus Jesuits like Father Jean de Brebeuf (1626) and Father Lalement (1626) also rested here before pushing onwards to Lake Nipissing and the interior of Canada.

There are many beautiful vistas in Mattawa, but there is one really good place to view the town and that is at the Three crosses. The Three Crosses are standing on the crest of the Laurentian Mountains across from the Town of Mattawa on the Québec side.

The Three Crosses were erected on this site in 1686. A group of Explorers and missionary priests during their trip up the Ottawa River stopped at Explorer’s Point to repair their canoes.

In commemoration and by order of Sieur de Troyes, they decided to mark the place where the two rivers meet and erected the three crosses.

Mattawa Museum

285 First Street

705-744-5495 mattawamuseum@on.aibn.com

AMHERSTBURG

23

A Base in the War of 1812

during the Rebellion of 1837.

The location of an historic meeting between Major General Sir Isaac Brock and Shawnee Chief Tecumseh, the British stronghold on the Detroit frontier during the War of 1812 and the Rebellions of 1837-38, and the site of the longest American occupation on Canadian soil, Fort Malden National Historic Site, in Amherstburg, Ontario opens a fascinating doorway into Canada’s early military history.

Fort Malden National Historic Park

519-736-5416

11.

ont.fort-malden@pc.gc.ca

Amherstburg

Few military sites in Canada have been as strategically important as Fort Malden, now a historic national park which is located here. Built by the British in 1796, the fort was a base in the War of 1812. When the Americans won the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813 the British pulled out of Fort Malden. Recovered from the Americans in 1815 under provisions of the Treaty of Ghent, the fort stood four attacks by supporters of William Lyon Mackenzie

24 Amherstburg Navy Yard was constructed in 1796 after British forces vacated Detroit and relocated downstream to the eastern side of the Detroit River. The yard, used to construct and repair vessels, served as the hub of the British Naval presence on the Upper Great Lakes. The yard’s facilities included a large storehouse, two blockhouses, a timber yard with a saw pit, and a wharf. To the north of the naval yard, the British built Fort Amherstburg, at what is now Fort Malden National Historic Site of Canada, and to the south, a settlement, which became known as Amherstburg, sprang up to supply the fort and naval yard. For almost 20 years, the yard produced vessels ranging from small, open bateaux, to full-sized, three-masted, ship-rigged men-of-war. Amherstburg Navy Yard played a significant defensive role during the War of 1812, as the ships it produced enabled the British to maintain control of the area.

Walk where Canada’s earliest inhabitants did and imagine the Attiwandaron longhouses and palisade walls that once stood proudly at Southwold Earthworks National Historic Site.

Close your eyes and imagine a rare fortified village of 800-900 Attiwandaron, also known as the Neutral Iroquois, who inhabited Southwold from 1500 to 1650 AD.

Southwold Earthworks National Historic Site

905-468-6614 ont-niagara@pc.gc.ca

LONDON

25

Originally named ‘New London’

British namesakes.

Fanshawe Pioneer Village A nice secluded timeline village not disturbed by city life.

This timeline village has over 35 historic structures that cover life in south central Ontario from about 1820 until the early 20th century. The buildings include a log cabin, print shop, blacksmith, 2 churches, 2 schools, barns, many homes, saw mill, period tavern, and a working store. Many programs are put on weekends from May to October with the fall hosting an annual War of 1812 re-enactment weekend each year the weekend before the Canadian Thanksgiving Weekend.

Fanshawe Pioneer Village

2609 Fanshawe Park Rd. E., 519.457.1296, info@fanshawepioneervillage.ca

London

London was christened by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe on a 1792 visit to the Thames Valley. He named the site “New London” in the expectation that it would become the capital of Upper Canada. His high hopes were dashed a year later when the capital went to York (Toronto). But London grew into a prosperous and industrial center where streets bear such names as Pall Malland Piccadilly, which are the reminders of its

26

The Battle of Longwoods (Re-enactment)

The first weekend in May, at the Longwoods Road Conservation Area, you can experience history being brought to life. Every year, the Upper Thames Military Re-enactment Society presents the Battle of Longwoods.

Step back in time to March 4, 1814, as British troops attempt to expel American invaders. Hear the crack of the musket and the roar of the cannon. Come and experience life in the early 19th century. See the colourful clothing, smell the food prepared over open fires, and let us entertain your family for the day.

27

Wolseley Barracks

Corps of the Royal Canadian Regiment. The establishment of a permanent Canadian military force began in 1871 following the withdrawal of regular British troops from Canada in 1871. The standing Canadian forces of the time consisted of two small artillery batteries and the volunteer militia, a poorly trained and inadequately equipped force. In 1882, the government established permanent military training schools in order to properly train and educate officers. Infantry School Corps were located in Fredericton, Saint-Jean and Toronto, where the three companies (“A”, “B” and “C”) were housed in the old British barracks. In 1885, when a fourth school was established in London, new barracks were required to house the 100 men who would make up “D” Company. This school, along with its fellow infantry schools, artillery schools in Québec, Kingston and Victoria, a cavalry school in Québec and a mounted infantry school in Winnipeg, formed the foundation of Canada’s permanent force.

Louisiana

Wolseley Barracks was designated a national historic site of Canada in 1963 because: - it was built in 1886, an early step in the development of the Permanent Forces of Canada.

The first purpose-built infantry training school erected by the Dominion Government, Wolseley Barracks was built in 1886-1888 to house Company “D” of the Infantry School

28

Norton Attawandaron Village Since 1939, archaeologists postulated that a native settlement existed here centuries ago. The Norton Attawandaron Village was discovered in 1988 during an environmental assessment for a PUC pipeline.33 The site is believed to have been occupied in the late Woodland period, from about 1400 to the early 1500s, although Attawandarons are thought to have come to this area more than 1000 years ago. By 1400, there had been three major settlements in the London area. It is likely that the inhabitants of the Norton site were Attawandarons as were the occupants of the Lawson Prehistoric Village site in northwest London.

Attawandarons were also known as Neutrals because they tried to avoid involvement in the wars prevalent between the Hurons and the Iroquois. Remaining neutral would prove difficult, since the warring factions lay both to the north and south of the Thames River.

This village consisted of nine longhouses sheltering between 500 and 1000 occupants.

Artifacts found here have included potsherds, clay pipes, deer antlers, and carbonized corn kernels. These natives were largely agrarian. They surrounded their village with palisades of poles to protect the settlement from periodic attacks, most likely by bands of Iroquois.

Competition created by the early fur trade was one factor behind Iroquois attacks on the Hurons and Attawandarons during this period.36 After centuries of farming and hunting in the Thames River district, the Neutrals left the area in the sixteenth century, moving east toward present-day Hamilton. There, for a time, they formed part of a powerful Neutral confederacy. This confederacy was dispersed in the mid-seventeenth century, after repeated attacks by the Five Nations Iroquois ( Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas), who had moved north from the present New York State area.

Location: Also see: Norton Attawandaron Village Museum of Ontario Archaeology 1600 Attawandaron Rd, London Ontario.

N6G 3M6

519-473-1360

CHATHAM

29

Northern Terminus of the Underground Railroad

American Civil War. The Hiram Walker Historical Museum, a two-story Georgian house built by Col Francis Baby is the oldest brick house east of Niagara.

The house was used as headquarters by the invading Americans in the War of 1812, and the Battle of Windsor was fought on its grounds in 1838. The museum’s furniture collection includes a pioneer loom (1830) and a rosewood melodeon made in New York in the 1840s.

ABOVE: Battle of Thames

The Hiram Walker Historical Museum

www.citywindsor.ca/residents/culture/windsors-community-museum/Pages/Home. aspx

Chatham

Like its namesake in England, Chatham sits near the mouth of the River Thames, and began as a naval dockyard in 1793. Highlights of its interesting past include a major battle in the War of 1812; John Brown’s plotting of the raid on Harper’s Ferry, helping to trigger the American Civil War; and the establishment of the northern terminus of the Underground Railroad, a secret route that brought slaves north to their freedom before the

30 THE ELGIN SETTLEMENT, which was for many the last stop on the Underground Railroad, was founded in 1849. THE MUSEUM SITE INCLUDES the Buxton Museum, S.S. #13 Raleigh (Buxton) Schoolhouse (1861), the Colbert/Henderson Cabin (1854), and the Shadd Barn (restoration completed in 2009).

Local church cemeteries (1857) are on the grounds adjacent to the museum.

Buxton National Historic Site & Museum

21975 Ad Shadd Rd

519-352-4799

www.buxtonmuseum.com

31

Josiah Henson was born into slavery on June 15, 1789 near Port Tobacco in Charles County, Maryland. As a slave, Henson experienced horrifying conditions. He was separated from his parents, sold twice and maimed for life after being beaten. In 1829, Henson arranged to purchase his freedom with money he earned by preaching to Methodist congregations. Betrayed by his master, Henson was taken to New Orleans to be sold. Henson escaped slavery by fleeing northwards with his wife and four children using the Underground Railroad, eventually crossing the Niagara River into Upper Canada (now Ontario) on October 28, 1830.

Upper Canada had become a haven for Black refugees from the United States after 1793 when Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe passed an “An Act to prevent the further introduction of Slaves, and to limit the Term of Contracts for Servitude within this Province.” Although the legislation didn’t free slaves living in Canada, it prohibited the importation of slaves to the province. This meant that refugees from slavery were free as soon as they set foot in Ontario. By 1830, when Henson arrived, the Black community in Upper Canada consisted of Black Loyalists who had fought for the British during the American Revolution, African American refugees from the War of 1812, and others.

29251 Uncle Tom’s Road

Dresden, Ontario

519-683-2978

www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/index.php/properties/uncle-toms-cabin

Louisiana

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Historic Site

32 Step Back to Cape Cod of centuries past. Your journey begins with a tour of the historical dwelling built circa 1752 by Chatham sea captain Joseph Atwood, and occupied by his descendants for some five generations. Discover Cape Cod’s captivating history, art, and culture at the Chatham Historical Society’s expanded and upgraded Atwood House House Museum. In addition to the 18th century Atwood House at its core, Museum highlights include: The Joseph A. Nickerson, Jr. Portrait Gallery of Chatham-born local sea captains, painted by Frederick Wright. The Mural Barn, housing the nationally-renowned paintings of local residents by Alice Stallknecht Wright. The Fishing Gallery, dedicated to the history, personalities, and various techniques of Chatham’s commercial fishing industry - the first of its kind.

The collection of the Chatham Historical Society includes approximately 3000 objects (paintings, decorative arts, maritime artifacts, etc.)--mainly American-made and mostly Chatham related. In addition, our archives contain about 2500 photographs, over 1600 books, and several thousand documents relating to the history of Chatham.

Atwood House & Museum

347 Stage Harbor Rd

508-945-2493

www.chathamhistoricalsociety.org/

QUEENSTON

33

Home of Laura Secord

South Landing Inn

905-262-4634

www.southlandinginn.com

Queenston

Many War of 1812 sites can be seen in the Niagara Peninsula, one of the most foughtover areas of the conflict. A military figure is one of four at the corners of Maj. Gen. Sir Isaac Brock’s monument at Queenston. Brock fell at the battle of Queenston Heights in 1812. In Queenston, the home of Laura Secord, who made the 32 kilometre trek to warn of an American attack, is now a museum. The McFarland House (1800), a museum at Niagara on the Lake, was used as a hospital by both sides in the war. The town’s Fort George (1796-99), which fell to the Americans in 1813, has been restored.

Also restored is old Fort Erie, the Fort Erie stronghold which was captured in 1814 by the Americans.

The South Landing Inn was built in the early 1800’s

by Thomas Dickson to accommodate many travellers on the route around the mighty falls of Niagara. Queenston then boasted thirteen inns and taverns of which only South Landing Inn remains today.

34 During the war of 1812 this Canadian icon set out on a treacherous journey of 32 kilometers (20 miles) through the American lines and over wild unsettled country and swamp to warn British forces of an impending attack. Guides in period costume will enchant you with tales of her adventure. Tour the beautifully restored homestead.

Laura Secord Homestead was: *The residence of Canadian heroine Laura Secord from 1803 to 1835 *Ransacked by invading American soldiers during the Battle of Queenston Heights in October of 1812, during the War of 1812 *The starting point of Laura Secord’s perilous 32-kilometre (20 mile) journey to warn the British of an imminent American surprise attack in June of 1813 during the War of 1812 *Restored and furnished with original furniture by the Laura Secord Candy Company in 1971 and gifted to The Niagara Parks Commission in 1998 *In the pleasant village of Queenston, just off the scenic Niagara Parkway conveniently located minutes away from a WEGO bus stop in Queenston Heights Park and a short walk away from the Bruce Trail and the Niagara River Recreation Trail

Laura Secord Homestead

www.niagaraparks.com/visit/heritage/laura-secord-homestead/

35 The Best Hands-on Museum in Upper Canada The restored home of rebel publisher William Lyon Mackenzie reveals 500 years of printing technology, amid the authentic ambiance of a period print shop. Rarest in the museum’s collection is the Louis Roy Press, oldest in Canada and one of the few original wooden presses remaining in the world!

A hands-on experience is encouraged with a working linotype and 8 operating heritage presses. A joint venture was established in 1990 between The Niagara Parks Commission and a volunteer non-profit Printery Committee concerned with the preservation of printing equipment. To learn more about the Printery and upcoming events, visit the Mackenzie Printery & Newspaper Museum.

Located in the home of the 19th Century firebrand editor William Lyon Mackenzie, The Mackenzie Printery and Newspaper Museum is Canada’s largest working printing Museum.

The MacKenzie Printery & Newspaper Museum

36 Travel to the edge of the Niagara River in Fort Erie to experience the sights and sounds of a fort under siege at this War of 1812 National Historic Site. Join British, First Nations, and American soldiers on a tour of the grounds and learn more about Niagara’s pivotal role in the War of 1812. Step back in time and relive history with daily tours, musket demonstrations and the annual Siege of Old Fort Erie Re-enactment.

Our costumed staff will guide you deep into the walls of the Old Fort, sharing facts and stories, while demonstrating what life during this period of history was like for the inhabitants. Walk in the footsteps of history on the grounds of Canada’s bloodiest battlefield.

Fort Erie saw considerable action in the War of 1812 including the capture of two American ships, the ‘Ohio’ and the ‘Somers’.

The interactive exhibits featured in the Welcome Centre provide an in depth exposition into the site’s history and provide the background information needed to get the most from your visit. A theatre and full service snack bar round out the ammentities in this impressive space.

Fort Erie

www.niagaraparks.com/visit/heritage/old-fort-erie/

37 The Battle of Chippawa, fought on July 5th 1814, was the opening engagement of the Niagara campaign of 1814, the longest and bloodiest military operation of the War of 1812.

Niagara Parks acquired the site of the Battle of Chippawa in 1995 and has preserved 121 hectares (300 acres) of this pristine battlefield, the last remaining site from the War of 1812.

A self-guided walking tour helps retrace the events of the battle.

The Battle of Chippawa (sometimes incorrectly spelled Chippewa) was a victory for the United States Army in the War of 1812, during an invasion of the British Empire’s colony of Upper Canada along the Niagara River on July 5, 1814.[8] This battle and the subsequent Battle of Lundy’s Lane demonstrated that trained American troops could hold their own against British regulars. The battlefield is a National Historic Site.

The British commander watched the advancing American line contemptuously, for its men wore the rough gray coats issued those untrained levies he had easily whipped before. As the ranks advanced steadily through murderous grapeshot he realized his mistake: “Those are regulars, by God!” It was Winfield Scott’s brigade of infantry, drilled through the previous winter into a crack outfit. It drove the British from the battlefield; better still, after two years of seemingly endless failures, it renewed the American soldier’s faith in himself.

The Battle of Chippawa

www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_chippewa_river.html

38 Brock died by gunshot wound to the chest on the morning of October 13, 1812, leading a charge of British regulars and Canadian militia up the Heights to regain the Redan Battery, earlier captured by American infantry forces under Captain John Wool. One of Brock’s aides-de-camp, John Macdonell was also mortally wounded while attempting to lead a subsequent abortive charge when his mount was shot from beneath him and fell on him. The combined British, Canadian, and First Nations forces eventually won a resounding victory under the command of Major-General Roger Hale Sheaffe.

Brock and his aide were initially buried in the north-east corner of Fort George in nearby Niagara-on-the-Lake, then called Newark. This corner has come to be known as Brock’s Bastion and is immortalized as such by a small stone bearing that inscription. A campaign began among prominent Upper Canadians to honour Brock, whose dramatic death provided a rallying point during and after the war as a symbol of Canadian independence from the United States. This led to the erection of the first Brock’s Monument, a 135-foot (41.1m) Tuscan column with a viewing platform at the top. Construction began in 1823, and the monument was inaugurated October 13, 1824

Brock’s Monument National Historic Site

www.niagaraparks.com/niagara-falls-attractions/brocks-monument.html

NIAGARAon-the-LAKE

39

One of Best Preserved 19th Century Towns

Fort Mississauga National Historic Site

www.friendsoffortgeorge.ca/sites/fort-mississauga/

Niagara-on-the-Lake

Put to the torch by the American troops in 1813, rebuilt after the War of 1812, Niagaraon-the-Lake is one of the best preserved early 19th century towns in North America. St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church is a fine example of ecclesiastical Greek Revival architecture. The Niagara Apothecary, a pharmacy museum, has the hanging golden mortar which is the traditional symbol of an apothecary.

Fort Mississauga National Historic Site is a fort on the shore of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Niagara River in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. The fort today consists of a box–shaped brick tower and historic star–shaped earthworks. The all–brick fort was built from 1814–1816 during the War of 1812, to replace nearby Fort George. It was built on a foundation of brick and stone salvaged from rubble left after retreating United States forces burned the nearby town of Newark in December, 1813. It would help in the defence of Upper Canada the following year, as part of a regional network that included Fort George, Navy Hall, and Butler’s Barracks. However, the fort wouldn’t be completed until after the war.

40

Fort George

Fort George National Historic Site is a historic military structure at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, that was the scene of several battles during the War of 1812. The fort consists of earthworks and palisades, along with internal structures, including an officer’s quarters, blockhouses to accommodate other ranks and their families, and a stone powder magazine, which is the only original building on the site. Opposite the fort, across the Niagara River, stands Fort Niagara in New York, which can be seen from Fort George’s ramparts.

Fort George was built by the British Army after Jay’s Treaty (1796) required Britain to withdraw from Fort Niagara. The new fort was completed in 1802 and became the headquarters for the British Army and the local militia.

Major General Sir Isaac Brock served here during the War of 1812, until he was killed in the Battle of Queenston Heights on October 13, 1812 while trying to regain the heights. (That goal was achieved after his death by troops under Major-General Roger Hale Sheaffe.)

During the Battle of Fort George the fort was taken by American forces in May 1813 after a two-day bombardment by cannon from Fort Niagara and the American Fleet, followed by a fierce battle. Most of the buildings were destroyed. Brigadier General John Vincent ordered the troops to evacuate the fort to minimize the number of casualties. www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=432

41 The Niagara Military Museum seeks to enrich the lives of Niagara residents, students and visitors by sharing the experiences of regionally-based individuals in the Canadian military (air, land and sea) emphasizing service in the 20th century.

Housed in the historic Niagara Falls Armoury (1911-1999), the Museum fulfills its mission by preserving the Armoury for guided public tours, by collecting and exhibiting artefacts, and by communicating stories of Canada’s military heritage.

Visit our reference Library for Military history research specific to Canada. Our staff will gladly assist those who seek Canadian family military records free of charge.

We also can assist with identification of artifacts.

NIAGARA MILITARY MUSEUM Preserving and sharing the Tri-Service Military History of the Niagara Peninsula

Niagara Military Museum

www.niagaramilitarymuseum.ca/

42

Niagara Heritage District

Niagara-on-the-Lake teems with historical plaques, many national and provincial, reflecting its significance in the establishment of many of the province’s institutions. Among these are plaques about its first newspaper, lending library, parliament, historical museum, and governing body for the legal profession. Critical battles in the defence of Upper Canada took place here, and at nearby at Queenston and St. David’s, both now part of Niagara-on-the-Lake. In one of these, Laura Secord gained her fame.

The town gave many black Americans their first taste of freedom, both as a stop on the Underground railroad for those travelling further into Upper Canada, and as a refuge in its own right. Its stock of Regency and Classical Revival buildings, considered the best in the country from the post-War of 1812 period, led the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada to recommend the town’s historic district be designated a National Historic Site of Canada, a designation which was approved in 2003. The historic centre had been designated as a provincial Heritage Conservation District under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1986. Although it did not make the final list, the Historic District was considered for nomination as a World Heritage Site

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake

TORONTO

43

The Town of York

economically.

The Grange is a historic Georgian manor in downtown Toronto, Ontario. It was the first home of the Art Museum of Toronto. Today, it is part of the Art Gallery of Ontario. The structure was built in 1817, making it the 12th oldest surviving building in Toronto and the oldest remaining brick house. It was built for D’Arcy Boulton (1785–1846), one of the town’s leading citizens and part of the powerful Boulton family that played an important role in the Family Compact. Originally, it was considerably west of the city, but over time, the city grew and Boulton sold his considerable land holdings surrounding the manor at great profit.

The Grange

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grange_(Toronto)

Toronto

John Graves Simcoe, first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada established the town of York which later became Toronto, in 1793. It was made the capital of Upper Canada and was presumed safe from capture by the Americans. But Americans captured the town during the War of 1812, and raised several buildings. York was rebuilt in 1834 and was incorporated as the City of Toronto. As surrounding farmlands were settled, it prospered

44 Canada’s largest collection of original War of 1812 buildings and 1813 battle site. Located in the heart of downtown Toronto, Fort York is open year-round and offers tours, exhibits, period settings, and seasonal demonstrations. During the summer months, the site comes alive with the colour and pageantry of the Fort York Guard. Fort York also provides a wide variety of education programmes for groups of all ages.

Fort York is a historic site of military fortifications and related buildings on the west side of downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The fort was built by the British Army and Canadian militia troops in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, to defend the settlement and the new capital of the Upper Canada region from the threat of a military attack, principally from the newly independent United States. It was designated a National Historic Site in 1923. The City of Toronto designated the site, along with the nearby Fort York Armoury, as a Heritage Conservation District in 1985. n 1793, Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe authorized a garrison on the present site of Fort York, just west of the mouth of Garrison Creek on the north western shore of Lake Ontario. Simcoe recognized Toronto was an ideal site for settlement and defence because of its natural harbour and relative longer distance from the United States. Fort York guards the western (at the time of construction, the only) entrance to the bay. Simcoe had decided to make Toronto (which he renamed York) the capital of Upper Canada, and the government, the first parliament buildings and the town were established one and a half miles east of the fort (near the foot of the present Parliament Street).

Fort York

www.fortyork.ca

ADOLPHUSTOWN

45

Home of the United Empire Loyalist Museum

Minister of Canada.

Adolphustown was founded in 1784 by United Empire Loyalists. The original Loyalist Landing site is now the 74-acre (300,000 m2) U.E.L. Heritage Centre & Park, a museum, public park, and family campground.

The settlement was named for Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, a son of George III. A number of Quakers settled in this area in 1784 and held their first Monthly Meetings in Canada here.

ABOVE: St. Alban Methodist church

The United Empire Loyalist Museum

uel.ca/museum-archives

Adolphustown

The United Empire Loyalist Museum, in an 1877 house, displays maps of early settlements, “muster rolls” of Loyalists who served in various Loyalist regiments, and pioneer documents, portraits, tools, utensils and furnishings. On the shores of Hay Bay, north of Adolphshtown is United Canada’s first Methodist chapel, built in 1792. Near the church is a cairn which marks the site of a boyhood home of Sir John A. Macdonald, the first Prime

46

THE UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST HERITAGE CENTRE AND PARK The UEL Heritage Centre and Park is a mixture of history, camping, and family fun, all in one location. It is made up of 72 acres, located on the scenic shores of the Bay of Quinte, along the Loyalist Parkway (Hwy #33) in the historic village of Adolphustown.

The park is the site of the original landing of the first group of United Empire Loyalists, under Major Peter Vanalstine, which took place on June 16, 1784. The first loyalists were settled on the grounds in tents, and spent their early days here before moving to their new homes. The UEL Heritage Centre and Park is dedicated to the preservation of this important location, which included the first Loyalist Cemetery, established in 1784, and the oldest monument to the Loyalists in Canada, erected in 1884 for the Loyalist Centennial Celebrations.

The park was established as a family campground and day-use facility by the Province of Ontario in 1956 and has served as such since that time. Some of our visiting families have been coming to this spot for generations. Campsites are available for overnight, weekly, or seasonal use. Our beach and day-use area is ideally suited for family picnics and outings, as well as for larger groups, such as family reunions or church picnics.

For those interested in history, we have a museum dedicated to the Loyalists and early Ontario history, as well as a large library research room. From time to time we host encampments by re-enactment groups to bring history to life on our grounds. www.uel.ca

KINGSTON

47

An Indian village, a French fortress, a British citadel

mander, replaced the stockade with stone bastions and called it Fort Frontenac. It was a French trading and military post until 1758, when it fell to the British.

After the American Revolution, in 1784, the site was reoccupied by 1,500 United Empire Loyalists. They called it Kingston in honour of George III. During the War of 1812, Kingston became the major naval base in Upper Canada.

It later became an important political center and the home of Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada. Today, it is an industrial city of about 60,000 people.

RIGHT: Fort Henry

Fort Frontenac

(formerly Fort Cataraqui)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Frontenac

Kingston

Kingston has been an Indian village, a French fortress, a British citadel—even, briefly the capital of Canada (1841-44). The past speaks through the gray limestone walls of the old city, through monuments and museums and through the battlements of Fort Henry, where 19th century military routine is daily re-enacted. Governor Frontenac of New France built a wooden stockade here in 1673. The explorer La Salle, named fort com-

48 Fort Henry (also known as Fort Henry National Historic Site) is located in Kingston, Ontario, Canada on Point Henry, a strategic, elevated point near the mouth of the Cataraqui River where it flows into the St. Lawrence River at the east end of Lake Ontario.

The original fort was constructed during the War of 1812 to protect the Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard (the site of the present-day Royal Military College of Canada) on Point Frederick from a possible American attack during the war and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario. The original fort was replaced by a much larger construction in the 1830s to maintain protection of the naval dockyard and protect the southern entrance to the Rideau Canal. The fort was restored in the 1930s and is a significant tourist attraction.

At the beginning of the War of 1812, local militia erected a blockhouse and battery on Point Henry to defend the important naval base on Point Frederick, located across Haldimand Cove (now Navy Bay) to the west, and to monitor maritime traffic on the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario] On November 10, 1812, this battery was involved in repelling several American warships that were attacking the Provincial Marine sloop Royal George as the ship was taking refuge in Kingston Harbour. This naval action strengthened the view that a stronger fortification was needed and so the militia and regular army began building a more permanent fortification in 1813. The fort and the point on which the fort was built were named after Henry Hamilton, former Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec. The fort was one of several defensive structures built in and around Kingston during the war.

By 1820 the fort consisted of earth and stone ramparts, demi-bastions, redans, ditches, magazines, barracks, signal towers and support batteries.

OTTAWA

49

Westminster of the Wilderness

to grow. Its name was changed in 1855— Ottawa seemed a better bet in the competition to become the national capital—and two years later the city became the “Westminster of the Wilderness.”

The Billings Estate National Historic Site is an Ottawa museum located at 2100 Cabot St. in the former home of one of the region’s earliest settlers. The oldest wood framed house in Ottawa was built in 1827-9 by Massachusetts-born Braddish Billings.

Billings Estate Museum

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billings_Estate_Museum

Ottawa

The area’s first settler had been Nicholas Sparks, who built a farm in the early 1800s near present day Sparks Street. The homestead he cleared from the Upper Canadian bush remained isolated until 1826, when Col. John By and the Royal Engineers began construction of the Rideau canal. British Canada had come perilously close to losing the War of 1812, and the canal would enable English ships to avoid American canon along St. Lawrence. When the job was completed in 1832, a small lumbering village called Bytow began

50 The Rideau Canal, also known unofficially as the Rideau Waterway, connects the capital city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada to Lake Ontario and the Saint Lawrence River.

It is 202 kilometres in length The name Rideau, French for “curtain,” is derived from the curtain-like appearance of the Rideau River’s twin waterfalls where they join the Ottawa River. The canal system uses sections of two rivers, the Rideau and the Cataraqui, as well as several lakes. The Rideau Canal is operated by Parks Canada.

The canal was opened in 1832 as a precaution in case of war with the United States. It remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures intact, operated by Parks Canada. The locks on the system open for navigation in mid-May and close in mid-October. It is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, and in 2007 it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The construction of the Rideau Canal was a preventive military measure undertaken after a report that during the War of 1812 the United States had intended to invade the British colony of Upper Canada via the St. Lawrence River, which would have severed the lifeline between Montreal and Kingston.[6] The British built a number of other canals (Grenville, Chute-à-Blondeau and Carillon Canals, all along the Ottawa River) as well as a number of forts (Citadel Hill, La Citadelle, and Fort Henry) to impede and deter any future American invasions of Canadian territory.

The initial purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply and communications route between Montreal and the British naval base in Kingston. Westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown (now Ottawa), then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario.

The objective was to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence bordering New York; a route which would have left British supply ships vulnerable to an attack or a blockade of the St. Lawrence.

51 Rideau Hall is, since 1867, the official residence in Ottawa of both the Canadian monarch and his or her representative, the Governor General of Canada, and has been described as “Canada’s house” It stands in Canada’s capital on a 0.36 km2 (88 acre) estate at 1 Sussex Drive, with the main building consisting of approximately 175 rooms across 9,500 m2 (102,000 sq ft), and 27 outbuildings around the grounds. While the equivalent building in many countries has a prominent, central place in the national capital (for example Buckingham Palace, the White House, and the Royal Palace in Amsterdam), Rideau Hall’s site is relatively unobtrusive within Ottawa, giving it more the character of a private home.

Most of Rideau Hall is used for state affairs, only 500 m2 (5,400 sq ft) of its area being dedicated to private living quarters, while additional areas serve as the offices of the Canadian Heraldic Authority and the principal workplace of the governor general and his or her staff—either the term Rideau Hall, as a metonym, or the formal idiom Government House is employed to refer to this bureaucratic branch. Officially received at the palace are foreign heads of state, both incoming and outgoing ambassadors and high commissioners to Canada, and Canadian Crown ministers for audiences with either the viceroy or the sovereign, should the latter be in residence. Rideau Hall is likewise the location of many Canadian award presentations and investitures, where prime ministers and other members of the federal Cabinet are sworn in, and where federal writs of election are dropped, among other ceremonial and constitutional functions.

Rideau Hall and the surrounding grounds were designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1977. The house is open to the public for guided tours throughout the year; approximately 200,000 visitors tour Rideau Hall annually

52 Parliament Hill (French: Colline du Parlement), colloquially known as The Hill, is an area of Crown land on the southern banks of the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario. Its Gothic revival suite of buildings is the home of the Parliament of Canada and has architectural elements of national symbolic importance. Parliament Hill attracts approximately 3 million visitors each year. Law enforcement on parliament hill and in the parliamentary precinct is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Protective Service (PPS).

Originally the site of a military base in the 18th and early 19th centuries, development of the area into a governmental precinct began in 1859, after Queen Victoria chose Ottawa as the capital of the Province of Canada. Following a number of extensions to the parliament and departmental buildings and a fire in 1916 that destroyed the Centre Block, Parliament Hill took on its present form with the completion of the Peace Tower in 1927. Since 2002, an extensive $1 billion renovation and rehabilitation project has been underway throughout all of the precinct’s buildings; work is not expected to be complete until after 2020.

Parliament Hill is a limestone outcrop with a gently sloping top that was originally covered in primeval forest of beech and hemlock. For hundreds of years, the hill served as a landmark on the Ottawa River for First Nations and, later, European traders, adventurers, and industrialists, to mark their journey to the interior of the continent. After Ottawa—then called Bytown—was founded, the builders of the Rideau Canal used the hill as a location for a military base] naming it Barrack Hill. A large fortress was planned for the site, but was never built, and by the mid 19th century the hill had lost its strategic importance.

BROCKVILLE

53

Named for Maj. General Sir Isaac Brock

11128 County Road 2 Iroquois, ON, K0E1K0

613 652 6277

www.doranbaymodelshipmuseu m.com

Brockville

Founded in 1784, Brockville was one of the first Loyalist settlements in Upper Canada.

It was named for Maj. General Sir Isaac Brock, who was the hero of the War of 1812. With a rich history dating back to the 1770s, Brockville and the surrounding region is now home to a wide range of historical sites and museums.

This area of Ontario was first settled

by English speakers in 1785, when thousands of American refugees arrived from the American colonies after the American Revolutionary War. They were later called United Empire Loyalists because of their continued allegiance to King George III. The struggle between Britain and the 13 American colonies occurred in the years 1776 to 1783, and seriously divided loyalties among people in some colonies such as New York and Vermont.

54 First built during the War of 1812 to defend the St. Lawrence River shipping route from attack by the United States, Fort Wellington also helped thwart another American invasion during the 1837-38 Upper and Lower Canada rebellions. Explore the wreck of an 1812-era gunboat, try on a costume and take part in military drill, witness a cannon firing, savour period treats cooked over an open fire, or play games from long ago.

Enlist in the Royal Artillery for a day! Recruits will spend their time training to be a member of the cannon crew. Feel the surge of adrenalin as you fire a 19th century muzzleloading cannon. This experience includes hands-on involvement, and a souvenir.

Fort Wellington was commissioned by the British government during the War of 1812 to protect the head of the Gallop Rapids in the St. Lawrence River. Prior to the creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the 1950s, a series of rapids ran downriver from Prescott to Montreal. Shipping of freight and passengers on regular lake ships was impossible through these rapids, and so freight and passengers who travelled downriver to Prescott from Kingston would be “forwarded” to smaller bateaux which could travel through the rapids. Likewise, freight travelling upriver from Montreal would be unloaded from smaller bateaux and loaded onto larger lake ships for carriage upriver. At the time, the Rideau Canal had not been constructed and the colony’s road network was primitive. The only means of shipping heavy cargo and passengers into the Great Lakes from the lower St. Lawrence was by way of Prescott.

Since Prescott is located only a mile from the town of Ogdensburg, New York, it was especially vulnerable to military action by the United States Army. As a communications hub upon which the rest of the colony of Upper Canada relied, the town had to be defended.

MORRISBURG

55

Upper Canada Village

Founded in 1961, Upper Canada Village is one of the largest living-history sites in Canada. Here, we endeavor to depict life in a rural English Canadian setting during the year 1866. Featured are over forty historical buildings, many moved here prior to flooding of the “Lost Villages” during the St. Lawrence Seaway development project. These include homes, functioning mills and trades workshops.

Upper Canada Village

www.uppercanadavillage.com/about-the-village/

Morrisburg

Houses, churches, taverns and shops of the era from 1784 to 1867 have been rebuilt and restored at Upper Canada Village, east of Morrisburg. Some of the buildings were moved here when their original sites were submerged during the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the late 1950s. The authentic flavor of village life involved painstaking research by architects, historians, and horticulturists.

56

DUNVEGAN

57

Western Highlanders arrived in 1784

Opened in 1962, the Glengarry Pioneer Museum consists of several nineteenth century log heritage buildings and artifacts.

The museum’s original structure started life as MacIntosh’s Store in the 1840s. It then became the Star Inn, a stagecoach stop in the 1860s. It is this period that the inn is furnished to reflect…including the original barroom, believed to be one of the oldest in Eastern Ontario.

www.glengarrypioneermuseum.ca/gpm/

Dunvegan

Glengarry County was the first Scottish settlement in Ontario. Western Highlanders arrived in 1784 from New York’s Mohawk Valley where they had settled before the American Revolution. Two years later 500 parishioners of Rev. Alexander Macdonell of Glengary, Scotland, joined them. Others followed in the next 50 years, including 400 Highlanders in 1802, one quarter of them named MacMillan.

WILLIAMSTON

59

Oldest regularly operated country fair in Canada

1787. Fraserfield (c. 1812), a 23-room stone structure, was one of the finest country houses of its day. The Nor’Westers and Loyalist Museum is in a red brick Georgian building (1862.).

Bethune-Thompson House is named after two former residences, this house is one of the oldest structures in the province. Built in 1784, this house is owned by the Ontario Heritage Foundation.

Bethune-Thompson House

www.heritagetrust.on.ca/properties/bethune-thompson-house

Williamston

Williamston Fair, the oldest regularly operated country fair in Canada is held in early September. It was started in 1810 by Sir John Johnson, leader of a group of Loyalists who came here in 1784 from New York. Johnson’s red-roofed, white clapboard manor (c. 1790) is one of the many newsworthy old houses located here. Another is a white framed house built by the Rev. John Bethune, who founded Ontario’s first Presbyterian congregation in

60 Sir John Johnson House National Historic Site Sir John Johnson, a loyalist who moved North to Montreal following the American Revolution, left behind a considerable estate in Mohawk valley to fund and lead the King’s Regiment of New York. In 1784 he was instrumental in resettling many loyalists in what is now Ontario. Johnson himself built a home and mills on the banks of Raisin river between 1784 and 1792. The home remains one of the oldest in Ontario. www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/johnjohnson

BELOW: The Courthouse

Nor’Westers and Loyalist Museum

19651 John St, Williamstown ON K0C 2J0

613-347-3547

MERRICKVILLE

61

The Merrickville Blockhouse

The Rideau Canal opened in 1832 and the commerce it brought stimulated the community’s growth and, in 1860 the Village of Merrickville was incorporated. As the railways grew, other locations were chosen as divisional junctions and by the 1880s Merrickville’s period of major growth had ended.

From then until the 1960s the village slumbered in relative obscurity.

The Merrickville Blockhouse

www.merrickvillehistory.org/aboutus.html

Merrickville

Merrickville like most of the settlements on the Rideau river system developed beside falls or rapids which provided the water power to drive early development.

In the 1790s, William Merrick a United Empire Loyalist received a Crown grant and built a saw mill, around which grew the community then known as Merrick’s Mills.

62 1. The Blockhouse 1832, Main & St Lawrence Built to defend the canal, this is the largest of the four such military stone blockhouses built for this purpose. Once serving as the home and residence for lockmaster John Johnston, it now is a Museum operated by the Merrickville & District Historical Society. Inside it houses a collection of typical 19th century implements.

2. The Industrial Complex 1790 On the north side of the bridge is the site of the industrial complex which grew around William Merrick’s original sawmill. By the early 1800s, flour and grist mills had been added, and by 1850 a major foundry and woollen mill were part of the complex.

3. *William Merrick House c. 1821 - 129 Mill Street The third and last home of the Village founder and pioneer industrialist William Merrick. It was later owned by industrialist and foundryman William Pearson and his daughter Mary Pearson.

4. *The Magee House c. 1845 - 205 Mill Street Built in the 1840s and acquired shortly thereafter by early foundryman William Magee, this Queen Anne style Victorian is one of the most attractive homes in the Village. Carefully restored it is now operated as the “Millisle B&B”.

5. *Merrick Tavern c. 1830 - 106 Mill Street One of the earliest surviving buildings in the Village, this stone house was a tavern owned by Terrance & Aaron Merrick. It served the mill workers from the industrial complex across the street. In 1980 it was restored as a private home.

6. *Jakes McLean Block c.1862 - Main & St Lawrence SE The largest commercial building in Merrickville was built and served as a department store, one of the grandest in the region. During the 1940s entrepreneur Harry F McLean acquired it for his company offices. It now houses retail shops, a pub named for Harry McLean and the Baldachin dining and hospitality operations.

7. *Sam Jakes House c. 1861 - 118 Main Street E Originally built as the home of prominent merchant, Samuel Jakes, this solid stone structure now houses the Fulford Preparatory College.

ST ANDREWS

63

Built for North West Company Merchant John McDonald

House remains a grand relic of eastern Ontario architectural history.

Inverarden House epitomizes the taste and social standing of retired Northwest Company fur traders who settled in this part of Ontario in the 19th century. John McDonald of Garth built the central portion of Inverarden House in 1816 and added its wings (1821-1823), completing a substantial Regency residence.

Inverarden House

www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/on/inverarden

St Andrews

Built for North West Company merchant John McDonald, Inverarden House was owned by members of his family for 150 years. Enjoy a welcome back to the 1800s with a view of Inverarden House, on the shores of the St. Lawrence River near Cornwall, Ontario. Built in 1816, this stately Regency style house was restored to its original glory in 1970 and served as a museum for thirty years. Though no longer open to the public, Inverarden

QUEBEC ©2005 E N Enterprizes

Photograph

Photograph Dubuc House Parish Church Stone House Mauvide-Gevest Manor

Lac Saint Jean Doucet House Le Brun General Store Forge du ST. Maurice De Gannes House De Tonsian Court House??

CANADA

int

Sa

w

La

r

ive

eR

c ren

Gaspé

Saint Laurent

Maurice

Carillon Barricks Carillon Canal

Leves Forts Grossé Ilés

Quebec City

Laurentians Trois Rivieres

Eastern Townships Montreal

Sherbrooke

Chateauguay Lang House Centre d’historic de Montreal George Eteinne Cartier House Lacine Fur Trade Lachine Canal Coteau de Lac Old Montreal Marguerite Bourgeoys Museum Chateau Ranezay Museum Pierre du Calvet House

U.S.A.

Forillon Battle of Restigouche

NEW BRUNSWICK

Plains of Abraham Historic District Charlesbourg L’Hereux House Artillery Park Fortifications Cartier Brewery Site 22nd Regiment Museum Les Dames de Sole Musee du Fort

Fort Lemox Fort Chambly Chambly Canal Saint Ours Canal Louis S. St. Laurent Colly Curtis Museum

Photograph

Photograph Photograph

Cartography: Weller Cartographic Services Ltd.

Quebec Lachine 69

Cap Sante 93

Montreal 71

Quebec City 95

Laurentians 77

Charlesburg 101

Chateauguay 81

Saint Jean 103

Richelieu River Area 82

Beauport 105

Garden of Quebec 85

Pointe-Au-Pic 107

Magog Area 86

Sainte-Petronille 109

Lac Megantic 87

Saint-Laurent 111

Vercheres 90

Deschambault 113

Trois Rivieres 91

Restigouche 115 Rimouski 117

LACHINE

69

Fur Trader Rene-Robert Cavelier de la Salle

The Lachine Canal has a rich history and it played a vital role in the growth and development of Montreal. Contemplated as far back as 1689 as a means to allow ships to navigate past the dangerous Lachine Rapids, construction of the Lachine Canal did not start until 1821 and it first opened to vessels in 1825. The canal is 14 kilometres long and when first built it had 7 locks that were only 1.5 metres in depth.

Lachine Canal National Historic Site

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine_Canal

Lachine

Explorer and fur trader Rene-Robert Cavelier de la Salle believed that he could find a way across North America to China. The land he was given near Montreal when he arrived in New France in 1667, age 23, was called La Chine (China) by his detractors. He sold it to finance an expedition to the Ohio River. A 37 metre stone monument to La Salle stands outside city hall.

70 Le Ber-Le Moyne House (French: Maison Le Ber-Le Moyne) is the oldest complete building in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located in the borough of Lachine, bordering the Saint Lawrence River, between the Lachine Rapids and Lake Saint-Louis. It is a recognized National Historic Site of Canada since June 19, 2002.[2] The Le Ber-Le Moyne site and its archaeological collection have also been classified as heritage assets by the ministère de la Culture et des communications du Québec since 2001. The Le Ber-Le Moyne House was constructed on land which once belonged to the French explorer RenéRobert Cavelier de La Salle. In 1667 Ville Marie’s richest merchants, Jacques Le Ber and

Charles Le Moyne bought the land from Cavelier de La Salle to construct Lachine’s first fur trading post. Constructed between 1669 and 1671, the fur trading post enabled the two brothers-in-law to control the main access routes of the Lake Saint-Louis and consequently the fur trade. Archival records indicate that the merchants ceased to use the building sometime between 1680 and 1685.[4] Today the Le Ber-Le Moyne House is the last remaining structure that can be associated with Charles Le Moyne’s career.

Maison LeBer LaMoyne

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeBer-LeMoyne_House

MONTREAL

71

The Indian Village of Hochelaga

The Château Ramezay

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Château_Ramezay

Montreal

In 1535 when Jacques Cartier reached what is now Montreal he found the Indian village of Hochelaga. He named the 232 metre mountain behind the settlement for the cardinal of the Medicis, once bishop of Monreale in Sicily. Monreale in French became Mont Real. In 1611 Champlain established a trading post on the island. In 1642 Sieur de Maisonneuve founded a mission which he named Ville-Marie. The tiny fortified settlement survived a half century of Iroquois attacks and grew into a capital of the fur trade in the 1700s, and transportation, manufacturing and financial center in the 19th and 20th centuries.

The Château Ramezay is a museum and historic building on Notre-Dame Street in Old Montreal, opposite Montreal City Hall in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Built in 1705 as the residence of then-governor of Montreal, Claude de Ramezay, the Château was the first building proclaimed as a historical monument in Quebec and is the province’s oldest private history museum.

72 Maison Cartier is a historic house in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is located on Place Jacques-Cartier in Old Montreal. It was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada on November 19, 1982.

It was constructed from 1812 to 1813 by mason Amable Amiot dit Villeneuve and carpenter Antoine Bouteiller. The walls, which are made of ashlar along with the dormers on the roof, are considered to be examples of Quebec’s urban architecture in the early Nineteenth century. The first owners of the house were Louis Parthenais and Augustin Perrault The Maison Cartier was originally connected to the Nelson Hotel. Though it is located next to Montreal’s oldest public monument - Nelson’s Column - it was apparently named the Jardin Nelson for Wolfred Nelson, a Patriote in the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837, and the ninth Mayor of Montreal.Today a restaurant operates in the building.

Maison Cartier is an example of a building used as an inn in the early 19th century, a very popular type of building at a time where travellers had to make frequent stops. The ground floor is characterized by large windows and double doors on the left side. Six windows, arranged in a row, adorn the second floor and three accentuate the gabled roof.

Maison Cartier

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Cartier

73 The Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum is located in Montreal, Quebec and is dedicated to preserving the history, heritage and artifacts of the settlers of New France in the mid 17th century. The museum consists of a small farm, which has been administered for more than 300 years by the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal, founded by Marguerite Bourgeoys in Montreal in 1658.

The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 2007.

On October 31, 1662, Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve conceded land in PointeSaint-Charles to Marguerite Bourgeoys. The purpose of this land was to establish a farm that would feed the Congregation of Notre Dame of Montreal and support its work. In 1668, Marguerite Bourgeoys bought land adjacent to hers, on which stood a house and a barn, from Francois Le Ber and Jeanne Tessier. Though it was never referred to as such at the time, this later become the Maison Saint-Gabriel.

The Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Saint-Gabriel

74 Pointe-à-Callière Museum is a museum of archaeology and history in Old Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was founded in 1992 as part of celebrations to mark Montreal’s 350th birthday. The museum has collections of artifacts from the First Nations of the Montreal region that illustrate how various cultures coexisted and interacted, and how the French and British regimes influenced the history of this territory over the years. Pointe-à-Callière has been included in National Historic Sites of Canada since 1998.

It receives more than 350,000 visitors a year. Nearly 4.5 million people have come to the Museum since it opened in 1992. It has received more than fifty national and international awards, including those in museography, architecture, and for cultural, educational and community activities. The Museum is affiliated with: the Canadian Museums Association, the Canadian Heritage Information Network, and the Virtual Museum of Canada.

The museum complex comprises three archaeological sites: Pointe-à-Callière, Place Royale and 214 Place d’Youville; the archaeological field school at Fort Ville-Marie; Montreal’s first Catholic cemetery; the William collector sewer; an archaeological crypt: Place Royale; a heritage building: the former Youville Pumping Station; 165-169 Place d’Youville the Mariners House and archaeological collections of over a million objects.

ABOVE: Fort Ville Marie map

75 Fort Ville-Marie was a French fortress outpost in North America. It is the historic nucleus around which the original settlement of Montreal grew. Given its importance, the site of the fort was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1924.

Samuel de Champlain built a temporary fort in 1611. He established a fur-trading post where present-day Pointe-à-Callière stands as part of a project to create a French colonial empire. He and his crew spent a few weeks clearing a site that he named “Place Royale”, dug two gardens and planted seed that grew well, confirming the fertility of the soil. In 1613, Samuel de Champlain returned to “Place Royale” and Sault-au-Récollet.

Fort Ville-Marie

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ville-Marie

76

Notre-Dame Basilica In 1657, the Roman Catholic Sulpician syndicate arrived in Ville-Marie, now known as Montreal; six years later the seigneury of the island was vested in them. They ruled until 1840. The parish they founded was dedicated to the Holy Name of Mary, and the parish church of Notre-Dame was built on the site in 1672.

François Baillairgé, an architect, designed the interior decoration and choir 1785-95; facade & vault decoration, 1818 The church served as the first cathedral of the Diocese of Montreal from 1821 to 1822.

By 1824 the congregation had completely outgrown the church, and James O’Donnell, an Irish-American Anglican from New York City, was commissioned to design the new building. O’Donnell was a proponent of the Gothic Revival architectural movement, and designed the church as such. He is the only person buried in the church’s crypt. O’Donnell converted to Roman Catholicism on his deathbed perhaps due to the realization that he might not be allowed to be buried in his church.

The main construction work took place between 1824 and 1829. The cornerstone was laid at Place d”Armes on September 1, 1824. The sanctuary was finished in 1830, and the first tower in 1841, the second in 1843. On its completion, the church was the largest in North America. It remained the largest in North America for over fifty years. A new pipe organ was built in 1858 by Samuel Russell Warren.

LAURENTIANS

77

The King’s Road

and character can be traced and enjoyed here: from heritage sites (mills, churches, ancestral homes, art galleries, etc.) to the magnificent scenery (spectacular river views).

Possibly the oldest building in TroisRivieres, the Manoir Boucher-de-Niverville is one of many stops on the King’s Road.

The original lodging on this site was built in 1649 and was expanded to its present structure in 1729. It currently houses the TroisRivieres Chamber of Commerce. Some exhibits are open to the public at no charge.

Manoir Boucher-de-Niverville

168, rue Bonaventure | Trois-Rivieres, QC | G9A 2B1

The Laurentians

In 1706, the governing council decided to build a highway alongside the St. Lawrence River linking Quebec City with Montreal. Work was begun in 1731 and completed in 1737.

It was the first highway in Canada to be navigable by carriage and became the principal conduit for travellers and mail. Today, Route 138 mostly runs along the same path and the King’s Road tourist route in Lanaudière begins in Repentigny. Much of Quebec’s history

78 Just outside Trois-Rivières, Quebec, is a National Historic Site of Canada, and birthplace of the country’s iron industry. Forges du Saint-Maurice was created on 25 March 1730, the second company (after the failure of the first) granted a monopoly to employ the iron ore deposits at Trois-Rivières.

The forge started working in 1738 and remained in virtually continuous operation until closing. It employed about 100 craftsmen (most originally from Burgundy) and 300-400 labourers in production of forged and molded iron products, including pots, pans, and stoves. Director François-Étienne Cugnet went bankrupt in 1742, leading to a state takeover and handover to Britain after the Treaty of Paris.

In 1747, the company experimented unsuccessfully with cannon making and steel production. From 1738 into the mid-1830s, the Forges were “the most technologically advanced ironworks in America”,but had become the oldest operating blast furnace in North America, and far out of date, by the time it shut down for good in March 1883.

Forges du Saint-Maurice National Historic Site

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forges_du_Saint-Maurice

79 Sometimes called “the Barracks”, as it was commandeered by the British army and used to house soldiers during the Rebellion of 1837, this building was originally erected

by General C. J. Forbes as a warehouse to protect equipment serving the old Carillon Canal. Later, it became the Sovereign Hotel, and in 1934, with the help of Dr. Maude Abbott and Dr. Charles Wales, it became the home of the Argenteuil Historical Society and Museum. The museum holds an impressive collection of 19th century dress. And, it has an example of the Scottish (Doig) plough which helped improve agricultural practice during the first half of the 19th century.

The Carillon Barracks are closely associated with the history of defence and transportation in Lower Canada. Constructed for Charles John Forbes, a retired Commissioner of the British Army, the building was used as a troop quarters during the building of the Carillon Canal and the Rebellion of 1837, and later as a residence and hotel. The town of Carillon once saw a great deal of cargo and passenger traffic, as the terminus of the steamship line from Montréal, and the head of the rail line to Grenville.

OLD BARRACKS, CARILLON

aurentian.quebecheritageweb.com/article/old-barracks-carillon

80 Popular in summer, the Carillon Canal is visited annually by 20,000 pleasure boaters, who use the modern lock to travel up the Ottawa River, and 30,000 people who visit the park.Located at Carillon village (now a part of Saint-André-d’Argenteuil), the Carillon Canal was the southernmost canal along the Ottawa River. Built between 1826 and 1833, it consisted of three locks and one main canal two miles (3.2 km) long. Water was fed to the canal from the North River, a small tributary of the Ottawa. Originally built for military purposes, the canal was used for commerce from the outset.

Visitors who wish to learn more about the Carillon Canal National Historic Site are invited to view the series of bilingual outdoor interpretation panels and the seasonal exhibit presented at the Collector’s House.

Adjacent to the modern lock is the park, which contains vestiges of the old canal, the remains of Lock No. 1 (1830-1833), the quartermaster’s store / toll collector’s house (1843), the superintendent’s house (1843), and the jetty of the second canal (1873-1882). Interpretive plaques and seasonal exhibits in the Collector’s House help explain the history of this fascinating site.

CARILLON CANAL NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE OF CANADA

450-537-3534 info.canal@pc.gc.ca

CHATEAUGUAY

81

The Battle of the Châteauguay The land was first given to Charles Lemoyne by the governor of New France at the time, the Comte de Frontenac with the intention of setting up a seigneurie in the area. Afterwards the seigneurie was assumed by Zacharie Robutel de la Noue in 1706. In 1763 France relinquished its claims in Canada and Châteauguay was now under British mandate. The seigneurie was bought by Marguerite d’Youville, a founder of the Quebec religious society the Grey Nuns in 1765 and 10 years later construction began on the Church of Saint-Joachim.

The Battle of the Châteauguay Historic Site commemorates the victory of Canadian troops over the invading American army on October 26th, 1813.

Visit the interpretation centre to discover how 300 Canadian fighters managed to defeat 3,700 Americans, an unrecognized episode in our history.

The Battle of Châteauguay Historic Site

450-829-2003, bataille.chateauguay@pc.gc.ca

82

RICHELIEU RIVER AREA

“River of the Iroquois” In 1535, the French explorer Jacques Cartier discovered the mouth of Richelieu River, during his second voyage in New France (Canada). Samuel de Champlain and his team reached the mouth of the river in 1603. Champlain returned to the river in 1608 and in 1609, exploring upriver to modern-day Albany, New York. Already an important pathway for the Iroquois, the Richelieu River soon became one for French traders as well. The French regime built five forts along its length: Fort Richelieu at its mouth, Fort St. Louis (or Fort Chambly) in Chambly, Fort Sainte Thérèse and Fort Saint-Jean upriver, and Fort Ste. Anne on the Isle La Motte, Vermont in Lake Champlain near its source.

Fort Lennox occupies most of Île aux Noix, an island in the middle of the Richelieu River in the parish of Saint-Paul-de-l’Île-aux-Noix, Quebec, near the Canada-U.S. border. The fort features restored defense works and stonework buildings, and is surrounded by a star-shaped moat.

Fort Lennox

450-291-5700 information@pc.gc.ca

83 In the 17th century, the repeated assaults of the Iroquois endangered the existence of the French colony of America. The first military posts, as Fort Richelieu in Sorel and the Fort Saint-Jean were built. The latter, built in 1666, led to the founding of the city of Saint-Jean, today Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. In the 18th century, the region was a strategic location increasingly coveted by the French and British colonial empires. The two powers wish to expand their territory and control the fur trade. Between 1819 and 1829, the British built Fort Lennox on an island of the Richelieu River, near the Canada-U.S. border, to prevent against possible attacks from Americans after the War of 1812. The English and French built their fortified posts larger, such as Fort Lennox at Île aux Noix, Fort Sainte Thérèse and Fort St. Louis (or Fort Chambly).

Built by the British between 1819 and 1829, the fort was designed to protect the colony from possible American invasion. The fort was named after Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, who died in 1819 and was Governor General of British North America. An earlier 1760s fort on the same site was originally built by the French during the Seven Years’ War.

After the period of the British conquest of New France in 1759–1760, and after the American War of Independence by the Thirteen Colonies (1776–1783), the British military and loyalist came to settle on the banks of the Richelieu. During the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837, the Battles of Saint-Denis and Saint-Charles occurred along the Richelieu.

84 The region was part of New France until the 1763 Treaty of Paris which granted the region to the British. Shortly after the American Revolution, a few United Empire Loyalists, who fled the revolution in order to stay loyal to the British Crown, settled in the Eastern Townships. The land there was controlled by three English seigneurs: Colonel Henry Caldwell had purchased what had been the Foucault Seigneurie, which ran along the Richelieu River and a little over the present day frontier; Colonel Gabriel Christie was seigneur of Noyan; and Thomas Dunn was seigneur of Saint-Armand. The early loyalists settled in and around Missisquoi Bay. A popular misconception is that there was a huge influx of Loyalists to the Eastern Townships. In fact most of the immigration from New England happened in the early nineteenth century, thirty or so years after the Revolution. Most were farmers seeking new lands, something the townships had to offer.

Townships Trail

www.chemindescantons.qc.ca/en/

GARDEN OF QUEBEC

85

The Eastern Townships The region comprises counties that were originally divided into townships after the traditional method of land grants of the original New England and New York settlers.

Earlier French settlement along the Saint Lawrence River had divided the landscape into parishes and Seigneuries. The tourist region now covers most of the region. The administrative region, officially called Estrie, is slightly smaller. The principal cities are Sherbrooke, Granby, Magog, and Cowansville.

Holy Trinity Anglican Church (French: Église Holy Trinity de Maple Grove) is a large historic Carpenter Gothic style Anglican church building located at 173 Gosford Road (173, chemin Gosford) in the village of Maple Grove in Irlande, Quebec, near Thetford Mines in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada.

Maple Grove Anglican Cemetary

Out of Sherbrooke, Quebec, travel on Route 112 toward Thetford Mines, Quebec, until you reach Black Lake, where you take Route 165 North, over to the intersection of Route 216, also known as the Craigs Road. Turn left at that corner and the cemetery is situated adjacent to the Holy Trinity Church, only a short distance down the road.

MAGOG

86

Established in 1799 Established in 1799 by United Empire Loyalists, Magog is a year round popular sports centre. Northwest of the town is a major ski center at Parc du Mont Orford. To the south of the town is Lac Memphremagog - an indian word meaning great stretch of water. (The name of the town is an abbreviation of the word) One fifth of the 52 kilometre long lake lies in Vermont. Boat tours of the lake are available from Magog. The cruises offer views of local scenic landmarks such as Mount Orford, Owl’s Head anf Three Sisters Islands. At Magog, Lake memohremaogog empties in the the Magog River, which in turn, flows into the Saint-Francois River at Sherbrooke. During the 19th century commercial shipping traffic travelling from the United States crossed the lake to reach the Saint-Francois.

“Memphremagog” comes from the Abenaki word mamhlawbagak, which means “large expanse of water” or “vast lake.”

La Maison Merry

www.histoiremagog.com/la-maison-merry-de-magog/

LAC MEGANTIC

87

General Benedict Arnold During the American invasion in the winter of 1775-76, Gen Benedict Arnold led 1,100 American troops along the Riviere Chaudiere from northern Maine to Quebec City. (Plaques in present-day Lac Megantic, Saint-Georges and SainteMarie mark his route.) Nearly half the invaders died in forest and swamps. Starving survivors ate soap, grease and boiled mocassins. They reached Quebec City but were repulsed on December 31, 1775, by the troops of Guy Carleton.

Eglise Sainte-Agnes Completed in 1913, this Neo-gothic church, is Lac-Mégantic’s most majestic and architecturally significant building. This commanding structure in the heart of downtown is a unifying landmark within the community. Features an English-style skylight made in 1848.

Cabane à sucre Mégantic (Sugar Shack)

Typical “all you can eat” sugar-shack meal served at your table. House specialties: pea soup, crisp fried salt pork, traditional omelette and crêpes. Three dining rooms seat 20, 45 and 140 people respectively. Maple taffy served individually.

Maple, homemade products and gifts are available for purchase.

819 583-1760 , 3732, 10e Rang, Lac-Mégantic, Québec, Canada, G6B 2S3

88 Joseph Coulon de Villiers, Sieur de Jumonville (8 September 1718 – May 28, 1754) was a French Canadian military officer. His defeat and killing at the Battle of Jumonville Glen by forces led by George Washington was one of the sparks that ignited the Seven Years’ War, known as the French and Indian War on the North American front.

Battle of Jumonville Glen In June 1754, Jumonville was posted to Fort Duquesne with his older half-brother, Louis Coulon de Villiers. The French were building up military strength, much of it Amerindian recruitment in the disputed territory of the Ohio Country in response to an increasing presence by British American traders and settlers.

On May 23, 1754, Jumonville took command of a 35-man detachment from the fort and headed southeast. The exact nature of Jumonville’s mission has been the subject of considerable debate both at the time and up to the present day. Officially, his mission was to scout the area south of the fort. The French would later claim that he was a diplomat on a peaceful mission to deliver a message to the British. The British contended that he was sent to spy on their garrison at Fort Necessity and their road building project. Tanacharison, known as the Half King and the leader of a band of new Iroquoian peoples allied to the British, the Mingos, believed he was planning an ambush.

On May 27, 1754, a group of Native American scouts discovered Jumonville’s party camped in a small valley (later called Jumonville Glen) near what is now Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Half King went to Washington and pleaded with him to attack the French encampment, claiming it was a hostile party sent to ambush them.

Washington took a detachment of about 40 men and marched all night in a driving rain arriving at the encampment at dawn. What happened next, like so much about the incident, is a matter of controversy. The British claimed the French discovered their approach and opened fire on them. The French claimed the British ambushed their encampment. In either event, the battle lasted little more than 15 minutes and was a complete British victory. Ten French soldiers were killed and 21 captured, including the wounded Jumonville.

Washington treated Jumonville as a prisoner of war and extended him the customary courtesies due a captured military officer. Washington attempted to interrogate Jumonville but the language barrier made communication difficult. During their conversation however, the Half King walked up to Jumonville and without warning, struck him in the head with a tomahawk, killing him.

Why the Half King did this has never been clear. He had been kidnapped by the French and sold into slavery as a child. He claimed that the French had boiled and eaten his father.

He was also a representative of the Iroquois Confederacy, which stood to lose its authority over other Indian peoples in the Ohio River Valley if the French were able to assert their control.

CHAMBLY

Formerly Fort St. Louis at Chambly Fort Chambly is a historic fort in La Vallée-du-Richelieu Regional County Municipality, Quebec. The fort is designated as a National Historic Site of Canada. Fort Richelieu was part of a series of five forts built along the Richelieu River. Fort Richelieu is at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Fort Chambly formerly known as Fort St. Louis at Chambly, Fort Sainte Thérèse, and Fort Saint-Jean at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, are on the way. Fort Sainte Anne (Isle La Motte, Vermont) in Lake Champlain is near its source. The forts were built in order to protect travellers on the river from the Iroquois. The region is informally known as la Vallée-des-Forts.

Fort Chambly at the foot of the Chambly rapids on the Richelieu River in Quebec, Canada, was built by the French in 1711. It was the last of three forts to be built on the same site. The first — then called Fort Saint Louis — was constructed in 1665 by Captain Jacques de Chambly, to protect New France from Iroquois attacks.

Fort Chambly

www.ville.chambly.qc.ca

89

90

VERCHERES

Madeleine de Verchères In the 17th century, the settlement at Verchères was the scene of an Iroquois raid that was apparently thwarted by the ingenuity of a 14-year-old girl named Madeleine (now known as Madeleine de Verchères). A cast-iron statue of Madeleine de Verchères stands today by the former location of the settlement stronghold on the shore of the Saint-Lawrence river.

In French, the word Verchères can be used as an adjective to describe a specific type of rowboat invented in Verchères at the end of the 19th century, i.e. chaloupe verchères. A specimen of the rowboat is on permanent outdoor display during in the summer and fall in at the Parc Jean-Marie Moreau across from the town office.

Domaine seigneurial Sainte-Anne (site Madeleine de Verchères)

Built around 1765, the manor has survived many events in the history of Québec. From the time of Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade until the turn of the 20th century, the Domaine seigneurial will recount its three centuries of existence.

Learn about these heritage treasures as you enjoy the rural setting.

910, rue Sainte-Anne, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, Québec, Canada, G0X 2J0

TROIS RIVIERES

Canada’s Second Oldest City Approximately halfway between Montreal and Quebec City. Trois-Rivières is the economic and cultural hub of the Mauricie region. The settlement was founded by French colonists on July 4, 1634, as the second permanent settlement in New France This stone house is built on land owned by the Hertel-de-la-Fresnieres, a famous family in Trois-Rivieres, in the late 17th century. Built in the 1820s, the house is a good example of the neo-classical architectural style that was popular at the time. Located along the King’s Road, it is one of the venues for the National Biennial of Contemporary Prints and National Biennial of Contemporary Sculpture.

Built in 1756, Maison De Gannes in the heart of Old Trois-Rivieres is one of the oldest in the city. Located along the King’s Road, the private home is not open to the public but it can be viewed from the outside.

French explorer Pierre de la Verendrye was born here.

Maison Hertel-de-la-Fresniere

802, rue des Ursulines | Trois-Rivieres, QC | G9A 5B5

91

92

Moulin seigneurial de Pointe-du-Lac (Moulin seigneurial de Tonnancour)

Commemorating the first canadian ironworks industry, the Forges du Saint-Maurice National Historic Site brings tells you about the first industrial community that was established while fur trade, logging and agriculture ruled the economy. The production of cast-iron and iron objects, required for military and domestic needs, lasted for a period of over 150 years.

Built around 1765, the mill is an architectural jewel of rural Québec.

It has maintained its charm and the warm atmosphere of yesteryear and will leave you with unforgettable memories. Classified as a historic monument, it is one of the few buildings from the period whose machinery is still working.

A cloister, a school, a hospital... Visit a site that is over three hundred years old and take in the Ursuline experience. Moving accounts recall a period when walls surrounded the Ursuline monastery and when prayer, education and care for the sick were part of the daily life of these nuns.

CAP SANTE

93

“Cape Health” The first settlers arrived around 1679, and in 1714 the village became an official parish.

The present-day church, a historical-registered building, was built from 1754 to 1767. Interrupted during construction by the Seven Years’ War (1756–63), it is one of the last buildings to be constructed under the French regime. The church has a facade and two towers, a baroque interior, a neoclassical reredos, and two-tiers of openings on the bell tower, a presbytery (designed by architect Charles Baillargé in 1849) featuring five neatly lined dormer windows. A cemetery encircles the square, leading to the river below.

The Place de l’Église square is crowned with old wells dating back to 1799. Vieux Chemin street was built along the same geographical line as that Chemin-du-Roy, the first road linking Montreal and Quebec City in the 18th century. Wooden and stone homes dot the narrow and shaded street that borders the cape. This street was designated as one of Canada’s most beautiful streets by the national newspaper, the Globe and Mail

In 1759, during the English conquest, the Chevalier de Lévis built Fort Jacques Cartier at the mouth of the Jacques-Cartier river (also named after the famous explorer) from materials originally destined for construction of a church. The following year, in the same place, Lévis attempted unsuccessfully together with 7000 men to recapture Quebec City from the English. Today, virtually nothing remains of the fort, which is also situated on private land inaccessible to the public on the ‘Plateau Jacques-Cartier’ district of the municipality. Close by, is the Allsopp House (late ABOVE: General Lévis encourag18th century), an old seigneurial manor named ing his French army at the battle of after the Allsopp family, now a private property Sainte-Foy registered as a historical building.

94

The Ramparts of Quebec City are the only remaining fortified city walls in North America north of Mexico.The British began refortifying the existing walls, after they took Quebec City from the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.

The wall, which runs on the eastern extremity on the Promontory of Quebec, surrounds most of Old Quebec, which was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1985.The fortifications were designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1948

The Lower Town is a historic district located at the bottom of Cap Diamant. During 1608, Samuel de Champlain built a habitation where its remains can be found with Place Royale as its centre. It was restored with the goal of reconstructing the French flair from its origins. Construction of the Church of Notre-Dame-des-Victoires started during 1687 at this location and was completed during 1723.The Musée de la civilisation, the Musée naval de Québec, the caserne Dalhousie and the Théâtre Petit Champlain are among some of the museums, performance halls, theatres and exhibition venues in Lower Town.

Places such as the Louise Basin, Brown Basin, La –Pointe-à-Carcy, the Gare du Palais and the Marche du Vieux-Port can be seen from the Port of Quebec.

QUEBEC CITY

95

Old Quebec Old Quebec (French: Vieux-Québec) is a historic neighbourhood of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Comprising the Upper Town (French: Haute-Ville) and Lower Town (French: Basse-Ville), the area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Administratively, Old Quebec is part of the Vieux-Québec–Cap-Blanc–colline Parlementaire district in the borough of La Cité-Limoilou.

The area is commonly referred to as “the Old City” or “Quebec’s Old City” in English. It is sometimes referred to as the Latin Quarter (French: Quartier latin) as well, although this title refers more to area around the Séminaire de Québec, the original site of Laval University.

Samuel de Champlain chose the Upper Town as the site for Fort Saint Louis in 1608. It has remained the city’s military and administrative centre because of its strategic position atop the promontory of Cap Diamant. It was occupied mainly by British government officials and Catholic clergy after the British Conquest, while French and English merchants and artisans lived in Lower Town.

Military use did hamper growth in the Upper Town for many years, and a movement arose in the late 19th century to demolish the fortifications as obsolete and as an obstacle to urban development. It was Lord Dufferin who successfully persuaded officials to preserve and rebuild them.

The area declined and fell into disrepair in the 1950s but new building began in the 1970s.

Most of the buildings date to the 19th century, although some 17th and 18th centuries remain as well.

96

Notre-Dame-desVictoires Church

Built on the site of Samuel de Champlain’s 1608 Habitation, the first permanent French establishment in North America; a symbol of the French presence in North America

Ursuline Monastery of Quebec City

A complex of 17th, 18th and 19th century stone buildings; the old monastery is the largest and most imposing vestige of 17th-century Canadian architecture and the chapel altar, made in 1730, is a masterpiece of French Canadian wood sculpture

97

Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec

The first parish church of the colony of New France; first built in 1647, the present cathedral is the product of many reconstructions, and it has been a significant influence on ecclesiastical architecture in Quebec

Maillou House

A two-storey stone house that served as the residence of a number of notable figures of the French Regime and British colonial administration; served as the meeting place for the military council that governed Quebec from 1760 to 1764 and ultimately became the headquarters of the local militia

98

Plains of Abraham Plains of Abraham Museum The Plains of Abraham (French: Plaines d’Abraham) is a historic area within The Battlefields Park in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The land is the site of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, which took place on 13 September 1759, but hundreds of acres of the fields became used for grazing, housing, and minor industrial structures. Only in 1908 was the land ceded to Quebec City, though administered by the specifically created and federally-run National Battlefields Commission. The park is today used by 4 million visitors and tourists annually for sports, relaxation, outdoor concerts, and festivals.

The Plains of Abraham Museum serves as the park’s information and reception centre. It features a multi-media exhibition about the siege of Québec and the 1759 and 1760 battles of the Plains of Abraham. Other displays feature the history of the site through archaeological artifacts found in the park. Open yearround and located at 835 Wilfrid-Laurier Avenue, the museum serves as the starting point for tours and includes a gift shop.

99

King’s Road

The King’s Road is a recognized and signposted tourist route of 280 km that presents the rich heritage and history of New France across three major Québec tourist regions: Québec, Mauricie and Lanaudière.

This route runs through the Lanaudière, Mauricie and Québec City tourist regions.

Open to traffic in 1737, it was one of North America’s first major thoroughfares. Today, you can’t help but be charmed by the picturesque villages and their ancestral homes that have survived three centuries of history. Set along the shores of the majestic St. Lawrence River, and offering breathtaking panoramic viewpoints, it is part of the Route Verte and can be cycled in safety. Route length: 260 km (160 mi.)

100 The Rediscovered Colony The First France in North America (1541-1543) The Rediscovered Colony traces the history of the first France in America through artifacts found and research done on the Cartier-Roberval archeological site.

The exhibition explores an unprecedented page in Québec history, the establishment of the very first French colony in the Americas in the mid-sixteenth century, 60 years before the arrival of Champlain.

Musée de la Civilisation Musée de la Place-Royale presented the history of New France and Place-Royale through that of its inhabitants, from Samuel de Champlain to today. Overlooking the place where Québec was founded in 1608, Musée de la Place-Royale is set in the heart of the historic Old Québec district.

The Museum was a must-see attraction for vacationers and residents alike who are curious about the origins of New France. Through the museum’s historic houses, exhibits, guided activities and period costume workshop, families will discover the history of the first colonists.

CHARLESBOURG

101

Jean Talon sets out to establish three new villages

Charlesbourg is, first and foremost, an agricultural area, in addition to becoming a vacation destination for inhabitants of Quebec City in the first half of the 20th century. It became urbanized in the second half of the 20th century and became a suburb of Quebec City. Église Saint-Charles-Borromée dans l’Arrondissement historique de Charlesbourg, ville de Québec, province de Québec, Canada. Église classée monument historique en 1959.

Moulin des Jésuites Dynamic history interpretation centre located in the heart of the TraitCarré de Charlesbourg. Guided tours, exhibitions and activities are offered year-round. In summer, guided tours along the pedestrian path through the historic district of Old Charlesbourg; in winter, visit the outdoor nativity scenes of the Trait-Carré de Charlesbourg.

Charlesbourg

The origins of Charlesbourg began with the concession of the seigniory of Notre-Damedes-Anges in 1626. The seigniory extended from the Charles River northward, encompassing the modern boroughs of Limoilou and Charlesbourg. In 1665, the new Intendant of Justice, Jean Talon set out to establish three new villages further north on the plateau. This caused friction with the Jesuits who were the seignors of the area.

102 Dating all the way back to 1665, the Charlesbourg Heritage Site is one of the best examples of the area’s rich heritage.

Moulin des Jésuites | Credit: Moulin des Jésuites Credit: Moulin des Jésuites The district is one of a kind in Québec due to its unique street pattern, storied history, and architecture that is representative of both French and Québec traditions from the 17th to 19th centuries.

Land was laid out in a star formation, converging toward a central point. The Jesuits, the original seigneurs, designed this layout to help make the village easier to defend in case of attack.

Take a self-guided walking tour from Moulin des Jésuites to explore the district’s unusual urban layout. The tour features ten interpretive stops and over 20 selected sites.

Just pick up a map and brochure from Moulin des Jésuites and you’re set! Guided tours and packages are also available.

And why not treat yourself to some homemade chocolate or fudge along the way!

Ile d’Orleans Saint-Jean In days gone by, St. Lawrence River pilots and navigators were the main residents of Saint-Jean-de-l’Île-d’Orléans. The houses they lived in—dating from 1825 to 1860—have been preserved in the center of the village. The village is also home to Manoir Mauvide-Genest, a remarkable example of New France manor architecture built in 1734.

Sainte-Famille Sainte-Famille is the island’s oldest parish. Its stunning views of the Beaupré shoreline and Mont-Sainte-Anne open up onto expansive orchards, most of which allow you to pick your own apples. Talk about a real feast for the senses!

Moving on, you can stop and admire the densest concentration of stone houses dating back to the French Regime, among them Maison Drouin, one of the earliest 17th century dwellings

SAINT JEAN-surRICHELIEU

103

Known as St. John to the English

British North America connected it with La Prairie in 1836. It also hosts the annual “Festival International des Montgolfières”, an international hot air balloon festival which attracts thousands of tourists who come to see the hundreds of balloons in the sky each August.

Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu is located on the banks of the Richelieu River. The Chambly Canal extends 20 kilometres (12 mi) north along the west bank of the river and provides modern freight passage to Chambly and the St. Lawrence River.

Fort Saint-Jean is a fort in the Canadian province of Quebec located on the Richelieu River.

The fort was first built in 1666 by soldiers of the Carignan-Salières Regiment and was part of a series of forts built along the Richelieu River.

Over the years, it was destroyed and rebuilt several times, but it is, after Quebec City, the military site that has been occupied non-stop for the longest time in Canada. The fort is designated as a National Historic Site of Canada, and it currently houses the Royal Military College of Saint-Jean. The fort has been continually occupied since 1748, and is the core from which the city of Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec grew around. Fort Saint-Jean played a crucial role during the 1775 American invasion of the Province of Quebec.

Église de Saint-Athanase, est. 1822

Saint Jean -sur-Richelieu

The French built Fort Saint-Jean (Quebec) in the seventeenth century. Known to early English settlers as St. Johns, it provided an important communication link during the French and Indian Wars. During the American Revolutionary War control of the town changed hands several times as British and American forces moved through the area.

Historically, the city has been an important transportation hub. The first railway line

104

The First French Fort St. Jean In 1663, the French King Louis XIV decided to take direct command of his New France colony, which had been previously colonized and managed by wealthy merchant associations. As the Iroquois were very often leading punitive expeditions on the New France territories and were continuously trying to steal away the French allies’ hunting territories, Louis XIV decided to send the whole Carignan-Salières Regiment to build a series of forts along the Richelieu River and Lake Champlain, which explains why the area was later named the Vallée des Forts (literally: the Forts Valley), and to lead a punitive expedition against the Iroquois. The first Fort Saint-Jean was built along the Richelieu River by the Carignan-Salières Regiment in 1666 for that purpose. This first fort is believed to have been a small squareshaped fort with four bastions made of wooden palisades. It was located right after the Chambly rapids, a highly strategic position that allowed the French to monopolize a very good portage location. The French offensive into Iroquois territory was a great success and thus, a peace treaty was signed between the two parties in 1667.

In 1672, after several peaceful years, the Governor of the colony decided to abandon several forts that had become useless along the Richelieu River, including Fort Saint-Jean. Because of its strategic location, Fort Saint-Jean was later to be revived, unlike other French forts such as Sainte-Thérèse and Sainte-Anne.

The Old Guard House, Fort St. Jean, Quebec

BEAUPORT

105

Fortification built in 1759 by James Wolfe

Attractions include Parc de la Chute-Montmorency (Montmorency Falls Park), which contains a fortification built in 1759 by James Wolfe and Manoir Montmorency, the home from 1791 to 1794 of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn.

Montmorency, Qué, is a village located 12 km east of QUÉBEC CITY, is now part of the city of BEAUPORT. The famous 84 m CHUTE MONTMORENCY was named in 1608 by Samuel de CHAMPLAIN in honour of the duc de Montmorency, later the viceroy of New France. General James WOLFE’s troops were defeated on 31 July 1759 on the cliffs of the falls near Courville.

The Montmorency Manoir, built in 1781 by Frederick HALDIMAND, governor general in chief of Canada, was inhabited 1791-94 by the duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. First known as the “Kent House,” it suffered a devastating fire in 1993 but was rebuilt by the following year.

Montmorency Manor

Beauport

Beauport was established in 1634, making it one of the oldest European-founded communities in Canada. The city’s historic district contains many interesting churches and homes, including Bélanger-Girardin House, a National Historic Site of Canada where visitors can learn about Beauport’s heritage. Annual events include the spring arts festival Salon de Mai and the summer Festival Folklorique des enfants du monde, a multicultural and international children’s folklore festival.

106

Nestled in the heritage site of Beauport, this former family home dating back to the early 1800s features many elements of classic French architecture. It was built on the same site as its two wooden predecessors, the earlier of which dates back to 1709. Visit the permanent exhibit on the craftspeople who have contributed to Beauport’s development. An app is available to enhance the exhibit. iPads lent onsite. Maison Girardin is run by the Société d’art et d’histoire de Beauport.

Beautiful Montmorency Falls Park is just a few minutes from downtown Québec City.

The via ferrata routes are an exciting way to explore the Boischatel Crevasse. This activity consists of a thrilling climb along the cliff face and is open to participants of all ages. Three routes: an introductory route for beginners and two intermediate routes, one of which includes a 120-m (360’) zip line. New: 300-m (984.3’) double zip line.

LA MALBAIE POINTE-AU-PIC

107

Le Manoir Richelieu

included the settlement of La Malbaie. Malcolm Fraser (1733–1815) was granted the eastern part that became the Seignory of Mount Murray. They also renamed the bay, the settlement, and river after James Murray (1721–1794), British General and successor of Wolfe.

Although this name never received official approval, in the 18th and 19th centuries Murray Bay had become the internationally accepted toponym, but La Malbaie remained in local use.

In 1774, the Parish of Saint-Étienne was formed. In 1845, the place was first incorporated as the Municipality of La Malbaie, but it was abolished in 1847. It was reestablished in 1855 as the Parish Municipality of Saint-Étienne-de-Murray-Bay. In 1896, the village itself separated from the parish municipality and was incorporated as the Village Municipality of La Malbaie. Murray Bay is the site of the summer home of the Taft family, including U.S. President William Howard Taft.

On February 15, 1995, the Town of La Malbaie and the Village Municipality of Pointeau-Pic merged to form the Town of La Malbaie–Pointe-au-Pic.

Fairmont Le Manoir Richelieu

La Malbaie Pointe-au-Pic

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain visited the area. He could not find suitable anchorage for his ship in the bay and therefore named it Malle Baye (archaic French for “bad bay”), a name further justified when during low tide the bay dried up and his ships ran aground.

In 1761, two Scottish officers of the British Army were attracted to the beauty of the place, and they each sought to obtain a concession. John Nairne (1731–1802) received the western shores of the Malbaie River, that he thereafter called the Seignory of Murray Bay that

108 La Malbaie is a municipality in the Charlevoix-Est Regional County Municipality in the province of Quebec, Canada, situated on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River, at the mouth of the Malbaie River. It was formerly known as Murray Bay. The development of tourism in this area is said to date back to 1760, when the Scottish feudal lords John Nairne and Malcolm Fraser began receiving visitors to the region at their estates. The Manoir Richelieu (currently serving as a hotel) and Casino de Charlevoix are both located in the neighbourhood and former municipality of Pointe-au-Pic.

Le Musée de Charlevoix

The vast building, of which architecture represent a lighthouse, offers large exhibition and conservation spaces for the thousands of objects and works of Art of its collections.

10 chemin du Havre, La Malbaie (Québec), G5A 2Y8

418.665.4411

www.museedecharlevoix.qc.ca

SAINTE PETRONILLE

109

Headquarters of General James Wolfe

Since the topography was not well-suited for agriculture, the place became a fashionable summer resort by the mid 19th century. Hundreds of daytrippers would travel to Sainte-Pétronille by ferry for a Sunday stroll. In 1868, it became home to North America’s first golf course, a three-hole course.

The religious parish of Sainte-Pétronille de Beaulieu was formed in 1870, named after Saint Petronilla (a Roman martyr of the first century), and honouring Jacques Gourdeau, sieur de Beaulieu et de la Grossardière, feudal lord of the area in the mid17th century. The post office opened a year later under the name Beaulieu. In 1874, the Village Municipality of Beaulieu was established by separating from Saint-Pierre, becoming the youngest of the 6 municipalities on Orleans Island.

Since the village itself was almost exclusively called Sainte-Pétronille in common use, the municipality was renamed to its current name in 1980. The post office followed suit in 1991

Vignoble, St. Petronille

L’eglise St. Petronille

Sainte Petronille

In 1651, Jesuit missionaries came to the island and established a mission for Huron Indians who were displaced by attacking Iroquois. In 1759, General James Wolfe installed his headquarters there to monitor Quebec City and the two river channels of the Saint Lawrence River. After his victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the area became inhabited by well-to-do English colonists who were attracted by its romantic landscapes and its renowned microclimate. Consequently the cottage-style houses and garden landscaping gave the place a decidedly English character.

110

Plains of Abraham Museum

Battles of 1759-1760 Context of the Seven Years’ War Siege of Québec Battle of the Plains of Abraham Battle of Sainte-Foy Treaty of Paris Database of the 1759-1760 soldiers

www.lesplainesdabraham.ca/en/ plains-abraham-museum/battles/

SAINT LAURENT de ILE D’ORLEANS

111

A Maritime Character

de l’Isle d’Orleans was formed but abolished in 1847 when it became part of the County Municipality. In 1852, its post office opened. In 1855, it was reestablised as the Parish Municipality of Saint-Laurent.

In the 19th century, Saint-Laurent gained a maritime character due to the many fisher men and boatsmen. Moreover, some 15 shipyards were building up to 400 rowboats, coasters, and schooners a year. From 1905 to 1967, the wharf of Saint-Laurent Limitée was active and was responsible for the construction of many of the boats used by the people of Saint-Laurent.

In 1998, the municipality changed statutes and its name, becoming the Municipality of Saint-Laurent-de-l’Île- Eglise de Sant-Laurent-de-I’Ile d’Orleans d’Orléans.

Maison Fradet

Saint Laurent de Ile d’Orleans

The area began to be colonized around 1660. In 1679, the local parish was founded, initially named Saint-Paul. In 1695, the church was built at Sèche Point. At the request of François Berthelot, Advisor to the King and Count of Saint-Laurent, the parish was renamed to Saint-Laurent in 1698, in order to avoid confusion caused by the frequent practise of twinning the names Saint-Peter and Saint-Paul at the time. The place was also known as L’Arbre-Sec, possibly a reference to a withered tree in the western part of the Seigneury.

In 1722, the civil parish is established. In 1845, the Municipality of Saint-Laurent

112 Discover the Parc maritime de Saint-Laurent against a picturesque backdrop including a magnificent view of the St. Lawrence River and the south shore of the City of Québec. As you do, you’ll learn all about wooden shipbuilding in the olden days on Île d’Orléans. Whether alone, with friends or with family, cast your anchor at the Parc maritime!

The first rowboat builders settled in the village of Saint-Laurent in the 19th century. Their shops soon spread eastward along the shores, south of Chemin Royal.

They built open boats that offered no protection to sailors, passengers and goods. Up to 13 La chalouperie Godbout. Crédit photo: www.pectine.ca metres long, these rowboats were used to travel the river, especially by people going to farmer’s markets in the City of Québec. Thanks to their economic impact, these rowboat shops were a great boon to the village. In the 20th century, rowboats were shortened to 4.5 metres and were mainly used as pleasure boats or as lifeboats on larger vessels.

www.parcmaritime.ca Comprenez les techniques de construction des chaloupes.

Crédit photo: Studio du Ruisseau ©Société des musées québécois

DES CHAMBAULT GRONDINES

113

The Oldest Windmill In Québec

An iconic heritage building in Quebec, this old presbytery stands overlooking the St. Lawrence River from the top of Cape Lauzon. Built in 1815, it houses a permanent exhibition about traditional architecture as well as an exhibition of contemporary art open to the public.

Eglise St.Joseph The church was built (1834-1838) in a Neo-classic style in line with the renewal of architectural forms advocated by Thomas Baillairgé in the middle of the 19th century.

The Old Mill The old mill was built in 1802 by Seigneur Joseph Chavigny de la Chevrotière.

Des chaumbault Grondines

The name Grondines was named by Samuel de Champlain himself. “Grondines” is from the French verb “gronder”, meaning to rumble or roar. In 1674, The Grondines windmill was built and is the oldest windmill in Québec. The windmill was first a flour mill, and then a lighthouse. In 1842 the church Saint-Charles-Borromée was built in Grondines. In 2006 the local Fromagerie des Grondines was built, it is an organic cheese farm open to the public.

70

Festival de la Galette de Sarrasin de Louiseville Tél.: 819 228-9993 http://www.festivalsarrasin.com/index.html info@festivalsarrasin.com

ST.ANDRE-deRESTIGOUCHE

115

Scene of the Last Battle

In 1907, the township lost the southeastern portion of its territory when it separated to form the Township Municipality of Ristigouche-Partie-Sud-Est. In 1989, the township changed its name and status to Municipality of Saint-André-de-Restigouche, choosing to adopt the parish name to avoid confusion with other places.

Heritage Trail From prehistoric times, Micmac people had journeyed overland between the tidewater at Chaleur Bay and the St. Lawrence, along trails that followed the Matapedia River valley. To guard this vital route, France had built a fort on the banks of the Restigouche just west of Pointeà-la Croix (Cross Point). As British warships nosed their way upstream toward it, the commander of the doomed convoy scuttled his vessels to block the channel.

From Quebec City, follow the St. Lawrence River east on Autoroute 20 and Route 132, turning south at Mont-Joli.

This tour leads to historic sites and points of interest in the Matapedia and Restigouche valleys along a stretch of Route 132 between Causapscal and Miguasha at the head of Chaleur Bay.

St.Andre-de-Restigouche

In 1760, the site was the scene of the last battle between the English and French, which resulted in the destruction of the settlement and the displacement of its population to the east. It was repopulated by Acadians and French Canadians in the 19th century. In 1842, the geographic township of Ristigouche was formed, named after the Restigouche River (Ristigouche in French) on which it bordered. In 1855, it was incorporated as the Township Municipality of Ristigouche. In 1908, the Parish of Saint-André was established, named in honour of André-Albert Blais (1842-1919), bishop of Rimouski from 1891 to 1919.

116

The Battle of Restigouche The Battle of Restigouche was a naval battle fought in 1760 during the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years’ War) on the Restigouche River between the British Royal Navy and the small flotilla of vessels of the French Navy, Acadian militia and Mi’kmaq militias. The loss of the French vessels, which had been sent to support and resupply the troops in New France after the fall of Quebec, marked the end of any serious attempt by France to keep hold of their colonies in North America. The battle was the last major engagement of the Mi’kmaq and Acadian militias before the Burying of the Hatchet Ceremony between the Mi’kmaq and the British.

An Acadian militia and Mi’kmaq (Mi’gmaq) militia, totalling 1,500 fighters, organized in the Battle of Restigouche. The Acadians arrived in about 20 schooners and small boats. Along with the French, they continued up the river to draw the British fleet closer to the Acadian community of Pointe-à-la-Batterie, where they were ready to launch a surprise attack on the English.

The Acadians sunk a number of their vessels to create a blockade, upon which the Acadian and Mi’kmaq fired at the ships. On June 27, the British succeeded in maneuvering just beyond the chain of sunken ships.

(One of the British ships, HMS Norwich, was almost lost.) Once the British were in the range of the battery, they fired on the battery. This skirmish lasted all night and was repeated with various breaks from June 28 to July 3, when the British overwhelmed Pointe à la Batterie, burning 150 to 200 buildings which made up the Acadian village community at Pointe à la Batterie.

Today, the site of the battle is a National Historic Site of Canada known as Battle of the Restigouche National Historic Site. An interpretive centre located in Listuguj, Quebec features artifacts recovered from the site, displays and a film about the battle, and a 1:32 scale model of the 18th century frigate Le Machault. In the summer, costumed interpreters portray the Acadians, Micmaq, sailors and French soldiers who participated in the 1760 battle.

RIMOUSKI

117

Founded by Sir René Lepage de Ste-Claire

The “Maison Lamontagne” was built in 1750 per Marie-Agnès Lepage, granddaughter of René Lepage de Ste-Claire.

It carries now the surname of the family that resided at it in 1844. It is one of the oldest half-timbered houses in Quebec and is within what is now called the District of Rimouski-Est. Today, a boulevard, park and monument at the western entrance of Rimouski bear the name of René Lepage.

The town of Rimouski

The “Maison Lamontagne”

Rimouski

The city was founded by Sir René Lepage de Ste-Claire in 1696. Originally from Ouanne in the Burgundy region, he exchanged property he owned on the Île d’Orléans with Augustin Rouer de la Cardonnière for the Seigneurie of Rimouski, which extended along the St. Lawrence River from the Hâtée River at Le Bic to the Métis River. De la Cardonnière had been the owner of Rimouski since 1688, but had never lived there. René Lepage moved his family to Rimouski, where it held the seigneurie until 1790, when it was sold to the Quebec City businessman Joseph Drapeau.

118 One of the town’s main tourist attractions is the Site Historique Maritime de la Pointe-au-Père, which features an exhibit on the RMS Empress of Ireland disaster and the Pointe-au-Père lighthouse. The museum’s exhibit on the RMS Empress of Ireland disaster commemorates the loss of 1,012 persons in the most fatal shipwreck in the 20th century, after the infamous Titanic tragedy.

RMS Empress of Ireland was an ocean liner that sank near the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River following a collision in thick fog with the Norwegian collier SS Storstad in the early hours of 29 May 1914. Although the ship was equipped with watertight compartments, and in the aftermath of the Titanic disaster two years earlier, carried more than enough lifeboats for all onboard, she foundered in only 14 minutes. Of the 1,477 people on board, 1,012 died, making it the worst peacetime marine diUnloading bodies recovered from the saster in Canadian history Empress at Rimouski.

Site Historique Maritime de la Pointe-au-Père

1000 rue du phare

418 721-0815 www.shmp.qc.ca

119

INDEX Adolphustown 45 American War of Independence 83 Amherstburg Navy Yard 24 André-Albert Blais 115 Atwood House & Museum 32

B Battle of Fort George 40 Battle of Jumonville Glen 88 Battle of Lake Erie 23 Battle of the Plains of Abraham 94, 109 Battle of the Restigouche National Historic Site 1, 116 Battles of Saint-Denis and Saint-Charles 83 Beauport 105 Bethune-Thompson House 59 Billings Estate Museum 49 Billings Estate National Historic Site 49 Braddish Billings 49 Brock’s Monument National Historic Site 38 Brockville 53 Buxton National Historic Site & Museum 30

C Cabane à sucre Mégantic (Sugar Shack) 87 Cap Sainte 93 Carignan-Salières Regiment 103, 104 Carillon Canal 80 Carillon Canal National Historic Site 80 Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec 97 Chambly 89

Charles Baillargé 93 Charlesbourg 101 Charlesbourg Heritage Site 102 Charles Le Moyne 70 Charles Lennox 83 Chatham Historical Society 32 Chemin-du-Roy 93 Chevalier de Lévis 93 Claude de Ramezay 71 Col. John By 49 Colonel Gabriel Christie 84 Colonel Henry Caldwell 84 Comte de Frontenac 81 Cowansville 85

D Des chaumbault Grondines 113 Discovery Harbour 20 Domaine seigneurial Sainte-Anne (site Madeleine de Verchères) 90

E Eglise de Sant-Laurent-de-I’Ile d’Orleans 111 Église Saint-Charles-Borromée 101 Eglise St.Joseph 113 Étienne Brûlé (1610) 22

F Fanshawe Pioneer Village 25 Festival de la Galette de Sarrasin de Louiseville 114 First French Fort St. Jean 104 Forges du Saint-Maurice 78 Forges du Saint-Maurice National Historic Site 78, 92 Fort Amherstburg 24 Fort Cataraqui 47

Index

A

120 Fort Duquesne 88 Fort Erie 33, 36 Fort Frontenac 47 Fort George 38, 40 Fort Henry 47 Fort Henry National Historic Site 48 Fort Jacques Cartier 93 Fort Lennox 82 Fort Malden 23 Fort Malden National Historic Park 23 Fort Mississauga National Historic Site 39 Fort Richelieu 82, 83, 89 Fort Saint-Jean 82, 83, 89, 103 Fort Saint-Jean National Historic Site 3 Fort Sainte Thérèse 82, 89 Fort St. Louis 82, 83 Fort Ste. Anne 82 Fort Ville-Marie 75 Fort Wellington 54 Fort William Historical Park 8 Fort York 44 François Baillairgé 76 François Berthelot 111 French and Indian Wars 103

I

G

Lachine 69 Lachine Canal 69 Lachine Canal National Historic Site 69 Lac Megantic 87 Lac Memphremagog 86 Lake Champlain 104 La Maison Merry 86 La Malbaie 107, 108 La Malbaie-Pointe-au-Pic 107 La Salle 47 Laura Secord 33 Laura Secord Homestead 34 Le Ber-Le Moyne House 70 Le Manoir Richelieu 107 Le Musée de Charlevoix 108 Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe 25

General Benedict Arnold 87 General James Wolfe 109 Glengarry Pioneer Museum 57 Granby 85 Great Rendevous 17 Guy Carleton 87

H Henry Hamilton 48 Hiram Walker Historical Museum 29 Hochelaga 71 Holy Trinity Anglican Church 85 Huron Indians 109

Ile d’Orleans 102 Inverarden House 63 Iroquois 83

J Jacques Cartier 71, 82 Jakes McLean Block 62 James Murray 107 James Wolfe 105 Jean Talon 101 John Graves Simcoe 43 John McDonald 63 John Nairne 107 Joseph Atwood 32 Joseph Coulon de Villiers 88

K King’s Road 99 King Louis XIV 104 Kingston 47 Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard 48

L

121 London 25 Louis Coulon de Villiers 88 Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837 83

Madeleine de Verchères 90 Magog 85, 86 Maillou House 97 Maison Cartier 72 Maison De Gannes 91 Maison Fradet 111 Maison Girardin 106 Maison Hertel-de-la-Fresniere 91 Maison Lamontagne 117 Maison Louis-Cyr 7 Major General Sir Isaac Brock 23, 53 Major Peter Vanalstine 46 Malcolm Fraser 107 Malle Baye 107 Manoir Boucher-de-Niverville 77 Manoir Montmorency 105 Maple Grove Anglican Cemetary 85 Marguerite d’Youville 81 Marie-Agnès Lepage 117 Mattawa 21 Mattawa Museum 22 Merrick Tavern 62 Merrickville 61 Merrickville Blockhouse 61 Mi’kmaq and Acadian militias 116 Micmac 115 Missisquoi Bay 84 Model Ship Museum 53 Montmorency Falls Park 106 Mont Real 71 Montreal 71, 72 Moulin des Jésuites 101 Moulin seigneurial de Pointe-du-Lac 92 Musée de la Civilisation 100 Musée de la Place-Royale 100

Niagara-on-the-Lake 39 Niagara Falls Armoury 41 Niagara Heritage District 42 Niagara Military Museum 41 Niagara Peninsula 33 Nor’Westers and Loyalist Museum 60 Northwest Company 17 Norton Attawandaron Village 28 Notre-Dame-des-Anges 101 Notre-Dame-des-Victoires Church 96 Notre-Dame Basilica 76

O Old Montreal 74

P Parc de la Chute-Montmorency 105 Parc maritime de Saint-Laurent 112 Parliament Hill 52 Paul de Chomedey de Maisonneuve 73 Penetanguishene 19 Penetanguishene Centennial Museum & Archive 19 Pierre de la Verendrye 91 Pierre Radisson (1659) 22 Place d’Youville 74 Place de l’Église 93 Plains of Abraham Museum 98, 110 Pointe-à-Callière Museum 74 Prescott 54 Prince Edward, Duke of Kent 105

Q Quebec City 95

R Ramparts of Quebec City 94 Rene-Robert Cavelier de la Salle 69 Restigouche River 115

Index

M

N

122 Richelieu River 82 Rideau Hall 51 Rimouski 117 River of the Iroquois 82 RMS Empress of Ireland 118 Royal Artillery 54 Royal Engineers 49

S Saint-Charles-Borromée church 113 Saint-Francois Rive 86 Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu 83 Sainte-Famille 102 Saint Jean-sur-Richelieu 103 Saint Laurent de Ile d’Orleans 111 Sam Jakes House 62 Samual de Champlain Provincial Park 21 Samuel de Champlain 75, 82, 107, 113 Samuel de Champlain (1615) 22 Seigneur Joseph Chavigny de la Chevrotière 113 Seignory of Murray Bay 107 Seven Years’War 116 Shawnee Chief Tecumseh 23 Sherbrooke 85 Sir John Johnson 59 Sir John Johnson House National Historic Site 60 Sir René Lepage de Ste-Claire 117 Site Historique Maritime de la Pointe-auPère 118 South Landing Inn 33 Southwold Earthworks National Historic Site 24 St.Andre-de-Restigouche 115 St. Lawrence River 77 St. Petronille 109

The Battle of Longwoods (Re-enactment) 26 The Battle of Restigouche 116 The Battle of the Châteauguay 81 The Carillon Barracks 79 The Château Ramezay 71 The Eastern Townships 85 The Grange 43 The King’s Road 77 The MacKenzie Printery & Newspaper Museum 35 The Magee House 62 The Maison Saint-Gabriel Museum i 73 The Old Guard House 104 The Old Mill 113 The Rideau Canal 50 Thomas Dunn 84 Thunder Bay 17 Thunder Bay Military Museum 18 Town of York 43 Townships Trail 84 Trois-Rivière 91 Trois-Rivieres 77

U UEL Heritage Centre and Park 46 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Historic Site 31 Underground Railroad 29 United Empire Loyalist Museum 45 United Empire Loyalists 84, 86 Upper Canada Village 55 Ursuline Monastery of Quebec City 96

V Verchères 90 Ville-Marie 76 Voyageur Heritage Centre 21

T

W

The Battle of Châteauguay Historic Site 81 The Battle of Chippawa 37

War of 1812 19, 44, 53 War of 1812 National Historic Site 36

123

Z Zacharie Robutel de la Noue 81

Index

War of 1812 re-enactment 25 Westminster of the Wilderness. 49 William Merrick House 62 Williamston 59 Williamston Fair 59 Wolseley Barracks 27

AMBASSADOR A story about empire written for PBS with roots going back to the Knights Templar, the Pirates of the Caribbean, the opening of the Wild West and COLONIAL CANADA! www.kitsband.ca

RS OF EMPIRE