Urban Green Guide

What is Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI)?

URBAN GREEN GUIDE

For the integration of Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) to enhance both human well-being and urban ecological resilience

Merijn van der Does

Within a dynamic urban landscape, with the need to accommodate a growing urban population, the challenge of achieving both urban densification and urban greening within limited space is known as a paradigm called ‘The Complex City Paradox’ (Madureira & Monteiro, 2021).

At the core of the integration of both and green cities is Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI), a network of green and blue spaces functioning at different scale levels in urban contexts. Within the Urban Green Guide, this UGI network serves as a framework for effectively integrating UGI into densifying urban environments. The network of green and blue spaces within urban contexts is known as Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI), and this network plays a crucial role in the integration of green space and densifying areas. Based on research by Hansen et al. (2017), the UGI network is subdivided into different scale levels to guide planning efforts, for reference see the image and table below.

The significance of the integration of UGI in densification plans lies in its increasing recognition as the principal provider of Ecosystem Services (ES) that support the well-being of urban populations (Madureira & Monteiro, 2021). Besides, UGI plays a crucial role in the resilience of the urban ecology. Urban ecological resilience is the capacity of urban ecosystems to absorb disturbances, reorganize, and maintain their essential functions, structures, identity, and feedback systems (Vink et al., 2022).

UGI network scale

Region Hub (RH)

Region Corridor (RC)

City Site (CS)

City Corridor (CC)

Neighbourhood Steppingstones (NS)

Street Corridor (SC)

Site Steppingstones (SS)

Proper integration of UGI forms a strategic approach to make cities more resilient against environmental changes. This not only ensures the provision of vital ES, but also fosters rich biodiversities, promotes UGI connectivity, and optimizes the fitness of both biotic and abiotic factors.

Because of this, the Urban Green Guide presents a series of UGI interventions that can be applied to densifying contexts to enhance both human well-being and urban ecological resilience.

Elaboration

Large natural area (ecological core)

Connects Region Hubs & Region Hubs to City Sites e.g. river

City level green space, e.g. city park

Connects City Sites & City Sites to Neighbourhood Steppingstones

Neighbourhood level green, e.g. pocket park

Street level greenery

Site level greenery, e.g. integrated in building envelope

How to use the Urban Green Guide?

This guide presents a collection of possible UGI interventions at different scale levels of intervention. Scientific literature and existing handbooks are used to understand the presented interventions and to define their relation to human well-being and urban ecological resilience. These documents are included in Appendix A & B with a corresponding DID number. These numbers are used to reference the literature throughout the Guide.

This guide consists of 8 chapters, the first 7 each representing the UGI interventions per scale level. The final chapter presents city-wide UGI interventions. Each intervention page is structured as illustrated below.

The ‘related strategies’ and ‘scoring for the contribution of the UGI to human well-being and urban ecological resilience are explained on the following page.

Subchapter Related strategies

Chapter number representing UGI network layer

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Vertical: Façade gardens

Contibution to human well-being and urban ecological resilience scoring

1 6

Subchapter number and title Related strategies

Urban ecological resilience

Helps improve the urban resilience by increasing water retention, cooling, buffering and isolating in winter [17, 27]. Façade gardens can help increase species habitat and connectivity, especially for: birds, bats, butterflies, bees, and small mammals like hedgehogs [27].

Human well-being

Façade gardens do not function as ‘centralized’ parks, but rather a ‘decentral’ regreening along roads and open spaces [31], providing a cooling green scenery that is inviting for recreational use, such as sitting or playing [21]. Besides, they can be excellent locations for urban agriculture! [21]

UGI network layer and intervention type

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

High

Scoring system and strategies for implementation

On every page, a scoring is included indicating the influence of the intervention on human well-being and urban ecological resilience are included to give an idea of the influence of the UGI on human wellbeing and urban ecological resilience. This scoring is based on the scientific research conducted in the thesis ‘Towards Green Densification’. Wihtin this research, both key themes have been broken down into three pillars to base their quality upon.

Urban ecological resilience

Name of UGI intervention

Contibution to human well-being and urban ecological resilience explained

Human well-being is generally defined by Daams & Veneri (2017) as a subjective indicator of one’s quality of life. Moore et al. (2017) broke down the concept of human well-being into factors with a strong relation with urban densification and UGI, these factors have been categorized into three main pillars for human well-being: health, social development and belonging.

Vink et al. (2022) define urban ecological resilience as the ability of urban (eco)systems to absorb disturbances and reorganize themselves in order to retain the same function, structure, and feedback systems. To ensure this system is in order, three main pillars are essential: biodiversity, connectivity and fitness of biotic and abiotic structures.

Contribution to urban ecological resilience

Human well-being

Biodiversity

Diversity, richness and complexity

Connectivity

Promoting interaction and movement of species across ecosystem scales

(a)Biotic fitness

Ensuring the right conditions for natural processes

Health

Physical and mental health, and a healthy environment

Social development

Education, safety, recreation and employment

Belonging

Social belonging and spatial belonging

High expected UGI connectivity with other UGI

0 3 1 4 2 5

No added value

Slight contribution to 1 key theme pillar

Strong contribution to 1 key theme pillar

Strong contribution to 2 key theme pillars

Strong contribution to 3 key theme pillars

Very strong contribution to 3 key theme pillars

Contribution to human well-being

UGI reference image

0 3 1 4

No added value

Slight contribution to 1 key theme pillar

2 5

Strong contribution to 1 key theme pillar

Strong contribution to 2 key theme pillars

Strong contribution to 3 key theme pillars

Very strong contribution to 3 key theme pillars

Strategies for implementation

Within the thesis ‘Towards Green Densification’, six main strategies were identified for the integration of UGI in densifying contexts to enhance both human well-being and urban ecological resilience. Strategies 1-3 primarily focus on enhancing urban ecological resilience, while strategies 4-6 emphasize improving human well-being. In the context of densifying cities, it is crucial to (1) design multi-scaled UGI networks, (2) introduce and enhance Urban Green Blue Infrastructure (UGBI), (3) prioritize local conditions in UGI design, (4) design UGI to encourage active lifestyles and physical activity, (5) design UGI to promote environmental justice and greenspace equity, and (6) design UGI to facilitate human-nature contact and interaction.

Human well-being

SITE STEPPINGSTONES 1

1.1 UGI integration on the building scale

1.2 Integration of Urban Green Blue Infrastructure (UGBI)

1.3 Additional UGI Site Steppingstones

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Vertical: Façade gardens

Urban ecological resilience Human well-being

Helps improve the urban resilience by increasing water retention, cooling, buffering and isolating in winter [17, 27].

Façade gardens can help increase species habitat and connectivity, especially for: birds, bats, butterflies, bees, and small mammals like hedgehogs [27].

Façade gardens do not function as ‘centralized’ parks, but rather a ‘decentral’ regreening along roads and open spaces [31], providing a cooling green scenery that is inviting for recreational use, such as sitting or playing [21]. Besides, they can be excellent locations for urban agriculture! [21]

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Integrated nesting facilities p.19

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Vertical: Green wall

Urban ecological resilience

Green walls provide habitat by offering different food sources for species [22], functioning as additional steppingstones in the network. These walls are beneficial for species such as butterflies, bees, birds, bats and a large variety of plants [27]. Furthermore, the walls function as urban water buffers [21].

Human well-being

Green walls have a positive effect on the inner-city climate and capture fine particles [21]. Besides, they keep a building cool during summer, function as additional isolation during colder seasons, and provide a noise buffer [27]. Of course, these walls provide additional aesthetics to the streetscape and can lower inhabitants stress levels [10].

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Roofscapes: Green roof

Urban ecological resilience

Green roofs provide additional steppingstones in the UGI network for species such as butterflies, bees, birds and plants [27]. Furthermore, green roofs help with mitigating run-off water by providing buffering, and they reduce urban heating [22], providing a more resilient inner-city climate.

Human well-being

The green roof approach is more efficient for inner-city cooling in high density-contexts than ground-level green [20]. Green roofs can provide lower indoor temperatures and serve as additional insulation layer [27]. Also, they are a great buffer for the capturing of fine-particles [21]. When designed as such, green roofs can provide safe and accessible greenspaces [21].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Non-spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Accessible greenways on rooftops p. 35

Green wall, Zuidas Amsterdam (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Roofscapes: Habitat roof (brown)

Urban ecological resilience

Habitat roofs (or brown roofs) are highly beneficial for specific bird and insect species that nest in sandy environments [27]. These roofscapes provide habitat and offer food sources to species [22] by transforming otherwise underused space. Brown roofs function as water retention zones and provide heat and noise buffering [21].

Human well-being

For human well-being, brown roofscapes mainly provide a more pleasant urban environment by buffering water, providing cooling and noise buffering [27].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Non-spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Allowing spontanious growth p.30

• Integrated nesting facilities p.19

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Roofscapes: Roof garden, sky garden

Urban ecological resilience

Helps improve the urban resilience by increasing water retention, cooling, buffering and isolating in winter [17, 27].

Roof gardens can help increase species habitat and connectivity, especially for: birds, butterflies, bees, and a large variety of plants [27], by transforming otherwise underused space.

Human well-being

Roof and sky gardens can provide safe and accessible greenspaces, especially for more vulnerable groups [21]. They provide a relaxing green scenery available for leisure [21], or cooling off in summer [27]. When applied on e.g. apartment buildings or in public spaces, they can serve as places for communities [21], enhancing social cohesion.

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Accessible greenways on rooftops p. 35

Roof garden (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

Brown habitat roof (Eco Green Roofs, n.d.)

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Roofscapes: Water roof (wetland roof)

Urban ecological resilience

Water roofs (or wetland roofs) are highly beneficial for specific bird and insect species that prefer wet environments [27]. These roofscapes provide habitat and offer food sources to species [22] by transforming otherwise underused space. Wet roofs function as water buffers, provide heat and noise buffering [21, 27].

Human well-being

For human well-being, wet roofscapes mainly provide a more pleasant urban environment by buffering water, providing cooling and noise buffering. Furthermore, they provide great opportunities for greywater usage, which can save costs on water. [27]

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Bioswales p.44

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Gardens: Green courtyards, residential gardens (communal, shared)

Urban ecological resilience

Especially when the garden is mostly planted with native plant species, and is expected to have a positive impact on local biodiversity [25]. By providing natural habitats in urban space, they can function as eco-corridors [25]. Furthermore, these green gardens create increased opportunities for water infiltration and greatly improve the soil health [27].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

Communal green gardens can provide safe and accessible greenspaces, especially for more vulnerable groups [21]. These gardens can serve as places for communities [21], providing the opportunity for various recreational, outdoor activities such as gardening, sports and games, which can considerably help to promote ‘healthy life styles’ [25].

Intervention combines well with:

• Accessible greenways on rooftops p. 35

De Deeltuin, Utrecht (Synchroon, n.d.)

Wetland roof (Ingenieurbüro Blumberg, 2020)

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Gardens: Private gardens (residential)

Urban ecological resilience

Green residential gardens can contribute greatly to healthy bees and butterfly populations in cities [27]. Especially when planted with native species, these gardens provide crucial habitat for species by functioning as additional steppingstones in the UGI network, and offering food and shelter. [22, 27]

Human well-being

Private gardens provide opportunities for inhabitants to get in contact with the natural environment in a more intimate environment [26]. Furthermore, they bring a healthy means of leisure and recreation ranging from relaxation to gardening [27].

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Balcony greenery and window boxes

Urban ecological resilience

Integrating greenery on balconies and in front of windows can provide additional mitigation of the inner-city climate. Additionally, it provides great habitat for species such as butterflies, bees, birds and bats, by functioning as an additional steppingstone in the UGI network. [27]

Human well-being

This intervention creates opportunities for positive interactions with nature in dense contexts [26]. They can provide a green space to relax and function as cooling during summer days [27]. Furthermore, they can improve the quality of streetscapes [20].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone

Intervention type: Non-spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Encouraging UGI in private gardens p.26

• Dense, diverse and layered patches p.29

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone

Intervention type: Non-spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

Green balcony, Hamburg (photo by author)

Private garden (Mertens & De Schrijver, 2022)

UGI Integration on the building scale

1.1

UGI Integration on the building scale

Integrated nesting facilities

Urban ecological resilience

Local biodiversity can be greatly improved by the introduction of relatively cheap solutions. When integrated at the right location on the facade, this intervention provides great nesting facilities as additional steppingstones in the UGI network.

Human well-being

These integrated facilities provide additional opportunities for human-nature contact [30].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Non-spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Green walls p.11

• Habitat roof (brown) p. 13

1.1

Encouraging wild-life and native species

gardening (gardens, balconies)

Urban ecological resilience

Wild-life gardening contributes to the promotion of healthy species populations (e.g. bees) within urban environments. By integrating relatively cheap solutions, the local biodiversity of species can be greatly improved [27], as they provide additional food and habitat [22].

Human well-being

Healthy bee and butterfly communities are of high importance for human health, as they contribute to 60% of the crosscontamination of our fruits and vegetables [27]. Integrating this intervention can be done by implementing relatively cheap solutions [27].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Non-spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Private gardens p.17

• Dense, layered and diverse patches p.29

1.2

Integration of UGBI Small-scale green-blue spaces, e.g. ponds

Urban ecological resilience Human well-being

Especially when surrounded by varied patches and supplemented with elements for shelter (logs, rocks) [26] these interventions provide excellent habitat for a wide range of species, such as amphibians, fish, birds, small mammals and insects [26, 27]. Furthermore, these ponds maximize local groundwater infiltration and purification [8].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone

Within urban contexts, being in contact with both green and blue spaces is associated highest with daily walking time [12]. Additionally, they provide environmental qualities such as water buffering, heat mitigation and air purification [17, 24].

Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Private gardens p.17

• Dense, layered and diverse patches p.29

1.2

Integration of UGBI NBS: Permeable paving

Urban ecological resilience Human well-being

The removing of paving brings increased habitat for plants, animals and soil life. Additionally, providing more food for insects, birds and other animals. Besides, the increased presence of roots makes the soil more porous, leading to more infiltration and keeping the soil from drying out. [32]

The inclusion of permeable pavements improve the ecosystem services provided by soils, and bring positive effects to the Quality of Life for urban inhabitants [22]. Furthermore, the unsealing of soils brings additional cooling and water infiltration possibilities [32].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone

Intervention type: Non-spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Converting on-street parking spaces p.38

• Facade gardens p.10

1.2

Integration of UGBI NBS: Raingardens

Urban ecological resilience

Raingardens are beneficial in the UGI network for amphibians, fish, birds, small mammals, a wide variety of plants and insects [26, 27]. They can greatly improve species mobility, by providing vegetated corridors between sites [26]. These gardens maximize ground water infiltration and flood mitigation [8].

Human well-being

This intervention can enrich the health benefits brought by UGI through air purification, flood mitigation, urban cooling and additional aesthetical characteristics [9]. Furthermore, these gardens provide a relaxing and stress-reducing green scenery, improving the recreational qualities of the space [21].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Dense, layered and diverse patches p.29

• Species dispersal p.36

• Green water squares p.59

Integration of UGBI Vegetated tree discs

Urban ecological resilience

Vegetated pits should be designed at a minimum of 4m2 to reduce the crowding effect and allow the colonization of other species. This can bring over 10 different species per patch. These tree discs can bring healthier trees in streetscapes, making them more resistant to droughts. Furthermore, a vegetated tree disc contributes to an improved soil life and functions as connector for species [9,27].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

Vegetated tree discs bring healthier trees into the streetscape, which brings the following effects for human health: stress reduction, air filtration, cooling, aesthetics, water infiltration, and carbon sequestration [9, 33]. Additionally, healthier trees provide a more pleasant environment for (recreational) activities [27].

Intervention combines well with:

• Converting on-street parking spaces p.38

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

• Species dispersal p.36

1.2

Integration of UGBI Placing of floatlands

Urban ecological resilience

Floatlands can be placed in canals and other urban blue spaces. As a relatively cheap intervention, they can greatly benefit the local biodiversity by introducing flora species. They create easy fauna exist and resting points in blue spaces and become additional steppingstones in the UGI network, especially relevant for water birds. [27]

Human well-being

These floatlands can improve human well-being in the following ways. They provide opportunities for people to come in contact with natural species in urban environments. Furthermore, they can help with placemaking. [30]

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• City canals p.64

1.2

Integration of UGBI

Encouraging UGBI in private gardens

Urban ecological resilience

Especially when planted with native species, encouraging the inclusion of UGBI in private gardens will provide crucial habitat for species by functioning as additional steppingstones in the UGBI network, as well as offering food and shelter. This integration is beneficial for amphibians, fish, birds, small mammals, a wide variety of plants and insects [22, 26, 27].

Human well-being

UGBI in private gardens provide environmental qualities such as water buffering, heat mitigation and air purification [17, 24]. By encouraging inhabitants to include UGBI interventions in their private gardens, additional opportunities for human-nature contact are provided [30].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Non-spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Private garden p.17

• Encouraging wild-life gardening p.20

• Small green-blue spaces p.21

Green-blue private garden (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

Floatland, Almelo (Teeuwen, 2020)

1.2

Integration of UGBI Implementing greywater systems

Urban ecological resilience

Human well-being

Utilizing rainwater for household and other purposes can significantly enhance the urban water balance. Especially protecting ground-water levels and soil health in times of drought [32]. Through implementation of this UGI intervention, rainwater can be used for tasks such as toilet flushing, irrigation, and cleaning, reducing the reliance on drinking water. This promotes water conservation and ensures a sustainable and low-cost water supply. [32]

1.3

Additional UGI site steppingstones

Ornamental plantings (e.g. pergolas)

Urban ecological resilience

These plantings help improve the urban resilience by increasing water retention, when rooted in full soil. Furthermore, they provide a cooler environment [17, 27]. They can increase species habitat and connectivity, especially for: birds, bats, butterflies, bees, and small mammals like hedgehogs [27].

Human well-being

Ornamental plantings ensure a healthy and natural aesthetic even in winter times [28]. The plantings can aim at reducing stress, and during summer, this intervention can bring urban climate mitigation [27]. Their integration can improve the quality of streetscapes [20].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Water roof p.15

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone Intervention type: Non-spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

• Urban Pocket Parks p.54

1.3

Additional UGI site steppingstones

Dense, diverse and layered patches of native species

Urban ecological resilience

Providing dense, diverse layered patches of native species can greatly increase animal and insect diversity and richness [2], by offering food, shelter and facilitating species dispersal [26, 27]. These native plantings create healthier streetscapes, making them more resistant to droughts and improving soil life [9,27].

Human well-being

The more diverse, the more effective in bringing health benefits [18], additionally the supply of ecosystem services greatly depends on the implementation of local and native vegetation types [20]. Diversely vegetated patches help communities benefit from cooling, fun-off management, providing shelter and improving carbon sequestration [25].

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone

Intervention type: Non-spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Vegetated tree discs p.24

• Green courtyards p.16

Additional UGI site steppingstones

Allowing spontanenous growth where possible 1.3

Urban ecological resilience

Allowing spontaneous growth influences the urban ecological resilience in cities by allowing for an increase in biodiversity, an enhanced connectivity of the streetscapes, and reversing the effects of compacted soils [6, 9].

Human well-being

Allowing spontaneous growth in urban environments increases air filtration, street aesthetics, urban cooling possibilities and increases ecosystem services. These are especially true for lower socio-economic groups within the urban population, bringing a more inclusive green environment. [9]

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

Additional UGI site steppingstones

Ensure sufficient bike parking

By promoting active mobility types, less space is needed for car parking and emissions are reduced. Leaving more space for UGI in urban networks. [30]

Ensuring enough bike parking near locations, such as greenspaces and sports locations promotes healthy lifestyles through active mobility types. Furthermore, by increasing bike parking opportunities for criminality are reduced by increasing parking safety. [30]

UGI network layer: Site Steppingstone

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• (urban) green sporting locations p.56 & p.77

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

2

STREET CORRIDORS

2.3 Additional Street Corridors

Urban ecological resilience

Human well-being

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

2.1

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

Green fine-grain slow traffic network

Urban ecological resilience

Greening the fine-grain network for slow traffic allows for additional green integrated into neighbourhoods, improving the local biodiversity and connectivity of the areas [30]. The addition of this green brings increased amounts of unsealed and rooted soils, greatly improving soil health and ecosystem functions [32].

Human well-being

A pleasant green fine-grain network prioritizing slow traffic encourages inhabitants to become more active: walking, cycling, jogging, etc. Besides, this network provides short and safe connections to and from travel destinations. Greening this network is a great opportunity to bring green closer to homes. [30]

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Nature-friendly street lighting p.40

• City-wide green network for slow traffic p.70

2.1

Accessible greenways on rooftops (layered UGI)

Urban ecological resilience

These greenways help improve the urban resilience by increasing water retention, cooling, buffering and isolating in winter [17, 27]. They can help increase species habitat and connectivity, especially for: birds, butterflies, bees, and a large variety of plants [27], by transforming otherwise underused space.

Human well-being

Turning these underused roofscapes into greenway parks brings additional space for leisure and other activities, especially relevant in dense urban environments [27]. They provide a relaxing green scenery [21], a place to cool off during summer [27] and bring additional opportunities for water retention and buffering [27].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Roof gardens p.14

• Public city parks and gardens p.54

Promenade Plantée, Paris (Alamy, 2017)

Fine-grain slow traffic network, Tilburg (Van der Vliet, 2020)

2.1

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

Facilitating species dispersal across small-scale barriers

Urban ecological resilience

The integration of fauna passages is highly important connecting and expanding species habitat [27]. This will ensure more intact ecosystems and a higher biodiversity value, especially in dispersed landscapes like cities [5]. However, they need to be facilitated at the right locations, otherwise they can remain underused.

Human well-being

In general, by improving the connectivity of the green network, human and animal mobility can be increased [6].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Nature-friendly street lighting p.40

• Raingardens p.23

2.1

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

Designing child-friendly routes connecting UGI

Urban ecological resilience

Creating safe child-friendly connections often goes hand-in-hand with the creation of better connected greenspaces, which positively influences species mobility [27].

Human well-being

Encompasses the design of the entire public realm: sidewalks, slow-traffic routes, speed-bump zones, etc. Child-friendly measures encourage children to play outside by creating a safer environment. This safer environment will allow them to be more independent. Furthermore, these interventions will increase social interaction between children and parents. [30]

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Natural playgrounds p.52

• Urban pocket parks p.54

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

2.1

Centralize parking and convert on-street parking spaces

Urban ecological resilience

This measure can increase street greening, and thereby increase biodiversity, provide ecosystem services, climate resilience, aesthetic appeal and reduce negative environmental exposures such as air and noise pollution as well as heating [15]. For improving UGI, a ‘decentral’ regreening along roads and open spaces is one of the most effective measures [3].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

By providing a limited supply of parking spaces and an urban design attuned to cycling and walking, car use needs to becomes less attractive [21], thus promoting healthier means of transportation. Besides, many places show a decrease of noise hindrance, urban heating and polluted air [15, 21].

2.1

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

Green shared spaces prioritizing slow traffic

Urban ecological resilience

Creating green shared zones often goes hand-in-hand with the integration of green in neighbourhoods, which positively influences species mobility and richness [27].

Human well-being

These types of zones encourages active mobility types and increase safety on the streets for walking, cycling, playing and exercising. Active mobility types are encouraged, whilst car usage is demotivated, leaving free space for greenspace, social interaction, etc. [30]

Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Natural playgrounds p.52

• Urban pocket parks p.54

Shared street, Wittevrouwen (Thierauf, 2018)

Converting on-street parking (Echt Amsterdams Nieuws, 2019)

2.1

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

Nature-friendly street lighting

Urban ecological resilience

Human well-being

Nature-friendly streetlighting does not disturb species that either want to sleep at night or have night vision. This has a positive influence on the local biodiversity and connectivity [30]. Encourages active mobility types, even in the dark, by increasing the safety for walking, cycling, playing and exercising on the streets. Improving the actual safety and the perceived safety early in the morning and at night. [30]

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Green fine-grain slow traffic network p.34

• Greening along linear elements p.67

2.1

UGI facilitating street flowscapes

Maximize footpath width

Urban ecological resilience

Urban ecological resilience is not directly benefitted by this intervention. However, maximizing footpath widths could lead to more slow traffic usage and less car dominance.

Human well-being

By maximizing the footpath width, pedestrian infrastructures are highly improved. These pathways will become more inclusive also for elderly, children and impaired people. It supports striving for ‘access for all’ [8].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

2.2

Urban green-blue corridors

Showing water in the streets: Urban water channels

Urban ecological resilience

Planted channels can influence the local biodiversity greatly. Especially when planted with native species, they can create crucial habitat zones for local animal, insect and water species. When applying them along roads, they can improve the connectivity of the UGI network. [32]

Human well-being

Create the opportunity for controlled run-off water in urban environments and mitigating the urban heat island effect, whilst adding to the overall aesthetic of the space [32].

Creating a relaxing green scenery.

Urban green-blue corridors

2.2

Showing water in the streets:

Gutters (open, fluted, covered)

Urban ecological resilience

Different types of gutters can help control the local run-off water, especially in cases of heavy rainfall [32].

Human well-being

Different types of gutters can help control the local run-off water, especially in cases of heavy rainfall [32].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Green water squares p.59

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

• Green water squares p.59

2.2

Urban green-blue corridors

NBS: Bioswales

Urban ecological resilience

Bioswales can strengthen the ecological infrastructure, promote biodiversity, and enhance the living quality of the city. Small mammals such as the hedgehog and the forest shrew find shelter and food in wadis. A naturally designed wadi (ecological wadi) with tall plants can play an important role as an ecological connectivity zone or steppingstone. [27]

Human well-being

Bioswales help with maximizing flood mitigation [8] and bring a range of health benefits to urban residents : air filtration, temperature reduction, aesthetics, stormwater management and general health improvements [9]. Furthermore, they provide green scenery and green recreational (sitting and playing) environments [21] and can create places for community [1].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Reducing road coverage p.46

• Urban Pocket Parks p.54

• Neighbourhood scale waterbodies p.58

NBS: Ditch 2.2

Urban green-blue corridors

Urban ecological resilience

Ditches can strengthen the ecological infrastructure, promote biodiversity, and enhance the living quality of the city. Small mammals such as the hedgehog and the forest shrew find shelter and food in ditches. When naturally designed with native plants, ditches can play an important role as an ecological connectivity zone or steppingstone. [27]

Human well-being

Ditches help with maximizing flood mitigation [8] and bring a range of health benefits to urban residents : air filtration, temperature reduction, aesthetics, stormwater management and general health improvements [9].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Reducing road coverage p.46

• Neighbourhood scale waterbodies p.58

Urban green-blue corridors

1.2

Reducing road coverage:

Unsealing soils & Permeable material

Urban ecological resilience

The removing of paving brings increased habitat for plants, animals and soil life. Additionally, providing more food for insects, birds and other animals. Besides, the increased presence of roots makes the soil more porous, leading to more infiltration and keeping the soil from drying out. [32]

Human well-being

Unsealing soils can significantly improve ecosystem services provided by urban soils and result in positive effects on the living standard and health condition of urban population [22]. Furthermore, unsealing brings additional cooling and rainwater infiltration [32].

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Permeable paving p.22

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

Urban green-blue corridors

Greening small streets and alleyways

Urban ecological resilience

Helps improve the urban resilience by increasing water retention, cooling, buffering and isolating in winter [17, 27]. Furthermore, greening streets can help increase species habitat and connectivity, especially for: birds, bats, butterflies, bees, and small mammals like hedgehogs [27].

Human well-being

Green streets do not function as ‘centralized’ parks, but rather a ‘decentral’ regreening along roads and open spaces [31], providing a cooling green scenery that is inviting for recreational use, such as sitting or playing [21]. Brings green closer to homes.

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Soil unsealing p. 46

Urban green-blue corridors

A diverse canopy of street trees 2.2

Urban ecological resilience

In terms of ecological quality, one of the most important qualities of urban greenblue spaces is a diversity in tree canopy covers [17]. Furthermore, the diversification of the tree stock creates more variety and reduces vulnerability for species-specific diseases and aging [21].

Human well-being

Provides shading and cooling in the streets, whilst creating a more inviting and interesting streetscape aesthetically. This will ensure a more inviting environment for active mobility types. [9, 17]

NEIGHBOURHOOD STEPPINGSTONES 3

3.1 Introducing UGI through public green spaces

3.2 Introducing UGBI on the neighbourhood scale

UGI network layer: Sreet Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Converting on-street parking spaces p.38

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

3.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Natural playgrounds

Urban ecological resilience

Natural playgrounds provide locations where species mobility is increased and water infiltration and soil health are improved. These zones are especially beneficial for: butterflies, bees, birds and small mammals. [27]

Human well-being

Natural playgrounds are highly beneficial for children’s development, health and well-being [27, 33]. These playgrounds are a great example of playing and discovering nature, to help develop an interest in the natural world [21]. Finally, playing builds strength, stamina and helps with social interaction [33]. Lastly, they provide excellent locations for water infiltration and for cooling [27].

3.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Urban allotment spaces

Urban ecological resilience

Allotment gardens serve as a resource for biodiversity by offering a varied habitat, a wide range of plants, and opportunities for wild-life and flora to thrive. Especially when planted with native vegetation, the effect on the local biodiversity is expected to be very high. Furthermore, these gardens provide crucial links often at the edges of urban structures. [25]

Human well-being

Allotments can serve as a resource of health, providing active recreation, and a therapeutic value leading to self-fulfilment. Furthermore, they can provide places that bring people together, no matter their age or backgrounds. Especially for elderly people, they can provide a place for meeting and overcoming loneliness by having everyday contacts out of the house. [25]

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Child-friendly routes connecting UGI p.37

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Green belts and wedges p.84

Allotment garden (Natural England, 2023)

Natural playscape (Natural England, 2023)

3.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Urban pocket parks

Urban ecological resilience

These parks create valuable habitat for birds and other species within the urban environment. The addition of these spaces can help mitigate the pressing effect of urbanization on biodiversity by countering habitat loss, fragmentation and degrading soils. [9]

Human well-being

Urban pocket parks are the most encountered greenspaces for urban inhabitants. Especially in neighbourhoods with lower socio-demographic status, these pocket parks are of crucial importance for fostering the well-being of the urban community. [9] Lastly, they provide excellent locations for water infiltration and for cooling [27].

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Mobility hubs for centralized car parking

Urban ecological resilience

Opportunities exist for the integration of green structures in and around the hubs, increasing the urban ecological resilience.

Human well-being

The implementation of mobility hubs in urban contexts promotes active mobility and public transportation modes. Additionally, they ensure better connections and allow for the integration of other functions, such as a package service or places for sports. This way, these hubs can serve as a central place for the community and encourage social cohesion [30].

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• (urban) green sporting locations p.56 & p.77

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

Elements, Haarlem (Heutinck, 2022)

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Green sporting locations 3.1

Urban ecological resilience

The greening of large sporting locations can strengthen the ecological infrastructure greatly by promoting biodiversity, and enhancing habitat for species, such as birds and small mammals. When naturally designed with native plants, these sporting locations can play an important role as large ecological steppingstones. [27]

Human well-being

Greening these locations can provide sporting locations within a beautiful green scenery, that provide enough shading in summer [27]. Promoting active lifestyles.

Sports equipment in UGI 3.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• City-wide fast cycling network p.69

• City-wide recreational network p.70

Urban ecological resilience

This intervention does not benefit urban ecological resilience directly.

Human well-being

Including sports equipment in urban green spaces can enhance the stimulation for physical activity and exercise. The addition of this type of equipment in public spaces allows for inclusive sport zones, also for those who cannot afford a gym membership. Bringing this facility into green spaces will ensure multifunctionality of the space, which enlarges the group of users. [30]

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

• Ensuring multi-functionality of UGI p.103

Kondipark urban sports, Budapest (Tamas, 2019)

Eco-friendly sports environment, Gelderland (Provincie Gelderland, 2023)

3.2

Introducing UGBI on the neighbourhood scale

Neighbourhood scale water bodies, e.g. lakes

Urban ecological resilience

These urban green-blue spaces create important core habitat zones within urban environments. This is especially beneficial for species such as amphibians, fish, birds, small mammals, butterflies, bees, plants, damselflies and dragonflies [27]. Additionally, they have a reducing effect on the urban heat island effect [17].

Human well-being

These spaces impact a wide range of issues ranging from community involvement, empowerment, inclusion, equality, health and recreation [17]. These waterbodies provide spaces for rainwater buffering and purification [32]. Furthermore, they create places for cooling off and opportunities for social events and outdoor activities [17].

3.2

Introducing UGBI on the neighbourhood scale

Designing green water squares

Urban ecological resilience

By combining these water squares with vegetation, green-blue spaces are created, forming important zones for urban biodiversity. Furthermore, they allow for controlled run-off water and can improve water infiltration. [32]

Human well-being

Water squares introduce both a high aesthetical and recreational value. They provide safe spaces to play, create additional possibilities for water storage, provide cooling and are ideal to combine with other public functions. They can even serve an educational value by making the dynamics of water visible for inhabitants. However, these squares are relatively high in maintenance. [32]

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Urban pocket parks p.54

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

• Ensuring multi-functionality of UGI p.103

Green water square (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

Neighbourhood water body (Boque, 2014)

Introducing UGBI on the neighbourhood scale

Urban wetland parks 3.2

Urban ecological resilience

Urban wetland parks provide highly important zones for different species of plants, birds, amphibians and insects [32], bringing regional qualities into the urban areas. This way, they provide a important hubs in the network of UGI [31] Furthermore, these parks improve the water quality and help balancing carbon emissions, removing air pollutants, and regulating the microclimate [16].

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

Urban wetlands bring a regional recreational value into urban areas [32], providing ecological services that can significantly improve human well-being through stress reduction, improving water quality, removing air pollutants and creating carbon storage, and regulating the urban microclimate [16].

Waterfront parks and squares 3.2

Introducing UGBI on the neighbourhood scale

Intervention combines well with:

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

• Green belts and wedges p.84

Urban ecological resilience

Allows for greening blue areas, improving their biodiversity [30] and connectivity when introducing ecological banks where animals can easily exit the water [27]. Furthermore, they connect green spaces in neighbourhoods to the wider region through the green-blue corridors [30]. Finally, the soil condition can greatly be improved by introducing these parks [32].

UGI network layer: Neighbourhood Steppingstone Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

Waterfront parks and squares bring space for a wide variety of active recreational activities, such as playing, moving, cooling, shading, relaxation, etc. Furthermore, these parks increase opportunities for more passive leisure, such as boardgames, picnicking, hanging-out. Finally, the parks provides social opportunities. [30]

Intervention combines well with:

• River valleys p.82

• Greening blue corridors: canals p.83

Waterfront park, Hamburg (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

Urban wetland park (The Gardener, n.d.)

CITY CORRIDORS 4

4.1 Green-blue corridors on the city scale

City canals 4.1

Green-blue corridors on the city scale

Urban ecological resilience

City canals function as important corridors in the network of UGI [31]. When greening these corridors, they can highly contribute a cities biodiversity by providing shelter, nesting, and a soft border for animal movement. This is especially beneficial for: plants, birds, small mammals, amphibians, fish. Bees, butterflies, damselflies and dragonflies.[27]

Human well-being

Green canal quays can greatly improve the levels of physical activity in urban communities [12]. Besides, canals can offer a variety of social qualities through, e.g. recreational usage. Furthermore, they can contribute to social inclusion and social justice and provide cultural links and opportunities for social events and outdoor activities [17].

UGI network layer: City Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Floatlands p.25

• Waterfront parks and squares p.61

Canal, Eindhoven (Chan, n.d.)

Green-blue corridors on the city scale

Habitat and wildlife corridors 4.1

Urban ecological resilience

Habitat and wildlife corridors play an important role in connecting and expanding species habitat on the city scale [27]. This will ensure more intact ecosystems by mobilizing animal species [6] and a higher biodiversity value, especially in dispersed landscapes like cities [5].

Human well-being

The introduction of these habitat and wildlife corridors can also provide increased human mobility [6] when combined with slow traffic routes.

4.1

Green-blue corridors on the city scale

Facilitating species dispersal across major barriers

Urban ecological resilience

The integration of elements allowing species dispersal across major barriers is highly important for connecting and expanding species habitat [27]. This will ensure more intact ecosystems and a higher biodiversity value, especially in dispersed landscapes like cities [5]. However, they need to be facilitated at the right locations, otherwise they can remain underused.

Human well-being

In general, by improving the connectivity of the green network, human and animal mobility can be increased [6].

UGI network layer: City Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Green fine-grain slow traffic network p.34

• City-wide green network for slow traffic p.70

UGI network layer: City Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Greening along linear elements p.67

Fauna bridge, Tilburg (PVE, 2017)

Habitat corridor (Adriaansens, 2021)

Green-blue corridors on the city scale

4.1

Greening along large linear elements

(e.g. canals, railways, roads)

Urban ecological resilience

Greening along linear large linear elements can allow for species dispersal and connectivity into the urban environment [27], protecting them from road or railway crossing. This will ensure more intact ecosystems and a higher biodiversity value, especially in dispersed landscapes like cities [5].

Human well-being

Greening linear elements can create space providing routes that invite people to walk, cycle and exercise. Often they bring the opportunity to create a direct link leading to green areas outside of the city [21]. This strategy will introduce decentralized greening, which is acknowledged as an affective measure of making UGI more attractive, whilst improving the microclimate [21]

4.1

Green-blue corridors on the city scale

Greening blue corridors

(e.g. softening quays, green quay walls)

Urban ecological resilience

Softening canal borders can bring important ecological corridors in the network of UGI [31]. When greening these corridors, they can highly contribute to urban biodiversity by providing shelter, nesting, and a soft border for animal movement. This is especially beneficial for: plants, birds, small mammals, amphibians, fish. Bees, butter-, damsel- and dragonflies [27].

Human well-being

Softening of canal quays brings increased safety along quays compared to high hard quays [27]. Improving the recreational and leisure values of canal quays [12] by creating safer environments for inhabitants to walk, cycle and exercise. Besides, it also creates safer environments for children to play [31].

UGI network layer: City Corridor Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Greening blue corridors p.68

• City-wide green network for slow traffic p.70

UGI network layer: City Corridor Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Waterfront parks and squares p. 61

Green quay wall (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

Greening along railway (Natural England, 2023)

4.1

Green-blue corridors on the city scale

City-wide green fast cycling routes

Urban ecological resilience

The inclusion of these cycling routes can enhance the ecological connectivity in cities by introducing green corridors allowing for improved species mobility within the urban structure [30]. With this, the soil condition is improved through additional roots [32].

Human well-being

These fast cycling routes bring the facilitation of active movement instead of other mobility options, serving as crucial connecting links between different important zones within the city (e.g. work locations, sports locations, etc.). Implementing these as green routes, the enjoyment and experience of the slow traffic mobility route is increased. [30]

4.1

Green-blue corridors on the city scale

City-wide green network for slow transport (walking, cycling, jogging)

Urban ecological resilience

The inclusion of these cycling routes can enhance the ecological connectivity in cities by introducing green corridors allowing for improved species mobility within the urban structure [30]. With this, the soil condition is improved through additional roots [32].

Human well-being

These cycling routes bring the facilitation of active movement instead of other mobility options, and active recreation such as cycling, skateboarding and jogging. Implementing these as green routes, the enjoyment and experience of the slow traffic mobility route is increased. [30]

UGI network layer: City Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Bioswales p.44

• (urban) green sporting locations p.56 & p.77

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

UGI network layer: City Corridor

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Rain gardens p.23

• Fine-grain slow traffic network p.34

Fietsboulevard Vestdijk, Eindhoven (wUrck, 2019)

Slowlane, Eindhoven (Bicycle Dutch, 2020)

CITY SITES 5

5.1 Introducing UGI through public green spaces

5.2 Introducing UGBI on the city scale

5.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Public city parks and gardens

Urban ecological resilience

Public city parks and gardens create important core habitat zones within urban environments. This is especially beneficial for species such as amphibians, fish, birds, small mammals, butterflies, bees, plants, damselflies and dragonflies [27]. Additionally, they have a reducing effect on the urban heat island effect and provide opportunities for water infiltration [17].

Human well-being

Public city parks and gardens provide opportunities for recreation, such as soccer, skateboarding and jogging. Additionally, they also provide space for leisure, such as picnicking and hanging-out [30]. Large city parks are proved to have the highest association with daily walking time [12], provide cooling and a relaxing green scenery [27].

UGI network layer: City Sites Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• City-wide green network for slow traffic p. 70

Genderpark, Eindhoven (Boque, 2017)

5.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Urban agricultural areas

Urban ecological resilience

Urban agricultural areas serve as a resource for biodiversity by offering a varied habitat, a wide range of plants, and opportunities for wild-life and flora to thrive. Especially when planted with native vegetation, the effect on the local biodiversity is expected to be very high. Furthermore, these gardens provide crucial links often at the edges of urban structures. [25]

UGI network layer: City Sites

Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

These areas can serve as a resource of health, providing active recreation, and they can bring strong communal opportunities. They can be places that bring people together, no matter their age or backgrounds. Especially for elderly people, they can provide a place for meeting and overcoming loneliness by having everyday contacts out of the house. [25]

Intervention combines well with:

• Urban allotment gardens p.53

• Green belts and wedges p.84

5.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Urban wetland parks

Urban ecological resilience

Urban wetland parks provide highly important zones for different species of plants, birds, amphibians and insects [32], bringing regional qualities into the urban areas. This way, they provide a important hubs in the network of UGI [31] Furthermore, these parks improve the water quality and help balancing carbon emissions, removing air pollutants, and regulating the microclimate [16].

UGI network layer: City Sites

Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

Urban wetlands bring a regional recreational value into urban areas [32], providing ecological services that can significantly improve human well-being through stress reduction, improving water quality, removing air pollutants and creating carbon storage, and regulating the urban microclimate [16].

Intervention combines well with:

• Wildlife corridors p.65

• Region-wide green recreational networks p.86

Urban wetlands, London (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

Urban agriculture, Dordrecht (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

5.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Urban green sporting locations

Urban ecological resilience

The greening of large sporting locations can strengthen the ecological infrastructure greatly by promoting biodiversity, and enhancing habitat for species, such as birds and small mammals. When naturally designed with native plants, these sporting locations can play an important role as large ecological steppingstones. [27]

Human well-being

Greening these locations can provide sporting locations within a beautiful green scenery, that provide enough shading in summer [27]. Promoting active lifestyles and providing outdoor spaces for active events.

5.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Urban forests

Urban ecological resilience

The urban wilderness provided by these forests is a very important aspect of fostering urban biodiversity. Furthermore, the forest cover in cities can effectively solve the problem of soil erosion and provision of services that significantly improve water quality and carbon storage in cities [16].

Human well-being

Urban forests can provide a wide range of mental and physical health benefits to urban inhabitants [23]. Besides, these forests refresh the air and have a substantial cooling effect on the neighbouring areas [31]. Furthermore, they provide a green surrounding for recreational usage, such as hiking, cycling and playing [31].

UGI network layer: City Sites

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• City-wide green network for slow traffic p.70

UGI network layer: City Sites

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Wildlife corridors p.65

• Region-wide green recreational networks p.86

Urban forest (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

Hajraa Buitentoernooi (Peters, 2019)

5.1

Introducing UGI through public green spaces

Places to accomodate water sports (e.g. swimming, rowing, canoeing)

Urban ecological resilience

There is no direct benefit for urban ecological resilience when implementing this.

Human well-being

Promoting active lifestyles and providing active leisure and recreational activities on the water. Allowing people to reside within green-blue locations with a beautiful scenery, that provide shading in summer and increase water buffering possibilities [27].

UGI network layer: City Sites

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• City canals p.64

• City-wide green network for slow traffic p.70

6

REGION CORRIDORS

6.1 Green-blue region corridors

6.1

Green-blue region corridors River valleys

Urban ecological resilience

River valleys function as important corridors in the network of UGI [31], often connecting inner-cities to the regional network. Strengthening river valleys can highly contribute to cities biodiversity by providing shelter, nesting, and a soft border for animal movement. Especially beneficial for: plants, birds, small mammals, amphibians, fish. Bees, butterflies, damselflies, dragonflies. [27]

UGI network layer: Region Corridor Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

River valleys can greatly improve the levels of physical activity in urban communities [12]. Besides, they can offer a variety of social qualities through, e.g. recreational usage. Furthermore, they can contribute to social inclusion and social justice and provide cultural links and opportunities for social events and outdoor activities [17].

Intervention combines well with:

• Waterfront parks and squares p.61

• Region-wide green recreational networks p.86

6.1

Green-blue region corridors

Greening blue corridors: Canals

Urban ecological resilience

City canals function as important corridors in the network of UGI [31]. When greening these corridors, they can highly contribute a cities biodiversity by providing shelter, nesting, and a soft border for animal movement. This is especially beneficial for: plants, birds, small mammals, amphibians, fish. Bees, butterflies, damselflies and dragonflies .[27]

Human well-being

Green canal quays can greatly improve the levels of physical activity in urban communities [12]. Besides, canals can offer a variety of social qualities through, e.g. recreational usage. Furthermore, they can contribute to social inclusion and social justice and provide cultural links and opportunities for social events and outdoor activities [17].

UGI network layer: Region Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Floatlands p.25

• Waterfront parks and squares p.61

• Greening along linear elements p.67

Dommel river valley, Eindhoven (Volkers, 2020)

6.1

Green-blue region corridors

Introducing and enhancing green belts and wedges

Urban ecological resilience

Green belts and wedges bring large opportunities for the strengthening of connections between UGI and the regional hubs. Furthermore, they greatly enhance ecological connectivity in urban spaces and by creating an improved network, they provide better ecological functions than separate green spaces [25].

Human well-being

Green belts and wedges bring an inflow of fresh air into urban environments [25], allow for active and passive recreational activities within a relaxing green scenery [21], which is conveniently located close to home. Additionally, green belts and wedges can connect urban inhabitants to the wider regional green spaces by providing slow traffic links.

6.1

Green-blue region corridors

Facilitation of species dispersal across major barriers (e.g. eco passages)

Urban ecological resilience

The integration of elements allowing species dispersal across major barriers is highly important for connecting and expanding species habitat [27]. This will ensure more intact ecosystems and a higher biodiversity value, especially in dispersed landscapes like cities [5]. However, they need to be facilitated at the right locations, otherwise they can remain underused.

Human well-being

In general, by improving the connectivity of the green network, human and animal mobility can be increased [6].

UGI network layer: Region Corridor Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Region-wide recreational networks p.86

• Region hubs p.88

UGI network layer: Region Corridor Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Greening along linear elements p.67

• Region hubs p.88

6.1

Green-blue region corridors

Region-wide green recreational networks

Urban ecological resilience

The inclusion of these cycling routes can enhance the ecological connectivity to and from cities by introducing green corridors allowing for improved species mobility from regional hubs into the urban structure [30].

Human well-being

These cycling routes give urban inhabitants the opportunity to go out and experience nature in the region. They bring the facilitation of active movement instead of other mobility options, and active recreation such as cycling, skateboarding and jogging. Implementing these as green routes, the enjoyment and experience of the slow traffic mobility route is increased. [30]

UGI network layer: Region Corridor Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Green belts and wedges p.84

• Region hubs p.88

7

REGION HUBS

7.1 Green-blue region hubs

7.1

Green-blue region hubs

Large water bodies, e.g. lakes and wetlands

Urban ecological resilience

These city scale green-blue spaces create important core habitat zones for urban environments. This is especially beneficial for species such as amphibians, fish, birds, small mammals, butterflies, bees, plants, damselflies and dragonflies [27]. Additionally, they have a reducing effect on the urban heat island effect [17].

Human well-being

These spaces impact a wide range of issues ranging from community involvement, inclusion, equality, health and active and passive types of recreation [17]. These waterbodies provide spaces for rainwater buffering and purification [32]. Furthermore, they create places for cooling off and opportunities for social events and outdoor activities [17].

7.1

Green-blue region hubs

Agricultural lands, orchards

Urban ecological resilience

Especially when providing a diversity in plant species or highly vegetated borders, these agricultural lands can provide a resource for biodiversity: varied habitat, wide range of plants, opportunities for wildlife and species of flora and fauna to thrive. Furthermore, these lands ensure an inflow of fresh air from the peripheries, making important links in eco-corridors. [25]

Human well-being

Agricultural lands close to cities are becoming more widely acknowledged as sustainable response to e.g. urbanization, public health, food security, and climate change [16]. Urban agriculture can be advantaged as a communal space, offering various recreational and voluntary activities. Through this, they can serve as an educational tool for inhabitants on local food chains [25].

UGI network layer: Regional Hub Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Public city parks and gardens p.74

• Green belts and wedges p.84

UGI network layer: Regional Hub

Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Region-wide recreational network p.86

• Wildlife and habitat corridors p.65

Orchard Philips Fruittuin, Eindhoven (Faes, 2021)

Green-blue region hubs

Forested lands 7.1

Urban ecological resilience

Forested areas, even when located outside of the cities, are very important aspect of fostering urban biodiversity. They create important ecological hubs providing a wide range of services that significantly improve e.g. water and air quality and carbon storage in cities [16]. When connected to corridors linking into cities, the urban biodiversity and connectivity are greatly enhanced [27].

UGI network layer: Regional Hub

Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

Forests can provide a wide range of mental and physical health benefits to urban inhabitants [23]. Besides, these forests refresh the air and have a substantial cooling effect on the neighbouring areas and cities in general [31]. Furthermore, they provide a green surrounding for active recreational usage, such as hiking, cycling, playing and even camping [31].

Intervention combines well with:

• Wildlife corridors p.65

• Green belts and wedges p. 84

Green-blue region hubs

Heath landscapes 7.1

Urban ecological resilience

Health landscapes are a very important regional core hub in the network of UGI, fulfilling a very important aspect of fostering the urban biodiversity. These ecological hubs provide a wide range of services that significantly improve e.g. water and air quality and carbon storage in cities [16]. When connected linked into cities, the urban biodiversity and connectivity are enhanced [27].

UGI network layer: Regional Hub

Intervention type: Spatial

Human well-being

These lands provide urban inhabitants the opportunity to go out and experience nature in the region through different types of active recreation, such as hiking, running, cycling and playing and discovering nature. [25, 31] They can provide a wide range of mental and physical health benefits to urban inhabitants [23]

Intervention combines well with:

• Region-wide recreational network p.86

• Forested lands p.92

Heath landscape, Nuenen (van der Meijden, 2021)

CITY-WIDE POLICY 8

8.1 Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice

8.2 Improving, enhancing and respecting UGI

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice

Stiving for greenspace proximity (3-30-300)

Urban ecological resilience Human well-being

When striving for greenspace proximity, UGI is spread more across the urban context in cities. This integration will lead to improved local biodiversity and connectivity [30].

The proximity of UGI brings a wide range of mental and physical health benefits stemming from ecosystem services to urban inhabitants across cities [15, 18]. The enhanced proximity of UGI makes parents more likely to let their children play outdoors [299], invites inhabitants to take more trips by foot or by bike [30], and creates an extended leisure and living space outdoors [14].

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

• Urban Pocket Parks p.54

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice

Implementing greening interventions equally across all neighbourhoods

Urban ecological resilience

When striving for the implementation of greening intervention equally across all neighbourhoods, UGI is spread more across the urban context in cities. This integration will lead to improved local biodiversity and connectivity [30].

Human well-being

In urban contexts, social inequity arises through an uneven distribution of green spaces, resulting in negative health implications [13]. Environmental justice has a pivotal role in supporting sustainable communities throughout cities. By creating a more even distribution of UGI pollution exposure is limited and health benefits from ES are promoted. [23]

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Greening small streets and alleyways p.47

• Urban Pocket Parks p.54

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice Reducing of Riskscapes

Urban ecological resilience

Different groups of flora and fauna species residing in these zones are losing important ecosystem functions due to the environmental stressors [23]. This has detrimental effects on the local biodiversity as well as on the connectivity of the UGI network.

Human well-being

‘‘Riskscapes’’ are zones in which communities are vulnerable to environmental stressors, e.g. air pollution and climate change [23]. As mainly low-income groups reside in these zones [23], it should be a city-wide priority to aim at tackling these, to benefit the health of communities by making their living environment more welcoming, safe, healthy and secure [33].

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Facade gardens p.10

• Implementing greening interventions equally p. 97

Greening of Marktplein, Hengelo (Smink, 2019)

Greening streets, Arnhem (Wentink, 2020)

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice

Inclusive design of UGI: different age, gender, cultural and socio-demographic groups

Urban ecological resilience

This intervention does not directly link to the improvement of urban ecological resilience.

Human well-being

People who find UGI attractive, pleasant and safe are more likely to use them, whereas those who feel unsafe will tend to avoid them entirely [17], considering them in the design will help making UGI more welcoming, safe, healthy and secure [33]. For example, by integrating more childand elderly- friendly measures, increasing the sense of belonging for different societal groups [2,4].

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice

Providing furniture and amenities in UGI

Urban ecological resilience

This intervention does not directly link to the improvement of urban ecological resilience.

Human well-being

Complementing UGI with a diversity of furniture and amenities, can enhance opportunities for physical activity engagement in communities. Besides, it can enhance the urban dynamics of social cohesion (e.g., social interaction, culture, leisure, and civic engagement) [15]. Making UGI more inclusive and accessible for vulnerable groups, like children and elderly [13, 20].

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Child-friendly measures p.37

• Providing furniture and amenities in UGI p.100

• Ensuring multi-functionality of UGI p.103

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Inclusive design of UGI p.99

Parklaan, Eindhoven (Vandersanden, n.d.)

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice Planning from the perspective of ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (EDS)

Urban ecological resilience

Factors such as tree species, allergenic index, tree condition, and length of inleaf season impact the services that trees provide [23]. Furthermore, this intervention does not directly influence urban ecological resilience. However, it is important to note that diversity should be fostered.

Human well-being

The provision of ES might help to keep cities in the front of maintaining human well-being across complex and interlinked social, economic, and ecological systems [11]. Trying to rule out EDS will allow for the inclusion of more vulnerable groups in UGI, and maximizing the provision of ES will benefit the community as a whole [11].

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Inclusive design of UGI p.99

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice Participatory processes, civic engagement, volunteering, to bring people in contact with nature

Urban ecological resilience

Efforts such as scientific outreach, in situ explanations of the value of biodiversity, or citizen science projects may all contribute to public appreciation and thereby assist long term successes of urban greening interventions [9].

Human well-being

The inclusion of participatory processes around the implementation of UGI in urban contexts can help encouraging healthy lifestyles. Furthermore, the inclusion of a wide range of stakeholders offers environmental educational values, and allows to integrate social and cultural values [5]. Finally, they provide opportunities to experience nature and participate in environmental stewardship [16]

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Inclusive design of UGI p.99

• Providing furniture and amenities in UGI p.100

8.1

Inclusive UGI for equity and environmental justice

Ensuring multi-functionality of UGI

Urban ecological resilience

This intervention does not directly link to the improvement of urban ecological resilience.

Human well-being

Creating diversity and flexibility of UGI allows for easy adaptation to the needs of current and future communities [21]. Furthermore, it allows for opportunities for inhabitants to appropriate space the way they prefer to, making the experience of UGI more personal [21]. Finally, multifunctionality of UGI brings opportunities for social events and outdoor activities [17].

8.2

Improving, enhancing and respecting UGI Designing for human-wildlife interactions

Urban ecological resilience

Within urban areas, local biodiversity and connectivity can be greatly improved by (e.g.) transforming buildings into an additional steppingstones by integrating different types of habitat elements for species. Another example can be the integration of floatlands in canals, functioning as fauna exit and resting points. Allowing them a safe habitat in cities. [27]

Human well-being

Creating possibilities for human-wildlife encounters in and around cities, brings a provision of human-nature contact. Allowing urban residents to express interest in the natural world. Furthermore, creating spaces like these can help with placemaking in and around urban structures. [30]

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Inclusive design of UGI p.99

• Providing furniture and amenities in UGI p.100

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial

Intervention combines well with:

• Integrated nesting facilities p.19

• Floatlands p.25

8.2

Improving, enhancing and respecting UGI Retrofitting and enhancing existing UGI

Urban ecological resilience

Through this measure, the ecological value of UGI can be greatly improved, helping mitigate the effects of urbanization on local biodiversity (e.g. habitat loss and fragmentation) [9]. Furthermore, this way species dispersal can be enhanced [26]. Finally, the retrofitting can have positive effects on a range of climate issues, such as flooding and heating [17].

Human well-being

By retrofitting UGI, different human benefits can be improved, ranging from air and water purification, wind and noise reduction, cooling and additional mental and physical health benefits [17, 19]. Furthermore, it can provide spaces for urban inhabitants to relax faster [19], and will help create places where people will want to stay [8].

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Implementing greening interventions equally p. 97

• Ensuring multi-functionality of UGI p.103

Improving, enhancing and respecting UGI Integrating periodic maintenance 8.2

Urban ecological resilience

Period maintenance can help to increase the species richness supported by increased vegetation patches in the network of UGI. Furthermore, this integration can help build resistance against localized disturbances, such as soil compaction, air pollution and flooding problems. [9]

Human well-being

Periodic maintenance is a measure to lower maintenance intensity and costs, whilst bringing access to biodiverse greenspaces across the city, including lower sociodemographic communities. Furthermore, it brings a beautiful green scenery that provides improved air filtration, cooling, aesthetics, stormwater management and overall health. [9]

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Geening along linear elements p.67

• Implementing greening interventions equally p. 97

Integration of periodic maintenance (Krijnen, 2023)

Retrofitting

List of Figures

Improving, enhancing and respecting UGI Respecting heritage features 8.2

Urban ecological resilience

Historic sites and buildings often provide valuable and scarce habitat for wildlife, e.g. nesting for swifts and old masonry walls for flora and insects. Often, these areas offer a wide variety of eco-zones, ranging from dense vegetation to waterbodies. These greatly promote species mobility and richness. Finally, these spaces hold significant amounts of embodied carbon: age matters. [33]

Human well-being

A distinctive local character of places can with place-making and can help people form connections with their environment, which has been proven to bring mental health benefits. Often, the basis of a communities’ sense of identity is formed around heritage features, which can come in the form of natural elements, but also historic buildings, such as castles. [33]

UGI network layer: City-wide Intervention type: Spatial Intervention combines well with:

• Region-wide recreational network p.86

• Forested lands p.92

p. 10 Façade gardens (Funda, 2022)

p.11 Green wall, Zuidas Amsterdam (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

p.12 Nature roof (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

p.13 Brown habitat roof (Eco Green Roofs, n.d.)

p.14 Roof garden (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.15 Wetland roof (Ingenieurbüro Blumberg, 2020)

p.16 De Deeltuin, Utrecht (Synchroon, n.d.)

p.17 Private garden (Mertens & De Schrijver, 2022)

p.18 Green balcony, Hamburg (photo by author)

p.19 Integrated bird’s nesting (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

p.20 Habitat elements (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.21 Small-scale pond (Groenendijk, 2023)

p.22 Permeable pavement on square, Krabbendijke (Struyk Verwo Infra, n.d.)

p.23 Rain garden (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.24 Vegetated tree disc (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

p.25 Floatland, Almelo (Teeuwen, 2020)

p.26 Green-blue private garden (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.27 Rain barrel (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.28 Green bus lane Strijp-S Eindhoven (Sluijsmans, 2019)

p.29 Dense and diverse patch, Boxmeer (Jonkers Hoveniers, 2020)

p.30 Spontaneous growth (Leguil, 2022)

p.31 Bicycle parking (Bouwens, 2022)

p.34 Fine-grain slow traffic network, Tilburg (Van der Vliet, 2020)

p.35 Promenade Plantée, Paris (Alamy, 2017)

p.36 Eco passage (Giverbo, n.d.)

p.37 Child-friendly reminders (Leer in het Verkeer, n.d.)

p.38 Converting on-street parking, Amsterdam (Echt Amsterdams

Nieuws, 2019)

p.39 Shared street, Wittevrouwen (Thierauf, 2018)

p.40 Nature-friendly street lighting (Veenendaal, 2015)

p.41 Wandelboulevard Stadhouderskade, Amsterdam (proposed design) (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2022)

p.42 Urban water channel, Zuidas (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

p.43 Open gutter (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.44 Wadi (NL Adaptief, n.d.)

p.45 Ditch (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.46 Green street (Stuiver, n.d.)

p.47 NK Tegelwippen, Amsterdam (Beeld Hollandse Hoogte, 2021)

p.48 Diverse canopy, Utrecht (Oud Utrecht, 2022)

p.52 Natural playscape (Natural England, 2023)

p.53 Allotment garden (Natural England, 2023)

p.54 Karel Vermeerenplantsoen, Eindhoven (Vermeulen, 2006)

p.55 Mobiliteitshub Elements, Haarlem (Heutinck, 2022)

p.56 Kondipark urban sports, Budapest (Tamas, 2019)

p.57 Eco-friendly sports environment, Gelderland (Provincie Gelderland, 2023)

p.58 Neighbourhood water body (Boque, 2014)

p.59 Green water square (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.60 Urban wetland park (The Gardener, n.d.)

p.61 Waterfront park, Hamburg (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.64 Kanaal, Eindhoven (Chan, n.d.)

p.65 Habitat corridor (Adriaansens, 2021)

p.66 Fauna bridge, Tilburg (PVE, 2017)

p.67 Greening along railway (Natural England, 2023)

p.68 Green quay wall (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019)

p.69 Slowlane, Eindhoven (Bicycle Dutch, 2020)

p.70 Fietsboulevard Vestdijk, Eindhoven (wUrck, 2019)

p.74 Genderpark, Eindhoven (Boque, 2017)

p.74 Genderpark, Eindhoven (Boque, 2017)

p.75 Urban agriculture (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.76 Urban wetlands, London (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.77 Hajraa Buitentoernooi (Peters, 2019)

p.78 Urban forest (Groenblauwe Netwerken, n.d.)

p.79 Thêta student rowing, Eindhoven (Thêta, 2024)

p.82 Dommel river valley, Eindhoven (Volkers, 2020)

p.83 Turning the Dommel into the SuperDommel (Gemeente Eindhoven, n.d.)

p.84 Green wedge Genneper Parken, Eindhoven (De Groote Heide, n.d.-b)

p.85 Eco passage (Sweco, n.d.)

p.86 Recreational routes in the region (Bosboom, 2023)

p.90 Karpendonkse Plas, Eindhoven (City Tours Eindhoven, n.d.)

p.91 Orchard Philips Fruittuin (Faes, 2021)

p.92 Forest Het Leenderbos, Eindhoven (De Groote Heide, 2023)

p.93 Heath landscape, Nuenen (van der Meijden, 2021)

p.96 Greenspace proximity (Staatsbosbeheer, n.d.)

p.97 Greening streets, Arnhem (Wentink, 2020)

p.98 Greening Marktplein, Hengelo (Smink, 2019)

p.99 Inclusive greenspace (Westerlaken, 2023)

p.100 Parklaan, Eindhoven (Vandersanden, n.d.)

p.101 Allergenic pollen spreading (Laura, 2022)

p.102 Volunteer group (Natural England, 2023)

p.103 Bird watching hut, De Groote Heide (De Groote Heide, n.d.-a)

p.104 Plugged Festival, Koeveld TU/e (Jellema, 2016)

p.105 Retrofitting and enhancing UGI (Groen-Werk.nl, n.d.)

p.106 Integration of periodic maintenance (Krijnen, 2023)

p.107 ‘De hoogbejaarde houten dame van Oisterwijk is de mooiste boom van Nederland’ (Visser, 2023)

‘De hoogbejaarde houten dame van Oisterwijk is de mooiste boom van Nederland’ (Visser, 2023)

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Appendix

A. Reference sources and DID classification systematic literature review

DID Reference source

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[2] Amaya-Espinel, J. D., Hostetler, M., Henríquez, C., & Bonacic, C. (2019). The influence of building density on Neotropical bird communities found in small urban parks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.009

[3] Lennon, M. (2021). Green space and the compact city: planning issues for a ‘new normal.’ Cities and Health, 5(sup1), S212–S215. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1778843

[4] Rostang, O., Gren, A., Feinberg, A., & Berghauser Pont, M. (2021). Promoting Resilient and Healthy Cities for Everyone in an Urban Planning Context by Assessing Green Area Accessibility. Frontiers in Built Environment, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.797179

[5] Wicki, S., Schwaab, J., Perhac, J., & Grêt-Regamey, A. (2021). Participatory multi-objective optimization for planning dense and green cities. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 64(14), 2532–2551. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.1875999

[6] Chen, S., Haase, D., Xue, B., Wellmann, T., & Qureshi, S. (2021). Integrating quantity and quality to assess urban green space improvement in the compact city. Land, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/land10121367

[7] Khurana, Y., Gupta, S., & Selvanambi, R. (2023). Sustainable Development in Urban Cities with LCLU Mapping. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 600, 725–737. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8825-7_62 Scheiber, S. (2022). Re-designing urban open spaces to act as green infrastructure - the case of Malta. Transportation Research Procedia, 60, 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. trpro.2021.12.020

[8] Scheiber, S. (2022). Re-designing urban open spaces to act as green infrastructure - the case of Malta. Transportation Research Procedia, 60, 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2021.12.020

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[10] Padullés Cubino, J., & Retana, J. (2023). Socioeconomics explain tree diversity, abundance, and composition in the compact city of Barcelona, Spain. Landscape and Urban Planning, 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104778

[11] Kaczorowska, A., Kain, J. H., Kronenberg, J., & Haase, D. (2016). Ecosystem services in urban land use planning: Integration challenges in complex urban settings—Case of Stockholm. Ecosystem Services, 22, 204–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.04.006

[12] Vich, G., Marquet, O., & Miralles-Guasch, C. (2019). Green streetscape and walking: Exploring active mobility patterns in dense and compact cities. Journal of Transport and Health, 12, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.003

[13] Stewart, N. (2020). Urban green space, social equity and human wellbeing. In Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems (pp. 111–127). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-820730-7.00007-0

[14] Chang, H. S., & Chen, T. L. (2015). Decision making on Allocating Urban Green Spaces Based upon Spatially-Varying Relationships between urban Green Spaces and Urban Compaction Degree. Sustainability (United States), 7(10), 13399–13415. https://doi. org/10.3390/su71013398

[15] Vidal Yañez, D., Pereira Barboza, E., Cirach, M., Daher, C., Nieuwenhuijsen, M., & Mueller, N. (2023). An urban green space intervention with benefits for mental health: A health impact assessment of the Barcelona “Eixos Verds” Plan. Environment International, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.107880

[16] Shao, Q., Peng, L., Liu, Y., & Li, Y. (2023). A Bibliometric Analysis of Urban Ecosystem Services: Structure, Evolution, and Prospects. In Land (Vol. 12, Issue 2). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12020337

[17] Russo, A., & Cirella, G. T. (2018). Modern compact cities: How much greenery do we need? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102180

[18] Rostang, O., Gren, A., Feinberg, A., & Berghauser Pont, M. (2021). Promoting Resilient and Healthy Cities for Everyone in an Urban Planning Context by Assessing Green Area Accessibility. Frontiers in Built Environment, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.797179

[19] Ponizy, L., Majchrzak, W., & Zwierzchowska, I. (2017). Cultural Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Spaces-Supply and Demand in the Densely Built-Up Areas. Poznan Old Town Case Study. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 95(5). https://doi. org/10.1088/1755-1315/95/5/052009

[20] Madureira, H., & Monteiro, A. (2021). Going green and going dense: A systematic review of compatibilities and conflicts in urban research. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 13, Issue 19). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910643

[21] Tillie, N., Borsboom-van Beurden, J., Doepel, D., & Aarts, M. (2018). Exploring a stakeholder based urban densification and greening agenda for rotterdam inner city-accelerating the transition to a liveable low carbon city. Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(6). https://doi. org/10.3390/su10061927

[22] Sobocká, J., Saksa, M., Feranec, J., Szatmári, D., Holec, J., Bobáľová, H., & Rášová, A. (n.d.). Mapping of urban environmentally sensitive areas in Bratislava city. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02682-4/Published

[23] Jennings, V., Johnson Gaither, C., & Gragg, R. S. (2012). Promoting environmental justice through urban green space access: A synopsis. In Environmental Justice (Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 1–7). https://doi.org/10.1089/env.2011.0007

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[24] Singh, N., Singh, S., & Mall, R. K. (2020). Urban ecology and human health: implications of urban heat island, air pollution and climate change nexus. In Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems (pp. 317–334). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-12-820730-7.00017-3

[25] Pawlikowska-Piechotka, A. (2012). Urban greens and sustainable land policy management (case study in Warsaw). European Countryside, 4(4), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10091-012-0027-2

[26] Kirk, H., Garrard, G. E., Croeser, T., Backstrom, A., Berthon, K., Furlong, C., Hurley, J., Thomas, F., Webb, A., & Bekessy, S. A. (2021). Building biodiversity into the urban fabric: A case study in applying Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design (BSUD). Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127176

[27] Gemeente Amsterdam. (2019). Natuurinclusief bouwen en ontwerpen in twintig ideeën. https://openresearch.amsterdam/nl/ page/47014/handboek-natuurinclusief-bouwen

[28] Gemeente Eindhoven. (2020). Op naar een groen(er) Eindhoven. https://www.eindhovenduurzaam.nl/nieuws/overhandiging-eersteinspiratieboekje-groen

[29] Posad Maxwan. (2021). A healthy city beyond cycling. A practical guide to building healthier cities. https://posadmaxwan.nl/en/ news/80/practical-tools-for-healthy-city-design

[30] Kenniscentrum sport & bewegen. (2021). Bouwstenen Beweegvriendelijke Omgeving. https://www.kennisbanksportenbewegen. nl/?file=10598&m=1639600914&action=file.download

[31] Hansen, R., Rall, E. L., Rolf, W., & Pauleit, S. (2017). Urban Green Infrastructure Planning: A Guide for Practitioners. www.greensurge.eu

[32] Pötz, H. (2022). Groenblauwe netwerken Handleiding voor veerkrachtige steden (Green-blue grids Manual for resilient cities). Atelier GROENBLAUW.

[33] Natural England. (2023). Green Infrastructure Planning and Design Guide: Designing nature-rich, healthy, climate-resilient, and thriving places. www.gov.uk/natural-england

B. Reference sources and DID classification handbook review

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[34] United Nations. (2015). TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

[35] Informatiepunt Leefomgeving. (2023). Omgevingswet (Geconsolideerde versie 21-04-2023). https://iplo.nl/regelgeving/ omgevingswet/geconsolideerde-teksten-omgevingswet/

[36] Ministerie van LNV. (2019). Nederland Natuurpositief: Ambitiedocument voor een gezamenlijke aanpak in natuurbeleid. https://www. rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/rapporten/2019/10/01/nederland-natuurpositief

[37] Gemeente Eindhoven. (2020c). Verdichtingsvisie Binnenstad Eindhoven.

[38] Gemeente Eindhoven. (2017). Groenbeleidsplan.

[39] Gemeente Eindhoven. (2022). Gezondheid telt voor iedereen.