LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI, 2019, October 31 (Winter publication)

OCTOBER 2019

VOL.XII

ISSUE NO.02

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Tha Taruk Khudinggi puthokpa NINGTHAM CHEPHONG

kxlEpaK kmunis parti KANGLEIPAK COMMUNIST PARTY KCP

kxlEpaK kmunis parti KANGLEIPAK COMMUNIST PARTY

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Thatarukkhudinggi puthokpachephong

Vol.XII, IssueNo.01, OCTOBER-2019 NINGTHAM-CHEPHONG

Aphongba: Department of Information & Publicity Kangleipak Communist Party K C P.

15 SUBA MIYAMGI FINGANG LANMI GI MAPOK KUMWONDA MILITARY AFFIARS COMMITTEE GI CHAIRMAN NA MIYAMDA PIJABA YAIPHA-PAOJEL August 13, 2019 Kum 2019, August 13, Leibakpokpa numit asi, Kangleipak Communist Party gi Lanmi Sanglup: Miyamgi Fingang Lanmi (MFL) gi 15 suba Mapok Kumwon numitni. Numit asina lakpada eina MFL/KCP gi mahut sinjaduna Kangleipak amadi WESEA gi Yawol Lanmising, Yawollupsing, lamdamsigi thougai pubiriba Micham Miyamgi Lupsing, lairik-laisu heiraba akhangaheising, e-pao gi thabak toubiriba ichil-inaosing amasung ireichasing, loinana eikhoibu sougatpiriba leibaksing, pumnamakki maphamda MFL gi kumwol thouramga mari leinana chahigi yaipha-paojel pijari.

Yapha-paojel asiga loinana MFL gi mapok numitsida khwai pumnamakki maphamda eina wapham kharadang nolukna thamjari.

August 13 asi, kum 1891 da Kangleipak (Manipur) ga British ka soknakhiba eikhoigi ningtambagi lanphamda thawai katkhraba mareibak ningba athoubasinggi ningsing numit amasuni. Numit asi Bharat ki ningtam laan-gi saruk ama natte.

Karigumbadasu Bharat ki thoudok wathoksingga yetsinnaduna thouram asi pangthokloidabani. Eikhoigi oina yamna mayek sengna thamgadabani. Masi eikhoigi asengba puwarini.

Leibakki senglaba ningsing thouram asi eikhoigi mutnaidraba ningtam urongni. Masina lamdamsigi miyamda ningtam mayai kaodanaba wari liribani, thouna haplibani amadi yawol lanthenggi inot piribani. Chahi-cha kayagi tungda oirakkadaba i

eikhoigi khunnaigi punsirol adu ngasigi mirol eikhoina eikhoigi wakhalda sagatchaba ngamlibani.

Ngasidagi hangatna yenglubada malemgi oina achouba ahongba kaya eikhoina urakkhre. World War-II gi matamdagidi Fascism gi wari pumba thupchinnakhre. 1940 gi paringgi athengbadagina 1980 gi paringgi athengba matamdu phaoba Communism ga Liberalism ga michang khomnaduna ungkhatnarambadu matam amagi USSR na ningkhaikhibadagidi mahei mahei handoknakhre. Muknabagi chang nemthakhre. Liberalism na magi touba ngamba panggal amadi matik-mayaiga loinana haina-humna matam kaya pallakkhre. Adum oinamak, Liberalism chatpa leibak ayambada masing yamlaba miyam amadi lairabagi pankheinungda pat tatna wana hingli, mihat-mipun, tuhat-neihatpa amadi akanbana asonbabu namthabibagi cheina khangli. Liberalism su Crisis kaya ngasidi thengnarakle. Houkhiba chahi kaya asi magi khutta malemsi taduna laklagasu Biotech ka Infotech ka anisi punsillakpana amadi chaokhatlakpana Liberalism na waroisin piba ngamdaba muknaba kaya khunnaida thorakle.

Maikei amadana chaokhatpagi mingda senjao-tanbasingna makhoigi sendonggidamak malemsi pumloi loisille. Ecosystem thugaire. Global Warmning thokle. Thawai panbasinggi tangjaphamgi mari pumba thadatpire. Ngasidi amuk miwoiba khunnaina Liberalism da thamlamba thajaba pumba mangba houraklabani. Miwoibana touramba thabak pumba Robot na amadi Artificial Intelligence (AI) na asum asum mahut sindorakli. Matamga channadraba chaokhatpagi mangal phangdraba miwoisinggidi channapham leiraroi. Robot na amadi AI na miwoibagi thabak pumba munkhiduna mameithangda miwoibana touhougadouribasi Sports amadi Arts & Culture khaktamak ngaihougadouri. Ngasidi angakpa ii

phangna Digital world na chaokhatlakpaga loinana chaokhatlaba leibaksingna chaokhatriba leibaksingda Digital Colonialism gi Phenomenon ama chattharakli. Karigumbada leibak amana chaokhatpa ngamdana asum leiba tarabadi leibak adu atoppa mangjil thana chaokhatkhraba leibak amagi Colony oina masana adumak leiba tarak-e. Masi ngasigi chaokhatriba leibaksinggi tasengna oirakliba makhoigi maraibakta tamlamlaba phibhamni.

Malemsigi miwoiba khunnaina atiya pakna chaokhatnakhraba matamsida India hairiba leibak asidi Modi leingakna Fascism gi makeida chingtharaktuna puwaribu maning halhalle amadi Fascist ki leingak onthokkhre. Handakta Indian Parliament ta TMC gi MP Mahua Moitra na ‘7 Signs of Early Fascism’ haina khudombi thinduna Modi bu Fascist ni haina sandokna takkhre.

Ngasi, ngasimak BJP na luchingba leingaksina ngammi haiba matagum Indian Constitution dagi Article 35A amasung Article 370 mutthatkhre. Jammu amasung Kashmir gi Special Status leiraroi. Jammu & Kashmir ga malemgi atei mapham amattaga samnahandraba matungda hannagi Jammu & Kashmir gi Chief Minister ani, Mehbooba Mufti amasung Farooq Abdlulah bu House Arrest ta thamlaga Kashmiri miyambu thawoi-usittana lanmigi panggal sijinnaduna khwaidagi lujadaba mawongda huran-lannada ‘Jammu amasung Kashmir’ hairiba State asibu ‘Jammu amasung Kashmir’ haiba amaga, ‘Ladakh’ haiba amaga, Union Territory anithokna thugaibikhre. State oirambadagi Union Territory gi thakta hanthakhre. Masida Kashmirisinggi pukningda kari phaoramgani amadi tungda makhoina kari tourakkadouri? Malem pumbana kari hairakkadouri? ‘Jammu amasung Kashmir’gi mathangda Modi leingakna kanada amuk khut tharakkadouri? Indian Constitution na State ki Assembly singda State semdok iii

sadokpagi mangam amatta pide, Parliament ta loina pi. Article 3 da, State ki ngamkhei thugaiba, State amadagi lam machet khara louthoklaga amada hapchinba, State ani/ahumdagi lam khara khara louthoklaga anouba State ama semba, State 2 natraga 2 dagi henbana amatta oina punsillaga anouba State ama semba, State amagi maming onba, asinachingba mangamsing asi Centre, haibadi, Delhi leingakta lei, State leingakta leite. Asigumba phibhamsing asida WESEA da leiba apik apikpa yelhou-phurupsingna amatta oina pullaga kari phirep louminnapham thok-e? Mamangthakta Modi leingakna May 1, 2018 da UGC-MHRD gi yathang amana Central University singda CCS ki Rule sing chatnagadabani haina namsillaktuna University gi Ojha sing leingakki maiyokta wa ngangdanaba tourakkhre. Loinana, kanagumba micham amabu Terrorist ni haina hekta mifa-mipun chathaba yaraba amadi maral-mathum matpa ngamba, UAPA Bill, 2019 Lok Sabha amasung Rajya Sabha animakta Pass toukhre. Masita nattana RTI Amenment Bill, 2019 nachingba Centre na Power supna paisannaba Bill kayamasu Pass toukhre. Hairiba Bill sing asi yamna thuna Act oina chatnaraklagani. Ngasidi India gi Federal Structure thugairakle amadi Democracy bu khonggoinarakle. Asumna RSS/BJP gi ‘Hindutva’ amasung ‘Akhand Bharat’ ki manglan mangfaonanaba thouwong, thousil amadi langlou kaya manam manam insillakli. India da, Hindi Heartland gi miwoising, haibadi, Aryan na Dravidian amasung Mongoloid hairiba miwoi kanglupsing asibu takkhaiduna One Nation, One Language amadi One Religion da yumpham oiduna Monolithic Society ama semgani haibasi Fascist ki wakhallonni. Masi ngasigi taibangda Reality ga samnadraba wakhallon amani. Matang asida wapham ama pusillakpa yai.

Islamic State semnabagi ihou hourakkhiba Syrian Civil War, European Union dagi UK toklakkhiba amadi European Union iv

na ngasi leitapham khangdabagi maramsi Western Civilization amasung Muslim Civilization anisi yeikhainabadagini haina Pundit sing, Politician sing amadi michamsingna thajei haina Historian, Yuval Noah Harari na hai. Mahakna asumna makha tana hai, Western Civilization na Muslim Nation singda Democracy amasung Human Rights namdana chatnahannaba hotnarubagi onna-teinaba mahei oina Islam chatpasinggi maikeidagi Europe ki leibaksingda Terrorism chatharaktuna sathina yeikhai-thugaibaga loinana amang-ata kaya thokhallakkhi. Masita nattana Europe ta ichaogum chensillakhiba Muslim Migrant singbu yengthiba amadi European singgi saktamda makhoina pirakliba cheithenggi akibana maram oiduna makhoina ningjarakkhiba Europe ki makhal-mathel kayagi Culture mayam tinnaba phangbagi nungairaba manglan adu thadokpa tarakkhi. Muslim ngakta taba natraga Muslim na Majority oiba achou achouba leibaksingsidi tonganna thambu thamkhisi, West ki leibaksingda matam kayadagi European singna koisinduna leiraklaba Muslim Minority sing ngasi phaoba khubei ama honghanba ngamdribani.

India haibasi, chaphu akaibagi chegai machetsingna lonkhatlaga semba leibakki chaphugumbani. Mawong khaktamak manbani. 1947 da British na ningtamba piramba matamduda leikhibasi ningthou panba leibak macha macha 562 mukni. Hairiba leibak machasingsigi manungda ayambadi namphu-haphuda punsinkhibani. Amaromda ngasigi India si British na sembirambani, makhoigi khudolni. India masana masagi maraibak lepcharakkhiba natte. Matamdugi puwarina pirakkhiba khudongchabasing aduna India oirakkhibani.

Matamdudagina ngasiphaoba khennabatana pik thanna leirakkhrabani, amaga amaga taisinnaba sukya yadana v

muknaduna lakkhrabakni. USSR na kaikhiba adudagi henna sathiba mawongda ningkhaibagi matam ngairibani.

Puwari gi tangkak kayada maraibak thiraba mutkadouraba phurup kayana natheiba yadaba tamthi tamthiraba khudongthiba kaya maiyoknaba tarak-e. Adugumba khudongthibasing adu khunnaigi punsirolda achouba singnabani. Hingba natraga sibagi lanphamni. Singnabaduda mai paklagana phuruptu hingle. Maithiragana mutkhiba nattana atei lambi leite. Adubu adugumba puwarigi tangkak, tanja amadi phibhamduda maikei kayadagi phuruptu maromdom hingjanabagi khudongchabasing piraktabadi natte.

WESEA gi yelhou-phurup pumnamakki mangda hairiba khudongchabasing asi ngasi thenduna leirabani. Asigumba mapham, matam amadi phibhamna purakliba khudongchaba pumnamak asi lamdamsigi yelhou-phurup khudingmakna keidounungda manghalloidabani.

WESEA lamdamgi phurupchasing pullasi!

Loumi-sinmi miyamna mai paklasanu!

Paojenjariba, Sd/(Ksh. Laba Meitei) Chairman MilitaryAffairs Committee President Kangleipak Communist Party

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EDITORIAL………

NATION STATE OIRAMBADAGI STATELESS NATION OIRABA, ‘MANIPUR’ Eikhoigi leibak Kangleipak (Manipur) asi ningsingba thoktraba matamdagi phurupcha kayana khundaminnaba, amaga amaga mapan tangnaduna punna hingminnaba Nation State oirak-khi. Nation State oirak-khi haibasi Manipur gi puwarina lengdraba khudam changdamni. South East Asia da hendokthoidokna maning tamba ningthou panba leibak ama oirammi haibagi ahingba Symbol kaya ngasisu leiri. Leibakki Firal, Konung, Lol, Ngamkhei, Thainagi ningsing khudamsing, leibakki thouramsinggi manungda Mera-hou-chongba, Sannakhotnabagi lamda hairagana Sagol Kangjei, asinachingbasing asi Hylland Eriksen, Jenkins, Moeschberger amasung Phillips DeZalia nachingbagi matung inna Manipur na Nation State oirammi haibagi Symbol oina ngasisu hingduna leiriba khudam changdamsingni haina louba yai.

1891 gi British ka soknaba lanphamda Manipur na maithikhi.

British ki Protectorate State oirak-khi. 1947 da British Suzerainty matungda ningthou panba leibak ama oina Manipur gi ningtamba hanjillak-khi. 1948 da Manipur Constitution Act 1947 chatnaba houduna General Election pangthok-khi amasung Constitutional Monarchy amagi makhada Manipur Legislative Assembly Lingkhat-khi. Chahisigi August 18 da Assembly mipham pangthok-khi. South East Asia da Parliamentary Democracy houdokpa ahanba leibak oikhi.

Adubu, Ningtamba adu kuikhide. Matamduda Manipur na vii

Ningtamba leibak ama oina maromdom lepchanabagi thourang-thousilgi sem-saba wat-khibara? Manipur gi tunglamchatta oihougadaba potpham uba ngamba miwoi yaokhidabara? Asoiba amadi asonba leiramdragadi ngasigi Manipur gi puwari asi nattaba atoppa ama oirambasu yai.

Adugumba puwarigi khongbham chadaba tanja adugi khudongchaba louraga India na sarou-lang thaktuna matamdugi Manipur gi Ningthou Bodhachandra bu Merger Agreement da khutyek pihankhi amadi 1949 gi 15 October da Manipur India da naphuda tinsankhi.

1949, 15 October gi matungdadi Kangleichasing asi ‘Stateless Nation’(haibadi, mareibak leijadaba phurup) oirak-khre haina louba yai. Asumna, WESEA gi atei phurupsing-gi maraibaksu Kangleichasinggi pot-phamga chap mannarak-khre.

‘Stateless Nation’, haiba wahei asi British State ki manungda Scotland na leiriba top-toppa potphamgi maramda Jaxques Leruez na iba magi lairik L’Écosse, une nation sans État (Scotland, a nation without a state) haibaduda sijinnarak-khi hai. Matungda David McCrone, Michael Keating amasung T.M. Devine nachingba Scottish Scholar singna pak-sanna khangnahallak-khibani haina thengnei. Stateless Nation sing asi leibak amagi citizen oina leibasu yao-e, natraga makhoina leiriba leibaktuna Citizenship pibidabasu yao-e. Kanagumba khutlingba phurup amana atoppasingbu khudum chansinduna namthaduna thambi. Mareibak leijadraba phurup kharagidi masagi mariebak hanna leijarambagi puwari leijaba thengnei, aduga phurup khara amadi mareibak suklei leirak-khidaba yao-e. Malemgi tongan tonganba leibaksingda leiriba Stateless Nation singbu makhoina leiriba leibak leibaksingduna ngakpisenbide. Ngakpi-senbibagi mahutta sak-chu khennabana maram oiduna khutkal-panganba phurupna matu-sonbasingbu tuhatpiba, phurup ama-gi kangkhul mut-thatnaba tumna hatviii

tokpa, masagi saktam thadoktuna khutlingba phuruptugi saktamda namdana tilhanba, phurup amagi miwoisingbu hatpa-tuppa touduna takthokkhraga makhoigi louri-ingkhol pumnamak munbiba, maphamdugi sinmisingbu ahongba khutsumalda nam-haduna thabak suhanba amasung makhoina khundajariba maphamdudagi mahousagi machakmaransing phoidattuna louthokpa, asigumba thamthiraba miwot-minei amadi mihat-mipungi cheithengsing Stateless Nation singna nangli. Leibakki akanba ihou kayana tangaiphadana mareibak thadoktaba yadabadagi asigumba mareibak leijadaba phurupsing asi oihallak-khiba kaya kayani.

Stateless Nation sing asi Olympic Games, United Nations kumba International Sports natraga International Organisation singda saruk yaba phangde. Stateless Nation bu Fourth-world Nation hainasu khangnei.

Stateless Nation amada kari kari machatsing yaopham thokpage? 1. Masagini haiba maning-makha tamba leibak leijadaba, 2. Ningtamba leibak amagi manungda leiragasu marai haigatna chatpa ngamjadaba, 3. Marannai leingakchanabagi hak tanbagi natraga tokhai tabagi ihou changsinba, 4. State amani haina UN gi member amattana sak-khangbidaba, 5. Nation adugi masamaktagi longthorakpa masa ama oidaba. Maphamsida thamjariba 1 dagina 5 phaobagi waphamsing asi Stateless Nation amada yaopham thokpa machatsingni haina lounei. Malemsida hairiba machatsing asi leiba Stateless Nation masing yamna yammi.

Mayamdugi maraktagi kharadang loukhatlabada -6 6 Kurds, Palestinian people, Kongo people, Baloch people, Puerto Rican people, Catalans, QuĂŠbĂŠcois, Tibetan people, Kashmiri people, Chechen people, Scottish people, Sri Lankan Tamils amadi Wesean Peoples (India gi North East peoples) asinachingba panba yai. ix

Stateless Nation oina kumja kaya mikha ponna khanglamba phurup kaya ngasidi makhoigi hotnajamal mapanna Nation State oiba ngamnakhre. Khudam oina kharadang pallabada, 1948 ki mamangda Jews sing asi Stateless Nation oirammi.

Malemgi mapham sin-thungna khunjai-leichaiduna leirambadagi ngasidi ‘Israel’ haiba Nation State ama semmakkhre. 1993 da Yugoslavia kaiduna Croats gi ‘Croatia’, Serbs ki ‘Serbia’, Bosniaks ki ‘Bosnia amasung Herzegovina’, Slovenes ki ‘Slovenia’, Montenegrins ki ‘Montenegro’, amasung Macedonians ki ‘Macedonia’ haiba Nation State sing asi semkhre.

WESEA gi phurup khudingmak Stateless Nation ngaktani.

WESEA pumbada India gi maiyokta matam kayadagi lantheng chatharakli. Lanthengsing asi India leingakna ngasi phaoba namthaduna thamlakli. Eikhoigi apunba pang-galtana India leingakpu maru phuktuna lakthok-khiba ngamgani.

EDITOR

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YAOPHAM-TAKPA YAOPHAM-TAKPA

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15 SUBA MIYAMGI FINGANG LANMI GI MAPOK KUMWONDA MILITARY AFFIARS COMMITTEE GI CHAIRMAN NA MIYAMDA PIJABA YAIPHAPAOJEL EDITORIAL.......

NATION STATE OIRAMBADAGI STATELESS NATION OIRABA MANIPUR KANGLEI YAWOL IHOU AMADI DUNNING KRUGER EFFECT MANIPURI KHUNAI AMASUNG NUPIGI THOUDAANG MARXISM MANIPUR DA MUSLIM MEETOP CHANGLAKPAGI MATANGDA MEITEI PANGAL AHAL LAMAN SINGDA OLLUKCHABA (2018-06-25)

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kxlE SuNnaId caUSTp (civilization) gi miTyeZ

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WHAT DO WE DO?

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AESoI sKtM zaKn hiZSisira?

LEARN LESSONS FROM THE PAST, DESIGN THE PRESENT AND MAKE THE FUTURE OTHER, OTHERNESS AND OTHERING PHOTO GI LAMAI

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KANGLEI YAWOL IHOU AMADI DUNNING KRUGER EFFECT HIYAINU “The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.”—William Shakespeare (As You Like It) Nongma 1995 ki nungthil pobop amada miyai challaba nupa amana Pittersburge ta Bank ani loot toukhi. Ngaklibadi mahak na thabak adu pangthokpada masak khangdanaba mamai mamit ka amata khumkhidaba asini. Henna nungairibadi bank touraba matung da mahakna survillence camera da noksillamba asini.

Numittumaki ahing athengbada mahakpu Mc Arthur wheler bu police na phakhi, mahak pumngak ngakhi. Police na mangonda survilence tape tu utpa matamda mahakna tape tuda yamna ngakna yengkhi. Mahak mathanta sonjakhi “ eina eigi maida champra mahi teikhidaine”.

Wheeler na maida champra mahi teirabadi videotape camera da mami taroi haina khanlamba yai. Eikhoina khangbada champra mahisi invisible ink oina sijinnaba yai, maram aduna mahakti mamaida champra mahi teirabanina kanamattana mahakpu upham thoktabani khanbajatni.

Police na Wheeler si nisa chaba natraga angaobasu natte, mahak na aranba wakhal amakhak khallubani haina aroibada 1

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI khanglakhi.

Hairiba thoudok asina Cornell University gi psychologist David Dunning bu pukning chingsinkhi amadi thokhriba thoudoktu karino haina thijinkhi. Thijinbaduda mahaki maheiroi Justin Kruger busu yaohankhi.

Makhoigi research ta asumna maram pi madudi mee ayambana social amasung intellectual domain da makhoi masana phei haina attopada utnaba hotnei adubu karigumbada meewoi kharadi makhhoi asengba khang heibadagi henna khang hei haina lanna pajei. Asugumba aranba thajaba (illusion of confidence) asibu “Dunning Kruger effect� kouwe.

Phenomenon asibu investigate tounaba lab ta neinanaba experiment khara design toukhi. Study amada maheiroisingbu grammar, logic amadi joke ki maramda wahang hangbata nattana makhoi masa masada makhoi phangjaba yaba mark amadi rank su hanglammi.

Yamna nungairibadi, hairiba test asida khwaidagi mark nemna phangbasingna makhoina phangliba mark tagi yamna henna phanglamgani haina panarambaduni.

Experiment asida Bottom quartile gi manungda score touba maheiroisingna lemhouriba maheiroi sigdugi 2/3rd dagidi makhoina mark henna phanglamgani haina khanlamba thengnakhi.

Illusion of confidence asi classroom data thokpa natte, eikhoigi nungtigi punshidasu thok i. Makha taba study da lab thadoklaga gun range da chattuna gun hobbyist singbu gun safety gi maramda hangba matamda mathakki experiment duga mannana mee ayambana makhoigi 2

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI firearm gi leijarariba knowledge dudagi yamna henna khang heibagum paokhum pirakpa thengnei.

Asigumba factual knowledge neinabadagi hendoktuna Dunning-Kruger effect si tongan tonganba personal abilitity sing self-assess toubada sijinnaba yai.

Karigumba nangna television da talent show yenglabadi judge na reject touba competition da participate tounaba khandraba candididate singgi reaction ugani. Masi yengbadadi nokningba pokpaphao yaoribani adumakpumakhoi masasi khanpham thokpagi changdu youna heirabani haina khanjaribasi (illusory superiority) na makhoibu lanna lamjinbadagi thoklibani.

Meena masigi hei sijangba overestimate touba haise soidraba wani.

Empirical data singna sakhi ni. IainA. McCormick amasung Daniel E Green na iba Comparative perceptions of driver ability—A confirmation and expansion da apunba driver gi chada 80 na makhoi gi gari thouba heibagi changsi above average ni hai, adubu wapham asi statistic ta yumpham oiduna yengbadadi lanli.

Masiga manaba mawongda mee ayambana makhoibu meena yabagi changse ateidagi helli haina khanjei, masibu DunningKruger effect koubata natana friendship paradox hainasu kouwee.

Thoklakliba waphamdi matik chadaba meesingda leiriba problem si makhoina aranba waroi taduna touroidaba thabaksing toubata nattana makhoigi asoiba adu realize toujanabagi ability aduphao incompetency duna maram oiduna makhoigi makokta yaohande.

Tasengbadi thangeisengna smart oiba meesingsu masagi ability masa matomta accurately assess toujaba ngamde.D 3

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI amadi F grade student singna makhoigi ability overestimate toubagumna, A grade studentsingna makhoi gi ability du underestimate touwee.

Matangsida charles Darwin na The Descent of Man (1871) da iramba “Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.� haibadu ningsingba yai.

Dunning amasung Kruger na makhoi classic study da hairibasi high-performing student sing na makhoigi competence tu underestimate touwee. Makhoina karigumba para ama lai haina khanlabadi para adu attopa student singdasu irai laigani haina khalli. Masibu imposter syndrome kouwee, Duning-kruger effect ki inverse ni haina khalli. Imposter syndrome haisida touribasi talent yamna leiba singna makhoi masagi talent si khangjadabaga loinana attei attoppa meewoi pumbasu mangondagi handana talent leiribani asini.

Khennaribadi talent leiba matik chaba meesingna makhoi masana pijaba self-assessment dubu adjust touba ngammi adubu talent leitabasingnadi madu ngamde, makhoi makhoina tasengna khangliba changdudagi hennna khang i haina khanduna adum lei.

Houjik Kangleipakta yawol ihouna marai chaitharakliba amadi eikhoi gi lupsingna amaga amaga punba yadriba asisu Dunning Kruger Effect ki mityengdagi neinaba yai. Illusionary superiority na lup singna punba yadribasi khwaidagi chaoba maramni khalli. Eikhoigi lupti khwaidagi liba lup ni eikhoidagi henna yawol ihou khangba kanabu leiramgadage haina ka henna pongbasi Dunning Kruger effect natrabadi kari kougani.

Nongmei kappa haibasina yawolgi ihousi mamang pukhattuna 4

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI lakhibani, nongmei kappa yabagi phibam sunglei leitraba matamsidasu miyam gi support phange hairabadi nongmei kaptaba sungya yaroi haiba revolutionary organization su yaoribani. Masi makhoigi incompetence tuni, illusionary superiority duni.

Revolution haibasi eikhoina khangbani, nakhoidagidi eikhoina yam henna yawol ihou gi maramda khang e haina muktuna leibasina attei lup singbu hanthana yeng i, masi overestimation of cognitive ability ni, cognitive bias haiba tare.

Ihousi maning hallaklibani, kaitharaklibani adu oirabadi eikhoigi ihouda eikhoina soiba amadi leire haibasi yajaba tabani. Yamna competent oiba individual leader natraga lup amana makhoina khangdribadu karino khangpham thok e.

Maphamsida wahei ama panjage, waheidudi metacognition haibani. Meta cognition haibadi cognition of cognition haibani. Meiteilon hairabadi eina khanglise kayam khanglino khangba haibani. Waheisi panjaribagi maramdi eikhoida metacognition leitabagum touwee. Eikhoi kayam khangdabage haibadu khangde. Adugi mahutta khangliba changdudagi yam henna khangba sai. Asumna cognitive bias na eikhoi punbada khurou thangduna lei.

Dunning Kruger effect ki maramsi ani lei. Ahanba maram di Ego ni. Mee ayambana mahakki singbagi changsi below average ni hainingde maram aduna mahakki confidence hengatnaba ability overestimate touwee.

Anisubada below average singgi makhoi kayam haibage haibase ningthina judge touba ngamde. Masina maram oiduna asoibadu karino khangdokpada langalli. Nangna 5

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI english grammar heitrabadi mee ama kayam phaba writer no haibado khangba ngamloi.

Masiga mari leinana Dunining Kruger na asumna thammi madudi cognitive bias thoklibasi karigino haibada heisingjadaba meesingna potlum ani pui: makhoina erranous conclusion amadi unfortunate choice toubata nattana makhoigi incompetence duna makhoidagi reality du khangjaba ngamhangadaba metacognitive ability su yaohanbidre. Asigumba meesing asi hei singjadabata nattana masasi hei singjade haiduphao khangjabada luna thokchei.

Eikhoigi yawolna aruba phibam da leiraba matamsida eina aroibada thamjaningbadi mamaida champra mahi teisinlaga bank loot toukhiba apangba rober gi thoudou adu tadanaba hotba mathou tai. Karigumba matamda eikhoina thabak ama pangthokpa matamda apamba result tu phangba yai, karigumbada eikhoigi approach tu mapungphadaba, irrational oiba amadi apang thoudou oibaphao yai. Asigumba matamda illusion of superiority eikhoibu apang tahandouba natte, eikhoi amuk hanna eikhoigi thabak evaluate tougadabani.

Superiority illusion na lamjingduna eikhoina yawol khwaidagi heibani haina apunbagi mathou taba adu udrabadi eikhoi pamjaba ning kha tamba khunai haidudi manglan oiduna tokpa tabani. Confucious na hairambagi matung inna real knowledge haibasidi eihak kayamuk khangdribage haibadu khangbani haibadu ningsingbada eikhoigi yawol ihouda mateng oini khanjei.

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MANIPURI KHUNAI AMASUNG NUPIGI THOUDAANG SANANU Nupi oibigi mapoksekhara amanadi laibak thibi mapokni hai, khara amana laibak fabi mapokni hai. Mee mee gi wakhalon ni.

MaanglamchatagihouragangasifaobagioiribaManipurikhunai asida nupisingna achouba thoudaang kaya ama louduna laakli. Adubu laibak thiba haigadra, patriarchy gi mayaida laichuraba khunai ama oirubana nupi oibisingna louriba tongaan tongaan ba thoudaang sing asi thoidokna singthaningdabagi mami amadi mootpa naidana taaduna adumak leiri. Masiga eroinana nupi oibisingbu ngaihaak leitana otpi neibiba, minungsi leitana haatokpibagi pao leppa leitana taduna laakli.

Chaokhatpagi lamjelda Moreh khong up ama tonglaga kaabak kaabak yaoruraba saanaroi amagum, social media sijinabagi wave ta Manipur su kanna maangjin thaagatlakli. Loina loinana houkhiba chahi khara asida nupisingi mataangda anouba heeram kaya ama puthoktuna neinaba social media gi research scholar kaya amagi masingsu nongma nongmagi oina esing echaogum hengatlakli.

Hairiba research scholar sing asi aduki matik khumaang chaosinba kaangbu oibana nupi oibagi fijet chakcha da microscope thaanlaga yengbafaoba hourakle. Makhoiga wakhalon chanaba social media gi moral police officer kaangbu singa punduna nupina setka chagadaba, chatkadaba lichat saajat nachingba singi list faoba semduna fongba faoba hounarakle. Makhoigi maraktagi machin tongba kharana tattana hai ‘Manipur khunaida nupi gi maiyokta thokliba thokhaningdaba thoudok sing asigi maruoiba hourakfamdi nupisingi fijet chaakchanasu oigani aduna nupisingnasetpa chabada cheksinba fei’. Makhoigi wakhalon asi yaamna awaangba thaaki wakhalon ni.Saijinda flex oina namthoklagathetlaga nongmagi oiba 7

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI emung manungi thabak loisin loisina sum paaraga saanabada yaamna kaanaba fangani khanli.

Manipurgi khunai asi tunglamchata chaokhathange hairabadi nupisingna ngasi set chabada yaamna cheksindaba yaade. Eibu haijou hairadi Muslim gi nupisingna burkha uppa adumaina Meitei nupisingsu burkha gumba ama uppaga chathok chatsin tourabadi thokhaningdaba thoudok kaya amadi hanthagani haibagi achetpa thajaba lei. Masigi mataangdasu akhang aheisingna kupna neinabirabadi yaamna nungaijagani. Hairiba burkha gumba feejet adu eyong fee da saaba fee na tuba oirabadi thoina henna kaanagani khanli.Adubu aduna maram oidana feesabi nupisingi semitlon da kaanaba henna fangkhigadoubagi mami tarabadi Gauhati, Kolkata natraga Delhi gumbadagi fee thaan thaan chenbagi mataangda khanabirabasu kaide.

Maiyon chumna chatchaba nupibu awaangba thaakda thaangatsi, nupigi hak matpiroise laoramba kaya ama chari tatuna kumlaina naakhibasu fana yaore. Amaromda yumgi nupi angaang da fuu cheiba kaya amana nupi angaangi maiyokta thokliba thokhaningdaba thoudok kayagi maiyokta waajao yaamna ngaangba tai. Makhoigi sem saaraba waahei sing adu tabada ngaihaakti mit singbagum touwi. Thangnaba mikupta hakaam chanlakpadumadi ahing tumsit faadabagi oiramba yai.

Nupigi right kidamak mating fudoktuna chen chongba kaya amasu enaak khunakhidunangasidi khuyatusitpa punsimarel lenduna leiba kaya amasu yaori.Afaba thabak tourabadi karigi mahei chadaningai lei? Manipur dadi nupi-angaangi right ki mataangda waa ngaangba chen chongba haibasimuk afaba amasung araiba thabak atoppa ama leitarey. Hairiba nupi-angaangsing adugi fangfam thokpa hak fangba fangdabaduna waafam amani. Makhoigidamak pukchel chaona chongthoraktuna chen chongbiriba kaya adugi hotnajamal keidounungda lemna maangba hounade.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Angakpana thanlaba eikhoigi khunaini. Khara amana chauvinism gi chetlaba kisi thoknaba hotnari, khara amana naakal amadagi thokpa waagadaba anouba kisi kaya ama chejetna kisinaba hotnari.

Nupigi punsise laibak farira fatrira haibadudi akhang aheisingna ISTV gi Discussion hour natraga Impact TV gi Manung Hutna gumba program da sugaina khana neinabaduna henna taaba nungairani haina khanjei. Kupna amasung chaoyeng yengbada eigi oiba mityengdadi nupigi punsise mafol thoklaba kaangdroom ni haibada haimanba thokloi.

Meiteinupigifijetchaakcha,Meiteinupigikhongthaang,Meiteinupigi lichat senaduna leiriba khunai amada ‘ningtam maru’ hoonbagi waafam ase taibangdamangphaonaba ngamloidaba manglangi wari oiduna aremba tagani. Nupigi ningtamba matpiraba khunaigi khunaichasingna ningtam laan gi waafam asisu ‘nupa singi ningtam laan’ haina sengdokpibagi matam yourabara hainasu khanjei.

Nupasingtagi oibamanbaningtambagi manglaaneikhoi nupisinggidi mangbagi thouna leijade, ningtambagi wakhallon eikhoigi saruk keidounungda thoongbide, nupi eikhoibudi nupasing-gi makha polhalli aduga mikha ponbagi waari liduna ‘ningtamba phangnaba talliba lamdam amagi manglaan gi’ paojel hanna hanna takhiba tai.

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MARXISM KCP WAPHONG LUP 1.0 Marxism haibasi karino?

Marxism haibasi maruwoina German philosopher Karl Marx ki wakhallon bu khangnei. Adubu Marxism haibasi Marx tang gi wakhalon di natte. Masi Karl Marx, Frirderich Engels amdi atei Marxistsinggi wakhal/lousingmayamnapunsillagaoibani. Marxism asi living philosophyni. Marxist singleppa leitana anouba ideasing marxism da hapchinduna lakli.Asumna, Marx ti leikhidre adubu marxismdihoujiksu hingli.

Marxist philosophy asidi Marx na poktringeidagi leiraklabani.

Maramaduna DavidMclellanna ‘MarxismbeforeMarx’, ‘Thought of Karl Marx’ amadi ‘Marxism after Marx’ haiba lairik ahum iramlibani. Polish philoshopher LeszekKolakowski nasu Marxism gi maramda lairik volumn ahum irammi. Masida mahakna amuk hanna thamliba waphamdi Marxism haibasi Karl Marx ki idea khakta natte haibasini.

1.0.1 Utopian amasung scientific socialism Mamangda haikhibagumna Marx ki mamangdasu Marxism leirammi. Makhoibu nganlingei matamgi Socialist thinker haina khangnei.Karl Marx nadi makhoibu utopian socialist haina kouwee. Makhoibuutopiankoubagi maramdi makhoina khunnaida nariba lainagi laiyongdi chumna khang-e adubu leinadugi layengdi lanna yengee. Masi thabakta onthokpa yadaba makhal amani, maram aduna utopian kouribani. Utopia haiba wahei asi Thomas Moor na eeba utopia haina maming thonba lairik adudagi loubani.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Lairiktuda utopia kouba island ama yaowee, hairiba Island asida yamna perfect oiba socio-economic-political system lei.

Maphamduda exploitation haibadu leite, meeyam pumba harao nungaina pallami. Maruoibautopian socialist thinkersingdi Robert Owen, Charlese Fourier, Luise Blanc, Saint Simon, Sismondi amasung Proudon ni.

Marx na mahakkisocialismasibu scientificsocialismhaina kourami.

Masibu scientific socialism kouribagi maram di dialectical materialism haiba scientific methodology sijinnaduna mahakna malem gi puwarigi senmitlon gi oiba wahanthok (economic interpretation of world history) piramba asinani. Masina exploitation gi asengba maram pibata nattana exploitation bu manghankhinaba revolution amadi dictatorship of proletariat haiba scientific oiba lambidu pirammmi. Masi class division amadi class strugglegi scientific oiba marampibatanattanamasiclasslessamadi exploitationless societyama semnabagi mechanism hairammi.

1.0.2 Evolutionary amadi revolutionary socialism Socialismasi makhatanaevolutionaryamadirevolutionarysocialism haina makhal ani amagasu pirami. Evolutionarysocialism na yawol haibadi, revolution da thajaba thamde, masina socialism si peaceful means sijinadunaahongbapurakpada thajabathammi.Evolutionary socialist singna parliamentarydemocracyda thajaba thammi amadi election thengnaduna khunnaida awonba purakpa pammi.

Makhoina ee-nai taba yawol (violent revolution) bu yade.

Makhoina sinmee gi supnam leingak dictatorship of proletariat pu thajaramde. Yamna ingtapna kanglup naiba khunaidagi (class society) kanglup naidaba khunai (classless soiety) da democratic oina ollakpa pammi. Fabian socialism, guild socialism amadi democratic socialism asi tongan tonganba evolutionary socialism gi makhal ni.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Revolutionarysocialism di kanglupki lan (class struggle), sinmee gi supnam leingak (dictatorship of proletariat) amadi yawol (revolution) da thajaba thammi. Makhoigi matung inna social change haibasi ing tappa (peaceful oiba) yaroi hairami. Masidi eemu-naimu tagadabani haibadi, violent oigadabani. Peaceful revolution haibasi wahei gi oina punsinnaba yade. Revolution haibasi khunnai amanana hongbada changdaba yade, chabokpada maiyoknabi maibigumbani. Revolution haibasi matam pumbada eemu-naimu tai, violent oi.RevolutionaryMarxism hairibasi Marx kiscientificsocialismasini.Syndicalismasisurevolutionarysocialism gi makhal amani.

Evolutionarysocialism asi Marx amasungEngels gi wakhallondagi hourakpani haina wakhal-mityeng piba yaowee. Makhoina na state na tapna tapna mangkhiba (withering away of state) ki maramda tattana palli. Ing-tappa mawongda social change puraktuna kanglup naidaba (classless) amadi awot-anei leitaba (exploitationless) khunnai ama purakpa ngamgani haina makgoigi wakhallon thammi.Adubu evolutionarysocialism gi critics singna state haibasi mathanta tapna tapna leirakloi haiba theory(theoryof withering awayof the state) si yaramde. State mathanta mangkhiba (Withering awayof the state) haiba idea asidi socialist state natraga sinmeesing gi supnam leingak (dictatorship of proletsriat) tada thokpani masi senjao tanbagi leingak (capitalist state) ta thokpa ngamde. State matomta tapna mangkhiba haibaduma oiba yaba natre. Masi eemu-naimu taba yawol (violent revolution) amana thugaigadabani. Maram aduna evolutionary socialism haibasigi ahoba (flaw) mayam ama lei.

1.1 Marxism gi basic principle sing Marxism gi khangdrabayadrabakanglonsingdi makhagi singasini: Dialectical Materialism, Historical Materialism, Surplus Value gi 12

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI theory, class struggle, revolution, proletariat singgi dictatorship amasung communismni.

1.1.1 Dialectical materialism Dialectical materialism haibasi Marx amasung Engels na puthoklaklamba puwari bu wahanthok pinanabagi scientific methodologyamani.

Kanglon asi Marx na mahakki mamangda leiramaba aphaoba German philosopher Hegel dagi louhoubani. Dialectics haibasi achumba karino puthoknaba sijinnaba yamna liraba kanglon amani. Kanglon asida khennaba wakhallon anina marei tounaraga aranbadu khattokkhibani.Hegel na masibu thesis, anti-thesis amadi synthesis haina trio-logyama puthoktunahennamayek senghankhi.

Masibu dialectical triad haina su khangnei. Ahongba natraga chaokhatpa haibasi dialectical process ama landaba yade.

Dialectical process ama landaba yade haibadi thesis, antithesis amadi synthesis haiba khongchat asi kaidana chathagadouribani.

Ahongba haibasigi tangkak khudingda contradiction leigani.

Madugi contradiction duna maram oiduna ahongbadu manglomda changsinhan-gadouribani.Ahanbada thesis thoklakani, hairiba thesis asi anti-thesis amana singnarakkani. Thesis amadiAnti thesis hairiba wapham animaksidaachumbasu yaogani aranbasu yaogani.

Achumba haibasidi areppani adubu aranba haibasidi matam kharatagini. Thesis ka Anti thesis ka muknarakpada achumbadu leihougani aduga aranbadu mangkhigani. Masigisini contradiction hairibasi. Thesis amadi anti thesis da yaoriba achumbasing adudi punsingani, madusynthesishairibasini. Hairibasythesisasi matamgi matung inna anouba thesis oirakani amadi masibu amuk masigi onna teinaba anti-thesis ama thoklaktuna singnarakkani; madugi mahei oina anouba sythesis ama thoklakkani. Masigi thesis, antithesis amadi sythesis ki process asi mapung pungfa pharaba karigumba aranba amata leitraba tangkak ama youdriphao 13

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI chathagani. Atoppa londda hairagadi, khongchat asina karigumba aranaba amatta yaodraba tangkak ama tamna changsingani. Iroi loibadadi achumba haibadutamak leihougani. Masi perfect stage kougani, contradiction haibadu leiraroi.Contradiction leitrabanina growth haibadusu leiraroi. Dialectical process asi mapung phaba achumba (perfect truth) haibadu phanglaba matamdadi loiragani.

Contradiction haibasinani dialectical process bu lenghallibasi.

Contradiction amatta leitaba haibadi, dialectical process su leppe haibani.

Materialism gi matangdadi Marx na French materialist thinker Feuerbach tagi loubani. Utlimate reality haibasi pot (matter) ni wakhal (idea) nate haibasi Marx gi philosophygi yumphamni.masi Feuerbach tagi louba wakhal ni. Eikhoina karamna pukchak talli haibadugi wakhal lakpani. Mewoibagi existence haibasi magi consciousness na leppa natte, masigi onna teinabada social existence na makhoigi consciousness leplibani. Marx na hai, madudi Hegel gi dialectics sidi makokna leppe, adubu eina masi makhongna oina lephalle. Hegel gisidi dialectical idealism haiduni.

Mangondadi wakhal haibasina pumnamakki hourakphamni haina leikhrabani.Wakhal haibasina yumpham ni masina superstructure haibadi society, polity amadi economy buleplibani hairammi.Marx na wakhal ga pot ka thampham onthoknakhi. Marx gi matung inna pot amadi economicforces si substructrure gi manung challi aduga idea na superstructure gi sarukni. Idea haibasi material forces gi mami ni. Economic forces na idea gi masak tak-i.Asumna Marx na matter ga idea gagi thampham si onthoknarammi. Maram Dunani mahakna Hegel gi thabak si mathak makha onnei eina madu semdoklabani haina hairamliba.

Base natraga substructure haibasida yaoribasi pothok puthokpagi pangal (forces of production) amasung pothok mari (relation of production) ni. Anisina amuk punsillaga (pothok puthokpagi mawong) mode of production ni. Technology chaokhatlaktuna 14

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI forces of production da ahongba lakalabadi pothok puthokpagi mari (relation of production) su hong-i. Asumna mode of production da ahongba lakpa matamda masana tana superstructure su honggani. Society, polity, laining, morals, values amadi norms asinachingbasi superstructure gi saruksingni, aduga masi mode of production na masak leplibani.

1.1.2 Historical materialism Historical Materialismhaibasi meewoibakhunnaigipuwari (history) bu wahanthok (interpretation) pibada dialectical materialism bu pansinbani. Masi Marx ki dialectical materialism haiba methodologydusijinnadunamalemgi puwarihaibadi,worldhistory gi senmitlon gi oiba wahanthok (economic interpretation of world history) pibabani. Malemgi puwari haibadi, world history bu tangkak mari thokna khaidok e, tangkak sing adudi: primitive communism, slaverysystem, feudalism amasungcapitalism ni.

Primitive communism hairibasi meewoibagi puwarigi khwaidagi anganba angkakni. Masi lannai lan-thum leitaba (propertyless), awot-anei leitaba (exploitationless), kanglup leitaba (classless) amadi state haibadu leitaba (stateless) khunnaini. Communityna pothok-pambei (means of production) gi mapu oi. Lanai meewoi amana pothokkhutlai gi mapu oiba natte aduna exploitation haibadu leite. Nungna saba sadanbagi khutlai, nga phanaba lang amadi khoina maru oiba pothok khutlai ni. Masi communitydugi mee pumbana mapu oi. Pothok si yamna puthokpa natte, sijinaba konnanaba khaktani. Aduna ahenba pothok (surplus production) leite, surplus production leitrabanina lannai lanthum (private property) su leitre. Private property leitrabanina exploitation su leitre. Exploitation leitrabanina khunai da kanglup (class division) leitre. Class division eitrabanina kanglup ki lan (class struggle) su leitre.class struggle leiyrsbanina state haidusu leitre. Asumna khunaidu communist khunai oirami. Matam duda hingba natraga 15

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI punsi haibasi yamna lujarabasu, meena meebu otpa, ngkhatnaba amadi lanthengnaba haidudi leiramde.

Technology haibasi leppa leitna chaokhatlak e. Technology chaokhatlakpana pothok puthokpagi chang hengathalli. Masina maram oiduna ahenba pothok (surplus production) thoklak e amadi lanai lanthum (private property) leiba hourak e. Pothok puthokpagi pambeisi houjikti community na mapu oidre lanai meewoina oire. Matou asum touduna khunaisi lan thum leiba mee ( property owning class) amadi lan thum leijadaba mee ( properltyless class) haina kanglup ani leirak e. Khunaida kanglup khaiba amadi exploitation lakpadagidi kanglup lan ( class struggle ) thoklsk e. Class struggle lakpadagidi khunaida khutlingba kangbu haibadi lanthum leiba meewoising( propetied class) na state kouba institution ama lingduna lanthum leijaba meewoi ( propertyless class) yaningdabagi khollao namtharak e. Maram aduna state haibasi inak khunbameesinggi khutlai(class instrument)ni. Masina namphu sijinei.State haibasina statesemlibalanthum leibakanglup (property owning class) ki interest tamak serve touwee.

Ahanbada khunaisi mapu(master) amasung manai(slave) kanglup ani khaidok e. Master singna lan thum leiba meesingni (haves) aduga slaves haibasina maran mathum leijadabakangbu(havenots) ni. Pothok puthokpagi thabak pumba meenai na touwee. Master sing asi meenaisingna thabak suraga thaklini. Master singna slave ding bu ot nei, kariguba slave singna saoduna singnarakpada state laktunamapusingbu ngakselli.Asum toudunastate haibasina mapu (master) sing apambadu touba ngamhalli. Statena makhoigi da namphu haphugi pangal du sijinaduna meenaising yaningdabagi khollaobu numsilli.

Meenaibloibagi kanglon (slave system) gi matungda loucha kanglon (feudal system) lak e. Technology da chaokhatlakpana means of production da ahongba purak e. Ahongbasina maram 16

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI oiduna pothok puthokpagi mari (relation of production) amadi superstructure da ahongba purak e.

Minai loibagi kanglon (slave system) asi loucha kanglon da yumpham oiba pothok puthokpagi mawong (feudal mode of production) na mahut sindokhre, masi society, polity, morality amadi value system da mami tai.Feudalism gi maruoiba machat si karino hairagadi khunnaibu loucha mapu (feudal lord) amadi louchanai (serfs) haina khunnaida mee kanglup (social class) ani khaidorakpasini. Feudal lord singna pothok pambei (means of production) haibadi, lam gi mapu oi, aduga pothok puthokpagi thabak na louchanai (serf) singna touwee. Lamgi mapu oirabanina thabak amata sudabida loucha mapu singna puthokliba apunba pothokki ayamba saruk louwee. Asumna loucha mapusing asi parasite kumbani louchanaising gi ee chuplaga hingliba. Loucha mapusingnalouchanaisingexploit touwee, karigumbadalouchanai singna awot-aneidugi maiyokta resist touge laknarakpada state na makhoi resistance tulakthui,namthei.Adumnastatena louchamapu singgiinterestserve touwee.Louchanaisingasi otpi neibirabaamadi makha thaba meewoi kanglup ni aduga loucha mapusingna khunnaida mathakthongba amadi louchanaisingbu ot-neiriba kangbu (class) ni.

Feudalism gi matungda capitalism lak e. Technology gi chaokhatpadi areppa naide masina puthok puthokpagi pangal (forces of production) honghalli.anouba forces of production aduga leiriba pothok mari (relation of production) ga chanarakte.

Masi bourgeois revolution amana resolve touwee.Asumna forces of production ga relation of production ga anigi marakta leiba contradiction du resolve toure. Loucha kanglon da yumpham oiba pothok puthokpagi mawong (feudal mode of productuon) si senjao tanbagi pothok puthokpagi mwong(capitalist mode production ) na sinkhre. Society bu senjao tanba kangbu bourgeois class amadi sinmee kangbu (proletariat class) haina 17

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI khaidokpana capitalism gi khwaidagi achouba machatni. Senjao paibasingna pothok pambei sing gi mapu oi aduga pothokna sinmeesingnaputhoke. Proletariat hairibasi industrygi thabak suba sinmeesingni. Makhoi na makhoigi pangan bu ahongbakhutsumal (wages) louduna yonli. Masi subsistance wage ni, haibadi khutsuman asi mahak amadi magi imung manungbuhingbaphaodi hinghanba chaokhatpadi ngamhandaba khutsumal ni. Asumna toubasina senjao tanbasing gi pothoksangda thabak subinaba mee wathanloidouribani. Pothok puthoklibasi ma masana chatnaba natte, sendong tannabani. Khwaidagi yamba sendong tanningbana pothoksang gi mapusingna thabak subagi matam sangtokhallaga khutsumanbuna hanthahalli. Masina sinmee sing phibam phahanlamde, makhoina senjao paibasigi mathakta lan touba da karimata mangjaningai leite, makhoina mangadaba haibabu minai yotlingduni khanhallak e. Asumna sinmee gi yawol (proletariat revolution) puraknabagi lambi yatli.

1.1.3 Surplus value Capitalist society da Exploitation bu explain tounaba Karl Marx na theory of surplus value develop toukhi. Marx bu hiramsida classical economist singi pomitlonsingna influence toukhi.

Mahakna labor theory of value bu thajakhi. Pot amagi mamal (value) asi pot adu sabada changkhiba pangan (labour) na lepkadabani. Pangan (labor) haibasisu leina yonna- pot (commodity) amani. Masi potchei gumna leiba yai, yonbasu yai.

Pothok puthokpagi machak mari gi manungda labour haibasina khawaidagi maru oibani. Masi yaodabada attei machak sing adu karimata kanadaba pot oi. Lam (land), senlep (capital) amadi organisation haibasina atei pothok puthokpagi machaksingduni.

Pothok puthokpa ngaamlibasi hairiba machaksing asida labour thadabadagini. Labour yaodabada makhoisi karimta kannade.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Khutsuman asi sinmee aduna suriba thabaktugachannanapirabadi, namja-namthekpa (exploitation) haibadu leite. Adubu masi capitalism, haibadi senjao tanbagi chatnabi leiba khunaidadi oide.

Sinmee amana suriba thabakki mamal aduga tasengna makhoida piriba khutsumal gagi khennabadu surplus value kouwee, hairiba surplus value si capitalist singgidi sendong(profit) ni. Khudam oina hairabada sinmee amana thaamada lupa lisingkunmanga gi thabak sure adubu mapuna lupa lising taramangatamak khutsuman oina pire, lemhouriba lising tara adu surplus value ni, madu capitalist singgi sendongni,asumna senjao tanbasingnacapital khomjinduna matung da makhoigi anouba industry singda thadaduna henna henna sendongtanli.Marxist singdadi masi sinmeesingbu ot-neiba (exploitation) ni, aduna muthatkadabani haina khanli.

Capitalism asum chakhatlakpaga loinana competitionsu hengatlak e. Sinmee singgi khutsuman asum hantharaktuna chi laona hingba yabagi changdu yourak e. Chi laona konnaba pina khutsuman gi changsi subsistance wage kouwee. Masidagi henna nemthaba yararoi. Masi labor forces matam chuppada wathandanaba piba sidi sihandaba thabak subadi ngamhanba makhal gi khutsumanni.

Capitalist singgi marakta hidannaba (competition) sinmee sing gi phibam yamna phathande, mahei oina kanglup ki lan class struggle kansinhalli aroibadarevolution thokhalli.

1.1.4 Kanglup ki lan (Class struggle) Marx ki matunginna ngasiphaobada leiraklibameewoibagi puwari asi kanglup ki lan (class struggle) gi puwarini hai. Primitive communism gi tangkaktu nattanapuwarigi tangkak(historical ages) pumnamak makha ponba amadi mathak thongba meewoi kanglup natraga areiba amadi leitaba meewoi kanglup anigi marakta leiba yengthinabana masak tak e.Yengthinaba asi class contradiction na thokhanbani. Lan thum leiba property owning class na lan thum 19

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI leijadaba meewoi kanglup (property less class) pu ot neibadagi thoklaklibani. Puwarigi tangkak khudingda yenthinaba kanglup ani adumak lei. Minai loibagi kanglon leiba matamdamapugaminaiga, loucha kanglon leiba matamda louchanai ga louchamapuga aduga senjao tanbagi khunai matamdana senjao tanbasingga seenmi singga muknakhi. Mapu, loucha mappu amadi senjaotanba singna pothok pambei gi mapu ni. Aduga minai, louchanai amadi sinmee singna pothok puthokpagi thabak toubani adubu makhoina puthokliba potsing adudi makhoibu sijinariba meesing (exploiter) na makhoidagi munduna louribani aduga supnatang gi hingbafaotangdi hinghanba ngambakhutsumanpiribani.

Pothokkhutlai (means of production) asi lanthum leiba kangbu (property owning class) gi makhutta leibanina makhoina lanthum leijadaba kangbu (propertyless) sing bu ot neiba ngamlibani. Masi kanglup ki lan (class struggle) laknabagi khwaidagi achouba maramni. Muknariba kangbu ani (contending classes) gi apamba ani asi santainaba yaba natte. Muknariba kanglup anigi marakta leiriba khennaba asi waroisin purakpa haibasi puwari gi tangkak khudingda otneiriba kangbu (exploitingclass) pu manghankhraba matamdata purakpa ngammi.

1.1 Yawol (Revolution) Kanglupki lan (class struggle) na yawol gi lambi semmi.Kanglupki lan di hek uba ngamde (imperceptible oi), adubu yawol haibasidi uba ngammi haibadi perceptible oi.

Kanglup ki lan kansinhanduna yawol toubagi yumpham semmi.

Langlup ki lan haibasidi yamna sangba lanni, yawol haibasidi thui, yang i amadi ee nai tai (violent oi). Marx ki londada hairabadi revolution haibasi khunai ama honghanabagidamak changdaba yadraba maiyoknabi maibi (mid-wife) ni. Puwari gi tangkak amadagi tangkak amada lanba haibasi yawol touragata ngammi.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Feudal revolution na slave system loisilli. Bourgeois revolution na (loucha kanglon)Feudalismloisinli adugasinmeesinggiyawol ihou (proletariate revolution) na senjao tanbagi kanglon capitalism bu loisinbangamgani.

Revolution haibasi pothok puthokpagi pangan (forces of production) ga pothok mari (production relation) ga channaraktraba matamda thok e. Masigi channadaba asi channahanaba yawol ihou lak e. Masina pothok puthokpagi mari amadi superstructure bu ahongba puraktuna pothok pambei natraga pothok pangan (forces of production) ga channahalli.

Technology chaokhatlakpana pothook puthokpagi pambei da ahongba purak e. Hand mill puthokpa matamda feudal lord na panba khunnai ama thoklakhalli. Steam mill puthokhiba matamda industrial capitalist singna khutlingba khunai thoklakhi.

Sinmeesinggiyawol ihou(proletarianrevolution)napuwarigiaroiba revolution oigani. Revolutionhaibasi muknaba(contradiction)ama santainanaba thokpani. Aduna societyda contradiction leitrabadi revolution thoklaroi.Proletarianrevolutiongi matungdadirevolution makha tana thoklaroi maramdi khunnaida contradiction leiraroi.

Adum oinamak revolution haibasi forces of production na mapung marei pharabamatamdatathoke. Revolutionhaibasi thujinhanbasu yade tapthahanbasu yade. Masi forces of production na mapung marei pharaktuna leiriba pothok puthokpagi Mari (relation of production) ga channadraba matamda thok e. Revolution na channadaba asibuchannahalli.

Khunaina onba (social evolution) gi maikei amadi mathangmanao (sequence) kaiba yade. Stage amana stage anabu chongduna kanbayade. Primitive communismna slaverysystem purakkdabani.

Slverysystem dagi feudal system lakkadabani adugafeudalism dagi capitalism lakkadoubabi. Capitalism gi matungdadi dictatorship of proletariate natraga socialism lakkani. Dictatorship of proletariate 21

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI na aroibada commubism purakkani. Prolatarian revolutiob lakkhrabadi, revolution haibasi loirabani.

1.3 Dictatorship of proletariat Proletarian revolutionna dictorshipof proleteriat lingkhatli. Masibu socialist state hainasu kouwee. Bourgeois singna proletariat singbu namthanaba sijinnariba state apparatus sing proletariat singna paisingani. Houjikti mathak makha ollani proletariat na apparatus singdu bourgeois singgi maiyokta sijinarani. Bourgeoisie singna ariba system du hanjinnaba counter revolution tourakkani, maram aduna state ki coercive institution sing adu bourgeois sing bu lakthabada sijinnaba mathou tai.

State haibasi meebu ot-neinaba khutlaini. Dominant class na dependant class singbu namthanaba state semkhribabani. Masi kanglup amagi khutlaini (class instrument). State na state tubu semliba meesing gi interest ngaknaba thabak touwee, state pu semliba meesinghaibadi lan-thum leiba meewoi kanglup (property owning class) tuni. Master bu oirabasu, feudal lord pu oirarabasu, natraga capitalist pu oirabasu, hairiba class asi masing yamdaba mee kanglup ni.Asumnastate ki namphu-haphu sijinaduna masing yamdabana masing yambabu otle. Dictatorship of proletariat tadi ahanba oina state si masing yamba mee gi makhutta leire. Ahanba oina state ki coercive apparatus tu masing yambana masing yamdabagi maiyokta sijinare.

State khudingmakse dictatorship ni, maram aduna socialist state su dictatorship ni. State haibasi matam pumbada kanglup amana kanglup ama namthanaba khutlai oina sijinnei. Proletariat state ta sinmee singna state ki coercive organ sing haibadi army, police, keisumsangamadijudicial system singsibourgeoisclass kimaiyokta sijinnei.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Marx na hairami karigumba democracy haibasina masing yambasing (majority na nagakpa) leingak oirabadi sinmee singgi leingak(proletariatstate) haibasidagi hennademocraticoibaleingak leite.

1.4 Communism Masing yamba Sinmee singgi supnam leingak (dictatorship of proletariat) na socialist state pu communism gi thakta pukhatlakkani. Socialism haibasidi communism puraknabagi transitory stage ni. Socialism na communism puraknabagi lambi yatli. Communism laklaba matungdagidi social change haibadu laklaroi. Dialectical process leplani.Yamna mapungphaba rational oibasocial systemamalinglagani,hairibakhunnaiasida yengthinaba (antagonism) amadi muknaba (contradiction) leiraroi. Maram aduna class condradiction leiraroi, class contradiction leitrabanina class struggle su leiraroi. Communism haibase kanglup khaidaba (classless), state leitaba (stateless), lannai lanthum leitaba (private propertyless) amadi awot-anei leitaba (exploitation less) khunaini.

Pothok puthokpagi pambei (means of production) lannai meewoi kharagi khuttaleidumalannai lanthum peisinbadu(accumulationof private property) leiraroi. Pothok puthokpagi pambei meeyam na mapu oirani (community ownership of means of production).

Amaga amaga matengpangnaba khunnai gi yum oigani, hidanaba (competition) gi mapham leiraroi. Pothok puthokpa asi channaba amadi sijinnaba oigani, sendong tannaba oiroi. Sendong tanbagita khannaba wakhal du thadoklaga khunnaina kari mathou tari haibadu khannagani. Lannai lan thum leitrabanina exploitation haibadusu leiraroi.Exploitation leitrabanina class division haibadi, lan-thum leiba mee lan-thum leijadaba mee haibadu leiraroi. Class divisionleitrabaninaclass struggleleiraroi,maramaduna stateleibagi mathou tararoi.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI State haibasi meebu ot-neibagi khutlaini. State haibasi meewoi kanglup amana meewoi kanglup amabu tuhat-neihatpada sijinnaba khutlaini, masi khunaida kanglup (class) haibadu thoklakpadagi leirakkhibani.Communismdadi sinmeekouba class amakhaktamak leiragadabanina class amana class amabu ot-neiba haibadu leiraroi.

Aduna State ki mathou tadre. State haibasi communist society da kannapham leiraraoi. Masa mathanta tapna tapna adum mutchakhrani. Communist society asi Louis Blanc principle “meepum khudingdagi makhoina angamba, aduga meepum khudingda malhoigi mathou taba� chatnagani. Maphamsida ee chupa mee (parasite) ki mapu leiroi. Sinmee haiba class adutamak leigani. Khunnai pumba sinmeegi khunnai onthoklagani.

Khunnaisida exploitation gi mapham leiraroi. Khunnaisi mannaba khunnnai (egalitarian society) oigani. Meega amagagi marakta ingtappa amadi nungsi-channaba mari leigani.

1.5 Theory of alienation Naitom tarakpa (Alienation) haibasi maruwoiba Marxian concept amani. Marx na alienation bu level mari thokna khaidok-i.

Ahanbada meewoibasi masana sajaba pottagi lapthorak-e, mahak masaga mana sariba potka mari leinadabagum faorak-e, maramdi capitalist society da kari pot sagani amadi pottu karamna sagani haibasida sinmeesinggi karigumbadasu mawa amatta chatte.

Anisubada meega mahousaga lapthonarak e. Mahakna toujaba thabakna mangonda pottubu sariba mee ama oina nungaiba phaojahande. Pothok puthokpasi mechanize tourakpa matamdagidi thabak subasi yamna heiningdaba thabak amattamak hanjin hajin touba (monotonous oirakkhi). Ahumsubada mee masasi atei attopa meesingdagi lapthokhallak-e. Capitalist system gi hidannaba mawong duna mee amana hingbasi attopa mee ama inthuraga hingba tarak-e; khunnaida amaga amaga yengthinaba kanglup thoklak-e. Aroibada mee masasi mahak masamaktagi 24

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI lapthorak-e (alienate) tourak-i. Punsina hingbada mathou tabasingna namhatkhiduna meewoibasi sa-ngaga manarak-e.

Mahakna literature, arts amadi cultural heritage gi mahao lounaba matam kaithokpa sangjade. Capitalist system na lannai lan-thum tannaba meewoibagi wakhal lousing pumba system dugi makha ponhalli. Mee si meeoijaba ngamdre.Hairibasi sinmeetagi wanatte, peisa paiba lan-thum leibasingsu peisagi meenai oiduna mee oina hingba ngamjade. (mathang mathang ...‌..)

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(ASUK na 2018-06-25 da phongkhiba Press Statement adu KCP Waphong Kanglupna amuk hanna puthokchapa)

(2018-06-25) Houkhiba chahi tara asigi manungda khantharuragadi yamna meepainingngai oiba pao mayam ama mathang mathang tarakli.

Makhoising adudi makhagi asini: 2018-05-28: Nagaland lomdagi Imphal tamna changlakpa Rohingya Muslim matei manao pikliba tha 8 gi machanupa amaga konnana Mao gate ta Manipur police na phakhi. Makhoina UNO na piba refugee gi che chaang pairammi; Jammu and Kashmir romdagi lakpa oiramgani.

2018-05-24: Moreh dagi Imphal lomda lakpa bus amadagi Myanmar machaMuslim3Tengnoupal daPolicenaphakhi.Makhoi ahummak Uttar Pradesh tagi asaaba mingda louba India gi I-card, Aadhaar card pairammi.

2018-05-24: Khurai Konsam Leikai da leiba bhara yum amadagi Rohingya Muslim nupi 3 (ahum) meeyamna pharaga police ta sinnakhi.

2018-05-21: Minuthong Hatta da leiba Meitei Pangal gi yumda bharada leiramba Rohingya Muslim 8 Manipur police na phakhi.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Makhoibu puraklagathambagi thourangtouba Thoubal Moijingdagi Meitei Pangal nupi amasu phakhi. Hairiba Rohingya Muslim 8 adu asaaba Aadhaar card amasung UNO na piba refugee gi I-card pairammi. Makhoi Myanmar dagi chellaklagaBangladesh phaoduna laklaga India da changlaklaga Jammu and Kashmir gi refugee camp ta leiramlabani. Mapham aduda UNO gi I-card phanglaba matungda Manipur da lakpani.

2018/05/13: Moreh dagi Imphal tamna lakpa gari anidagi Myanmar dagi changlakpa Rohingya Muslim 9 amadi makhoibu purakpa Chennai dagi Muslim nupi amaga punna meewoi 10 phakhi. Makhoi asaaba I-card (Aadhaar card) pairammi.

2018-05-10: AsabaAadhaar card paiduna India da changsillakpa Bangladesi Muslim 24 Tripura da police na phakhi.

2018/05/01: Myanmar dagi changsillakpa Rohingya Muslim 4 Moreh dagi phakhi.

2018/04/27: Bihari Muslim ama Wangoi keithel dagi police na phakhi. Mahaksu Lilong gi address yaoba Aadhaar card ama pairammi.

2018-04-10: Rohingya Muslim ani amasu Moreh dagi Tengnoupal police na phakhi.

2018-04-07: Rohingya Muslim ahum Moreh gi Meitei Pangal amagi yum dagi Tengnoupal Police na phakhi.

2018-03-21: Myanmar dagi matam kharagi mamangda changlakpa Rohingya Muslim 3 (ahum) Moreh Police na Moreh keitheldagi phakhi.

2018-02-01: Cachar dagi Manipur da changsillakpa asaaba Aadhaar card paiba Rohingya Muslim nupi 3 (ahum) Jiribam da 27

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Manipur police na phakhi.

2018-01-16: Bangladesh phaoraga Tripurada changsillakpa Rohingya Muslim 6 Tripura police na Dharmanagar dagi phakhi.

2017-12-22: Manipur stateAssemblyda Manipur gi CM, N. Biren na Jiri da Rohingya Muslim ama phare, 7 amana nanthoktuna Manipur da changsinkhre haina paodamkhi. Makha tabada hujik phaobada chingnaningngai oiba mapandagi changsillakpa meetop 560 phare, 105 amana halhankhre haikhi. Jiri khaktada meetop 178 phare hainasu paodamkhi. Rohingya Muslim changsillakpada sijinnabani haina chingnaba wa gi thong mayam amasu thudekle haikhi.

2017-11-29: Myanmardagi Bangladesh phaoduna laklaga Tripurada changsillakpa Rohingya Muslim 8 Tripura Police na Tripura gi west district ki Khayerpur da phakhi.

2017-11-02: Bangladesh tagi Tripura da changsillakpa Rohingya Muslim oiramgani haina chingnaba Bangali Muslim 18 Tripura gi Adamnagar gi khunja sing na pharaga Tripura Police ta sinnakhi.

Makhoi West Bengal gi Murshidabad kiAadhaar card pairammi.

Makhoigi paokhumda makhoi West Bengal dagi Bangladesh phaoduna laklagaTripura da changsillakpani haina khumkhi. Natei yamna chadaba paokhumni.Manipur chatkadaba Rohingya Muslim oiramloi haiba yade.

2017-10-04: Myanmar dagi Bangladesh changlaklaga madudagi Tripura phaodunalaklagaAssam dachangsillakpaRohingyaMuslim 6 Karimganj da Assam police na phakhi. Makhoina Tripura da changsillakpada mateng pangba Muslim 3 su Assam police na phakhi. Makhoi Guwahati da chatlaga mapham adudagi Delhi romda chatlaga Jammu and Kashmir gi refugee camp ta chatpa 28

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI oiramba yai haina police na hai. Makhoi Manipur chatpa oiramloi haiba ngamde.

2017-09-21: British citizen Samiun Rahman kouba Al qaida member ama Delhi da phakhi. Mahak hanna al qaeda gi sel khombagidamak Bangladesh ta phaduna jail da leirure, mamanggi April thada thorakpani. Police na wa hangbada mahakna Delhi, Kishanganj, Hazaribagh amasung North East ki Mizoram amasung Manipur da al qaeda gi mee saagatli, amadi makhoibu Rohingya Muslim singbu mateng pangbagi thabaksu touhalli haina khumkhi.

2017-09-14: Manipur gi CM Biren na Manipur da lonna changsillakpa Rohingya 25 Manipur gi jail singda leiri hai haina Mr. Prasanta Mazumdar kouba reporter amana report toukhi. Report adumakta Mizoram dadi Rohingya Muslim changlakkani haibagi akiba leite hainaMizoram gi Home Minister, Lalzirlianana hai haina iri.

2017-08-21: Bangladesh tagi lonna changsillakpa Bangladeshi Muslim 3 Tripura gi Belonia dagi phakhi.

2017-04-18: Bangladesh tagi lonna changsillakpa Bangladeshi ni haiba meewoi 9 Tripura da phakhi. Makhoibu chinglakliba Bangladeshi macha adudi asaaba India gi Aadhaar card, bank ki passbook amadi asaaba voter card pairamkhi. Makhoi Tamil Nadu da thabak suba chatpani haina khumkhi.

2016-07-30: Manipur Central Jail, Sajiwa da prisoner masel hatnabada Manipur gi meewoi amaga Saudi Arabia gi citizen ni haiba Muslim meewoi aniga sikhi. Saudi citizen ni haiba makhoi ani adu Moreh dagi Imphal lomda che chang amatta yaodana changsillakpada 2013/06/16 ta AR na Tengnoupal dagi pharaga jail da thamlakpameewoi oramkhi. Jail dasikhraba matungnongma nini leiraga SaudiArabia gi Delhi da leibaAmbassador na makhoi 29

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI ani adu Saudi macha natte, Saudi macha amatta India gi jail amattada leite haina official oina laothokkhi. Ambassador na makha tana makhoi Bangladesh Muslim ni haikhi. Makhoina jail da leiringeida Manipur gi meewoising toina laktuna sel thum, acha athak, phi rol pirei hainasu report toukhi.

2014-07-17: New Delhi da phongba chephong, “First World� na Manipu gi Lilong area dagi naha 23Al qaeda yaokhre haina report toure haina Manipur gi paoche da phongkhi.

2012-09-02: Che chang yaoraktaba meetop 60 Manipur changhankhidre haina Manipur Police na laothokkhi.

2012-08-30: Imphal East amasung Thoubal area da thi humbada Bangladesh amasung Myanmar dagi law thugairaga lonna changlakpa Muslim meetop 43 phare haina Manipur police na haikhi. Hatta Golapati area dagi 23 amasung Lilong area dagi 19 ni.

2011-02-03: Jiribam constituencyasi Bangladeshi Muslim amadi Hindu meetopnathumhatkhre,yelhoumeenaminoritytahourehaina CSO, FREINDS na report toukhi. Mapham aduda leiba AR singnasu meetopki meechangchangduna makhoibusougatli haikhi.

2007-08-20:Al-qaida ni haina chingnaba meewoi 6 yaona meewoi 15, Myanmar macha Rohingya Muslim 10 amasung Bangladesi Muslim 5, AR na Moreh ward no. 3 dagi phakhi.

2006-12-19: Ihaan hanba oina Meitei Pangal naha 3 LeT (Lashkare-Taiba) yaorambagidamak Delhi da khutsu khutlai ga konnana phakhi.

Nunggi wahanthok Mathakta panjariba pao khara asigi wahandok kari oiba yabage haibasi ngasigi meerol eikhoina khanthaba mathou tai.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Manipur da mapan leibaktagi meetop masing khangdana changsinkhre; hujiksu changsillakpa leptri. Adubu mathakta thamjariba pao-che singda hanna phongdokkhraba pao khara asina hairibasieikhoigiamadichangsillaklibameetopsingasihujiktimakhal honglakle haibani. Matam kharagi mamangdadi haibadi 2000 gi mamangdadi Manipur da changsillakpa meetop singasi Nepal dagi Nepali, amasung India gi mainland dagi Bengali, Bihari, Deshwali asinachingbasingna ayamba oirammi.Ngasi changsillakliba meetop ti ayambanaBangladeshi MuslimamasungRohingyaMuslimoirakle haibasi mathakki paosing asina tak-i.

Makha tabada changsillakliba Muslim sing asi Myanmar nattraga Bangladesh ta, haibadi maroo da, wathok thokpadagi khantharudana thawai kannaba khaa rai khangdana chensillakpa natte, pandam ama thamlaga thourang thousil amagi makhada (haibadi ‘chain migration’ oina) changsillakpani haipham thok-e.

Myanmar da wathok thoklabasu Rohingya Muslim singna khundaribaRakhinestatetagi Manipurdalakpasiyamna lapli,amadi komna lakpa yaba asamba lambi leite. Tasengna hairabada sakchu khetnaba Rohingya Muslim singna Myanmar manunggi lambi asida lakpa haibasi government ka samnaba Burmese macha singna lamjingdrabadi oithokloi haiba yai. Myanmar dagi Manipur da lakpa Rohingya Muslim sing asina police ta piba paokhumda Myanmar dagi Bangladesh ta changsillaklaga agent singna Tripura phaoba purakpa, Tripura dagi Jiri da agent singna chinglakpa, Jiri dagi Imphal nattraga Moreh phaobasu agent singna purakpani haina khummi.Aduga agent sing asigi manungda Meitei Pangal na chada 99 (99%) oiri.Agent oiramba Meitei Pangal mayam ama Police na phabada yaori. Rohingya Muslim singna Manipur youraklaga leirambasu Meitei Pangal gi yum nattraga bharada leiramba ngaktani. Bangladesh tagi Kolkata romda changsillaga Delhi youkhiba, Delhi dagi Jammu and Kashmir youkhiba, Chennai youkhiba Rohingya Muslim singgi paodasu agent na puba ngakta oina iri. Pumnamak asi yenglurabadi RohingyaMuslim singgi ‘chain 31

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI migration’ asi international oiba thourang thousil amagi makhada touba migration ni haipham thok-e. Masigi mathakta pharaba meetop ayambada Aadhaar card, voter’s card, bank passbook, pan card yaoramliba asinasu migration asi thourang thousil (Plan) amagi makhada toubani haiba tabani. International oiba thourang thousil asida Meitei Pangal sing na achouba thoudang loure haibasisu masana tare.

Rohingya Muslim khakta nattana Bagnladeshi Muslim kaya amasu changsillakpa amadi police na phabada yaori. Bihari Muslim ama anisu ManipurdaMeitei Pangal marakta leirambagi pao leikhrabani.

Pao mayam asina taklibasi makhal kayagi Muslim meetop mayam amaMeiteiPangal singnapusillaklaga Manipurda khunda leitaduna thamle haibasini.

Meitei Pangal kharana Manipur da Muslim meetop pusallakliba karigino?

Muslim meetop pusallakpagi thoudoksing asida Meitei Pangal meewoi yamna yaoramliba asigi maram karigino haibasi houjikki meerol eikhoina (Manipur gi yelhoumee pumnamakna) khanthadaba yadaba ithoudang ama oire.

Meitei Pangal haibasi Pangal khunthoklon yenglurabadi lamdam asigi asengba yelhoumeeni. Phurup asi chahi 500 mukki mamangda meetop nupa 30/40 khak laklaga lamdam asigi chanu ningolsing ga meerol meerol gi oina yumbanminnaraga thorakkhiba naat tadi Meitei phurup ki naat oiraga lainingna Islam oiba Meitei gi masaphurupamani.Meitei phurupki maraktaleiribalainingmasingyammi — Hindu Gouriya, Sanamahism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism amasung laining leitaba, atheists sing mayam asina phurup asi saagatpani. Meiteiphurupki lainingsingasigi maraktaIslamsuamani.

Mityeng asidagi yenglabadi Meitei Pangal sing asi ethnic Meitei ni, Meitei gi masa-phurup amani.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Asigumba yelhoumeeoiriba phurup, Meitei Pangal meewoi kharana Manipur da arappadagi lakpa Muslim meetop pusannaba hotnariba karigino? Wahangasigi mapung phaba paokhum pinaba hotnabada Meitei Pangal singgihonglaklibawang-ngoolon,wakhallon,mityeng amadi keidaa neinaba mathou tagani.

Meitei Pangal marakta Pan-Islamism gi eehou Ngasi Meitei Pangal singgi marakta Islam laining da hakchinba (radicalized) meewoi khara leire. Makhoigi masing nongma nongmagi hengatlakpagi khudam yamna leire.Al-qaida ni haina chingnaba meewoi 6 Moreh gi Meitei Pangal marakta leirambadagi phakhre (2007-08-20). LeT yaoba Meitei Pangal naha 3 Delhi da phabagi pao leikhre (2006-12-19). Lilong dagi naharol 23Al-qaida yaokhre haibagi report su leikhre (2014-07-17). Delhi da phaba British macha al-qaeda member amana Manipur da al-qaida gi base saagatli haibagi pao leikhre (2017-09-21). Pao mayam asi Meitei Pangal kharadi lainingda hakchanba yaokhre (radicalize toukhre) haibagi khudam chaangdam ni. Islam lainingda hakchanba Meitei Pangal sing asi Meitei Pangal khunnaida mapangal yamna leiba, khunnaida akanba ethil piba ngamba kangbu ama oigani.

Makhoi khutlai pai; achetpa lup lei; Muslim Umma (world Muslim community) dagi sel laklamgani; wakhallon dasu Pan-Islamism (Muslim pumnamak amattani, jat bijat khaidana amatta oina punsan-gadabani haiba wakhallon) saagatpa ngamlamgani.

Asigumba kangbu asina Meitei Pangal khunnaibu humduna puba haibasi hounasaani.

Meitei Pangal gi saktam Ngasi Manipur gi yelhoumee Meitei Pangal sing asigi marakta makhoigi saktam (identity) gi matangda Pan-Islamism na achouba saphu ama pirakli. Identityhaibasi masana masabu ‘ei aduni’ haina khanjaba/haijaba aduni. Meitei Pangal amagi masada yaoriba 33

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI saktam asi yamdrabada anini: ahanbada mahakki ethnic identity di Meitei Pangal ni; anisubada mahak Islam laining chatpa Muslim amani. Meitei Pangal amana ‘ei Pangal ni’haijabadagi mahak Meitei Pangal oibani;mahakna‘ei Muslim ni’haijabadagi mahak ‘Muslim” oibani.

Pangal khunthok matamdagi houraga 1980/1990 aduwai phaobadadi Meitei Pangal sing gi ethnic identityasina henna maru oiba identityoina Meitei Pangal meeyamna lourammi. Islam laining chatpanina Muslim ni haijarabasu, mahakki Muslim identity asi mahakki ethnic identitydagi maru oiba hantharammi. Matam aduda Meitei Pangal sing asi Meitei singga yamna tinna-totnarammi; makhoigi khul leikai singda Meitei macha marup mapang yamnna changlammi; Meitei ga matao sannaba, mata sannaba mee yamlammi; kummei thoudok wathok ta changnarammi; naat amadi phijet phirol da Meitei singga yamna mannarammi, burkha setpa hijab khumba hantharammi; angang maming thonbada Meitei lolgi ming yamna thollammi; luhong keidongbada pena khongbana chingba kaya tourammi; sendaan lambidasu Meitei singga yamna pullammi; politicstasuMeitei singganaknachatminnarammi; Meitei singga khun khun gi oina khatna cheinaba (communal riots) kaya thoklamde. Ngasidi hairiba phibham asi yamna hongkhre, mathak makha onkhre haiba yai. Meitei Pangal gi khun sing mee atei changdaba makhoidamak leiba mapham, ‘ghetto’ mankhre. Masi masing yamba Meitei singna toubiba natte, masana toujakhibani, ‘self-ghettoization’ ni. Meitei Pangal sing gi wakhal da makhoigi saktam asi Muslim gi saktam na henna maru oina loukhre, Meitei Pangal gi ethnic oiba saktamna pikna loukhre. Masigi mahei oina makhoina malem gi Muslim pumnamakpu makhoigi meeni, ‘eikhoi Muslim amattani’ haina louraga Meitei/Naga/Kuki-Chin (houminnarakpa) sing buna khara lapna lourakle. Meitei Pangal kanagumbanadi Meitei bu ‘eikhoi amattani’haibagi mahutta ‘Kafir’ ni haiduna hanthana yengba yaorakle. Masi identity gi mityeng hongkhibagi araaba khudam amani.Ariba Islam da ‘kafir’haibasi 34

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Islam laining chattaba meeni haibadagi henna phattaba wahandok leiramde, ngasidi phattaba nattraga hanthana loubagi wahandok leire. Tabada meeyamna ngakpigadaba wapham amadi Manipur gi Meitei Pangal singdagi Bangladesh ki Meitei Pangal singna henna Meitei (Pangal) oiri haibasini. Makhoi Bangladeshi Muslim singga kaya nakna tinnade. Meitei sing gana henna nakna tinnei.

Bangladeshi Muslim singga makhoiga charou mourounaba khut thekpa yana masing hanthari. Lonsu Bangla iyaan yaande, Meitei na henna lonyaan ngangngi.

Asumna Manipur gi Meitei Pangal singgi saktam gi wakhallon da achouba ahongba laklibasi malem sinba thungna leiriba PanIslamism nattraga Islamism (political Islam) gi eehou adugi saphugi potthok ni haijaningngi.

Pan-Islamism karino?

Meitei Pangal singna makhoigi saktam gi wakhallon honglakliba asi khangnabagidamak Pan-Islamism hairiba eehou asi karino, masigi hourakpham kadaidagino, amadi masi kayam kanba eehouno haibasi khangba mathou tai. Pan-Islamism khangdana ngasigi Meitei Pangal masak khangba ngamloi.

Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon asi ayiba Naveed S. Sheikh na makhagi asumna wahandok piri: “the ideational subscription to a unification, or integration, of Muslim peoples, regardless of divisive antecedents such as language, ethnicity, geography and polity�. Jaat, naat, lon, lam punba pundaba amadi laingaaklon-leishemlon gi khetnaba yengdana malemgi Muslim pumnamak amatta oina pusan-gadabani haiba wakhallon asi Pan-Islamism ni.

Ariba Pan-Islamism Islam laining asi hek hourakpa (Medina period) matam haibadi 35

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Hazrat Muhhammad (BPUH) ki matamdagi houna Muslim singda religious nationalism/Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon asi chetna leirake. Punba yadaba amaga amaga yamna yengthinabaArabia giArab tribe singbu punsanba haibasi Prophet (s.a.w.) ki yamna chaoba project/pandam ama oirammi. Maduda pan-Islamism asi achouba khutlai amaoiramgani.Muslim singgi apunbakhunnai (apun leibak, confederacy) adugi mamingMuslim Ummah haina khangnarakkhi.

Hazrat Muhhammad (BPUH) na 632AD da leikhidraba matungda Islam laining chatpa Muslim singgi luchingba oina Caliph (Arabic londa: Khalifah hai, wahandokti mahut sinba haibani) sing mathang mathang khankhi.Ahanba Caliph,Abu Bakr gi matamdaArabia gi Arab tribe pumnamak punsankhi. Arab tribe sing punsanba matamdasu Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon asi akanba khutlai ama oirammi.Ahanba Caliph 4 gi matamda (Rashidun caliphate, 632661AD) Muslim Ummah gi apun leibak asi Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Cyprus, Iran,Afghanistan, Sind,Tripoli amadi Egypt hapchanduna yamna pakthokkhi. Ummayad Caliphate (661-750AD) amasung Abbasid caliphate (750-1258AD, 1261-1517AD) ki matamdasu Muslim Ummah(Islamic confederacy) asi leppaleitana pakthokkhi.

Ottoman caliphate (1517-1924AD) matamdadi Europe ki Spain, Portugal, Sardinia, Malta, kha-Italy, Balkan leibak pumnamak (Black Seagi akoiba lamdam, Hungary,Moldavia, Crimea, Greece, Serbia, Bosnia, Caucassus lamdam (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), awang thangba Africa pumba (Egypt tagi houraga Morocco phaoba, khada Sudan), Central Asia (Turkistan, Uzbekistan, TransOxiana, Khorasan, Samarkhand), amasung Indian sub-continent pumbada sandokkhi. Masidagi hendokkhiduna Malaysia, Indonesia youna sandokkhi. Asuk chaokhraba leibak mayam asida leiriba Muslim pumnamakpu Muslim Ummah haina hujiksu khangnari. Islamic Caliphate asi malemgi puwari da khwaidagi chaoba amasung meesing yamna konsanba achouba empire singgi manungda athoibani. Masibu punsanbada Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon asi changdaba yadraba 36

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI machak ama oirammi.

Islamic Caliphate asi hek houbadagi houna punbada waba, sakchu, naat, lon, asinachingbagi lammda khetnabana pik thanba, achouba empire ama oibanina phajana laksindana mamingtagi oina leirammi haibada hendokna lande.Ayamba matamda Caliphate asi kuraangban gi oina leiraga manungda provinceprovince ki governor sing (Amir/Emir sing)naningtambaleingaaktouduna maningtouna pallammi. Supnatagi theory da Caliph ki makhada leibani hairaga thabaktadi ningtamba leibak oina leirammi.Karigumba matamdadi Caliph asi Islam laininggi makok oibagi ikai khumnaba adutamak piraga,politicskiningthourel oinalounakhidabamatamleikhi.Masigi mathakta matam matamgi oina ma magi Caliphate kayamarumsu lingkhatnarammi. 928 AD da Abd al-Rahman III na al-Andalus (Spain-Portugal) gi Caliph oire haina laothoklammi. 929AD dagi 1031 AD phaoba Cordoba (kha Spain) da Ummayyad sagei gi Caliphate ama lingkhatlammi. Egypt tasu Fatimid (Hazrat Mohammad (PBUH) ki macha nupi, Fatimah gi ee mari singni haijaba) singnaShia Caliphate ama lingkhatkhi.Baghdad tasu Sunni Caliphate ama hannadagi leirabani. 1250AD dagi 1517AD phaoba Egypt ta panba Mamluk singgi Emir dasu Caliph haiba mingthol pikhi. 1121 AD dagi 1269 AD phaoba Morocco dasu Almohad Caliphateleirammi.IndiagiSultansing(Khalji/Tughlaqyaona)amadi Mughal singsu Caliphate ni hainalaothokkhidrabasu Caliphate kum ningkha tamna haina human pallammi.Asigumba machoi machoi taba phibham asidasu Muslim singna amatta oina punsanningbagi wakhallon kanna leikhi. Masidasu Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon asi achouba khutlai ama oirammi.

Mayai oiba matamgi Pan-Islamism 1000AD gi matungda Islam lainingchatpa Muslim singasigi leechat kaithaba houkhi. Baghdad ta Caliphate ki konung hongkhraba matungdadi Caliph singsu lainingpurel oibadagidi ningthourel na 37

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI henna oikhre. Caliph yaona achou asaangphamnaiba ayamba sannei yunneiba, harao tayaamba, jagoi eesheida luppa, corruption da haaba, achaan meerai naiba, meeyambu ot-neiba, maning makha touba, hatningba hatpa, phuningba phuba, meenungsi chendaba, democratic oidaba, wayel chumdaba, Islamic law (sharia amasung hadith) thawoidaba — asinachingba phattaba leechatta meewoi ayamba puttharammi. Masidaagi Islamic Ummah gi apunba saktam kaithaba houkhi. Islam gi leechat sengna chatchaba Arab macha ayamba ning-hannaba poktuna konung thadoktuna Arabia da hannakhi. Baghdad tada nattana mapham khudingmakta Islam laining gi leechat kaithaba houkhi.

Asigumba leechat kaitharakpaphibham asida nungngaitaduna Islam laininggiasengbalainingleechathanjannabaeehoukayamarumIslam leibak singda hourakkhi. Masigi manungda khwaidagi maru oibadi Mahommed ibn Abd-e’l Wahab (1702-1791) na houdokkhiba, Wahabi movement amasung Seyid Mahommed ben Sennussi (1800-1859) na houdokkhiba aduga mameida mahakki macha nupa, Sennussi El-Mahdi (1844-1902) na saagatkhiba sennussiya movement aduni. Wahabi movement asi Arabia da mara takhiba eehou amani; aduga sennussiya movement ti Libya/Algeria da houkhiba eehou ni. 1700 dagi 1900 phaobada houriba eehousing adu gi maroooina pandamdi mamangngei gi Islamlaininggi asengba leechat aduda hanjan-gadabani amadi Muslim pumnamak amatta oina punsan-gadabani haibasini. Masi Pan-Islamism gi eehou ni haiba yai. Nigeria gi Faluni movement amadi Sudan gi Mahdi movement sumatam asigi IslamicrevivalismamasungPan-Islamism gi akanba eehou ngaktani.

Anouba matamgi Pan-Islamism Laining leechatta yamna kaithajarabasu, 17th CenturyAD phaobadi Islamic caliphate asi lamba yaodana pallammi haiba kaide. 13th century (1258 AD) da Mongol singna laan taraktuna Abashid 38

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Caliphate ki konung Baghdad thugaiduna Caliphate asi lousankhrabasu chahi 100 mukki manungda Mongol singna lingkhatpa leibak 4 mak Islam laining loukhiduna Islamic Ummah asi henna hennakankhatkhi.Adubu 17th centuryda European singna industrial revolution touduna khangchao chaokhatkhraba matungdadi Islam laining chatpa lam ayamba European singna khudum channaba hotnarakkhi. Matam asigi matungdadi Muslim singna maithiba amagi matungda maithiba ama leppa leitana phangduna European singgi loi oiba takhi. Khudam oina hairabada 1600 AD dagi 1800 phaobda Dutch East India Company na Indonesia gi Java khudum chankhi, 1800 AD da Sumatra amadi Indonesia pumba loi chankhi. 1779 gi Crimean war da Russia na Ottoman empire maithiba pikhi. Madugi mahei oina Black sea gi akoibada leiramba Muslim lamdam amasung Caucassus lamdam (Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan) pumnamak Russia na khudum chankhi. 1798 ta France ki ningthourel, Napoleon na Egypt ta landakhi. 19th Century gi mayai challakpa matamda British East India Company na Bengal (hujikki West Bengal, Bangladesh, Odisa, Bihar, eastern UP) khudum chankhi. 1830AD da France naAlgeria da landakhi; 1882 da Tunisia khudum chankhi. 1882 da British singna Egypt lousankhi. Makha tabada 1898 ta British singna Sudan lousankhi. 1892 da Spain na Morocco da landaduna khudum chankhi. 1800 da Russia na Khiva amasung Bukhara gi emirate sing (centralAsia, hujikki Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgystan, Kazakhstan) khudum chankhi. Asumna leppa leitana ningkhairakpana 20th century hourakpa matamdadi Turkey (Ottoman Empire), Afghanistan amadi Iran nattana malemda leiramba Muslim leibak pumnamak loilam leibak oikhre.Aduga makhatana khudum channaba taksanbasu leplamde.

Mathakki phibham asida Muslim pumnamak, maru oina lairik laisu heiba machin tongba pumnamak yamna nungngaitaba phaorammi.

Muslim sing na karida sonbadagi asuk yamna meekha tharibano haibasi makhoi pumnamakki thammoida hangba wahang oirammi.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Makhoina meekha tharibasi sontharakjpagini haibasidi makhoi pumnamakki wakhal mannarammi.Aduga sontharaklibasi karigino haibasigi matangdadi chaorakna khetnaba wakhallon ani leirammi.

Ahanba wakhallonna Muslim singna anouba matamgi science and technology gi mahei masing tamba watpasi khwaidagi chaoba maram amani haibasi oirammi. Wakhallon asibu sougatpa maru oiba meewoi singgi marakta India gi Sir SyedAhmed Khan (1817 AD-1898 AD), Muhhamad Iqbal (1876-1938), Iran gi Mulkum Khan (1833-1908), Aqa Khan Kirmani (1853-1896), Egypt ki Rifah at-Tahtawi (1801-1873) na maru oibani. 1876AD dagi 1909 AD phaoba Ottoman empire gi Caliph oiba, SultanAbdul Hamid II (1842-1918) su wakhallon asi khallammi.Anisuba wakhallonna Muslim singna sontharakpagi maramdi Islam laininggi awangba phidam adu Muslim singna thadorakpa amadi Muslim leibaksingna punsanbangamdabaasinani haibasini.Anisuba wakhallonasidi PanIslamism gi machi oiba wakhallon aduni. Pan-Islamism gi machi oiba wakhallon di Muslim sing punsanba (unity of the Muslims, ittihad-i Islam) amasung Muslim sing amuk hanna kankhat-hanba (Regeneration of the Muslims, ihya-i Islam) haiba ani asini.

1850 AD matunggi Pan-Islamism gi eehou gi makok thongba luchingbasingdi Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani (1837-1897), Muhhamad Abduh (1849-1905), Rashid Rida (1865-1935), Hassan alBanna(1906-1949), Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966), Sayed Abul ala Maududi (1903-1979), Beduizzaman Said Nursi (1877–1960), amadi Ayatollah Khomeini (1902-1989) ni haiba yai. Jamal adDin al-Afghani amasung Muhammad Abduh na 1884 da PanIslamism sandoknaba pao-che ama puthokkhi.Afghani di lairiksu irammi, masing thingamdraba letter mayam amasung masing thingamdraba article mayam amasu irammi. Makhoi anina Paris ta Pan-Islamism sandoknaba lup amasu semlammi. Rashid Rida na Pan-Islamism sandokpa paoche, ‘Al Mannar’ kouba ama phongkhi. Hassan al-Banna na Egypt ta 1928 ta Muslim Brotherhood (al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun) lingkhatkhi. Mahakna 40

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI leikhidraba matungda lup asigi luchingba Sayyid Qutb na oikhi.

Mahak 1966 ta Nasser government na pharsi touduna hatkhi. British India da pokpa Abul ala Maududi na 1940 da Jammat-i-Islami (JI) lingkhattuna Pan-Islamigi wakhallon sandokhi. Ayatolla Khomeini na Iran da Islamic revolution toukhi amasung PanIslamism sandokkhi.AsumnaPan-Islamism gi wakhallonasi malem gi kachin koya da leiba Muslim pumnamakta thungkhi.

Ottoman Empire gi mayon oiriba Turkey da naharolsing (Enver, Talaat and Jemal) na luchingba Lup, Young Turks (CUP, The Committee of Union and Progress) singna eehou houduna Sultan Abdul Hamid II bu 1909 da pham tahallaba matungda India gi Muslim singnaTurkish Empire adu mut-thattanabaamasungmasigi mapangal hanthahandanaba wapham khankhi amadi thourangsu paikhatkhi.Adubu eerang houreingei cheirak aduda matam adugi khwaidagi kanba power, British singna OttomanEmpire thugairaga, machet machet phaklaga ning tamhanba yabana tamhanba, makhoina lousanba yabana lousannaba kanna hotnakhi. 1911 da Libya landaduna war of Tripoli toukhi. 1912-1913 dasu Balkan war toukhi. Malem gi ahanba lanjao (1914-1918) houraba matungdadi leijabi pangal puthoktuna Ottoman Empire thugaikhi.

1918 da Libya na Ottoman empire dagi ningkha tamduna republic oikhi. 1919 da Syria lousanduna France ki protectorate onthokkhi.

1920 da Ottoman Emperor, Sultan Mehmed VI naTreatyof Sevres soi toukhraba matungdadi Ottoman Empire asi hujikki Turkey khaktangthamlamlagalam atei loinalouthokkhre.Chahi asimaktada Russia na landaraktuna Bukhara amasung Khiva (hujikki Uzbekistan, Kyrgystan, Turkestan amasung Kazakhstan) lousankhre. Palestine su British ki (British mandate ki) makhada thamkhre.

Malem gi ahanba lanjao (1914-1918) gi mamang, manung amasung matungda Britishsingna Ottoman Empire asibumachet machet kaya thokna thugainaba tourakpada malemgi Muslim pumnamakna 41

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Ottoman Sultan bu haibadi Islamic Caliph/Caliphate pu kanduna thamnaba akanba eehou changsinkhi. Muslim pumnamakna Caliph pu kanbana Islam laining kanba ngamgani haibagi wakhallon ama kanna khallammi. Khilafat movement (1919-1924)asi British India dadi yamna kanba eehou oikhi. Hindu luchingba M K Gandhi phaobana kanna sougatkhi. Turkey manungda hourakpa Mustafa Kemal Ataturk na leingak paikhraba matungda 1924 da Ottoman Cliphate mutthatkhraba matungdaKhilafat movement adu sithakhi.

Muslim leibak kaya thorakpa Malem gi ahanba lanjao (1914-1918) dagi houraga anisuba lanjao (1939-1945) loiraba matung 1960 aduwaidadi Muslim leibak ayamba nongchupki leibaksinggi makha thana mapangal sonna leijarabasu international lawgi mityengdagidi (neocolonialism) ning kha tamba leibak mathang mathang oirakkhi. Muslim singgi leingakki wakhallon da Muslim pumnamak punba leingak haibadi Caliphate ki wakhallon leirambadu nongchuplomgi nation-state ki wakhallon (TreatyofWestphalia, 1648 gi model) da lakkhi. Turkey gi Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938), Egypt ki Gamel Abdel Nasser(1918-1970), Pakistan gi Muhammad Ali Jinnah (18761948), Iran gi ningthourel Mohammed Rza Pahlevi (1919-1980), Iraq amasung Syria gi Ba’ath party gi luchingbasing, Jordan gi Hshemite ningthousing, Sudan gi IsmailAl-Azhari (1900-1969), Algeria gi ningtam eehougi luchingba, Ahmed Ben Bela (19162012), Libya gi ningtam lalhougi luchingba Omar Mukhtar (18581931), Tunisia gi Habib Bourguiba (1903-2000), Saudi Arabia lingkhatlamba Abdulaziz ‘Ibn Saud’ (1875-1953), Indonesia gi Sukarno (1901-1970), Palestine gi PLO luchingba Yasir Arafat (1929-2004) asinachingba Muslim leibakki luchingba pumnamak makhoi makhoigi leibak leibak (nation-state) ki wakhallon da eehou saagatkhiba meewoi ngaktani.

Asumna Palestine, Kashmir, Chechenya, Mindanao nachingba 42

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI leibak macha kharakhak nattana 1960 gi matungda Muslim leibak pumnamak ning kha tamkhrabasu malem gi Muslim kayamarumdi makhoigi punsandaba matou amadi mapangal yamna sonba amadi European-American singgi tung-inba leibak oina hingbaduda mathawai yamnanungngairamde.Makhoigi chummi hainakhanjaba apambadi 10th century AD dagi 15th century AD phaobada touramba adugumna malemda makhoina makok thongna haina human panduna hingba aduni. Islam lainginggi puwari khangba Muslim meewoi khudingmak 20th century gi aroiba sarukta makhoina phangliba maraibak adu yamna pellamde. Asigumba meekha thabagi pendaba asidagi Islamism amasung pan-Islamism thorakpani haiba yai.

Laan touba Pan-Islamism (Jihadi) 20th centurygi Pan-islamism gi wakhallon gi luchingbadi Hassan al-Banna (1906-1949), Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966), amasung Sayed Abul ala Maududi (1903-1979) ni haiba yai. Ngasigi khutlai da thajaba thamba (militant/radicalized) Pan-Islamist sing maru oina al Qaeda amasung ISIS ki wakhallon di maru oina mathakta panjariba luchingba ahum asigi wakhallon dagi makha samtharakpani. Makhoina khutlai paiba eehou houba sougatnaba mawongda Islam laining gi machi oiba kanglon kaya semdokkhi nattraga anouba wahandok pikhi haiba yai.Khudam oina hairabada, Islam laining gi ahoubagi changdaba yadaba maru oiba kanglon 5 haibadi yumbi 5 (5 pillars of Islam) da Jihad haibasi yaode.Yumbi 5 adudi (i) Shahadah (Allah khaktana asengba lai/ishwor ni); (ii) Salat (nongmada 5 rak namaj touba, lai khurumba); (iii) Zakat (lan thumgi saruk khara leita laira mee ateida katthokpa; (iv) Saum (Ramjan thada tha ama chara henba); amasung (v) Hajj (punsida amuktang oirabasu Mecca da chattuna lai khurumba) asikhaktani.

20th centurygi Pan-Islamism dadi mathakta pijariba yumbi manga asigi mathakta taruksubada jihad haibasi hapchallakle. Sayyid Qutb nadi ahanba 5 asidagi jihad na henna maru oi haina irammi. Al43

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Banna su makhagi asumna iraami, “…. Jihad is “an obligation from Allah on every Muslim and cannot be ignored or evaded”. Jihad haibasi Muslim amana toudaba sungya yadaba mathoudang amani haibani.

Jihad haibasi wahei amakhakta wahandok piba tarabadi ‘laininggi laan/religious war’hainahandoknei. Islam gi asengba wahandoktadi jihad haibasi ‘struggle/kanna hotnaba’ haibani. Islam laining hourakpa matamdadi jihad haibasi maru oinameewoibagi thamoida phaorakpa phattaba apambasingadu laksinnabagi thanungda ithanta toujaba struggle/hotnaba adubu khangnabani. Matam kharagi matungda Islam lainingbu namthanaba hotnaba meewoisingbu laan touduna thengnakhi; adugumba laan adubusu jihad haina khangnakhi. Makha tarakpada Islam laining sandoknaba laan toubasu yaorakkhi; madubusu wakhal ikhan khandana jihad haina khangnakhi. Adubu akonba makhalgi khutlai paiduna touba laan asibudi Hazrat Muhhamad (BPUH) na laan macha (lesser jihad) haina koukhi, aduga meewoibagi thanungda phattaba apamba laksannaba nungda toujaba laan adubuna laan achouba (greater jihad) haina koukhi. Khutlai paiduna touba laanpham ama mai pakladuna hallakpa matamda Hazrat Muhhamad (PBUH) na magi khongloisingda haikhi, “You have left the lesser jihad, now you are coming to the greater Jihad. The struggle against yourself.” Mee amana masamakka thengnaba jihad (the struggle against yourself) adubu achouba jihad ni haibani.

Adubu hairiba ‘nunggi laan tougadabani’ haiba wakhallon asi 20th century gi al-Banna, Qutb, Maududi, Azzam, al-Zawahiri na chingba luchingbasingnadi mapum oina hundokkhre haiba yare.

Al-Banna na irammi, “….. God ordained jihad for the Muslims not as “a tool of oppression or a means of satisfying personal ambition, but rather as a defense for the Islamic mission, and a means of implementing the Supreme message.” Magi wakhallon asida nung gi laan gi wapham yaodre. Mahakki wapham asida 44

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI anouba hakchanba wapham di jihad haibasi ‘Islamic mission’ ngaakthokpa amadi Islam gi ‘the Suprememessage’ adubu thabakta onthokpagi (implementing) pambei amani hairakpa asini.Wapham asigi nunggi wahandokti ‘jihadi Pan-Islamism’ ni; khutlai paiba laan na Islam ngaakkani, amadi malem pumnamakIslam chatpa lamdam onthokkani haibani. Hujik matamgi luchingbasingna jihad hairaga khutlai paiba laan khakta khangnare haibasi makhoina Quran gi wahei ‘hatlu amasung hat-hallu’(kill and be killed) (Surah 9:111) haibasi toina panba asina mayek sengna tak-i.

Mathakki wapham asigi mathakta Muslim singna ‘Jahiliyyah’ thengnagadabani (jahiliyyah gi mathakta jihad tougadabani) haiba wapham asi thorakpadagidi jihad asi tasengna khutlai paiba laan oirakle. Jahiliyyah haibasi asengbadi Islam laining lingkhattringeigi Arab singgi marakta leiramba achumba khangdaba (pre-Islamic Ignorance) amadi chaokhattaba matou (pre-Islamic barbarism) adubu khangnaba Arabic wahei amani. Prophet Muhammad (BPUH) na jahiliyyah gi maiyokta masibu mutthatnaba kanna hotnakhi, wakhallon gi amadi naat ki oiba struggle kanna toukhi.

Masidagi langla langjin louraklaga Maududi na nongchupki naat, leechat, khunnairol, leingaaklon pumnamak jahiliyyah ni, masibu thengnagadabani, masigi maiyokta jihad tougadabani hairak-khi.

Maududi gi wapham asi pakthok chaothok-hallaga Qutb na Islam nattaba pumnamak jihiliyyah ni hairakkhi. Qutb na jihad ki wahandok asi Muslim Ummah bu ngaak senba adukhakta natte hairammi. Mahakki wakhallon da Jihili oiraba taibangpan pumnamakpu Islam na maithiba piraga Islam na malemgi political power adu pairaga malemda asengba ishwor (Allah) gi leingaak lingkhatkadabani hairakkhi.Al-Banna na Islam asi malemgi ‘ism’ pumnamak yaoraba meewoibagi hounasa ga chanaba mapung phaba kanglon (a perfect integral system) amani haina khankhi.

Asigumba wakhallon asidagi ngasigi malemdathorakliba hakchinba Islamist sing asi mayon chonglakpani. ISIS tagi houraga al-qaeda, 45

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Egypt ki Islamic Brotherhood amadi al-Gama’a al-Islamiya,Algeria gi GIA(theArmedIslamic Group), Lebanon gi Hezbollah, Palestine gi Hamas, Nigeria gi Boko Haraam (Jamā’at Ahl as-Sunnah lidDa’wah wa’l-Jihād), Somalia gi al-Itihaad al-Islaami, Philippines ki Abu Sayyaf, Indonesia gi Jemmah Islamiya — pumnamak asi khutlai paibada thajaba hakchinba Islamist ngaaktani. Makhoigi pandam di malem gi Muslim pumnamak Islamic Caliph amagi makhada leibaapunba leingaak amagi makhada punsanba haibasini.

Aduga punsanbagi thoudousu khutlai paiba laan (jihad) touraga punsanbani.

Inou nouba Pan-Islamism Ngasigi malemda mathakta panjariba hakchinba Pan-Islamist sing asi nattana khutlai paidana, meehaat meepun toudaba ayingba mawongda Muslim pumnamakpunsannaba hotnajaba kangbu kaya amasu leiri. Makhoi asibu anouba Pan-Islamist (neo-Pan-Islamist) haina khangnei. Makhoigi marakta maru oiba eehou amadi Turkey gi political party,Welfare Party, gi luchingba, 1996-1997 da Turkey gi Prime Minister oiramba, Necmettin Erbakan na luchingkhiba eehou aduni. Mahakki Welfare Party na sougatpa CSO, National Outlook Movement” (Milli Gorus Hareketi, NOM) na 1992 da malem gi Muslim leibakki meehut, CSO singgi meehut, Islamic eehousinggi meehut amadi Muslim akhang ahei mayamna saruk yaba chahi chahigi phamgadaba meepham, ‘The Union of Muslim Communities (Musluman Topluluklar Birligi, MTB)’ kouba meepham ama phamkhi. MTB na malem gi Muslim mayam punsanbagi haibadi Pan-Islamism gi anouba wakhallon ama puthorakkhi. Meepham aduna thainagi ariba Caliphate lingkhatpagi wakhallon adu yade; MTB na saagatlakliba Pan-islamism gi mawongdi ngasigi malemgi phibham asida muslim leibaksing asi mutthatpa nattana Muslim leibaksinggi achetpa kanglup (International Muslim Bloc) ama saagatpani. Erbakan na Turkeygi PM oiraba matungda 1997 da malemgi achouba Muslim leibak 8 46

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI na saba leibaksinggi kanglup ama semkhi. Masibu D-8, haibadi Developing-8 haina khangnakhi. D-8 ki member singdi makhagi leibaksing asini: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan amasung Turkey. MTB na government yaodaba asengba Muslim Ummah punsannaba touba thourang ni; aduga D8 na Muslim leibaksing punsannaba hotnaba thourang ni. D-8 na ahanba member oiriba leibak 8 asikhaktada aroiba pandam thamlamde; matung tabada D-60 semlakpa tai haina Erbakan masamakna haikhi. Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon ni.

Masigi mamangda Islamic leibak singgi oiba, member 57 na saba ‘leibaksinggi lup’, OIC (Organization of Islamic Co-operation) kouba ama 1969 da semkhi. Leibaksinggi lup, OIC asi UNO gi mathangda member masing khwaidagi yamba leibak-lup amani.

OIC su Pan-Islamism gi eehou amani haiba yai. Adubu Hindu majority oiba India na member oidrabasu ‘observer’oige haiduna taknari.

MTB amasung OIC na touriba eehou asidi Muslim Leibak sing asibu sak khang-i. Ngasigi malemda leiriba nation-state singgi kanglon asi kaihandana thamlaga Muslim Ummah gi apunba saagatpa haibasi makhoigi wakhallon ni.

Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon khanba Meitei Pangal singna kari touri?

Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon paringda laklabadi, Pan-Islamist Meitei Pangal singnahujik hujik touribathourangthousildi malemda leiriba Muslimpumnamak,maruoinaBangladeshiMuslim,BengaliMuslim, Rohingya Muslim, Bihari Muslim sing bu kanglon amadi thourang thousil amagi makhada Manipur da pusallakpa haibasini.Asumna sak-chu, jat-bijat yengdana malemda leiriba Muslim pumnamak Manipur da pusallaga, makhoibu ayabana Meitei Pangal onthoklaga, yadabana onthoktana, Manipur da Muslim na 47

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI meesingda yelhoumee ateigi mathak thongba leibak ama semba haibasi makhoigi pandam oigani. Makha tabada makhoigi asangba wakhal di Manipur bu Muslim leibak ama onthokkhibani. Muslim na masing yamba leibak oirabadi ateibudi tanthokkhiba nattraga Muslim olhanba yagani haibasu khallamgani. Khudam oina hairabada, 1947 da hujikki Bangladesh (matamdugi East Pakistan) gi Muslim nattaba meegi masing asi apunba population gi chada 25 (25%) oirammi; hujikti chada 8 (8%) khakta ngairabani. Muslim onkhiba amadi taanthokkhiba animak toukhibani.

Manipur gi Muslim meesing asi apunba meesing gi 10% khakta oiribasi yenglagaMuslim na majorityoirakpa haibasi kanagumbana thajadaba yai. Adubu ngasi hen-gatlakliba chang asi yenglabadi 2050 aduwaidadi 50% helloidabagi maram leite. Ngasi WESEA (Indiagiawang-nongpoklamdam)gi oinapunnayenglabadi Muslim na apunba meesing gi 35% yourabani.

Ngasi Islam da hakchinba (radicalized amadi political Islam da thajaba Pan-Islamist)Meitei Pangal singna Manipur da changsilliba plan (thourang thousil) asidi saknairaba Statistician, Dr. R. K. Narendra na haiba ‘craft-resist domination’ (The Sangai Express, June 24-July 14, 2016) haiba thouwong aduni. Minority oiriba Meitei Pangal singna mathak thongnaba (dominate tounaba/masing yamnaba) hotnaba aduga hanna dominate touduna (masing yamduna) leiramba Meitei amadi atei yelhoumee singna madu thingnaba hotnaba (resist touba) haiba phibham aduni. Houjik makhoina houdoklibasi demographic competition gi thouwong amani. Wapham asi makhada pijariba achumba khudam changdam khara asina chummi haiba takcharabani.

Meitei Pangal gumba masing yamdaba phurup amana demographic competition gi programme tourakpada angang masing yamnaba hotnaba khakta oirabadi ateina thoidokna meepainingngai oide.

Toubadi Meitei Pangal sing asi Meitei amadi chingmee singdagidi chabok phaba yamna helli. 1881 da (British singgi makhada 48

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI leitringeida) British singna lannai oina touba Manipur gi census ta Meitei Pangal gi meesing asi Manipur gi apunba meesinggi chada 2.2 (2.2%) oirammi. Chahi 50 gi matungda haibadi 1931 da 5% oirakhi. Chahi 30 gi matungda 1961 da 6% amadi chahi 30 amagi matungda 1991 dadi 7% oire. 2001 dadi 8.7% oire. Matam asidadi Manipur gi meesing pabada meetop (mayang, Nepali amadi atoppasing) mayam ama yaore. Makhoi louthokkhrabadi Meitei Pangal gi meesing asi Manipur gi apunba meesinggi 9.3 % youre (Source: Dr. M Manimohon Meitei, cited by Dr. Biswanjit Singh Loitongbam, MPRA_paper_80991). Mamangda chahi 30/30 da 1% hen-gatlambadu akonba chahi 10 asidadi 2.3 % hen-gatle.

Hairiba matam asida Meitei singgi apunba meesing di 1881 da Manipur gi apunba meesinggi chada 59 (59%) oirambadagi 2001 dadi chada 48 (48%) khakta oire. Chingmee gi meesing di 1881 da 39 % oirambadagi 2001 da 38% da hantharaktuna supnatagi 1% khakta hantharakkhi. Meitei amadi chingmee gi meesingna hanthakhraga Meitei Pangal singgi meesingna 9.3%da han-gatlibasi pokpa khaktadi oiramgadaba mandre. 1961 da 6% oiba adudi pokpadagi oirambasu yai.Aduga 9.3% youriba asidi meetop yaore haiba masana tare. Hairibasi 2001 gi wani, hujikti (2018) 11% youre hairi (Impact TV, Manung Hutna, 2018/05/24).

Ngasi Meitei Pangal nattaba Muslim masingyamna hen-gatlakapagi khudam kayauri.Nongmaijingchinggichingkhong(Wakhamanak), Heingang gi Marjing chingkhong, Waithou manakki Chingei, Ngariyan chingkhonggi Huikap changpham, Yairipok YambemChangamdabi gichingkhong,Nunggaipokpimanakkilaichingkhong, Haorou, Borayangbi nachingba maphamsingda anouba Bangali/ Rohingya Muslim manba meewoisinggi khul kaya thorakle. Masigi mathakta hannagi Meitei pangal khun singda meetop masing yamna leirakpagi pao yamna lei. Mamangdasu panjakhre, ngasigi Meitei Pangal khun sing asi ghetto oikhrabani; mapan-ga kaya samnadre.

Maram aduna atei yelhoumee phurup (Meitei, Naga, Kuki-Chin) singna Meitei Pangal khunsingda meetop masing kayam hen-gatle 49

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI haiba khangdre.

Meetop changsillakpada lamjingbinaba (lambi chingbagi amadi che chang gi thourang toubiba) amadi okpinaba (youraklaga leipham, lotpham piba, lon-li, chatna-lonchat tambiba, sendaan lambi sembiba) yaodana maromdom lakchaba haibasidi yamna luba thabak amani, oithokloi haibasu yai. Lamjingbinabaamadi okpinaba mee leirabadi kananasu meetop thingba ngamde. Manipurgi ngasigi phibham asida Meitei Pangal meewoisingna lamjingbirabadi amadi okpirabadi Muslim meetop changlakpasi thingba ngamloi.

Muslim meetop changlakliba asigi mahei kari oigadage?

Ngasigi malemda Muslim singgi meesing asi 1.8 billion (2015) ni haibadi malemgi apunba meesinggi chada 24.1 (24.1%) ni.

Pumnamak asi Manipur da changlakpagi ayaba pirabadi Manipur di kari oigani? Apunba meesing asigi 0.01% khaktang changlakpada Manipur da leppa phaoba challaroi. Pan-Islamist Meitei Pangal singna hujik hujikmak touriba asidi phibham asi puraknaba toubani. Phibham asi lakpada lamdam asi kari oirakkadage haibasi eikhoina hiri konduna yengdaba yadaba wapham amani.

Manipur gi Pan-Islamist Meitei Pangal sing amadi Muslim meetop pusillakpa kaide haina khalliba pukchel chaoba CSO luchingbasing (Impact TV, Manung Hutna, 2017-09-12) na khalliba Manipur da Muslim na majority(50% henba) oiba haibasi tarai taraina yagadaba natte. Manipur, maru oina tampak asidi meena pik thallaba, charu maka ama hellakpada luplagadaba hee amaga pangkhak oiraba lamdam amani. Lam asida hujik 11% oiriba Meitei Pangal singna 50% youna masing hen-gatlakpa haibasi, hanna leiraba meena ma magi hannagi laining thadoklaga Muslim ollakpa nattragadi wathok chaona thokkadaba thourang ama oigani. Muslim na 50% yourakpa 51% yourakpa thamkhisi, 25% yourakpada lamdam asi kanglup 50

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI masel gi muknabada mee hingba yadaba norok ama oiragani.

Lamdam amada meesinggi khal kairakpada (demographic imbalance oirakpada) kinaribasi phibham asi lakkani haibagini.

Eikhoi kari tougadage?

Manipur da khundariba yelhoumee pumnamakna meetop changsillakpa asi khwaidagi maroo oiba hiram oina lougadabani.

Manipur asi yamna khudong thiba, iraaknaraba phibham amada leiribani. WESEA na amukka henna khudong thiba phibhamda leiribani. Masi khangna eikhoi hingadabani.

Ngasidi eikhoi Muslim meetop changlakpa thingbadana henna pukning chang-gadabani. India gi mayonlamdagi Muslim nattaba meetopsing changlakpa asidi meeyamgi akanba eehou leirabanina meeyam gi eehouna potlum asi pujakhragani haibasu yai. Makhoibu lamjingbirakkadaba amadi Manipur da okpinaba meesu irei leite.

Myanmar lomdagi eikhoiga sak chu mannaba Kuki-Chin phurupki meetop singchanglakkhibaadusuhujikti thoidoknakiningngai oidre; maramdi Myanmar da hairiba phurupsing asigi meesing asi yamba natte amadi leibak asida sen-thum gi phibham phagatlaklabanina ngasidi changlakpagi mahutta thokkhiba yaorakle. Muslim meetop changlakpakidi Meitei Pangal singna puraknaba amadi okpinaba mee oibanina meetop atei changlakpadagi kaa henna lui haibani.

Muslim meetop changlakpa thingbada Manipur gi yelhoumee ateidagi Meitei Pangal singna henna chaoba thoudang lougadabani.

Muslim meetop changlakpa thingba haibasi Meitei Pangal singna thinglaba matamdata chada chamma mai pakkadabani.

Meitei Pangal ahal laman amadi akhang aheisingda haijaba Manipur da Muslim meetop changlakpa thingbada Meitei Pangal singna henna chaoba thoudang loudrabadi thabak asi mai pakloi 51

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI haiba achumba asi thabak oina onthoknabagidamak Meitei Pangal ichil inaosing, amadi ahal-laman, akhang-ahei singda makhada pijariba waphamsing asi khannabinaba thamjari.

Pan-Islamist Meitei Pangal kharana Muslim meetop pusallaklaga Manipur da meesinggi lamjel ama houdorakliba asi lepkhinaba ahal laman singna makhoibu wakhal tahanbiba mathou tai.

‘Demographic/population jihad’ ki mawongda changsillakliba thouwong asina Meitei Pangal su yaona yelhoumee eikhoi pumnamak meirakta hunjallagani. Masidagi Meitei Pangal na tongjagadaba karisu leite.

Meitei Pangal singna Manipur gi yelhoumee oiba Meitei Pangal gi ethnic identity asi yoktuna thamba haibasina eikhoigi phibham ga channaba achumbaporam pomit oigani hainakhanjei. Meitei Pangal gi ethnic identityngaakna ngaakna Muslim oibaakaiba kari leibage?

Malemgi Muslim khunnaisingda ethnic identity ngaakna hingbasi Muslim khunnai pumnamakna sougatnari. Saudi Arabia da government na Pan-Islamism amadi Pan-Arabism gi wakhallon kanna sougatlabasu atei Muslim meetopti changhandanaba kanna hotnari; Muslim meetop ateida citizenship pibagi kanglon yamna luhalli. Malem gi Muslim singgi marakta sak-chu jat-bijat khaibagi wakhallon kanna leiri. London University gi Prof. Sami Zubaida na Europe ta leiba Egypt amadi Cyprus, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Iraq na chingba Levant lamdamdagi lakpa Arab singna Persian Gulf tagi lakpaArab singbu chaokhatte haina khanduna hanthana khanbagi wa iri; makha tabada Arab singna Bangladesh amadi Pakistan dagi lakpa Muslim singbu amukka henna hanthana yengbagi wasu iri. Ethnic identity gi wapham asi Muslim marakta matam sangna leikhigadouri.America gi Muslim cleric amasung Professor, Dr. Zaid Shakir na irammi, “Islam does not reject the idea of a nation.” Prophet Muhammad (BPUH) na mahakki matamda tribe amaga tribe amaga kaa henna yengthinaba leirambadu tokkhinaba Pan-Islamism gi wakhallon kanna 52

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI sandokcharabasu, tribe ki amasung jati gi identity mutthatnabadi touramde. Mahak masamaknasu ‘Ei Quraysh tribe ki luchingba Abdul Mutalib ki masu nupani’ haibasi yamna toina haikhi.

Ngasidagi chahi 100 mukki mamangda French singna phiringi lamlouda Algeria khudum chansillakpa matamda madubu thengnakhibaMuslimulama(Islamicscholar)singgikhollaodi“Islam is my religion,Arabic mylanguage,Algeria myfatherland” haibasi oikhi. Makhoina nationalism (Algeria) amasung culture (Arbic language) animak hundokkhide. Masiga chap mannana Meitei Pangal singnasu ethnic identity ngaakna amadi atoppa yelhoumee singga henna naksannana hingbada eikhoi pumnamakki henna yaiphagani haina khanjei.

53

AESoI sKtM zaKn hiZSisira?

LUWANG NINGTHOU taIbx miyoIbgi hOrK warid mhaKki SuNnaIgi SoZcT AmmM soIdn lEngni > maleMsigi mnuZd miyoIbn SuNliZb lEpaK lEndun hiZnribni > hOjiKki mnipur mtM Amgi mmiZ kya HoNdun SuNnaI liZlKtun niZHOroL 64 heNn paNlKtun zsi faUbd lEribni > puwarigi taZkK kyadgi zsi faUbd hiZlKlib mnipur Asid lErib SuNaIsiZ Amdi furuPsiZ Asi Aesiyagi mfM kyadgi mrNnaI AoIn hoZnrKp miyoI furuP kyagi miyoIsiZn SuNdandun lMdM Asigi SuNnaIsiZ seMlKSibni > zLlizE mtMdgi hOn tozaNb mfM kyadgi laKnrg sagEgi niZHO paNb lEpaK AmmM seMndun Amg Amg heNjiNnb yandn piKSCrb lMdM Asid mniZ tMb lE p a K siZ lE r Mlibni > mtMgi mtu Z INn miyoIbgi hiZmiNnbd nuZzaIn paNmiNnb haIb caUSTp waSLloN Asi SxnrKpdgi lMdM Asid lEmiNnrib furuP SudiZmK AmTt AoIn puNsiNgdbni haIbgi waSLloNd SuNnaI Asisu , lEpaK Asisu puNsiNdun miyoIbn caUSTpgi HOdaZ Adu lMdMsidsu UTtun caUSTp lEpK a SuNnaI liZdun laKSi > puNsiLlb SuNnaI Asigi mmiZn hOmi nTtCrg mEtE Adug puNsiLlb lEpaK Asigi mmiZn poIrE mEtCrpaK Amdi kxlEpaK kOdun chi lisaZ siTn myeK Ib hEtCrizEdgin myeK Ib hErKlbdgin zsi faUbd chi lisiZ kyagi SuNnaI liZdun puwari seMdun laKSibni > lMgi sNn mci heNn saZlMgni SNdun msagi mtiK Sxjdb msabu Hajjdb miyoI mEtE SuNnaId yaUrKpn Amdi mtMgi miyoIbn caUSTpgi SoZjeL yaZSTlKpn mtoMt yuM hoZlKp nTtb lEpaK AoIn lOsiNb laKpdgi lMdM Asigi hiZlib puNsi mhiZ Adu HugaIdun mSoIgi SuNnaIgi kaZloN cTnhNb Asi lEpaK lOsiNb nTtCrg loIlM sNdoKp laKp miyoIsiZgi tOdCrb yadCrb HbKni > mxgoLloIT kaZbun laKpn lMdMsid SuLliZdun lErbni, mEtE SuNnaIgi mnuZd hiZmiNnb laKSibni > noZcuPki myaZsiZn laKSibn myaZ SuNnaI AoNHoKp Amdi myaZ lEpaK AoNHoKp laKSibni > tratruK sub chicagi loIrMdaI haIbdi 1709 dgi tseZn myaZ SuNnaI AoNHoKnbgi HbK Asidi foZn safoZlKSibni > mtMdudgi hOdun myaZ SuNnaI AoNnb hoTnbd yeLhOzEdgi lErKlb SuNnaI Adudi AduM liZhNdun HMb yadbnin muTHTp tabni > muTHTp haIbsimKtbu SubMdgi hOrg mEtE SuNnaIgi sKtM haNn muTHTp haIbsin SCwaIdgi mru AoIb SoZHaZ Amni > mrNnaI AoIjrMt Hidun lEb mifTt SuNnaI SudiZmKt yaUdun AduM 54

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI cTlibni, haIrib mifTtsiZ Asibu mtM can SuNnaIn laKsiNhOdbd fTtb laI AoNdun SuNnaI Adu mitoPt msagi SudoZcab SrgidmK yoNHoSibd krisu nacuZgdb nTte > msiguMb waSLloN ceLlb SumiT SudaZgi mca msusiZn lEp aK lOsiNb laKpsiZd nPsiNdun msagi SudoZcab lOnb hoTnbdgi mEtE yeLhOmin lESa taSibni > liZjeN cP maNnn lePlib lEpaK Amd piKkera caUgera lEpaK Amn heKt SuT HiZjiLlKp zMfM HoKte > Adubu HugaInb hoTnb haIbsidi AsoNb Hidun haNn paIrg HugaIb hOb tabni > mikahNb Amdi klK mihOhNb haIbsin AhaNb SoZHaZni > msagi AoIjrMt SNdun lErib middi lEpaK lOsiNb laKp miyoIsiZddi yaMn laIn mikahNdun lnaI miyoI Adubu suMlg mSoIgi ApaMbgi mtuZ INn sijiNnSib tabni > mEtE SuNnaI Amdi mEtCrpaK HugaISib Asi myaZnni haIbd yeTnfM kri lEribge ? lMdM Asid laIniZgi Amdi kaZluP furuPki yeTnb lEndn mtM AsuK kuIn paLlKSibsibu mtO krMn HugaIb hOSibge haIbsi taZkK naIn Sxb zMdCrbdi mEtE SuNnaI nTtCrg kxlE SuNnaI mtMg caNnn hiZgThNb suKzM zMloI > yeLhOmi mEtEgi laIniZ HugaIrg yeLhOmi mEtE SuNnaIgi yuMfMsu HugaIb tabni, hiNdu laIniZ nTtn lMdM Asid AtE laIniZ cTp yaroI haIdun myaZ laIniZ Asi nMdun kxlE lMdM Asid liZSTlKpdgi magi maIyoKt lEb laIniZ, mhamdN laIniZ (IslaM laIniZ) Asisu AduM hOgTlKSi , mEtE laIniZ muTHTlbsu noZcuPki laIniZ SCristaN laIniZ Asi lOdun hiNdu paMdbsiZn, AtE laIniZsiZ lOdun HEdoKSi > AsuMn SuNnaI Asi msuZ kya HoKn HugIa Si > zsidi loIlM lEpaK INdiyan mpaZgL kNSTlbnin furuP puMnmK AmTt puNb yahNdnb siZceP myaM HaSidun furup-kaZluP (IHniK AaIdeNtiti) myaM HoKhNdun AmTt puNb yadnb hoTnbd SumaZ yaMn caUsiLhLli yaMn maI paKlibni > miyoIb SuNnaI Ambu kyaM kuIn nMHb Amdi muTHTp traI traIn zMfM HoKte > kuIn nMHdun HMlib SuTpaI Adu coKHrKp naIbnin Sr koMlKpg 1930 duwaIgi mtMdgi mEtE mpari AniSKn mHOna lEn hOgTlKtun mEtE laIniZ muTHTlMb Adugi hiZgTnb myoN coZhLlKSib mhaK Adudi naUriya fulo haIn Sxnb mpar i Asini > Adug lEzaKloNd paSxb fMbaLd myaZ In fMgaSibdgi lEzaK cuMn wayeNb hEtCrb myaZgi yakda yeZdun laKSib lEzaK Asigi maIyoKt mpari Am toMHiN zaLlKSi > haIrib mHOna frb msagi AoIjb AmTt Hidn mrEpaK mjaTtigi kTHoKpirMlb hijM IraboT myaMn neta IraboT haIn Sxnrib mpari Asini , mSoI Asin mtM AmTtd pari puri SoZguL lirKtun zsidi myaZ Amdi INdiyan nMHb Amdi HugaInb hoTnrib SoZHaZ Asidgi naNHoKnb lMbi yaTpidun kxlE SuNnaIgi myoN coZhLlMle > 55

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI mtMgi SoZcTpu taIbx miyoIbn fTtb tObsiZgi mcTpu kyaM kuIn loTtun HMb zMgni > cP maNnb miyoIbbu HaK SeTnhNdun HMlib INdiya lEzaKnbu kyaM kuIn kxlEpaK mnipurbu nMHdun HMb zMgni > hOjiKti miyaM mikP HoKle , miyoIbbu miyoIbn nMHnb yadbgi maleMgi AoIb kaZloN lErb mtM Asid myaZ Amdi INdiyan kyaM kuIn nMHdun HMb zMgni > maleM sid lErib mipuM SudiZn Amdi lEpaK SudiZmKn min mibu AoTtb Amdi nMHdb haIdun miyoIbgi HaK waZb cTnbi Asi lErbnin maNnb SuNnaI liZnbgi kaZloNd loIn cxsiNnrKlibni > Adun kxlE mEtE SuNnaIdi pCrikMmunijM dgi AegalitriyaN SuNnaIgi kaZloN cTndun laKSib Amdi mdugi SuNnaI kaZloNsiZ lEribnin mtMg caNnb SuNnaI liZbd mtM kuIn cxgdb nTte > haIrib Asi pari puri SoZguL liniZdb taIbx miyoIbgi, caUST SoZcT cTniZdb kxlEpaK mnipurgi miyoI yaUrbdi caUSTn mniZ tMn hOgTp zMloI > msagi yeLhO sKtMbu zaKnb hoTnb haIbsi muKnb Am soIdn lErgdbni, haIrib muKnb Asi zsigi mnipuri miyaMn mtiZ HoKn HeZnrbdi sKtM muThNb zMloI > AcuM AraN Hidun AcuMbgidmK laNHeZngni haIb SNdb lMdM Asigi miyoI haIrbdi msagi AoIjrMgit SNdun lErb nPc-taZjbn mSoIgi mcT AoIrb miyoIsiZddi laIriK fn hEdunsu seN fn paIdunsu yeKnb msK Sxn laNHeZnb muKnb suKzM zMloI > AsuK kNSCrb INdiya Asig HeZnbd zMloIdbnin AESoI AduM mSoIn tObdu AduM yarg loIre haIdun foZn IleKtCroniK mediyad IkaIb SxdmSE sagEgi mEtaN Asib AoIrb Srn haIb zMlib AsiguMb miyoIndi kdaIdgi sKtM zaKn hiZgdbni haIb waSNk toKSCrbni, msagi SudoZcab Srg mjatigi sKtMg AoNnHoKSCrbni > mizoNd SudM pib toKlg Isad AmuKt yeZsine , AESoIbu INdiyad yaUrb mtuZdgi kyaMn caUSTp AhoZb laKlbge ? miyoIb haIbsidi caUSTlMdbdgi caUSTnb hoTnribni > hOjiK cTlibsidi caUSTlMb mEtE SuNnaIdgi caUSTtb myaZ SuNnaI AoNHoKlibni > SudM AoIn myaZ SuNnaId mSoI mseN HaK SeNnb myaM lEdun , seNHoK lMbid yaMn Hin SeNnhNdun Amn Ambu saHin nMHnE , cuMngi nMHbt nTtn soKn sMnb yahNdbgi cTnbi Asi koKhNgdbsi zsidi heNn AtoNb kaZbug carOnb yahNde > kriguMb INSTlKp nha AoIbnin nuZsindun yuMbaN lMbi cTlMlbdi , AmaZb seN paIdb ImuZgi mcanupa AoIrgn AseZb seNpaIb kaZbugi miyaMn fudun miyaM mmaZd haTlibni > Adug nupi AoIrgn miyaM mmaZd AseZb seNpaI kaZbugi nTtCrg jaTki nupag yuMbaN lMbi cTlubgi hiZn mE Hadun haTlibni > AsiguMb cTnbi lErib INdiyanbu krMn mEtEsiZgi, miyoIb haIbsi SeTnb lEte AmTtni haIdun zLlizE mtMdgi lErKlb cTnbi Asidgi heNn caUSTli haIdun zaZb zMlib mitMbaN Srn lMdM Asi yoNbdi yaroI > loNn mcuM cadun nsabu 56

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI yoNjbdi kaIde , mdu nTtdun nSoI Srn myaZn tOrimSE loIn yagdbni haIdun foZnk zaZdun nHOna fb sarib miyoIsiZdi paUna brjbasigi HaZsaZ paIb lMdMsigi sKtMd siZnb yadb miyoI msiZ Sxdn lEri haIbsi kaUdb fE > AoIj Hib mSoI Srn SLlib hiZnb seNHoK lMbi mnipurgi lEte haIdun haIb zMlib HbK suniZdb mizoNdgi nirg cagni haIn SNb Srn haIrg heKt yagdCra > hOjiKsu tOsine kuM cuPp can-HKnb, mhE-mroZ, mna-msiZ, UhE-wahE nciZbsiZ Hab yadb lMdM Asid lEbCra ? INdiyagi loIlM lEzaKki laZlOn poTHoK puHoKfMsiZ krino Am tOrg sijiNnb yadnb haNn tOribsi HiZsine > lMdM Asigi caUSCrb ciZgi lMdM Asid krino Am haIjiLlg sijiNnb yahNdn HMle, tMpaKtn loKtaK pCrojeKki mmiZd IsiZ HuMhNdun haNn kuM nMdun cabd loIb zMdb poTHoK puMnmK HoKhNdCrib Asidi haNn yeZb zMdCrg poTHoK lEte haIribsi miT paNdb , yeKnbn tOrib IrEpK a ki maZjrib HbK Adu HiZb zMddun yeKnbd yasiNndun nsagi AoIjb Hidun tuZgidmK SNdbn miyoIbgi licT AoIrib, paHaZ puHaZ naIn Igi mri tTtn ceNHrib SoZcTpu nhaKHKt mipaZd AoIbdgi HugIa b zMlib miyoIsiZddi AcuMb Afb AmTt mtiZ HoKn tOb zMlroIdbni > miyeZ AmuKt cuMmune, lMdM Asigi miyoI Amn hiZbd cxlib seNfM Asi kyano ? kya lErg yagdObno ? AmuKt SxdoKsine, zsigi taIbx miyoIbn SuT-sa hEbgi AzKp fxn caUSTtun lEklx agi lMdM faUbd miyoIbn canbgi poTHoK mraZ kaIn puHoKp zMlb mtM Asid mnipurgi lMdM Asiddi mhOsagi SuTseMn AyiZ-Asa SN naIn HMbidun SuTseMgi seN cxhNdn poTHoK mraZ kaIn puHoKp yardOb Asid krigi suniZdCribno? SjiKtx cabd heKt HNgNb puK mca paNb lEpuZsN guMb mxgoLloIT ki sbaNd poKlubn yaMnsu cadb AESoIn krigi canb puHoKpt nTtn heNn puHoKtun yoNb karigi yaroIdOrino ? yoLlb , seN AduM fxgdOribni, seNbu fxlb seNleP lePsiNdun heNn caUb seNHoK lMbi seMb zMgdOribni > mrM Asin lMdM Asid IniZ tMn siNjdun caUSTnb hoTnb yabgi lEzaK Adu yaMn mHOtaI > AduguMb lEzaK Am lErbdi maNnb SuNnaI liZdun miyoIbgi SeTnb lEtb, AwaT-Apa lEtb mikanbdgi , klK yeZHinb poKndun Amg Amg yeZsiNnbgi hOrKfM AoIrib paZdb Amdi HbK suniZdb haIb licTsiZ Asi lMdMsigi miyaMd lEtCrbdi AwaTp lEtn Ana AyeK faUb yaMn hNHndun puNsi nuZsaZn puNsi pNdoN loMndun chi caMmdi hiZnb zMgdOribni > maleMsin caUSTlKpd INdiyan lMdM Asibu kyaM kuIn nMHb zMgdOri , Aesiya N ha I we liZSTlKp Asi INdiya n mnipu r nMHdu n HMb yarKloIdOribni , INdiyan fn kNn IkaIb Sxdn hoTnrbsu maleMgi 57

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI caUSTmiNnb (gClobelaIjesN) gi SoZcTti HiZb zMloI > lMbi Asi laKlbnin INdiyagi loIlM lEzK a ki polisid seNHoK lMbi lEtnb hoTnrib Ado zMlroI , noZpoKt lErib IyuroP Amdi Aamerika guMn caUSTlKlib tatroN-tyaI-tacO SoI myaM lErbnin myaZ AoNnb fn kNn hoTnrbsu zMlroI > seNsu yaMn paIrni poTHoKsu yaMn puHoKp zMlgni HbK fxdb mi AmTt lErroI Adudbu INdiyan krMn nMHdun HMb yagdOribno ? AsuMn tObsi nTtbCra miyoIbgi nuZzaIb haIbdu > msi tOb yadCribsi knanno AmuKt yeZsi , miyoIb haIbsi siZSCrbni, Afb AcuMb tObd siZb AoIrbdi mtiZ lEb caUSTp kOgdOribni > miyoIbgi msagi sKtM zaKcb haIbsi mtaZ Asid lEre > mpa-mpun mniZ tMhNdun laKSib lMdM Ambu miSa poLlibsi AcuMbni haIb zMdb laIriK hEb mca-msu myaM poKlKp Asidi mpa-mpu yoNb mcamsu AoIre haIb yarbni > msigi tayoNnb waSL Asi lMdMsigi miyaMn SNbd yaMn IkaIniZzaI AoIb wafMni, msi SLloIsi> zsidi maleM Asi maNnb SuNnaIgi AhaNb SoZcT AoIrib sosiyeLlijM mpuZ fan cxsiLnrKli, AsiguMb taNja Asid AESoIsu miyoIbgi caUSTmiNnbgi sKtMd tiNb zMdCrizEd maZjOnn sKtM maZb yaroI, hyeZ maNnb SuNnaI AoImiNnb mtMddi miyoIb ha I bsi AmTt AoIdu n SeTnb lE t b miyoIb AoISigdOribni > mdugi taNja Adu yOdCrizEd AcOb kaZbusiZd haNn puNlsi hyeZ puNdO lErbni haIbsi yafM HoKte > mrMdi AcObn mca yoTSibg hyeZ mi mseNni nMHnb Amdi AoT nEbib, sKtM maZhNb yade haIbsig yaMn SeTnE > waSN tamiNndun miyoIb mseN AmTtni haIb yandun Amn Ambu IkaI SuMndun puNb, SudM AoIn kxlEpaKt tozaN tozaNb niZHO kyagi mSad lEpaK liZndun lEnrMbdgi luwaZ niZHO puNsibn hOdoKtun lMdMsid lErib AESoI loInmK yeLhOmi mEtE AoIn puNsiLlsi Adug lMdM Asin poIrE mEtCrpaK kOrsi haIbd yeTnb AmTt yaUndn puNSib , AdugMu b mwoZ lEtCbdi AcObn mca yoTsiNSib haIbsidi sKtM zaKp nTtCrg puNsiNb kOb yade , haIrib mtM Asi faUbdi mEtEsu mEtE AoIn AduM lEjgdbni > mEtE SuNnaIgi mrKtgi msan laIriK hEre haIn SNjb kaZbu Srdi mpa-mpugi licT AmTt cTtCrg migi mcTt waIdun lEbsiZndi jatigi sKtMgi waSL SLlib miyoIsiZ Asi ApiKp waSL ceNbni haIn haIri , msi mtiZ AmTt yaUdCrb AcuMb AmTt SxdCrb , Sxlbsu yeKnbd kibdgi mSoIn tOrizE yaHoKSCrb miyoIsiZgi wafM AoIgdOribni > mrM Adun yeLhOmi mEtEsiZ Isagi sKtM zaKn hiZSisi haIrbdi ,lEzK a loN Amdi seNmiTloN, InaT-laIniZ , kLcr puMnmK mtMg canb mwoZd seMgTp zMlsi > AwaIb laIniZ licT, lEzaKloN, SuNnaI kaZloN Amdi AwaIb minaT puMnmK HadoKtun msagi mnaTsiZ hNjNnb hoTnb Amdi AmMb 58

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI msK Udb (laId) Hajdun poTk (metriyeL) g miyoIbg lEnrib mri Adu SNddun laIn puMnmK seMbni , laIn tMb lEtn miyoIbn tMb zMloI haIdun taIbxpaN msK Sxdn pxcT cTp puNsi mreLd cTlbdi AseZb taIbx SoZcT Sxb zMloI > yeKnbn SuTlaI AoIn sijiNnrib mitoPki laIniZ licT, minaT hEnbi AoIrb puMnmK HadoKp zMdCrbdi yeKnb INdiya Amdi myaZ SuNnaIbu siZndun mtiZ lEb lEpaK SuNnaI hNjiNdun mniZ tMn lEzaKcb suKzM zMloI > lMdMsid yeLhOmi mEtE SuNaIgi sKtM zaKn hiZSisi haIrb IpanaT IpunaT yaNsiNndn SNdoKlg SuNnaIgi yuMfM Asi nOn HoNdun maleMd miyaMn IkaI SuMnrb mniZ tMb lEpK a AoIn liZb zMgni > kriguMb mitoPki AwaIb puMnmK HadoKp zMdn caUSTkdOribni yawoL tOgdOribni kaIn SNjrg lErb leZl leZlg puTHdun hOgThNb suKzM zMdn SuNaI Asi msan haTtoKcb miroL haIbdu zsigi miroL Asin msabu Hajjdbdgi haTtoKcb AoIrgdOni > yeKnbgi SuTlaI AoIrib AHoTp SuTlaIsiZ lOHoKlg AESoIgi Ipa Ipun HMbirMb puMnmK hiZgThNdun mtMg cann hiZgThNb zMlbdi maleMgi mmaZd hiZdun HaP waZn maleMd IkaI SuMnb zaKn hiZb zMgni>

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kxlE SuNnaId caUSTp (civilization) gi miTyeZ LUWANGCHA kxlEpaK mnipurd caUSTp puNsi mhiZd hiZmiNndun caUSTp SuNnaI Am seMsi haIrbdi Karl Marx ki waSLloN Asi mmuT tan Sxlg , miyoIb haIbsi AmTtni cP maNnE , miyoIb mseN nMHndn HaK cP maNnb HaK SaIdb puNsi mhiZ Adu lEdun , AwaTp lEndCrb mtMdud Ixn ciKn paNb puNsi mhiZ Adu (social harmony) lEgdOribni > miyoIb haIbsi AkKnb mtM SjiKtx hinbgi mfM Amgi mnuZd lEnbnin , Srg heNHn miyoIbn puNsi saZn nTtCrg cP can chi caMm hiZnbgidmK min mibu nMHdb, AE Amdi AEgi miSKtx nuZzaIrg haIb waSLloN suZyaUdn cP maNnb HaKt himiNnbgi waSLloNd nTtn cP maNnn hiZmiNnb Aduni caUSTp (civilization) haIribsi > Karl Marx ki waSLloN Asibu Hajdun caZyeZ Am rusiyad Lenin n yeZbd maI paKSIbni > mmaZddi AkNbn AcuMb sKtun taIbxpaN Asi mniZ mmaZ oiNndun cThNbd nMfu tOdun AcuMb AmTt haIbdi miyoIb msen AmTtni haIbsi faUb haIb yahNdn laSibni > Adubu rsiyad leniNn caZyeZ maI paKtun miyoIbdi Hak cP maNnb puNsi mhiZ Am seMbsi mina seMb zMb AoIrMle haIn taKSibdgi , maleMgi AkNbn AcuMb sKtun lErib lEzaK kaZloNgi maIyoKt nMHbirb HaK neMlb surg hiZb miyaMn waSL SNHrKtun, knan miyoIb mrKt AsuK SeTnb puNsi mhiZ Amd hiZhLlMlibno haIdun SNHnrKpdgi mhaKki waSLloN Asi paMnrKtun maleMd komunis SuNnaI liZlbdi miyoIbn puNsi nuZsaZn hiZnb zMgni haIbsi HajnrKSi > leniNn rasiyad miwoTp lEzaK HugIa rg miyaMgi lEzaK liZdun caUSTp puNsi mhiZ (civilization) gi msK taKlKSi > mhaKn maleMsid AkNbn AcuMb sKtun zKcaU HeKtun paLlib lEpaKsiZd , HaK maNnb puNsi mhiZ Amd hiZniZdun miwoTpsiZgi maIyoKt miyaMgi laLhO lEhNdun AzMb mteZ paZdun miwoTp lEzaKki maIyoKt maNnb SuNnaIgi lEzaK liZnbgi yawoL IhO maleMd sNdoKlKSi > msigi maIyoKtsu migi caKHuZ muLlg seNjaU paIbsiZn miwoTp lEzaK liZdun mibu min cx fxn nMHdun paLlib lEzaKki maIyoKt laKp zMdnb laLhO sagTlKSi > AdugMu b laLhO Adud cinadsu kaL maKs Amdi leniNn miwoTp lEzaK HugIa rg miyaMgi lEzaK liZb zmSIb Adugi mwoZ lOrg maU se tuZ kOb miyaMgi yawoL luciZb Am HorKtun lOyaM cab ,seNjaU paIbsiZgi mrEpak cinabu mpaNgi 60

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI lEpaKsiZd sruK kya HoKn yoNHoKtun laIrb caInij miyaMbu mi nTtbdOn hiZhLlMb lEzaqK Adugi maIyoKt laL hOrKSi > haNndgi mimsen HaK cP maNnb HaKt hiZmiNndun laKcrib , mdugi cauSTp miyok micaN fjrKp mdugi caUSTp mcT Am caInij SudiZmKt yaUdun lEjbn, nMHrib lEpaK yoNbsiZ Asidgi maNnb SunnaIgi paNdMgidmK kmunijMgi laLhO tOnb hoTnrKSi > cuMdun AduM lErb SoZcTnin maKsijM, leninijMbu mhaKn AmuK waSLlon AmsuZ HbK suTtO Adu caInijgi lEhaUg caNnn Hadun yawoL IhO hOdun maI paKSi > msagit SNb lEpaK yoNb, nupibu mi AoIn SNdb, yoTki SoZzuP toZhNdun leZ AoTp zMhNdn HmlMb miwoTp kaZbugi lEzaK Adu HugIa b zMSi > zsigi maleMd maU se tu gi laLhOn maI paKlKpdgi AmuKk heNn Aknbn AcuMb sKn haIn huMn taIbx miyoIbgi cTnbi kaZloN HugIa dun miyoIb mseN nMHndun HMlib lEzaK muTHTp zMgni haIbsi Hajb pirKSi > MaxismLeninism-Maoism MLM haIdun Sxnrg mSoIn puHoKlib waSLloN Amdi HbKn miyoIbgi cTnbigi maIyoKt lEzaK liZdun HaK SaIn hiZlib lEpaksiZ HugIa rg SeTnb lEtb puNsi mhiZ Amd hiZm,iNngdbni haIdun yawoL laLho kya cxsiLlKli > zsi faUbd kmunis lEzaK liZlb lEpaK puMnmK cP maNnb HaKt hiZnri, min mibu nMHb lEtn seNHoK lMbi cP maNnnb hoTndun AzMbi hadnu hoTnri > Adug nakL AmroMdn miwoTp lEzaK Adudi paMde mrMdi miyoIb haIbsi min fTtb mini haIbsidi paMdbnin, mmiZ mSN-mSa kyagi miZ HoNdun Af-sanb hoTnrbsu migi mrL muNbgi licT Adudi hoZdbnin miwoTp lEpaK AduM AoIdun lEribsni > hOjiK kxlEpaK mnipurd maI paKp maNnb SuNnaI gi lEzaK Am liZnbgidmK maKsijM-leninijM-maUIjM gi waSLloN Amdi HbKsiZ lmdmsid lErib miyaMsin Sxnrbdi , miwoTp lEzaK AoIrib INdiya lEzaK Asi maIHib pidun maNnb SuNnaI liZb zMgdoribni > AsuK cuMSCrb hbK Asi paNsiNdun cTtbnin mtM fn kuIrbsu SoZHaZ laUn cTp zMdbni > miyoIbgi licTt caUSTcrKlbsu zsidi mdugi mtiZ fudoKfm lEte, mrMdi zsidi INdiyagi loIlM lEzaKi mSad loI lEpaK AoIn lEbnin caUSTp (civilization) haIbdu lEhLlKte > AcuMb yawoL licT Adu yaUdbn kxlE yawoLn SumaZ caUsiNn cTp zMdbni haIbsi puKceL seZn yajrbdi miwoTp lEzaK liZlib INdiyadi maIHib pib zMgni> yeKnbgi SaIdoK SaIjiNgi HOrMsiZ Asi Sxn laLloZ siLlbdi maIHib pib zMgdbsi , yawoL tOrib min nMHbsu paMdb, mniZ tMb lEpaKsu seMniZb Adug cp maNnb AcOb miwoTp lEzaK kya HugIa b zMSib waSLloN Amdi HbKsiZ Adudi tuniZdb lMdMsigi luciZbsiZn AcuMb laLhO hOb zMdbni > AsiguMb AcuMb laLloZ cTHdn msasi micM AoIn lEb zMdn miwoTpgi licTtudi HadoKtn micMgi laLhO ciZb luciZZb AoIndi HoKpdgi mnat nTtn sxgom cabdgi Afb waSLloN 61

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI SNb zMdbn laLho lup msiZ yaMlKSibni > kriguMb luP Am waSLloN maNndbdgi HoKlbsu madu waSL tamiNnbgi mfM pidn haTtoKlg waroIsiN AoIgni haIn SNb miyoIbgi waSLloN nTtb SNbdgi nMfu tObni > AkNb AcOb yeKnb Am lEribsi Udn AESoI mseN waSLloN SjiKtx maNndb Asi haNn loIsiNgdbni haIb cuMdb waSLloN Asidgi mtM saZn haTndun ApuNb paZgL AmTt sagTp zMdbni > msi kridgi HoKpno haIrbdi yawoL krino Sxdb min yawoLgi luciZb AoIbdgi HoKpni, mSoId cuMn fn yeZb zMdbni> maKsijM-leninijM- maUIjM gi AcuMb waSLloN Amdi HbK Asibu puKceL tiZn cTnbsu hoTndbni > myeKki Atabi AoIn yeZlgdi yeKnb msK Sxdn laL hObdgi noZmEgi paNfM maIkE Sxddun AESoI mSEnoIN kaPndun lEbn yawoLgi mzM cTtbni> nTtCrg yeKnbgi micxd lErg AcuMb laLho hOb HiZbsu AoIrMb yaribni > haIrib mwoZ Asi zsi faUbd tOrKlib kxlE yawoLgi SoZcT Asi yeZlg haIjbni > kriguMb cuMn yawoL laLhO Asi torsi haIrbdi AsoIb, AraNb myaM Adu AmuK hNn laKtnb HeZlbnsu HeZn MLM gi waSLloN AmsuZ HbK Asi kxlEpaK mnipurgi yawoLpuPsiZn heK SNHbd mmaZgi nuZzaIndb mloM-HroM koKnSini > yeKnbn maIkE Amd lePhLlg AESoIn maIkE Amd lePlg laN tOnb heK zMbd miwoTp lE z a K muT HTp zMdu n ma N nb Su N na I gi lE z aK liZdu n ca U STp (civilization) gi lEzaK liZb zMgdOribni > caUSTp miyoIpoKki licTti miyoK-micaN, cayoK-naUyoK fb poT-HoK caHoK mraZ kaIn puHoKp haIbsin puMnmKtgi mru AoIribni > Adubu caUSTtb moIdn AsiguMb miyoK-micaN Amdi cagoN-naUkoNb Asibu mSoIgi SudoZcab lOb nuZzaIre Apxb zaKt lErMle haIdun SNbdgi msK cxSoNbi nupibu mpuroIb haTlg fadun purg magi talloI AoIb zMbgi licT Asi HoKlibni > haIrib tOhEdb licT myaM Asi AESoIgi licT nTte haIb SxmiNndun cauSTp licT lEjSCrb kxlEcasiZd AnOb maNnb SuNnaI waSLloN Amdi kaZloNsiZ paNsiNdun cTlbdi AteNb mtMgi mnuZd miwoTp lEzaKn HiZb zMloIdb yawoL laLhO Am AoIhNdun lMdm Asi mniZ tMbt nTtn maNnb SuNnaIgi puNsi mhiZ seMnbgi lEzaK liZb zMgni>

62

WHAT DO WE DO? LOIYATABA A specter once haunted Europe – “the specter of Communism,” still haunts the world, and in today’s so-called postcolonial times the specter of Indian bourgeoisie-capitalist- colonialism haunts Manipur, a devil hitherto unseen in Manipur’s civilizational path.

The established fact that India’s rule over Manipur is a colonial project with “democracy” mask stands irrefutable and undeniable.

And this is the strength to us than mere self-defeating positioning of weakness and feebleness. The ultimate task remains the banishing of this devil once and for all.And this requires a claim to absolute violence, whose fruit does not lie in the immediate confrontation, but in the ever-widening anti-colonial forces emerging from within.

Every process of colonization demands an active counter-process of decolonization that never is a peaceful process carried out in table talk or air-conditioned room over tea and dinner party. The process of this decolonization should first take place in the Meetei’s will to be Meeteis. Because we have lost that will long time ago and as a consequence lack the objective philosophy with which we can become a modern man, we live in constant obfuscation of reality designed by this lack acted and imposed upon us. This modern man is not intimidated by any injustice done upon his collective, he is assertive, rebellious, and is an all-knowing being that is ready to smash all obstacles that hinder his path towards the 63

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI goal offulfillinghuman capabilities toits fullest. This manis an agent of a radical change that will create and shape history.

Decolonization is a violent phenomenon and it is inherentlyviolent because the colonizers are inherentlyviolent in character and nature and onlyspeak the language ofviolence, and this is the onlylanguage the savage colonizers understand. And hence, the necessity of reclaiming violence from the colonizer’s monopoly.Therefore, the inevitability of an armed political movement.

In this process of decolonization with an ingredient of an armed movement, we have to situate the location of two sets of native populations that play antagonistic roles forever in oppose to each other. There are only and only two kinds of Manipuris, the disobedient slaves and the obedient slaves represented by the capitalist class. The disobedient lots come out to streets at any point of injustice done to them while the breed of well-groomed obedient celebrates these moments as moments of confirming to their masters their abject obedience and hence their submission.

The disobedient are those who are rooted in his own society and culture, the obedient whose heart, soul, intellect and psyche are exiled to Delhi, individuals exterior to their ownsociety.The primary irreconcilable antagonisticrelation between them lies in the former’s will to be free, while the latter’s have no such will.

The question of unityof the Meeteis is a fundamental question that cannot be bypassed in the discourse of a collective unity of all communities inhabiting the Indian colony of Manipur. Where this question fails the next more important question remains in its grave.

The lack of a collective fundamental philosophy or a political ideology that is rooted in the indigenous mode of production 64

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI complementing each other in a dialectic is above all responsible for all forms of infantile political misadventure. This lack is a moment of triumph for the bourgeoisie of all the communities, a lack which they have time and again struggled to keep intact so that this can be exploited for their opportunistic selfish greed and gluttony.

The wedge that has been so tactfully devised by Indians and its collaborators in our homeland pervade all forms of everyday life and culture affecting the Meeteis. This is essentiallyreflected in the armed movement led by various political groups from within the Meeteis. But how? The answer we have just read now above. The modern labor force i.e the peasants and the working classes hitherto exploited by economic deprivation and humiliation have nothing to stress and repent but only the truth of their horrible conditions that will propel them to a higher collective action of overthrowing the oppressor, both Indian and its collaborators here.

It is the ultimate historical task of the armed revolutionaryvanguard to provide a clear path to this action, if not a blueprint to a revolution.

But have they achieved even a minuscule in this process of leading the masses? What do they have to offer the peasants, the construction workers, the rickshaw drivers, exploited modern machines in government and private hospitals? How much have theyadvanced in the concrete analysis of class structure in Manipur, the relations ofproduction that are onlyrelationships of exploitation?

Till now theyhave failed immensely. However, are they willing to revolutionize themselves in this changing neo-colonial time is the real question. They must, or they go remain slave to history and past. The moment they are able to address the concerns of these modern oppressed classes they are almost there in the doorstep of 65

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI an impending revolution theywill overthrow Indian colonialism.

In the past few years the strength of the armed rebellions has drasticallydecline and this is vividlyvisible to anynaked eyes in the kind of lesser assaults they are able to achieve. If it is a fact that the power of bullets is not materialized in any tactical assault, what is the reason for it?

India’s military presence and capabilities have emerged stronger than ever. Though they remain in abject poverty and are amongst the poorest in the world, they have managed to emerge as one of the strongest military might in the world. But why so? They are in their mind very clear that they need armies and guns to keep their occupation ofvarious nationalities in thesubcontinent intact.Without the military, the country fails to stand on its feet.

This military assault comes hand in hand with a settler population that threatens the collective existence of the Manipuri civilization.

Indian settler colonialism aims to eliminate an entire disposable native people because it is inherentlyeliminatory in nature, and, erasure of indigeneity, native language, culture and traditions, way of life, names of places, etc of the native population is an essential component, the question of land being the most decisive, because land is life.

A settler-colonial discourse when met with resistance the natives are represented as xenophobic and chauvinist, or either they are brutally suppressed. In this discourse the native lands are always treated as remote land to be discovered and acquired, over which modern industries and market must be established, the powerful outsiders’rights to buy always supersede the native’s rights not to 66

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI sell. The ideological justification of the settlers for the dispossession of thenatives is that theyhavean equallyrightful claimto the territory accorded by a law book and that they know better how to use the land and resources of the conquered land.

Liberal Indians who historically have remained a mute spectator in the gradual and completed colonization ofTripasa people bysettlers from outside tends to look at the influx of populations in our land as proletariat, a classical perversion of Marxism. Ironically, in the “post-colonial” phase it was the Indian left-liberals who established themselves socially and politicallyon the ashes of the dispossessed native Tripasa soil. The external so-called proletariat, in reality, serves as the main impetus for the Indian bourgeois project of fulfilling market’s imperative for expansion by curtailing the indigenous mode of production. On the back of this so-called “proletariat” had alreadycome riding the Indian Marwari and Bania profit-greedy traders who now control almost all the economic activity in our land.

It has become an obvious character of the present condition of the armed movement that the people have lost touch with the armed movement, bullets fired have no more link with the consciousness of the people, a consciousness that sees every bullet fired as a political message sent to the Indian occupiers. However, it is the case that, for everybullet we fire the Indian occupiers fire a thousand bullets, for every person we kill they kill in dozens; and this indeed be the reality that if the occupiers use violence to subjugate us, we use violence to liberate us, an inevitability in a class war.

The reactionary armed groups and those operated by and with the blessings of the occupying forces have managed to carry out 67

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI a very strong counter-revolutionary propaganda and actions that have given an immense blow to the armed movement. This has become one of the major factors in the regress of the movement as a whole resulting in complete dislocation of trust that links them with the masses. The armed group from their part too have in the past played roles as mere moral-police that punishes people for their conditions rather than providing a way to escape from those conditions. Theyfailed to provide revolutionaryeducation to masses at places where they lived amongst the masses in the ‘liberatedzones”. Their very actions in one way or the other contributed in construction a hegemonic relationship with the masses based on the power of the barrel of guns rather than a democratic relationship based on mutual respect and trust.

The Indian colonizers and the native collaborators speak the same language. Both accuse the oppressed natives who speak up and resist, as Meitei chauvinist, terrorist, nationalist, of ethnocentrism and what not. All these lies and accusations are only a sign that what the oppressed natives speak is making them uncomfortable and questions their very foundations of rule.

The oppressed respond to all these lies with equal falsities and the falsities are what resistance is because there is no higher truth than our resistance. We have never wanted their sympathy and their sweet talk, their love. We only want their hatred, which is their sincerity and true face. The oppressed do not want to know what a collaborator by the name X, Y, Z speaks. they already know enough of all of them - the colonized-collaborators speak the same language as the oppressors; they are also the oppressors. No colonization is successful without native collaborators. The oppressors seek “due process”, while the oppressed don’t.

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LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI Shooting a native is also “due process” in colonialism. We seek decolonization, which is the creation of a new man. Decolonization is no table-talk, no peaceful process. It is the ultimate way forward that will liberate us from a system in which we only survive if only we are not killed.

In a colonial capitalist society “civil society” has no other role than to propagate private interests and competitions amongst them. It is a site of hegemony that perpetuates the dominance of the bourgeoisie, a site that masks its oppressive nature and purports to protect the interest of the people, or rather the “voiceless.”

The conceptions around Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in Manipur are perverted ones that fail to capture concrete realities of our society. The truth is that in a colonial societycivil society has no place than to deceive the people and channelize peoples’ aspirations to the path laid down bythe bourgeois class. The various so-called civil societies that we see at their most active phases at times of protest and uprising are in their real existence Frontal Organisations that represent and complement the armed wings of our liberation struggle, both sharing a reciprocal relation completing each other in the process.

However, truth be told, the Frontal Organisations now lay in shambles and in a condition of misery not having done their basic homework to theoretical equipment and thus the guide to real action.

They have been infiltrated by bourgeoisie deceit and interest and have failed to carryout their historical task of organizing the people to a new level of consciousness and political action. It is as if they represent the interest of the bourgeois class and that of the intermediarycollaborators. If we don’t take intoquestion this reality, 69

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI we are only serving the interest of the oppressors with which we stand in eternal contradiction and antagonism.

At the present what is needed at the earnest is a complete reorganization of Frontal Organizations that will challenge the reproduction of an ideologyof submission to the established order.

The repressive ideology of the ruling classes is what perpetuates and sustains their hegemonic dominance overthe native populations.

Reactionaries adversaries within the Frontal Organizations need to be identified and get rid of. These puppets in the pockets of their masters have always played the part inhijackingpeoples’ movement at crucial times leaving it in complete disorientation. Theydo not in any way represent the people but themselves. Using the political environment and the peoples’ movement as a ladder towards personal political careers have always been their sole concerns.

But the natives are never be-fooled by this trickery. As man born and formed by their circumstances they challenge these circumstances that have rendered them ready-made machines of a system of exploitation and slavery.

Our liberation from the colonial yoke requires at first a concrete understanding of the terrible condition in which we all are made to live in, a system which reduces all native population to sub-humans treated no lesser than dogs and savages, and in the last analysis, it requires aviolent revolution that calls upon and inspires all the native into action from slumber. “What is to be done?” is not a philosophical question or mere leisure intellectual proposition but an everyday question of all individuals that are active in the neverending unfolding of historyand human progress. We live in chains; we no longer shall live!

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LEARN LESSONS FROM THE PAST, DESIGN THE PRESENT AND MAKE THE FUTURE CHINGLEN A. The past is a reservoir of manysolutions for the present time. Man‘s history through the ages is replete with stories of mistakes and successes which are worth avoiding or emulating. In case of Manipur, the past needs to be studied thoroughly to evaluate mistakes and learn lessons. The lesson we have learnt is that we need to expand our consciousness and to learn about the events and processes of places beyond our landlocked state to bring about positive changes and development to ours State. We need to be in touch with the rest of the World and be a part of the global advancement. Even though the silk route passed through the State, communication with the outsideWorld was minimal because of the geography of the State. Modern scientific education was very new and limited in the State. The biggest misfortune was the onslaught of the British Empire which was like a juggernaut. The loss of freedom broke the spirit and will of the People. The enslaved people lost the will of enterprise and hard work. The lingering mindset of living on handouts and doles from the Centre is a legacy of this enslaved spirit. The once proud martial people lost touch with the heritage of self-reliance and independence. The past however has also taught us a great lesson that inherited martial trait of our people which lies dormant can manifest in great conflagrations. Such 71

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI tumultuous energyif harnessed in the right direction can bring many positive and large-scale changes in our society.

The time has come to design the present so that we can all leave behind a future that holds the best for our children and for our nation. Afuture that will reflect the glory of past and be a treasure that will be sustain our future generations. It is now imperative to design the present time, the best tool being education for the youth.

To create the best resources is the need of the hour, human resource being the primaryfoundation. It is here that education becomes the key to escaping from our present status comparable to that of a conquered nation lies in education, basic education that will cater to the making of responsible citizens as well as higher education that will create the shapers of our nation. An important area to focus on will be research, one that will be geared both towards finding our historical past as well as work out solutions for the present as well as future. Today‘s world is one that is geared by technology. We cannot be left behind. If we fall back and do not keep up with the times, it would signal the final embers of our civilization. Our educationshould be such that it must accommodate all these aspects of historical, social, scientific and technological skills. Besides education the other aspect that is beggaring concern is that of emotional integration of all the ethnic kinsmen habitingthis age-old civilization. For progress and development to take place, it is known to all that peace needs to be bought first. With infighting and turmoil, there will be no focus on building basic infrastructure in the state. Just to pause and think, the rest of world are building skyscrapers and riding on escalators, we still haven‘t built enough roads and bridges to reach each other at the corners of the state.

As such, the second need of the hour is to buy peace, to bring 72

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI integration of our people so that we may all gear up and focus on building infrastructurein the state.At a point in time,we experienced lack of industries and investment in the state which would generate employment and raise the standard of living for all. That need no longer be the case for now it is a time of the internet and the cloud.

This is like a God-given gift. Our resourceful youth can take advantage of this modern event and create employment bymaking use of their technological skill and build startup companies that provide consultations, customer care etc. etc. there will be no end to solutions to all kinds of hardship if we have great resource. The present time is best time to create and generate human resource that will bring about the needed transformation in our society.

We all look forward to a future where every member of the nation can stand tall with pride when we assert that come from the land of Kangleipak (Manipur),where all share a standard of living that takes care of happiness quotient, a future that holds economic stability for all, made possible through skills development brought about by the advancement in education. For inspiration, we can look towards countries like Japan or Korea which has the best economies in the world in spite of limited natural resources.

Striving towards economic development should be our primary target. A well-educated, highly skilled labor force can serve as commercial venture as we can take advantage of undertakings desirable of outsourcing of services business such as software and IT enabled services. So, export of services can prove to be like manna sent from heaven.

Over and above these, our nation already is a power house of sports and culture. We should take advantage of these gifts to 73

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI consolidate our status in the eyes of the world. The immense energy and talent of people can bring great dividends to the rise of our nation coupled with right exercise of nurturing of human resource of the land. The future of our people lies in crafting the present in the most ingenious ways for ours is a landlocked terrain with many political complexities intrinsically linked to it. We need to wisely manipulate all these complexities to create a better life and a healthy future for the generations to come.

The quest todaytherefore should be for empowerment of our people through education, training, economic independence through a productive work force, nurturing of our natural talent for sports and arts, the involvement of our intelligentsia in the crafting of our nationhood and last not the least the integration of all the people of the land for the common good and welfare of our nation.

74

OTHER, OTHERNESS AND OTHERING HIYAINU In Wesea today there is a widespread assumption that there is such a thing as common Wesean nature or Weseaness borne out of Indian colonialism, we are suffering from for a long time and the similar cultural roots which we commonlypossess.

Maybe, Weseaness is not clearly defined, but we all know it, and now it slowly begins to imbue in us all. According to Benedict Anderson nation is an imagined community, and Paul James sees it as an abstract community. Now we have imagined Wesea as a nation and Weseaness as our identity. It was because of British colonial rule, the sufferings they suffered during the period, that made the people of India to imagine India as a nation.At that time being an Indian means having anti British feelings. So, anti-Indian feeling can be one of the many criteria in defining our identity, the Weseaness.

What I would like to do here is to concentrate on the idea of ‘othering’ to inform you the fact that the act of correct ‘othering’ is nothing less than an act of decolonization.

When we start describing ourselves as a part of a group of a people united in a we, the Weseans, while ‘Indian mainlanders’are constructed as a group of people fundamentallydifferent from us united in a they, we are using a powerful weapon to delegitimize the Delhi 75

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI mandarins to rule over us.

Besides, when we other Indians we can point out their perceived weakness, making ourselves looking stronger and better, which can be termed as an act of othering. If the act of othering goes wrong, it will disempower us empowering the enemy as we have seen now in case of NSCN IM who others Meitei assuming Indians, our common enemy, as their savior.

Here we can refer to Michael Foucault, who took othering as stronglyconnected with power and knowledge. Unfortunately, some Naga rebels seem to forget that colonialism is one such example of power and knowledge. Othering Weasean people, particularly the Meiteis, the Nagas legitimize Indian colonialism in Wesea.

As we all know, othering is a process of casting a group of people into the role of the other establishing one’s identity opposing to that other. So, it would be wrong for a particular ethnic group constituting Wesean people to cast another member of Wesea into the role of other opposing itself to the latter.

It is not the Meiteis who is colonizing the Nagas, but the Indians.

Moreover, it is Indians whom the Nagas should cast into the role of others despite assuming them as their savior.

It is with the wesean people that the Nagas should have talked about shared sovereignty, not with India. Here they must know that the idea of similarity and difference are central to the way in which we identify ourselves. One cannot belong to any group unless they (other group) belong to our group. Now there comes another question deductible from the above idea, the question is “do Nagas culturally, historically and raciallybelong to Indians” Doubtless, culturally, politically, historicallyand raciallywe includ 76

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI ing Nagas belong to Wesea Now is the right time for every group belonging to Wesea to know who belongs to our group and which type of people must be seen as different. Identity has some element of exclusivity. The point is we cannot belong to them (the Indians).

Zygmunt Bauman writes that the idea of otherness is central how a group of people establishes their identity. Identities are set up as dichotomies like India others us the Wesian in which Naga includes assuming us as their opposite, degraded and inferior.

In this sense stranger is the other of native, foreigner the other of state subject, enemy the other of friend, so is Wesean the other of the of Indians. This very idea is what this article actually attempts to communicate to some Wesian who takes Wesians as their other while taking Indians as their friend.

But the reason why these people mistake their own brothers as other while taking Indians as their friend is clearly explained bythe phrase “patron-client relationship�. They think India playing the role of patron will grant favors to them (be it greater Nagaland or separate constitution Or a separate flag) in return for loyalty and allegiance to the latter playing Judas to their own people.

In other words, it is the relationship between the oppressed and oppressor, where a section of the oppressed begs freedom from the oppressor at the cost of their own kinds. The oppressors clothed in false generosityuse their illusionaryperception about othering to perpetuate their colonialism in the region.

If Manipuri Naga others Meiteis, I don’t see anything wrong when Nagaland Naga others Manipuri Nagas. What I want to put forward to the revolutionary people of Wesia is the fact that, in this wrong process of othering who is being benefitted is not us, the 77

LANTHENGMINNASI EIKHOI people of Wesea, but India who has been oppressing the people of Wesia for years.

Manipuri Naga others Meitei, Nagaland Naga others Manipuri Naga which means the revolutionary energy of Wesea is now fragmented facilitatingIndiaour common enemyto easilycontinue their colonial rule over us.

If the oppressed is the other of the oppressor, Indians are the other of Wesians, the people Wesia. Understanding this fact enable us to liberate our people from Indian colonial bondage which continuinglydehumanizes us alienating ourselves from our own beings and making us forget who we are. So, the only way out, in my calculation, is to unite all the people of Wesia as a single body unitary in spirit and purpose.

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PHOTO GI LAMAI

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15 SUBA MFL GI MAPOK THOURAMDA MFL GI ‘CAS’ NA FIRAL CHINGKHATPA

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15 SUBA MFL GI MAPOK THOURAM 131 BN. DA PANGTHOKPA

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