A Modernisation of The Vernacular

THESIS REPORT • MELISSA EVANGELISTA SUPERVISOR • THOMAS W. LEE

AARHUS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE • STUDIO 2A. SPRING 2019

A MODERNISATION OF THE VERNACULAR A LOST IDENTITY OF THE GÅRDSTUN TYPOLOGY IN THE CITY OF OSLO

INTRODUCTION THE SEARCH OF THE IDENTITY SITE PROGRAM THE GRAIN MILLING FACTORY REFLECTION BIBLIOGRAPHY ILLUSTRATIONS GÅRDSTUNET AGGREGATED AROUND PRODUCTION

SILOS AS COLUMNS

When it comes to urban development, Norway’s capital city of Oslo has for several years been among the fastest-growing in Europe, which has led to a disruption of the city's identity. The rich history of the vernacular generators, such as the production, farming culture and agriculture have long been a central part of the city, but today these traditional institutions have been replaced with either new functions or by generic skyscrapers.

Production has long been considered the foundation of the establishment of towns. But for Oslo, the significance of production has decreased, which has resulted in an impact to the city, and its inhabitants. Yet, while production in the city has stopped, consumerism has only increased, primarily through the importation of product made outside the city. Consequently, individuals within the city no longer possess a meaningful connection to the product, and its process for production. Production has moved from within the city, to the suburbs, and at times, outside of Norway altogether.

This thesis is designed to illustrate and rectify a critical societal shift that has taken place. Specifically, it will observe one of the most traditional forms of production, the humble bakery, by reintroducing grain-milling production into the centre of Oslo. This project proposes a building that can become a public vertical framework for the people of Oslo to reconnect and interact with production, an identity which has been lost to the city.

In addition to reintroducing bread and flour production to the city, the factory will also become the home of the owners. This appendage also challenges a greater scenario – How can the production be intertwined in the home?

AB ST RA CT

TABLE OF CONTENT 0I.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 1.2 1.3

02.

THE SEARCH OF THE IDENTITY - CASE STUDY

03.

2.1 2.2 2.3

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET INDUSTRY IN OSLO FIELD TRIP - INTERVIEW BRINGING PRODUCTION BACK

PROGRAM

4.1

4.2 4.3

05.

GÅRDSTUNET THE EXTENDED FAMILY NORWEGIANS AND BREAD

SITE

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

04.

MOTIVATION RELEVANCE SUBSTANCE

COMPONENTS FROM GRAIN TO FLOUR THE MACHINES

THE GRAIN MILLING FACTORY

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6

SCHEMATIC APPROACH - PLACEMENT MASSING ORGANISATION MATERIAL APPROACH PRODUCTION LINE SPATIAL PROCESS THE RECONNECTION

06.

REFLECTION

07.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

08.

ILLUSTRATIONS

The water mill was invented in Greece around 450 BC Consequently culinary historians credit the Greeks with ushering in bread baking as an art form.6

The Great Fire of London in 1666 reportedly was started by a baker.10

In 1683 the bagel was introduced in Vienna as a thank-you gift to the king of Poland.11

In 1789 mobs calling for bread helped trigger the French Revolution.12

In 1834 the roller mill was invented in Switzerland. This invention drastically changed milling around the world and increased the consistency of milled flour.13

20TH CENTURY

600 1066

800 BC

The Mesopotamians refined the grain milling process around 800 B.C., using two flat, circular stones, stacked on top one another to grind the grain.

This “milling”—which was the genesis for how we create flour today–created smooth, finely ground flour that quickly became prized as a status symbol.5

1350

2500 BC

By about 2500 b.c.e. the first true sourdoughs were in regular production in the Middle East and Mediterranean regions.4

450 B.C

"Bread was the evolutionary spark that led to the development of state and large political units. Bread allowed for the accumulation of surplus, and so the villages got bigger until you had actual cities."3

The first identifiable bread wheat has been identified in samples from a granary dating to approximately 1350 at Assiros in Macedonia.9

1666

"The early Egyptians were developers of bread and the use of the oven and developed baking into one of the first large-scale food production industries.”2

1066 hair sieves were employed to sift the flour, producing a finer white flour.8

1683

3100 BC

This in turn led to the formation of towns, as opposed to the nomadic lifestyle, and gave rise to more and more sophisticated forms of societal organization.1

By 600 AC the Persians had invented a windmill system for milling grains, and Mexicans made the first stone-ground corn tortillas around 100 BC.7

1789

Cultivation of wheat was domesticated and began to spread beyond the Fertile Crescent after about 8000 BC.

1834

8000 BC

TIMELINE OF THE HISTORY OF THE BREAD

Bread-baking was industrialised at the start of the 20th century.

For generations, white bread was the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark (whole grain) bread. the connotations reversed in the late 20th century, with whole grain bread becoming preferred as having superior nutritional value while Chorleywood bread became associated with lower-class ignorance of nutrition.14

1”Feldman, Moshe and Kislev, Mordechai E., Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, Volume 55, Number 3–4 / 2007, pp. 207–21,

8 https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/bread (Accessed 05.02.19)

Domestication of emmer wheat and evolution of free-threshing tetraploid wheat in ”A Century of Wheat Research-From Wild

9 ”the science in detail – Wheats DNA – Research – Archaeology – The University of Sheffield”. Sheffield.ac.uk. 19 July 2011. (Accessed 05.02.19)

Emmer Discovery to Genome Analysis”, Published Online: 3 November 2008”. (Accessed 05.02.19)

10 https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/museum/history-and-stories/the-great-fire-of-london/ (Accessed 05.02.19)

2 Direct quotation: Grundas ST: Chapter: Wheat: The Crop, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition p. 6130,

11 https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/bread (Accessed 05.02.19)

2003; Elsevier Science Ltd (Accessed 05.02.19) 3 Live sience, Who invented bread, https://www.livescience.com/62536-who-invented-bread.html (Accessed 05.02.19) 4 Encyclopedia, Food, https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/bread (Accessed 05.02.19) 5 History, History of bread, https://www.history.com/news/a-brief-history-of-bread (Accessed 05.02.19) 6 Encyclopedia, Food, https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/bread (Accessed 05.02.19) 7 Lyon Bakery, Origin of bread, http://lyonbakery.com/the-origin-of-bread/ (Accessed 05.02.19)

12 https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/bread (Accessed 05.02.19) 13 https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/bread (Accessed 05.02.19) 14 Christianne L.H. Hupkens, Ronald A. Knibbe and Maris J. Drop, for example analyzed social class variation in the intake of fat and fibre, including white bread consumption, in Maastricht, Liège and Aachen, ”Social Class Differences in Women’s Fat and Fibre Consumption: A Cross-National Study” 1995; the literature on class perceptions and diet is enormous (Accessed 05.02.19)

01 INTRODUCTION

MOTIVATION Collage, Tower of Babel modernised, reffered to as an understanding of the rapid expansion of the tower resulted in a collapse of the community.

01.1

“

Where does the border between progress and dramatical changes sit, and what happens when our surroundings change faster than our capacity to understand them?”

Vernacular def noun Vernacular architecture is an architectural style that is designed based on local needs, availability of construction materials and reflecting local traditions.

1 Oxford Dictionaries, Definition Umwelt, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ umwelt (Accessed: 05.02.2019) 2 Architecture Norway, Rapid change and Cultural Vacuum, http://architecturenorway. no/questions/identity/moystad-rapid-change/ (Accessed: 06.02.2019) 3 BBC News, Oslo's rapid growth redefines Nordic Identity, https://www.bbc.com/news/ world-europe-25722053 (Accessed: 07.02.2019) 4 Wikipedia, Bakery, https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Bakery (Accessed: 08.02.2019)

Similar to language, architecture is recognised as one of the fundamental forms of cultural expression in any given society. The architectural ‘umwelt’1 can be seen as an intelligent system that develops and adapts over time in line with societal economics, politics, technology and the understanding we have of ourselves. In other words, people understand architecture through our culture, expressed in dynamic and physical forms.

But what happens when these forms are exposed to dramatical changes?

When a society is going through changes gradually, the society is perceived as in harmony with itself, an architectural ‘umwelt’ in a harmonious balance with its tradition - the vernacular. But if change occurs at a pace where the architectural ‘umwelt’ is accelerated, these changes are perceived as progress, whether for better or for worse.

If the pace happens to be accelerated even more, to the point where the architecture rapidly changes at a rate that is outpacing the human capacity to understand, a sense of loss and disorientation can occur. When this loss happens, it brings with it a threat to the fundamental social and cultural structures that people rely on to understand and organise their daily lives. Conventions, habits and patterns of understanding that have been developed over time, may suddenly be rendered irrelevant, provoking a threat to the system of symbolisation, which is the foundation of the civilised society.2 Being Europe’s fastest-growing city, the rapid urban development of Oslo has disrupted the identity of the city. Building vertically has become the way of solving the increasing demand of the rapid city growth, which has been met with some strong criticism.

02

One poll in Norway's Aftenposten newspaper suggested that 71% of the population was opposed to the Barcode skyscraper project.3 With increased focus on building skyscrapers to accommodate office suites and residential complexes, large scale production has been pushed to the suburbs. But between all the skyscrapers, there remains a significant number of local bakeries, selling bread and pastries to the local community. However, today, these bakeries are merely shop-fronts, with their bread more likely to be baked in suburban factories and delivered each day.

The bakery has lost its relationship with the production.

The production of baked goods has existed for thousands of years, having been introduced as a respectable profession during the Roman Empire. Baking started out in the home, where Romans used manual hand-operated mills to grind grain into flour, which they would later turn into bread in their ovens.4 This uncomplicated process still exists, but less to be visually seen in the bakery shop fronts today due to technology and automation of this process.

In Norway, the process of baking can be traced back to the Viking Age where eldhuset (the kitchen), was considered the most fundamental building at the gårdstunet, (the farm). It is therefore interesting to look at the bakery and the life at gårdstunet as a representation of a society with an architectural ‘umwelt’ - a society in a harmonious balance with its tradition.

- Can we learn from this vernacular?

MOTIVATION

Umwelt def noun The zoophysiologist Jacob von Uexküll (1864-1944) introduced the concept Umwelt in his Bedeutungslehre from 1940. In his biosemiotic theory, Umwelt denotes the subjective environment specific to every species, or the environment that every species creates around itself as an appropriation of its biological niche. Umwelt is adopted here to signify our cultural and architectural environment.

RELEVANCE Original painting, Brudeferd i Hardanger (1848) by Adolph Tidenmand, a revisitation of Tidemand and Gude's interpretation of the period of national romanticism, replacing the breath taking mountains with high-rise buildings.

03

01.2

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE

1860

ca 1700

historier om treforedlings-, tømmer- og byggindustri sør for Grønlandsleiret, samt åkerlandskap og jordbruk sørøst mot Ekeberg.

Grønland var i tre på dette tidspunktet, da murtvangen gjaldt innenfor bygrensene frem til 1878.

I 1854 åpnet Østbanestasjonen som sørlig endestasjon for Norges første jernbane. Kartet viser strandlinjen, sør for Grønlandsleiret, fyllt ut med flere togspor som knytter Akerselvens bredd til omlandet. Området

Kartet viser langgrunne banker mot Oslofjorden senere bygd ut med fyllmasser.

1901

1860

sin

Lars Roede, an architectural historian argues that Oslo is in danger of losing its identity where he states that: "You could say that we've had more money than sense and ended up destroying the townscape that we are accustomed to and that we love."4

Analyseområdet ble innlemmet i Christiania i 1859. Det

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE Kartet gir relevant informasjon om program og forteller er derfor nærliggende å tro at mye av bebyggelsen på

5

Analyseområdet ble innlemmet i Christiania i 1859. Det er derfor nærliggende å tro at mye av bebyggelsen på Grønland var i tre på dette tidspunktet, da murtvangen gjaldt innenfor bygrensene frem til 1878.

Kartet gir relevant informasjon om program og forteller historier om treforedlings-, tømmer- og byggindustri sør for Grønlandsleiret, samt åkerlandskap og jordbruk sørøst mot Ekeberg.

Norway’s push for independence began in mid 1800’s, where Norway began to experience a movement called National Romanticism, which was exhibited through the arts. During this period, paintings, music and literature began to articulate the natural beauty of the country, including the farming community, which was at the time considered ‘typical Norwegian’. Through this movement, Norway began to develop a greater sense of its own national identity, and the people of Norway began taking pride in what it meant to be Norwegian.2

1860

Vaterlands bro, bygget i 1654, var sammen med Grønlandsleiret hovedinnfartsåre til Christiania fra nord og øst. Den viktige ferdselsåren, som også utgjorde den gamle strandlinjen og historiske nordgrensa mot Bjørvika, har vært et viktig strukturerende element for fremtidig bebyggelse innenfor analyseområdet. Kartet viser at gaten, allerede på 1700-tallet, hadde funnet sin form.

d

for housing, and a wealthier population who would begin outsourcing production and importing foreign products.3 The by-product of this shift was a change to the cityscape. Factories were replaced by corporate offices and inner-city dwellings, and this trend has continued since.

I 1854 åpnet Østbanestasjonen som sørlig endestasjon Kartet viser langgrunne banker mot Oslofjorden senere LANDBRUKSKVARTALET for Norges første jernbane. Kartet viser strandlinjen, bygd ut med fyllmasser. sør for Grønlandsleiret, fyllt ut med flere togspor som knytter Akerselvens bredd til omlandet. Området

karakteriseres allikevel fremdeles av flere åpne bekker som Hovinbekken og Tøyenbekken.

Noen av tverrgatene til Grønlandsleiret har tatt form, bl.a. Platous gate og Tøyengata.

Markeder og prosesseringsanlegg for landbruksprodukt på Grønland oppstod fra midten av 1800-tallet. Her kunne man kjøpe kveg og plank eller egg og melk.

Botsfengselet, oppført mellom 1844 og 1851, er et viktig landemerke innenfor analyseområdet.

karakteriseres allikevel fremdeles av flere åpne bekker som Hovinbekken og Tøyenbekken.

Noen av tverrgatene til Grønlandsleiret har tatt form, bl.a. Platous gate og Tøyengata.

Markeder og prosesseringsanlegg for landbruksprodukt på Grønland oppstod fra midten av 1800-tallet. Her kunne man kjøpe kveg og plank eller egg og melk.

Botsfengselet, oppført mellom 1844 og 1851, er et viktig landemerke innenfor analyseområdet.

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE

5

600000

viktig ferdselsåre østover, og sleiret og forlengelsen Oslo gate var sørover. Her gikk også Oslolinjen, opprettet i 1875, med endestopp senere forlenget til Oslo Hospital i

1936

1901

Kristianiakrakket (1899) gikk hardt ut over aksje- og eiendomsmarkedet. Grønland hadde frem til dette gjennomgått en kraftig fortetting der mange småhus ble revet til fordel for nye murgårder, hvorav flere står den dag i dag. Østbanen og dets sporområde er kraftig bygget ut og flere togspor leder innover i bebyggelsen, også inn i planområdet.

et er det foreslått en ny forbindelse: ag ville denne koblet sammen ollendergaten, men gaten ble aldri

Oslolinjen har fått sidelinjer til bl.a. Vålerenga, med trasé i øvre del av Schweigaards gate.

Flere nye kryssningspunkt over Akerselven, bl.a. i forlengelsen av Schweigaards gate, knytter analyseområdet tettere til Kristiania.

Den planlagte Stiklestadgaten er delvis bygget igjen, og bekkeløpene. Hovinbekken og Tøyenbekken, er lagt i rør under bakken.

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE

400000

300000

200000

100000

6

1971

I 1936 fremsto sporområdet til Østbanehallen mye slik det gjør i dag, og sporlinjer gikk ikke lenger innover i byveven.

Kartet markerer nybygg fra perioden 1913 - 36 i rødt. Dette inkluderer også produksjons- og administrasjonslokalene ved Fellesmeieriets hovedanlegg i Schweigaards gate 34.

Småhusbebyggelsen på Grønland Torg er revet og erstattet av Gartnerhallen, Kjøtthallen og Slaktehuset.

De tre hallene, ca. 1911 til 1974, bidro sterkt til Grønland Torgs identitet som knutepunkt for handel og matforedling, en identitet som er bevart den dag i dag.

Da bilrasjoneringsordningen opphørte 1. oktober 1960, økte bilbruken og trafikkproblemene i Oslo kraftig, særlig utover 70- og 80-tallet. Flere store veiprosjekt ble oppført som bl.a. Nylandsveien som forbinder Grønland med Bjørvika, og Bispelokket som nå er revet.

Flyfotoet viser store parkeringsarealer på Vaterland og Grønland Torg. Sistnevnte virket på dette tidspunkt som bussterminal.

600000

1971 Småhusbebyggelsen på Grønland Torg er revet og erstattet av Gartnerhallen, Kjøtthallen og Slaktehuset.

De tre hallene, ca. 1911 til 1974, bidro sterkt til Grønland Torgs identitet som knutepunkt for handel og matforedling, en identitet som er bevart den dag i dag.

Da bilrasjoneringsordningen opphørte 1. oktober 1960, økte bilbruken og trafikkproblemene i Oslo kraftig, særlig utover 70- og 80-tallet. Flere store veiprosjekt ble oppført som bl.a. Nylandsveien som forbinder Grønland med Bjørvika, og Bispelokket som nå er revet.

Flyfotoet viser store parkeringsarealer på Vaterland og Grønland Torg. Sistnevnte virket på dette tidspunkt som bussterminal.

7

2000

300000

1500

I 1957 utvides trikken med trasé i nedre del av Schweigaards gate grunnet behov for økt effektivitet for trikken fra sentrum og østover mot Helsfyr.

Skinnegangen over Grønlandsleiret ble fjernet i 1960 og samme år anlegges T-banestasjonen på Grønland.

200000

1000

Den gamle trehusbebyggelsen på Enerhaugen ble revet og erstattet av OBOS’ fire høyhus i 13-15 etasjer i 1965, og dette året ble også Schweigaards gate 34C ferdigstilt.

100000 7

1850

1900

1950

2000

2000

2050

500

1900

2050

1 Wikipedia, Dissolution of the union, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden (Accessed 07.02.19) 3500

2 Wikipedia, Norwegian Romanticism, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism (Accessed 07.02.19) 3 Wikipedia, Energy in Norway, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Norway (Accessed 07.02.19) 4 BBC News, Oslo's rapid growth redefines Nordic Identity3000 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25722053) (Accessed 07.02.19) 5 Architect Magazine, Oslo unfortunately goes global https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/oslo-unfortunately-goes-global_o (Accessed 05.02.17) 6 BBC News, Oslo's rapid growth redefines Nordic Identity2500 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25722053) (Accessed 07.02.19)

2000

1950

2500

400000

1800

1900

1850

Den gamle trehusbebyggelsen på Enerhaugen ble revet 3000 og erstattet av OBOS’ fire høyhus i 13-15 etasjer i 1965, og dette året ble også Schweigaards gate 34C ferdigstilt.

DEMOGRAPHICS OSLO

2019

500000

1800

I 1957 utvides trikken med trasé i nedre del av Schweigaards gate grunnet behov for økt effektivitet 3500 for trikken fra sentrum og østover mot Helsfyr.

Skinnegangen over Grønlandsleiret ble fjernet i 1960 og samme år anlegges T-banestasjonen på Grønland.

04

1500

CT

1936

Norway’s rapid growth was also triggered by remarkable economic growth. The discovery of oil, led to an overnight 1971 economic boom, which was followed by increases in population, a higher demand

The story here is not just the developments themselves, but the rapid pace of which they have been constructed. "A few years ago we had a flat city with just a few church spires," says Geir Haaversen, the lead architect behind the Barcode.6

1915

1930

1945

1960

1975

1990

2000

2010

2019

RELEVANCE

500000

This period of time has been a specific generator for the project, where – just like the national romanticism movement – I hope to demonstrate the value that production in the city, can bring back part of Norway’s identity.

Architecture critic Aaron Betsky has also raised similar c oncerns, stating that Oslo has become a victim of ‘…planning by default, into soulless banality’. It has become a city that doesn’t speak the same language, and over-development has led to it being disconnected from itself in order to keep pace with the demands of the city.

DEMOGRAPHICS OSLO

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE

Historisk utvikling

Norway has experienced rapid change over the last hundred years, specifically since 1905, when the country declared its independence from Sweden. Prior to this, Danish and Swedish rule meant that Norway had not developed its own identity.1

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

APPROX. 1700

Historisk utvikling

SUBSTANCE

GÅRDSTUNET AGGREGATED AROUND PRODUCTION

“I want my architecture to be linked to layers of life and time; I want to understand why and how a particular object might set in motion a particular strain of emotions and memories.

And architecture is about history precisely then when it ties in the world.”

Peter Zumthor 05

01.3

“

You cannot simply put something new into a place. You have to absorb what you see around you, what exists on the land, and then use that knowledge along with contemporary thinking to interpret what you see.” Tadao Ando This thesis is a comment to the urban development in Oslo, as it stands today.

The primary body of work will see the proposal of a grain milling factory, located in the city centre, that taps into the history of Oslo. The grain milling factory will act as a portal between old traditions, and the urban contemporary life. The project will illustrate the production and workings of the factory, the accompanying home of the owners, and the city to which it belongs.

SUBSTANCE

Vanna Venturi House - Just like Robert Venturi, he saw the modernism as being disconnected from the vernacular architecture of everyday life.

06

DICTIONARY

Gårdstun

Klyngetun

an open, central gathering place within a farm.

As a spatial concept, a gårdstun arises when the farm buildings are placed so closely that they form a spatial community.

Klynge = cluster

Rekketun Firkanttun

Firkant = square

Bonde Kjernefamilie

Rekke = row

A farmer

Nuclear family

Storfamilie Tjenestefolk Husmann

Extended family

Servants

was previously a designation of a person who rented land or (sometimes just property) by a farmer who woned the land, and usually paid for this with an annual fee in the form of cash and / or duty work.

Husmor Eldhus Lafteverk

a woman whose work is running or managing her family’s home

Eld = fire, Hus = house

Vernacular building technique in Norway

Lafteknute

Knute = joint

02 THE SEARCH OF THE IDENTITY

02.1

GÅRDSTUNET

07

02.1

GÅRDSTUNET It is valuable to consider in detail the relationship that Norwegian people have historically had with the farm. Dating as far back as the Middle Age during the Viking Age, the majority of Norwegians lived on farms. In fact, in the middle ages, people were required by law to belong to a farm. The importance of farm life is perhaps best illustrated by the symbolic definition of the Norwegian word for farmer, which translates loosely to permanent resident.1

08

1 Case Study of Gårdstunet

GÅRDSTUNET

The houses around the gårdstunet would typically be occupied by the farmer’s family. Each and every house was mono-functional, but together they correlated and created a unity.

This concept of organising the building structure can be interesting to apply in an urban context, as it offers stark contrast contemporary closed block structures that are found in the city.

This project finds a way to link some of these typologies, with a view to understand the traditional way of living.1

02.2

800 AD - 19th century

12 BC - 600 AD

TODAY

20-70

20-70

HOUSEHOLD

ANCIENT GREEK, OIKOS Democracy Def. Noun.

A social mindset, a way of thinking and of relating to others.

GÅRDSTUN FAMILY

Dynamic Includes more than the nuclear family Combination of extended and joint households Kinship not blood based but proximity based

Dynamic Includes more than the nuclear family Combination of extended and joint households Kinship not blood based but proximity based Structure paved way for a democratic system

V Central courtyard (olive oil processing, oil grinding) Building expansion Presumably shopfront

I II III IV V VI

Main building Eldhus (smoke house) Doll house Servants house Barn Stabbur (food storage)

III II

Private room Central courtyard

IV

VI I

Common room

Less public small rooms Central court Less public small rooms Central court

Public street Central courtyard

TYPICAL MODERN SINGLE-FAMILY HOME

Private room Common room Shared arrival hall with other neighbours

Probable shop Public street

Gradual public - private Central courtyard - Tunet Domestic industry ATHENS HOUSE C - 5TH CENTURY BC Spatial integration/Multifunction spaces

Nuclear family Graduated common - private Equal distribution Industry separated NEDRE FOSS GÅRD, OSLO Spatial segregation

TYPICAL MODERN FAMILY APARTMENT

TEXTILE INDUSTRY

AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY

DOMESTIC INDUSTRY

Gradual public - private Central courtyard Domestic industry Spatial integration/Multifunction spaces

OLIVE OIL INDUSTRY

COOKING, BREWING INDUSTRY

HOME OFFICE

DOMINANT TECTONICS

ORGANISATION

Central court

Public street

Central courtyard Food production

VØIENVOLDEN GÅRD, OSLO

OLYNTHUS HOUSE A 6

1-5

THE MODERN FAMILY Static Nuclear household dominant structure Includes either single person, couple, nuclear family, single parent, other Culture of individualism

UNBAKED BRICK, LIMESTONE, MARBLE

WOOD, TIMBER

CONCRETE

THE EXTENDED FAMILY T H E L A Y E R S O09 F DW E L L I N G

02.2

THE EXTENDED FAMILY The development of the gårdstunet was made in a way that would serve to accommodate the extended family of the farmer, and at times, up to 15-20 blood and non-blood relatives would live in the surrounding dwellings. A significant shift from today’s ‘nuclear family’ whereby parents will typically occupy a single dwelling with no more than a handful of children.1

Indeed, for the production of the grain milling factory to be successful, it was essential that the extended family are able to share the quarters and divide family time apart from work time.

Also valuable to consider is whether or not the local community, when visiting the factory, become part of this ‘extended family’. If they too are sharing the environment, their needs must also be observed and articulated in the design.

This offers a unique parallel to my project, as it is valuable to consider the functionality of a property where the community must live and work together around a shared passion- the passion for the grain.

1 Wikipedia, Extended family, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_family (Accessed 07.02.19)

THE EXTENDED FAMILY

A manifest from 8th semester about living and working around a passion.

10

02.3

NORWEGIANS AND BREAD

11

02.3

It is believed that Norway has grown grains for more than 4,000 years. Along with the other Scandinavian countries, Norway is a bread nation, and is one of Europe’s leading consumers of bread products.1 However, unlike Sweden and Denmark, the ‘matpakkekultur’ (packed lunch- culture) emphasises the presence of bread in Norwegian diet, with bread being a regular feature in school and workplace lunchboxes. In fact, it’s not uncommon for a Norwegian to simply have a couple of slices of bread for dinner. Specifically, the introduction of ‘kneippbrød’ (whole wheat bread) by a German priest and doctor in 1895, was significant.

This type of bread became part of the daily diet, and was served to all school children in the Oslo area from 1935. Since this point in time, the presence of bread has remained intact.2 WHOLESALE LEVEL OF FOOD GRAINS CALCULATED AS FLOUR

Consumption of flour, kg. pr. inhabitants3

1959

1969

1979

1989

1999

2009

2016

2017

2018

81,8

73,6

77,6

79,5

86,4

86,4

83,6

85,5

82,5

1 Din Side, Norge på brødtoppen, https://www.dinside.no/okonomi/norge-pa-brodtoppen/62236589 (Accessed 12.02.19) 2 Wikipedia, Sebastian Kneipp, https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kneipp (Accessed 15.02.19) 3 Helsedirektoratet, Utviklingen i norsk kosthold, https://helsedirektoratet.no/rapporter/utviklingen-i-norsk-kosthold (Accessed 12.02.19)

To understand the scale and the production of a grain milling factory, it is interesting to look at one of the grain milling factories that remain in Oslo, Bjølsen Valsemølle. The factory was founded in 1884 by Gustav Martinsen and Ole Amundsen, and the mill was fully established by 1896. In 1939, silos were added.

Each day, trailers with hundreds of tonnes of grains arrive at the factory, and later that day, they depart with the same quantity of flour and bran products.

While the city has grown significantly around the factory, the factory itself remains intact, and it is somewhat of a miracle that the factory has found a way to adapt to its changing environment.

Naturally, the building itself offers a strong relationship to the bakers who work inside it, which I have considered in the research behind my project.

But my proposal also seeks to go beyond that of a traditional grain milling factory, and it will also include a shop-front bakery. This is unique in that the whole production line will be represented, right through the production process and into the hands of the customer.

1 Industrimuseum, Bjølsen Valsemølle, http://industrimuseum.no/ bedrifter/bjoelsenvalsemoellea_s

Kristiania brødfabrikk. Painting of «Bakersalen» (the bakery) av PerKrogh 1939.

12

NORWEGIANS AND BREAD

BJØLSEN VALSEMØLLE

Dam

B

C

230/423

T?yen

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BA K E R I E S D3.

F3.

B5.

E5.

H6.

United Bakeries Baker Hansen Rådhuset Baker Nordby WB Samson Eger Torget Baker Hansen avd. Kvadraturen

C9.

E10.

B15.

D17.

C20.

WB Samson Folketeaterpassasjen Backstube Oslo City Ille Brød Madina Sweets Backstube

3 4

GRØ NLA LOK ND ALSE TOR G NTE R

GRØ

NLA

ND

SLEIRET

(Ne

ighb

2

ourhoo

d)

3

RESIDENCE

4

2

OSLO

BUS

TERM

RESIDENCE

INAL

1

POL

ICE

HO

USE

SC

HW

EIG

1

AA

RD

S GA TE

(Bu

sin

ess

are

a)

OFFICE

OFFICE

RESIDENCE

BO TSF

EN

GSE

LET

SC

HW

EIG

AA

RD

BARC

ODE

- Busin

ess area

S GA TE

(Re

side

nce

are

a)

Site Planned development

Line of collimation Fondmotiv

Site 1 - 3 Etasjer 4 - 6 Etasjer

7 - 9 Etasjer 10 - 12 Etasjer > 12 Etasjer

Site Planned development 1 fl. facades with extraverted character

Mainly residentials Mainly offices/business Cultural / Religious Communities Public institiutions

Site Three largest quarter in area Landmark Facade line south of Schweigaards gate

Lamell structure Block structure Mixed struktur Dense structure

19

20

S I T U A T I O N P L A N 1:5000

Dam

Dam

SITUATION PLAN 1:15000

A

03

SITE

03.1

GRÜNERLØKKA

TØYEN

GRØNLANDTORG GRØNLAND TORG

OSLO BUS TERMINAL

OSLO S OSLO CENTRAL STATION KAMPEN

BARCODE BARCODE

GAMLEBYEN

OPERAEN

SØRENGA SØRENGA

SITUATION PLAN 1:5000

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET 15

03.1

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET My proposed site is in the centre of Oslo, within the ‘Landbrukskvartalet’ (Agriculture’s Quarter).

This site is only 500 metres from Oslo central station, offering unique proximity to the energy of a bustling city.

The site prompts a critical discussion point for this project – how can we bring production back to the city?

In additional to the history of the site, I was also drawn to the geographic area because it sits opposite the city’s most controversial project – the Barcode district. This is an area which has experienced rapid growth. With dozens of skyscrapers appearing almost overnight, the area is a mismatch of towering design, that offers compelling contrast to the agricultural quarter.

In the shadows of Barcode, I will position my project to be a statement to the lost connection of Oslo’s identity.

Observing the site against its neighbours, it is clear that a disconnect has occurred in central Oslo. As this report discusses, the rapid growth of Oslo has led to a growth in residential and office spaces, and therefore a systematic erasure of production and industry in the city. This site, which would once have produced milk, cheese and bread to the local community, is now just another office building, frequented by suit-and-tie employees.

The specific part of the site I have chosen sits with a footprint of 900 m2, and is scheduled to be demolished as part of the planned revitalisation of the quarter

1 Landbrukskvartalet.no, Landbrukskvartalet skal bli et attraktivt område for alle, med tilgjengelig bygulv og publikumsrettede funksjoner. https://www.landbrukskvartalet.no/(Accessed 05.02.19)

16

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET

Currently, the quarter is owned by Norges Bondelag (The Norwegian Farmers Organisation), with the location being tied to the history of farming culture for over 100 years. Recently, the area was used for dairy production, however that too has now ceased, and the current tenants are primarily office-workers within the Norwegian agriculture industry. Having said that, Norges Bondelag and the municipality do have a plan to revitalise the area, with a vision of keeping the history of the site intact.1

BO

RG G

AT A

03.1

GR Ø

NL

AN

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LE

A RANA

RUBIN

S GATE

Cooled

ement for

bas parking

product

ET

delivery

Products

out

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET

s Product

HOLLENDERGATA

ATE S G TOU pLA out

ival

Milk arr ival

val

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE

Milk arri

out

Milk arr

Products

ARTALET

IR

SCHWEIGAARDS GATE

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET ATE ALG LOK

Tankmelk losses av i bakgården i Schweigaards gate 34 LANDBRUKSKVARTALET

SITUATION PLAN 1:2000

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE

STEDS- OG MULIGHETSANALYSE

Tankmelk losses av i bakgården i Schweigaards gate 34

Model av Melkeforsyningens meierianlegg etter utvidelsen i 1935. Den eldste delen til høyre mot Schweigaards gate, den nyestee til venstre mellom Platous gate og Hollendergaten.

Model av Melkeforsyningens meierianlegg etter utvidelsen i 1935. Den eldste delen til høyre mot Schweigaards gate, den nyestee til venstre mellom Platous gate og Hollendergaten.

oriske Landbrukskvartalet Det historiske Landbrukskvartalet

eforsyning ble etablert i 1911. I eforsyningen seg sammen med ribolag (etablert i 1871) og danner A/L

weigaards gate 34 ble Fellesmeieriets dministrasjon og de fleste er ble flyttet hit. Anlegget i Schweigaards annet ansvaret for produksjon av smør, st. Ellers ble de ulike arbeidsoppgavene driften fordelt mellom anleggene i gate 34 og Dælengagata 20.

alet har et bygningsmiljø som består av rinn med bebyggelse fra 1913, 1933legget rommet fra starten av både g administrasjonslokaler (34a, b og d).

n av anlegget ble tegnet av Ole Eriksen arkitektonisk uttrykk i jugend og ed mannsardformet tak og fasader med otiv og trappeløp.

Kristiania Melkeforsyning ble etablert i 1911. I 1946 slår Melkeforsyningen seg sammen med Kristiania Meieribolag (etablert i 1871) og danner A/L Fellesmeieriet.

Utkjøring av melk fra Melkeforsyningens gamle anlegg (MotSituasjonsplan Platousfra 1977. gate) Kartet viser anlegget etter den siste

Utkjøring av melk fra Melkeforsyningens gamle anlegg (Mot Platous gate)

I 1935 ble anlegget utvidet i et funksjonalistisk formspråk etter tegninger til Ahasverus Munthe-Kaas Vejre med nytt meieribygg (34e), kondenseringsfabrikk (34d), stall, verkstedbygning med spisesal og bad, garasje(34f) og internat (34g/ Hollendergata 7).

Anlegget kostet omlag 1,2 mill. kroner og kunne behandle opp til 50 mill. liter melk årlig. Flere av avisene som var tilstede under innvielsesfesten påpekte det moderne anleggets sanitære utstyr i form av vaskeinnretninger, frysemaskiner, kjøleapparater, flaskemelkannlegg og vaskeri for personalets tøy.

utbyggingen i 1965.

PRODUCTION FLOWstore 1912 - 1951

Situasjonsplan 1977.avKartet viser anlegget etter dengate siste34 Tankmelkfra losses i bakgården i Schweigaards store utbyggingen i 1965.

The design of the Landbrukskvartalet is largely based on logistics; milk in and dairy products out. The quarter has developed over time, in relation to external factors, such as trade relations, new technology and production of raw materials. The rationalisation of the business process in the post-war period led to the reorganisation of transport conditions. Horse transport was eventually replaced by car and train transport. This was much cheaper and had more capacity. Likewise, milk tanks were replaced with car tanks and rail tanks.

I 1935 ble anlegget utvidet i et funksjonalistisk formspråk etter tegninger til Ahasverus Munthe-Kaas Vejre med nytt meieribygg (34e), kondenseringsfabrikk The sum of construction design, location, spaces, underpasses and exits gives the impression of a customised facility for functional and efficient operation.

(34d), stall, verkstedbygning med spisesal og bad, garasje(34f) og internat (34g/ Hollendergata 7).

I 1951 blekroner det anlagt enog mottakerstasjon Anlegget kostet omlag 1,2 mill. kunnemed Landbrukskvartalet har et bygningsmiljø som består av lastemuligheter både fra sporområdet og med bil fra flere utviklingstrinn med bebyggelse fra 1913, Schweigaards Melka Flere ble deretter av fraktet under behandle opp til 501933mill. liter melk gate. årlig.

38 og 1965. Anlegget rommet fra starten av både jorden til det sentrale meieribygget for foredling. produksjons- og administrasjonslokaler (34a, b og d).

Bygningene ble revet i 2014. avisene som var tilstede under innvielsesfesten Model av Melkeforsyningens meierianlegg etter utvidelsen i 1935. Den eldste delen til høyre mot Den eldste delen av anlegget ble tegnet av Ole Eriksen Et nytt administrasjonsbygg langs Schweigaards gate påpekte det moderne anleggets sanitære utstyr i form Stein, og fikk et arkitektonisk uttrykk i jugend og sto ferdig i 1965 (34c). Dette bygget ble plassert Schweigaards gate,gateden nyestee til venstre mellom Platous gate og Hollendergaten. nybarokk stil med mannsardformet tak og fasader med tilbaketrukket fra Schweigaards pga. gjeldende avgavlmotiv vaskeinnretninger, frysemaskiner, kjøleapparater, sentrale og trappeløp. regulering på tidspunktet.

Flyfoto av Fellesmeieriet fra 1952 flaskemelkannlegg og vaskeri for personalets tøy.

Anlegget i Schweigaards gate 34 ble Fellesmeieriets hovedanlegg. Administrasjon og de fleste kontorfunksjoner ble flyttet hit. Anlegget i Schweigaards gate fikk blant annet ansvaret for produksjon av smør, kulturmelk og ost. Ellers ble de ulike arbeidsoppgavene tilknyttet meieridriften fordelt mellom anleggene i Schweigaards gate 34 og Dælengagata 20.

PAST CONTEXT The site has a rich history of production related to the Norwegian agriculture and was mainly known for the dairy production. The map illustrates the dairy production flow that took place between 1936 to 1977, before Fellesmeieriene (the dairy company) moved their production outside the city.1 Utkjøring av melk fra Melkeforsyningens gamle anlegg

9 I 1951 ble det anlagt en mottakerstasjon med (Mot Platous gate) lastemuligheter både fra sporområdet og med bil fra Schweigaards gate. Melka ble deretter fraktet under 1 Landbrukskvartalet.no, Landbrukskvartalet skal bli et attraktivt område for alle, med tilgjengeligutvidet bygulvi og publikumsrettede funksjoner. https://www.landbrukskvartalet.no/(Accessed 05.02.19) Kristiania Melkeforsyning ble etablert i 1911.

I I 1935 ble anlegget et funksjonalistisk jorden til det sentrale meieribygget for foredling.

1946 slårble Melkeforsyningen formspråk etter tegninger til Ahasverus Munthe-Kaas Bygningene revet i 2014. seg sammen med Vejre med nytt meieribygg (34e), kondenseringsfabrikk Kristiania Meieribolag (etablert i 1871) og danner A/L (34d), stall, verkstedbygning med spisesal og bad, Fellesmeieriet.

Et nytt administrasjonsbygg langs Schweigaards gate garasje(34f) og internat (34g/ Hollendergata 7). sto ferdig i 1965 (34c). Dette bygget ble plassert Anlegget i fra Schweigaards gategate 34 ble Anlegget kostet omlag 1,2 mill. kroner og kunne tilbaketrukket Schweigaards pga.Fellesmeieriets gjeldende behandle opp til 50 mill. liter melk årlig. Flere av hovedanlegg.

Administrasjon og de fleste regulering på tidspunktet. kontorfunksjoner ble flyttet hit. Anlegget i Schweigaards avisene som var tilstede under innvielsesfesten Flyfoto av Fellesmeieriet fra 1952 gate fikk blant annet ansvaret for produksjon av smør, påpekte det moderne anleggets sanitære utstyr i form kulturmelk og ost. Ellers ble de ulike arbeidsoppgavene av vaskeinnretninger, frysemaskiner, kjøleapparater, flaskemelkannlegg og vaskeri for personalets tøy. tilknyttet meieridriften fordelt mellom anleggene i Schweigaards gate 34 og Dælengagata 20.

9 I 1951 ble det anlagt en mottakerstasjon med Landbrukskvartalet har et bygningsmiljø som består av lastemuligheter både fra sporområdet og med bil fra

Det historiske Landbrukskvartalet

17

Situasjonsplan fra 1977. Kartet viser anlegget etter den siste store utbyggingen i 1965.

BO

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LANDBRUKSKVARTALET

HOLLENDERGATA

ATE S G TOU pLA

1 3

SCHWEIGAARDS GATE

2 ATE ALG LOK

SITUATION PLAN 1:2000

1

2

3

SITE PLAN 1:500

NOW CONTEXT The site layout represents a fragmented block structure and offers access to a public courtyard at the rear, which also has some resemblance to the structure of gårdstunet.

Currently, the courtyard is used as a car park, but it offers great potential to be activated and become a thriving public plaza for the wider inhabitants of Oslo.

18

03.1

k +21,05

k +25,78

WEST

k +6,83

k +13,08

k +32,99

k +6,83

k +25,78

k +21,05

PLATOUS GATE

k +16,22

k +25,90

k +22,00

k +24,24

NORTH

SOUTH

SCHWEIGAARDSGATE

k +26,40 (cornice max. permition, ref reg. plan)

HOLLENDERGATA

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET

NORENGA BRIDGE

k +35,40

k +20,80

k +19,38

k +21,40

ELEVATION1:600 k +25,70 19 1:500 SECTION SITUATION TODAY

03.1

LANDBRUKSKVARTALET

SITE SITUATION The site is facing and exposed towards one of Oslo’s most heavily trafficked street, Schweigaards gate. The street is a busy connection between the central station, as well as the bus terminal and the east part of the city.

Trams run past every five minutes and trucks drives past with goods in and out from the harbour. Due to high noise emission level, most of the neighbour buildings are offices. The site previously having been a production site, allows the site to carry light industry according to the regulation plan.1 1 Oslo Kommune, Planinnsyn, https://od2.pbe.oslo.kommune.no/kart/ (Accessed 14.02.19)

20

Maridalsvannet

Christiania Spikerverk (1855-1960)

ydalens Compagnie 845-1944)

Hjula Ververi 1855-1957) muldspinderi 7)

ulkan Stål 873-1950)

Nydalens Compagnie (1845-1944) Farmasøyisk Forskning (1874-1986) Christiania Spikerverk (1855-1960)

Bjølsen Valsemølle (1884-1932) Lilleborg Såpe (1833-1959) Myrens Verksted (1848-1988) Hjula Ververi Glads Mølle (1855-1957) Vøien Bomuldspinderi (1736-1880) (1846-1957) Christiania Seildugsfabrik (1856-1960)

Maridalsvannet

Maridalsvannet

Norwegian Tech Museum

Christiania Spikerverk (1855-1960)

Farmasøyisk Forskning (1874-1986) Christiania Spikerverk (1855-1960)

Nydalen

Bjølsen Valsemølle (1884-1932) Lilleborg Såpe (1833-1959) Myrens Verksted (1848-1988) Glads Mølle (1736-1880) Christiania Seildugsfabrik (1856-1960)

Vulkan Stål Bjølsen Valsemølle (1873-1950) (1884-1932) Indigo (1891-1933)

AHO

Bjølsen Valsemølle (1884-1932) Indigo (1891-1933)

VULKAN Hausmania

Film & Production Studios Wallmans Salonger

Oslo Art School AHO Silo student housing VULKAN

Film & Production Studios

Oslo Art School Silo student housing

DOGA

Oslo Opera House

THEN

Regal Mølle (Bjølsen Valsemølle)

Hausmania Art Norway OCA - Office of Contemporary OCA - Office of Contemporary Art Norway

DOGA

Water Promenade

Norwegian Tech Museum

Nydalen

Regal Mølle (Bjølsen Valsemølle)

Wallmans Salonger

Oslo Opera House

Water Promenade

Water Promenade

NOW

THEN

Production T Hindustry E N along river 1845-1960

Transformation N O W from industry NOW

Production industry along river 1845 - 1960 Production industry along river 1845 - 1960

Transformation from industry Transformation to recreationalfrom industry to recreational

INDUSTRY IN OSLO

21

Maridalsvannet

Water Promenade

03.2

INDUSTRY IN OSLO Akerselva is a river that stretches for 10km through Oslo. In the middle ages, the river was found to carry such power, that its waterfalls offered potential for milling.

Furthermore, the rising price of land in the city made it impractical to continue being a tenant, increasing the appeal of suburban land that offered cheap loans and guarantees.

In 1840, the first industrialisation began in Norway, which continued heavily until 1970. During this period, industry along the river included Nydalens Compagnie, Christiania Spigerverk, Lilleborg Fabrikker, Bjølsen Valsemølle, Myrens Verksted and Hjula Værveri. Through this industrialisation, Oslo – and specifically the Akerselva river - became an important portal for innovation in Norway.

Today, the Akerselva river offers an environmental image, bringing a piece of nature into the urban fabric of the city. Although industry has abandoned the river, the community has made use of its surroundings, with commercial buildings and residential housing appearing over recent decades.

However, after 150 years of industrial production, by 1980, most of the industry had left because of a lack of space, and limited room for expansion.

The only production facility that remains along the river is the grain milling factory, Bjølsen Valsemølle.1

22

INDUSTRY IN OSLO

1 Industrimuseum, Akerselva miljøpark, http://industrimuseum.no/1313835062.94 (Accessed 05.02.19)

FIELD TRIP 23

03.3

INTERVIEW To understand the complexity of bringing production back to the city, I visited Bjølsen Valsemølle (or today known as Läntmannen Cerealia) and spoke to Robert Grefsrud, the Head of Quality at the factory. The interview is transcribed into English below.

Q: How much grain do you produce into flour everyday?

A: We produce more than 360 tonnes of flour everyday.

When 360 tonnes of grain comes in, 360 tons of flour goes out. Nothing goes to waste.

A: Being the only grain milling factory in the city makes us unique. Although there is not a direct increase in financial value of the product, there is definitely an identity and branding advantage among the community, knowing the product is made here.

However, our customers do not experience the product here at the factory, but they would buy our product in local bakeries or supermarkets.

Q: How do you feel about being situated in the city as opposed to outside the city?

A: We do have another production facility situated outside the city, but this one having a long history to being one of the first grain milling factory to becoming the last one standing makes us proud. We are one of the leading players when it comes to grain products in the Norwegian market, and being situated in the city established a closer relationship to our customers.

24

FIELD TRIP

Q: Do you feel that having your production exposed in the city where you’re more connected to the city’s inhabitants, raises the value of your product?

BRINING PRODUCTION BACK SILOS AS COLUMNS

25

03.4

BRINGING PRODUCTION BACK Some of these challenges are easier to resolve than others.

For example, the desire to build factories vertically to consume less space has been widely practiced since the 1800’s.

However, complications arise in the development of mixed-use land. It is not simple to have residential buildings, offices, and factories all occupying the same piece of geography – the needs of all neighbouring residents and tenants must be carefully considered.

This includes factors such as noise and environmental pollution created by the factory that may have an impact on nearby dwellings.

A by-product of this integrated approach was that the production and the workers were once present in the customer’s lives. But now, as Robert said, there is a disconnect and now bread is only being purchased in a supermarket or a grocery store. Now, the production is hidden away, out of sight. In contemporary society, is entirely possible to eat beef without ever seeing a cow, and to consumer bread without knowing how the grains were processed.

But there is so much to gain from bringing the factory back to the city. We can reconnect the worker, consumer and the raw materials. We can rectify the missing link between production and the city’s inhabitants.

To successfully bring the factory back to the city, the development must respond to modern parameters, challenges and constraints that the urban fabric has set. While building a factory in the suburbs is often a construction free-for-all, building into established urban areas brings with it an array of challenges.

26

BRINGING PRODUCTION BACK

Like many cities, Oslo was built on labour, and its success comes in part from the thriving production industry that once existed. The whole value chain of production once existed within the city walls – production, consumption and reproduction.

04

PROGRAM

04.1

COMPONENTS 29

04.1

COMPONENTS

30

04.1

Delivery Departure

Storage

Silo III

Bakery

I Cleaning II Separating III Collector

I Milling II Sifting III Packaging

Silo II

PRODUCTION FLOW, PLAN

Cleaned grain storage

Shop

Tech Service Admin/Reception Lab

Silo 1

Bath room

Bed rooms

Laundry Room Bath room I Cleaning

LVL. III

I Milling

II Sifting

Private Depature

Public outdoor area

III Collector

LVL. I

Office/Study Room

Dining Room

Office/Study Room

II Separating

LVL. II

Library

Kitchen

LVL. IV

Living Room Common Room

Hall Way/Cloak Room

COMPONENTS

Private Arrival Delivery Arrival

EXTENDED FAMILY FLOW, PLAN

Cleaned grain storage

Silo III Silo II Silo 1

III Packaging

Storage

Cafè

PUBLIC FLOW, PLAN

Delivery Arrival

Shop

Bakery

PRODUCTION FLOW, SECTION

Public Toilets

Cafè

Atrium

LVL. IV

Bakery

Shop

Bed Room

LVL. III Bath Room

Bath Room

Public Arrival

LVL. II Changing Room/

Living Room/

Common Room Diagrams illustrating the Laundry flowRoom between the components.

Dining Room/ Canteen

Kitchen

Library

Hall way/ Cloak Room LVL. I

Office/Study Room

Private Arrival

Bakery

31 EXTENDED FAMILY FLOW, SECTION LVL. IV

Private Depature

Delivery Departure

04.1

THE MEETINGS BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS The factory consists of three main parts, the production, the extended family (the home) and the visitors.

There are also eight additional workers at the most (four workers for each family) that live on-site to support the production. Their involvement in the business can be considered similar to an internship or apprenticeship program, where they will eventually become part of the extended family once they have mastered the production process.

THE PRODUCTION MEETS THE CITY The production takes place in the two rising towers, both of which house multiple pieces of machinery.

One tower is dedicated to cleaning the grain after it has been delivered, preparing it for processing. Once cleaned, a pipe system transports the cleaned grains to the second tower, where the grains are milled and turn into flour.

The house is connected via a passage to the production facility, which oscillates through the beginning of the production line through to the final product.

THE VISITOR MEETS THE PRODUCTION The visitors interact with the production in many ways.

For some visitors, who simply wish to purchase bread and leave, they are free to enter and exit through the bakery. Additionally, tables, chairs and the adjoining courtyard provide a social experience for those who wish to take a seat and have a café-style experience.

THE HOME MEETS THE PRODUCTION Although baking still takes place in people’s homes, it is more likely to be considered a hobby or passion, and less-so an integral part of life, as it was in the traditional gårdstun.

But for others, the grain production will be an integral part of the visitor experience, with the building’s circulating walkway being carved out in a way that enables visitors – including families and children – to observe the process and see how the production takes place. This part connects the visitor with the production line and the final product in the bakery. It is unique in the city of Oslo – there’s really nothing else like it.

For the owners of my project, baking will indeed be one of their passions, but at a much larger scale. They are passionate about making flour and bread, but they also want to be the puppeteers of the production.

To create the finest flour, it is necessary for two families to live on-site at the factory. One family will take ownership of the grain process, while the other family will take ownership of the bakery.

Small-scale wholesale customers will also be visitors to the factory, purchasing flour to use in their own baking.

Both families will cohabitate the on-site housing, where they will share common facilities, such as a kitchen and bathroom. Both families have two children each.

32

COMPONENTS

The production finishes its journey in the on-site bakery. The bakery itself is not only part of the connection to the production and the home, but it is also about activating public space, becoming an urban intervention that the community can frequent and enjoy.

GERM

ENDOSPERM

BRAN

04.2

FROM GRAIN TO FLOUR

33

04.2

FROM GRAIN TO FLOUR The anatomy of the grain consists of three elements: The outer shell is called the bran, and its purpose is to protect the seed. The second layer is the endosperm, which occupies eighty per cent of the weight of the grain, and is responsible for making the flour white in colour. 80% of the weight of the grain. And on the inside, the germ is located, which acts as a nutrient store house carrying oils, proteins and minerals.1

FROM GRAIN TO FLOUR

The process of the production line is important to understand as this will act as a tool for shaping the building. The production process for turning grain into flour is made up of many locked parameters, so it’s important for the architecture to respond to these processes, rather than trying to encapsulate them.

1 Eating Rules, Anatomy of a Whole Grain, https://eatingrules.com/anatomy-of-awhole-grain/ (Accessed 17.02.19)

34

5.

9.

11.

3.

2.

6.

10.

THE PRODUCTION LINE PRODUCTION PROCESS 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Raw material delivery Internal grain movement Uncleaned grain storage Cleaning Gravity separation Cleaned grain collection

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Cleaned grain storage Milling Flour sifting Product packaging Waste collection Dust collection

2.

3.

1.

THE MACHINES

PRODUCTION PROCESS

1. Raw material delivery 2. and Internal grain The machines themselves has qualities that can be adapted decoded intomovement 3.

Uncleaned grain architecture. Understanding what they do and how they work can be a part ofstorage 4. Cleaning how the building takes its shape.

5. Gravity separation 6. Cleaned grain collection

35

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

04.3

7.

THE MACHINES

8.

4.

5.

9.

11.

6.

10.

12.

Cleaned grain storage Milling Flour sifting Product packaging Waste collection Dust collection

36

Parc de la Villette, Bernard Tschumi Architects Bernard Tschumi's Parc de la Villette is a great reference to how a structure can be built to express the movement and journey through the park. The sculptures act as urban furnitures for the public to engage with.

RELEVANT REFERENCES 37

04.4

REFERENCES

Bernd and Hilla Becher The disappearance of the industrial architecture has been documented by photographers Bernard and Hilla Becher. These old abandoned buildings expresses the functionality of the industrial design. The man made structures, makes it easy to read and imagine the journey through the building.

38

05

THE GRAIN MILLING FACTORY

Collage illustrating the meetings between the three components

SCHEMATIC APPROACH Investigations of defining spaces based on the placement of the industrial elements.

41

GR Ø

NL

AN

DS

05.1

LE

IR

ET

PRODUCTION HOME VISITORS

GATE

ATE ALG LOK

SILOS PLACED HIERARCHICAL Placing the silos hierarchical in a chronological sequence following the production line, establishes a mixed flow circulation between the public, private and the production.

42

PLACEMENT

HOLLENDERGATA

ATE S G TOU pLA

SCHWEIGAARDS GATE

GR Ø

NL

AN

05.1

DS

LE

IR

ET

PLACEMENT

HOLLENDERGATA

ATE S G TOU pLA

SCHWEIGAARDS GATE

ATE ALG LOK

SILOS PLACED INTERSECTIONAL Placing the silos in an intersectional way divides the relation between the components. The silos will act as a barrier between the production on one side and the public and the private.

43

GR Ø

NL

AN

DS

05.1

LE

IR

ET

GATE

ATE ALG LOK

SILOS PLACED IN THE FACADE Placing the silos as a facade makes a clear division on how the three components approach the site in a straight-cut linear direction towards the courtyard. The circulation becomes monotone and should be more intertwined.

44

PLACEMENT

HOLLENDERGATA

ATE S G TOU pLA

SCHWEIGAARDS GATE

MASSING ORGANISATION The relationship between production, public and private.

45

05.2

MASSING ORGANISATION

46

MATERIAL APPROACH The model demonstrates the hierarchy in materiality. The heavy concrete represents the foundation of the production as well as it speaks the same language as the urban fabric, while the light wooden structure represents the home.

47

05.3

MATERIAL APPROACH, HIERARCHY IN MATERIALS The hierarchy in the architecture is represented in the materials used to construct the project.

Concrete is used in the production facility and also the bakery, to represent the heaviness of the production, and the production being the foundation of the building. With a raw texture, untreated concrete displays similarities to flour, offering a powdery texture. The concrete structure has several openings and curves to soften the hardness of the material.

Choosing to build with concrete ensures the building is well suited to the urban context.

These two materials is a compositions that was used in the vernacular building culture, having a heavy base with a lighter structure resting above.

01

02

03

FIG01, Tadao Ando works a lot with soft shapes an curves despite that concrete expresses a hard appearance.

(Photos from Kidosaki House, Japan) FIG02: Friis of Motlke's signature having a secondary structure that floats above a heavy base.

FIG03 Vernacular building tradition in Norway called 'lafting' (Photo from Norsk Folkemuseum)

48

MATERIAL APPROACH

Above the concrete foundation, light wooden structure are used to soften the transitions between the production and the home. Additionally, the wooden materials ensure that the home stands out as its own independent space, symbolising its importance in the production process as the puppeteers of the machines.

SILO - CLEAN STORAGE

CLEANING MACHINE

SILO - STORAGE

MILLING

GRAVITY SEPARATION MACHINE

SIFTING MACHINE

INTERNAL GRAIN

CLEANED GRAIN COLLECTOR

PACKAGING MACHINE

SIMPLIFIED PRODUCTION PROCESS SKETCH The sketch illustrates the verticality and horisontal movements in the production line.

THE PRODUCTION LINE

49

05.4

THE PRODUCTION LINE

PROCESS ONLY SHOWED THROUGH MOVEMENTS AND MOTIONS The diagram illustrates the movements and motions that is happening in the machines when processing grain to flour.

50

05.4

UNCLEAN

CLEANING

GRAVITY SEPARATE THE GRAIN TRANSITION FROM UNCLEANED TO CLEAN

CLEANED

THE PRODUCTION LINE

CLEAN THE GRAIN

CLEANED GRAIN COLLECTED

51

05.4

MILLING

CLEAN

MILL THE GRAIN TRANSITION FROM GRAIN TO FLOUR

THE PRODUCTION LINE

SIFT THE FLOUR

PACK THE FLOUR

52

Using the corridor as an element to create an experience of being sucked in.

SUCTION Studying how the curved wall adapted from the industrial objects can act as an element to split a room or used as a guiding wall.

SEPARATION Study of how the silo can be used as an element to connects circulations.

COLLECTOR

SPATIAL PROCESS Selected studies in model investigating how the machines and the production can be translated spatialy to tell a story of what is happening through the production.

53

05.5

Using a light structure that rests its weight on top of a base to illustrate the gravity.

SIFTING The corelation between the production and the home.

SPATIAL PROCESS

COEXISTING

54

THE RECONNECTION 55

05.6

THE MEETINGS BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS

There is a hierarchy in the approach of the design of the building.

The primary focus of the site is the production, with its building taking shape as a response to the sequential production line.

56

THE RECONNECTION

Secondly, is the connection between the production and the home, with particular emphasis on how these two elements correlate and connect together.

What has been important to highlight throughout the project, is the presence of the family and workers. The building doesn’t only accommodate the machines, but also the people working and living in this building - the extended family. Although they operate behind the scenes, their presence is subtly expressed in the architecture of the building through changes in materiality and scales.

The third element in the hierarchy is the customer, the visitor. To connect the visitor to the home and the production, there has been a focus on incorporating a circulation that can allow the visitor to interact with the production. As mentioned previously, this is a unique experience for the customer. In addition to being able to enjoy freshly baked goods and buy locally-produced flour, the customer is also exposed to the greater process. The bakery becomes a portal that connects the components together.

THE RECONNECTION

05.6

CIRCULATION - PRODUCTION (Isometric diagram from South facade) Flow happens vertically with straight run stairs that cuts through the production. The verticality illustrates the vertical production line.

57

05.6

THE RECONNECTION

CIRCULATION - HOME (Isometric diagram from North facade) Flow happens to be horisontally with curved and spiral staircases. Elements such as the curved walls is a reflection of the production. These cavity spaces becomes a part of the circulation.

58

THE RECONNECTION

05.6

CIRCULATION - PUBLIC (Isometric diagram from South facade) Horisontal flow with lighter elements that relates to the human scale as opposed to the production. The spiral staircases circles around the production. Using spiral staircases suggests a flow that is about being around the production rather than something you pass by/through.

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07

REFLECTION

07.1

This project has been incredibly fulfilling, but also posed a number of challenges.

As the project developed, and I continued to investigate the role of grain manufacturing in more detail, the construction became bigger and bigger – it was constantly evolving. This was, in part, because I wanted to deliver a project that was not just aesthetically pleasing, but added real value against the purpose and role of production in our cities.

Challenges aside, what I enjoyed the most was the opportunity to solve a problem that is not only specific to Oslo, but to many cities around the world that are experiencing rapid growth. I am confident that the research conducted and work undertaken for this project will be universally applicable to projects on a global scale.

Additionally, it has been a valuable discovery for me to personally understand how architecture can be used as a tool for expressing an opinion, specifically a response to a political or economic challenge. Again, I feel as though this skill is relevant to a wider breadth of projects, and is translatable to architectural projects in the real world.

62

REFLECTION

Another challenge sat with the complexity of intertwining the public into the production environment in a practical way.

08

BIBLIOGRAPHY

08.1

LITTERATURE

Bernard Tschumi, Jaques Derrida, Anthony Vidler, Parc de la Villette, Artifice Books on Architecture (2004) Bernhard und Hilla Becher, Anonyme Skulpturen : Eine Typologie technischer Bauten (Düsseldorf : Art-Press, (1970) Jane Jacobs, The death and life of great American cities, New York Modern Library (2006) Jeannette Kuo, Space of production : projects and essays on rationality, atmosphere, and expression in the industrial building, Zurich Park Books (2015) Nina Rappaport, Vertical Urban Factory, New York: Actar Publishers (2015) Peter Zumthor & M, Lending, A feeling of History, Zürich, Scheidegger & Spiess (2018) Susanne Lange, Bernd and Hilla Becher Life and Work, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, (2007) Thomas Birket-Smith, Industri: Arkitektur, København Fonden til udgivelse af Arkitekturtidsskrift B (2010) Vickey Richardson, New vernacular architecture, London Laurence King (2001)

WEBSITES Oxford Dictionaries, Definition Umwelt, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/umwelt (Accessed: 05.02.2019)

BBC News, Oslo's rapid growth redefines Nordic Identity, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25722053 (Accessed: 07.02.2019) Wikipedia, Bakery, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery (Accessed: 08.02.2019) Wikipedia, Dissolution of the union, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_ Sweden (Accessed 07.02.19) Wikipedia, Norwegian Romanticism, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism (Accessed 07.02.19) Wikipedia, Energy in Norway, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Norway (Accessed 07.02.19) BBC News, Oslo's rapid growth redefines Nordic Identity (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25722053) (Accessed 07.02.19) Architect Magazine, Oslo unfortunately goes global https://www.architectmagazine.com/design/oslo-unfortunately-goesglobal_o (Accessed 05.02.17) Wikipedia, Extended family, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_family (Accessed 07.02.19) Din Side, Norge på brødtoppen, https://www.dinside.no/okonomi/norge-pa-brodtoppen/62236589 (Accessed 12.02.19) Wikipedia, Sebastian Kneipp, https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kneipp (Accessed 15.02.19) Helsedirektoratet, Utviklingen i norsk kosthold, https://helsedirektoratet.no/rapporter/utviklingen-i-norsk-kosthold (Accessed 12.02.19) Industrimuseum, Bjølsen Valsemølle, http://industrimuseum.no/bedrifter/bjoelsenvalsemoellea_s Landbrukskvartalet.no, Landbrukskvartalet skal bli et attraktivt område for alle, med tilgjengelig bygulv og publikumsrettede funksjoner. https://www.landbrukskvartalet.no/(Accessed 05.02.19) Oslo Kommune, Planinnsyn, https://od2.pbe.oslo.kommune.no/kart/ (Accessed 14.02.19) Industrimuseum, Akerselva miljøpark, http://industrimuseum.no/1313835062.94 (Accessed 05.02.19) Eating Rules, Anatomy of a Whole Grain, https://eatingrules.com/anatomy-of-a-whole-grain/ (Accessed 17.02.19) 64

BIBLIOGRAPGY

Architecture Norway, Rapid change and Cultural Vacuum, http://architecturenorway.no/questions/identity/moystad-rapidchange/ (Accessed: 06.02.2019)

09

ILLUSTRATIONS

09.1

ILLUSTRATIONS P01

Holocombe, Tower of Babel modernised, https://taitegallery.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/holcombe_ babel_revisited_oc.jpg (Accessed 05.02.19)

P03

Adolph Tidemand & Hans GudeBrudeferd i Hardanger (1848), https://snl.no/Brudeferd_i_Hardanger (Accessed 05.02.19)

P04

Oslo Byarkiv, (Timeline of maps illustrating the urban development) https://www.oslo.kommune.no/OBA/kart/ (Accessed 05.02.19)

P06

Dezeen, Postmodern architecture: Vanna Venturi House, Philadelphia by Robert Venturi, https://www.dezeen. com/2015/08/12/postmodernism-architecture-vanna-venturi-house-philadelphia-robert-venturi-denise-scott-brown/ (Accessed 05.02.19)

P07

Arne Berg, Produksjon av tuntegning 1952, https://digitaltmuseum.no/011013364999/trandum-ullensaker-akershus-islutten-av-1870-arene-avfotografert-tuntegning (Accessed 05.02.19)

P08

Digitalmusem.no, Photographer unknown, estimated time of photography 1930-1940, (FIG01, FIG02, FIG03)

P11

Nasjonalbiblioteket, Baker Hansen reklame, https://www.flickr.com/photos/national_library_of_norway/28421327394 (Accessed 17.05.19)

P12

Per Krogh, Kristiania brødfabrikk. Painting of «Bakersalen» (the bakery) (1939.), https://www.oslo.kommune.no/OBA/ tobias/tobiasartikler/pdf_arkiv/Tobias%201_2010_for_nett.pdf (Accessed 12.03.19)

P16

Landbrukskvartalet.no, Landbrukskvartalet skal bli et attraktivt område for alle, med tilgjengelig bygulv og publikumsrettede funksjoner. https://www.landbrukskvartalet.no/(Accessed 05.02.19)

P17

Landbrukskvartalet.no, Landbrukskvartalet skal bli et attraktivt område for alle, med tilgjengelig bygulv og publikumsrettede funksjoner. https://www.landbrukskvartalet.no/(Accessed 05.02.19)

P20

Oslo Kommune, Planinnsyn, https://od2.pbe.oslo.kommune.no/kart/ (Accessed 14.02.19)

P22

Industrimuseum, Akerselva Miljøpark, http://industrimuseum.no/1313835062.94 (Accessed 05.02.19)

P23

Industrimuseum, Bjølsen Valsemølle AS, http://industrimuseum.no/bedrifter/bjoelsenvalsemoellea_s (Accessed 05.02.19)

P34

Eating Rules, Anatomy of a Whole Grain, https://eatingrules.com/anatomy-of-a-whole-grain/ (Accessed 17.02.19)

P37

Bernard Tschumi, Jaques Derrida, Anthony Vidler, Parc de la Villette (Artifice Books on Architecture, 2014) p64

P38

Susanne Lange, Bernd and Hilla Becher Life and Work, Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, (2007) p129

P48

Tadao Ando 1983-1990, El Croquis 1990 44 20-188, p108 Friis-Moltke Architects, Knud Friis' hus, Brabrand, https://friis-moltke.dk/arkitektur/boliger/knudfriis/ (Accessed 21.05.19)

P50

Michael Webb, Furniture Manufacturing Building 1957. https://michaelwebbtwojourneys.com/furniture-factory (Accessed 12.02.19) Courtsey Collectie Gemeentearchief Rotterdam, Van Nelle Fabrik 1960, https://www.bauwelt.de/themen/bilder/VerticalUrban-Factory-2658472.html, Accessed 12.02.19) Library Book Collection, Mathews Conveyer system in the Joseph Campbell Company plant at Camden (Accessed 12.02.19)

P51, P52 Alapala's Reference Project in Kyrgyzstan: KazGrain, Screen shots from production process, 0:41, 1:21, 1:36, 2:05, 2:29, 2:36, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZ5RHTTdVEY (Accessed 15.03.19) All other images taken or made by Melissa Evangelista

66

ILLUSTRATIONS

Industrimuseum, Vårt daglige brød fra Bjølsen (1959), http://industrimuseum.no/19bjolsenintro_tekst (Accessed 12.03.19)

THESIS REPORT