MelaNation issue 2: the music edition

an art zine

by BYP100 DC

MelaNation issue 2

the music edition

July 2017

© 2017 ​MelaNation​, an art zine by BYP100 DC All Rights Reserved byp100dczine@gmail.com www.melanationzine.com

Cover art by Darya Nicol MelaNation​ was designed by Jordan DeLoach, Darya Nicol, and Will Johnson

to the BYP100 activists who contributed to MelaNation

to all who have supported and affirmed MelaNation

to those who fight for Black liberation

to the readers

to our families and

to our ancestors

and to Black musical artists with roots in the DMV

thank you.

this is dedicated to Nabra Hassanen.

contents BYP100 DC MelaNation Team

p. 1

The Intro

p. 3

Summer Love Playlist

by Ruth Tyson

p. 7

Illustration by Jordan DeLoach

p. 10

Interview with Be Steadwell

by Eric Burkley

p. 11

Illustration by Darya Nicol

p. 18

“Go-Go Taught Me How To Dance”

by Jordan DeLoach

p. 19

“Black Men & Music On Trains”

by Maya Cole

p. 24

Illustration by Jordan DeLoach

p. 25

Remembering Pulse

p. 27

Call to Action: Healing curated by Jonathan Butler

p. 29

Community Activism Glossary

p. 33

1

BYP100 DC MelaNation Team Darya Nicol, Eric Burkley, Maya Cole, Tahirah Green, Jonathan Butler, Ruth Tyson, Kolenge Fonge, Lauren Jordan, Michelé Prince, and Jordan DeLoach are Black activists and creators who love the DMV and contributed to ​MelaNation​.

Much love and thanks to the BYP100 activists who developed ​Stay Woke, Stay Whole: A Black Activist Healing Manual and ​the Black Joy Experience Resource Guid​e, sections of which are quoted at the end of the zine.

Special shout out to guest artist Will Johnson who provided advice for the zine’s design and layout.

2

the intro Music has been an essential tool in Black culture and rebellion across the African diaspora for generations. ​Music can uplift one’s culture and traditions; it can be used strategically for combat and acts of resistance; and music can rebel against the norms that mainstream society tries to impose on us in order to oppress us.

Enslaved Africans in the United States used songs tactically as communication tools to covertly organize rebellions, and sang to overcome the violent and cruel conditions that White oppressors forced upon them. In Brazil, enslaved Africans created ​capoeira a martial art and cultural practice that combines fighting, creativity, cultural traditions, music, and more - to practice self defense and preserve their cultural identity. Tango has rhythmic roots in candombe​, a rhythm and performance created by enslaved Africans in Uruguay to preserve their heritage, mock their White oppressors, and express a desire for liberation. Black activists in South Africa utilized song and performance throughout apartheid to protest systemic segregation, discrimination, and violence; one example being ​toyi-toyi​, powerful call-and-response chants and dances with Zimbabwean roots that militant Black students in South Africa used in the 1970s to challenge police during protests.

Black communities have used music to uplift cultural identities and to rebel against oppression in innumerable cities, towns, and villages across the globe. Washington, DC is among them.

please see p. 37 of the zine for the intro’s bibliography 3

MelaNation ​is an art zine by Black Youth Project 100 DC (BYP100 DC), and ​MelaNation ​issue 2, “the music edition,” is a short exploration of the relationship between music, Black culture, and Black liberation in the DC area. ​This issue includes a playlist for the summer of songs by Black artists from the DMV; a feature on Be Steadwell, a Black queer pop artist born and raised in DC; and poetry, illustrations, and stories about music created by the ​MelaNation team. The zine concludes with some tips pulled from BYP100’s ​Stay Woke, Stay Whole: A Black Activist Healing Manual on how to develop a daily routine that supports healing and holistic energy, and a glossary of helpful terms relevant to the fight for Black liberation.

We hope this issue uplifts the narratives of Black queer musicians in the DMV. We hope this issue motivates you to learn more about Black music in DC and its legacy.

We hope this issue inspires you to support local Black musical performers - especially artists who are women, queer, trans, nonbinary, undocumented, disabled, and/or poor, because the unjust society we live in marginalizes them especially.

And we hope unapologetically.

that

this

issue

inspires

you

to

create

enter MelaNation.

4

“Living in between being queer, being second generation, being a person of colour, and a woman all of these things cross and overlap and intersect in some tricky-ass ways.

I think I've always wanted to point to those intersections so that anyone who may be having an alienating or othering experience can feel like we're in the same boat.”

-

Kelela vocalist, songwriter DC native (born 1991) Read more: ‘Kelela On The Intersections Of Identity, Gender, Sexuality & Ethnicity For Oyster #108.’ O ​ yster #108: The Origins Issue.

May 13 2016. Interview by Lucy Jones.

5

MelaNation issue 2

the music edition

6

MELANATION’S 2017 SUMMER LOVE PLAYLIST

From Winzday’s sultry and enchanting vocals to BOOMscat’s jazzy beats and lyrics, this playlist will take you on a journey through the creative minds, hearts, and culture of some of the District’s creatives.

by Ruth Tyson Kelow, Me’shell Ndegeocello, Winzday Love, The CooLots, Kelela,

Listen to MelaNation’s 2017 Summer Love Playlist while reading through this issue of

BOOMscat, Toshi Reagon, Reesa Renee, Be Steadwell,

MelaNation, during your morning/evening commute, before bed, or

and Danny Indigo are all queer Black musical artists from the DMV area.

whenever you need to catch a breath for some guaranteed good vibes and inspiration.

Listen on Spotify: http://spoti.fi/2uCSD62 Listen on SoundCloud: http://bit.ly/2tUG9sX Have suggestions for local artists to feature?

Email us at byp100dczine@gmail.com

7

1

“Queens” by Winzday Love

2

“Get It All” by by Karl X Johan ft. Kelow

3

“Oh Girl” by the CooLots

4

“Simple Things” by the Peace and Body Roll Duo BOOMscat ft. RA the MC

Album - Emotional Landscapes (2016) Album - Do You Remember/Get It All Remixes (2013) Album - The CooLots (2014)

EP - No Life Jacket (2014)

5

“Backwood” by Ari Lennox

6

“Skipping Stones” by Gallant ft. Jhene Aiko

Album - Pho (2016)

Album - Ology (2016)

7

“Send Me Out” by Kelela

8

“Pocketbook” by Me’shell Ndegeocello

9

“Building Blues” by Toshi Reagon

10

“John Smith” by Deacon Izzy

11

“Hello Mama” by Reesa Renee

12

“Sometimes” by Be Steadwell

13

“We Will Never Die” by GoldLink

14

“U” by Danny Indigo (2017)

Album - Cut 4 Me (2013)

Album - Cookie: The Anthropological Mixtape (2002) Album - Have You Heard (2005) EP - Sermon No. 1 (2017)

Album - Lovers Rock (2015)

Album - Queer POP Mixtape (2013) Album - At What Cost (2017)

8

“I will not stoop to conquer.�

- Shirley Horn jazz priestess DC native (1935 - 2005)

9

10

Be STEADWELL

is a musician, cinematographer, singer, songwriter, and queer pop artist from DC.

On June 14th, 2017, MelaNation activist Eric Burkley spoke with Be Steadwell over the phone about how her hometown has shaped her music and her activism for LGBTQ communities.

Here is a summary of that conversation.

11

Be while

ready

for

listening

the

emotions to

tennis

outside

the

of

courts Rock

lie

Creek

Park.

productions delivered by Be Steadwell. ​Her artistry

within the genre of “queer pop” is a vulnerable account of her personal life and how she relates to others around her sphere. ​Be mixes and

produces the majority of her music. She is unapologetic through the lyrics in her albums ​Jaded ​(2016) ​and

Breakup Songs (2017), and she shows her heart and brings her audience along while she processes her pain and

personal

growth.

I

Be was raised on the soulful

believe this is something that

and folk sounds from artists

we can all relate to and the

like

exact reason why her music resonates

with

the

Joni

Mitchell,

Nina

Simone, and James Taylor

true

and was in her high school

romantics of the world.

jazz band. She honed her skills at Howard University in

Be Steadwell is very much

a college acapella group and

a DC artist, and was born

as a member of the local

and raised here in the

musical duo, the Lost Bois,

District not too far from

along with fellow artist A.O..

Military Road and where

12

Be Steadwell described The Lost Bois project as a challenge to the mainstream music industry for consistently

peddling

homophobic

content

throughout its many media platforms. This project birthed the music that Be describes as ​“queer pop.”

For Be, queer pop is a pushback against the

mainstream

tendency

to

make

so-called popular music that focuses solely

on

narratives

of heterosexual

people and has shut out many artists and perspectives in the LGBTQ community.

13

The end result from Steadwell is a musical experience that explores the humanity of queer people of color. ​I was able to talk with Be about

what she sees her role to be in the movement for rights for LGBTQ people. ​A few days before my conversation with Be Steadwell, the annual

Capital Pride events in DC were confronted by protesters

gathered

under

the

banner

of

#NoJusticeNoPride (huge shout out and thanks to all of the brilliant activists who organized this march, especially the incredible organizer Angela Peoples). ​Be explained that while she did not attend

the protests or the Capital Pride parade, she believes that the issues raised by No Justice, No Pride are issues that local queer people of color have been wrestling with for years here in the DMV. Firstly, many of the corporations that sponsored Capital Pride and took centerstage at the events promote practices that are dangerous to Black and Native communities. Secondly, the high police presence at Capital

Pride

was

deemed

highly

offensive

considering the fact that the criminal justice system targets Black and Latinx communities and is violent towards queer folks (one of the most significant moments in the fight for LGBTQ rights started after police harassed and brutalized trans and queer folks at Stonewall Inn in NYC in 1969).

14

On Be Steadwell’s personal website, you can read about her emotional process of choosing to participate in the Women’s March on Washington on January 21, 2017, the day following the inauguration of President 45. ​She performed alongside Toshi Reagon and BIGLovely that day to express solidarity with other women who chose to stand up against the incoming regime and their right-wing agenda; pussy hat or not.

Be

Steadwell

venues and we encourage

is a 2017

recipient of the Astra Global

you to visit her website at

Arts Fund; a global arts

www.besteadwell.com

organization that showcases

check out her tour dates.

art by LGBTQ artists and

Her music will pull on your

collectives that have limited

heartstrings.

to

access to resources and are using their craft for social awareness.

​As

summer

Photos provided by Be Steadwell.

approaches, Be Steadwell

Includes

will be featured at a few

headshot

Jonathan Timmes.

15

taken

by

16

“Some people are very, very brilliant experts and some people just tell the truth, which makes it brilliant.

If you ask ‘em to play something outside of what they know, they can’t do it, but if you tell them not to lie to you,

they will break your heart with the funk...”

- Toshi Reagon singer, musician, activist raised in DC (born 1964)

Read more: ​Toshi Reagon interview with ​the

Trove ​(2016)

http://inthetrove.com/toshi-reagon-interview/

17

18

Go-Go Taught Me How to Dance

by Jordan DeLoach Go-go taught me how to dance when I was around 14 years old. Well, more precisely, my friend used go-go to teach me how to dance when I was 14 years old. This lesson was long overdue. Up to that point, I only had three moves in my arsenal: the two step, the snap your fingers, and the pop, lock, and drop it. Although hard work, patience, and luck helped me learn those three moves, I struggled to pick up anything else. It felt like every time I started getting the hang of one dance, other Black folks were moving on to the next. The only people still on the old dance were guests on Ellen, rallies at predominantly White high schools, and me.

Why was it taking me so long to pick up on choreo? How did it come to other people so easily? I’d learn the answer to these questions when I was sitting with my homie O’Neil in the bleachers at our high school gymnasium before a basketball game. The key was in go-go, a musical genre that we grew up with as Black kids in PG County. O’Neil used go-go to teach me that I was trying to dance when I didn’t even know the basics: the head nod.

19

head nod: noun/verb 1. issa simple back and forth movement of the head, rooted in one’s inner sense of rhythm 2. like when the DJ at the party is fire but you don’t wanna look like you’re having too much fun cuz you wanna look cool in front of shorty but you also gotta acknowledge the fire cuz it’d be rude if you didn’t 3. like when you’re driving your car and the AUX is lit so you can’t sit still 4. oh and like when you’re listening to wild rap music in your headphones in your cubicle at an office job so you can’t be hot with it but you’re also really feeling Cardi B that day

We had about 20 minutes until the game started and O’Neil was blasting go-go out of his Iphone earbuds, pretending to drum in his lap. Because I like go-go, and wanted to show my appreciation for the music he was providing, I attempted to sway my body to the beat. O’Neil must have noticed my choreographic efforts because next thing I knew he was teaching me a lesson.

20

“Take one,” he held his palm out to me, his two earbuds in his hand. I cautiously picked one up and put it in my ear. He did the same with the other. I don’t remember which song was playing, but this was around ‘08 so let’s just guess it was something by CCB (shouts out to CCB)! Again, I started trying to sway to the beat.

“No, do less,” he said as he locked eyes with me and proceeded to nod his head to the music, encouraging me to do the same. I tried to imitate his movements by quickly bopping my head on the up and down beat.

“No, slower,” and he continued nodding his head at a steady pace. I slowed my own pace to match his. I could feel the difference when my nods finally lined up with the music. In that moment, it clicked. It was as if I usually approached dancing as fighting against the music, but nodding my head to the beat was going along with it, instead.

i like it when the bounce beat comes in and the kick rattles inside of my chest and the melody finds its way through the percussion

21

As we both sat there, nodding our heads, actually dancing, I thought to myself, so this is what it feels like to be cool.*

I looked at O’Neil and smiled. He smiled back.

*I’m still corny though.

Some of us are born with the sauce and some of us come out parched.

22

“I feel like we’re long overdue for our story to be told.”

- GoldLink rapper, wordsmith DMV born and raised (born 1993) Read more: ‘GoldLink’s ‘At What Cost’ documents a D.C. that’s disappearing. Here’s how the album came together.’ T ​ he Washington Post.​ April 21 2017. Article by Briana Younger.

23

24

25

“It feels so good to be back home.”

- Ari Lennox vocalist, songwriter DC native (born 1991)

Read more: Transcending the Beltway: How Ari Lennox avoided becoming a ‘SoundCloud singer’. ​The Washington Post.​ March 2 2017.

Article by Briana Younger.

26

Stanley Almodovar III, 23

Alejandro Barrios Martinez, 21

Amanda L. Alvear, 25

Brenda Marquez McCool, 49

Oscar A. Aracena Montero, 26

Gilberto R. Silva Menendez, 25

Rodolfo Ayala Ayala, 33

Kimberly Jean Morris, 37

Antonio Davon Brown, 29

Akyra Monet Murray, 18

Darryl Roman Burt II, 29

Luis Omar Ocasio Capo, 20

Angel Candelario-Padro, 28

Geraldo A. Ortiz Jimenez, 25

Juan Chavez Martinez, 25

Eric Ivan Ortiz-Rivera, 36

Luis Daniel Conde, 39

Joel Rayon Paniagua, 32

Cory James Connell, 21

Jean Carlos Mendez Perez, 35

Tevin Eugene Crosby, 25

Enrique L. Rios, Jr., 25

Deonka Deidra Drayton, 32

Jean Carlos Nieves Rodríguez,

Simón Adrian Carrillo

27

Fernández, 31

Xavier Emmanuel

Leroy Valentin Fernandez, 25

Serrano-Rosado, 35

Mercedez Marisol Flores, 26

Christopher Joseph Sanfeliz,

Peter Ommy Gonzalez Cruz,

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22

Yilmary Rodríguez Solivan, 24

Juan Ramon Guerrero, 22

Edward Sotomayor Jr., 34

Paul Terrell Henry, 41

Shane Evan Tomlinson, 33

Frank Hernandez, 27

Martin Benitez Torres, 33

Miguel Angel Honorato, 30

Jonathan A. Camuy Vega, 24

Javier Jorge Reyes, 40

Juan Pablo Rivera Velázquez,

Jason Benjamin Josaphat, 19

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Eddie Jamoldroy Justice, 30

Luis Sergio Vielma, 22

Anthony Luis Laureano Disla,

Franky Jimmy DeJesus

25

Velázquez, 50

Christopher Andrew Leinonen,

Luis Daniel Wilson-Leon, 37

32

Jerald Arthur Wright, 31

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Gay clubs serve as a kind of sanctuary space for many queer people - a space where we can exist as our full selves without fear of being targeted for our sexual orientation or gender identity.

On the night of June 12, 2016, many queer folks went to Pulse nightclub - a gay bar and club in Orlando that was especially popular among young, queer Latinx people - to dance, laugh, drink, talk, and exist.

That night, a shooter entered the club and killed 49 people, left nearly 60 people wounded, and traumatized many others. The shooter also destroyed a sanctuary space for queer folks of color.

We must fight for every life lost, every life changed, by the tragedy that occurred at Pulse.

We must fight to protect queer people of color.

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Call To Action: ​Healing

As members of BYP100, we envision ourselves as cultural producers who understand that holistic energy and healing are essential. To confront and overcome historical and continuing oppression, BYP100 believes healing is a shared responsibility of our society. In a world where we face trauma and pain everyday, healing must be a part of our daily routine.

Healing is not just something we value but also a tool for centering, connecting, communicating, and claiming joy, both individually and collectively, regardless of the barriers that come in our way.

Through the process of healing we actively engage in the work towards freedom by restoring health not just in our bodies, but also in our minds and spirits.

At its core, BYP100 DC is invested in disrupting the narrative that in a world filled with pain, we cannot take the time to experience joy. We believe we can find joy in the process of healing.

Here are just a few daily routines pulled from the healing and safety curriculum in BYP100’s ​Stay Woke, Stay Whole: A Black Activist Healing Manual that you can easily adopt: 29

1

Morning Ritual ​: Mornings are time to envision and execute your best day. Keep a cup of water and journal by your bedside.

As soon as you wake up, take three sips of water and write down a “word of the day” that will help keep you grounded and centered. Words can include faith, gratitude, balance, rest, honor, discipline or whatever word is on your heart.

Stay Connected​1​: ​Set up regular check-ins with someone whom you love and enjoy spending time with to share what is on your heart. Feeling heavy? Take a walk and place your hand on a tree and visualize any negativity leaving your body and being absorbed by the bark of the tree. Visualize it floating down into the roots and back out into the earth where it dissolves.

Healthy Eating​1​: Our bodies are incredible. They have an incredible capacity to heal ills. Different types of food can have healing and medicinal benefits. Take notice of how different types of food make you feel after you eat. Do you become fatigued? Do you develop a stomach ache? Do you feel energized? Do you feel overly-stuffed?

Gratitude Jar​1​: Write down five things on a small sheet of paper that you are grateful for each day and place it in a jar. Review these items at the end of each week or whenever you are feeling stressed.

Night Ritual​1​: Evenings are a time to release and reflect on the day’s events to prepare for new beginnings. Keep a cup of water and journal by your bedside. “Put yourself to bed” by taking three sips of water and writing one thing you learned about yourself in the day and one thing you are grateful that came out of the day. Keep all electronics away from your head as you sleep, and if possible, try not to sleep with the TV on.

1 ​

​Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100). Stay Woke, Stay Whole: A Black Activist Healing Manual. (2017). pp. 22-25 30

more thoughts on healing . . .

Community Healing and Emotional Emancipation 2 “Community healing is about Black people’s shared responsibility for confronting and working to overcome the historical and continuing trauma of racism, and their root cause – the lie of Black inferiority. Emotional emancipation is about complete freedom for Black people- not just in body, but in mind and in spirit as well.

Emotional emancipation is the freedom to see ourselves beyond the negative stereotypes that have burdened and limited Black people for so long. Participation in Emotional Emancipation Circles (EECs) is one way to promote community healing and emotional emancipation.”

Healing 3 “... a process to restore health resulting from harm or injury...well-being or health stems from consistent engagement and practicing cultural values, cultural consciousness [which] restore and facilitate well-being… [it] asks what caused the harm and how do we repair the injury... [Healing occurs]... at the individual and collective levels… focuses on a recognition that harm results in a psychological, spiritual, and cultural injury.

Healing is an explicit process for restoring individuals and communities back to optimal health” Radical Healing 4 “involves building the capacity for young people to create the type of communities in which they want to live [a process]… which builds the capacity of young people to act upon their environment in ways that contribute to well-being for the common good…rebuilds communities that foster hope and political possibilities for young people” 2 ​ ​

Black Youth Project 100 (BYP100). ​The Black Joy Experience Resource Guide. ​(2017). pp. 2-4.

3​ ​Ginwright, S. ​Hope and healing in urban education: How urban activists and teachers are reclaiming matters of the heart.

Routledge. (2015) 4 ​ Ginwright, S.A. ​Black youth rising: Activism and radical healing in urban America. ​Teachers College Press. (2010) 31

Learn more about BYP100 at www.byp100.org

Learn More about MelaNation at www.melanationzine.com

To learn more about BYP100 DC, please email dc.chapter@byp100.org

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MelaNation’s Community Activism Glossary a short, incomplete list of social justice terms this glossary is not comprehensive and is meant to grow and evolve over time.

Please email byp100dczine@gmail.com if you’re interested in contributing to the development of MelaNation’s Community Activism Glossary.

The Black Queer Feminist Lens

-

A Black Queer

Feminist Lens allows us to understand that our identities make us vulnerable to multiple types of oppression. Therefore, liberation for all Black people can only be realized by lifting up the voices and experiences of historically silenced and vulnerable groups within Black communities. Specifically, queer, trans*, femme, poor, disabled and undocumented bodies are the ones most vulnerable because they are traditionally marginalized groups within already marginalized communities. It is in taking a Black Queer Feminist lens that one recognizes and humanizes Black bodies that have been made inferior.

Intersectionality - Taking into account every aspect of a person’s identity when we consider how oppression, power, and privilege affect their day-to-day life. (For

33

example, please do not just think of a Black queer woman as just Black, or just a woman, or just queer - all of these identities shape her experience.)

Activism - Actions or involvement as a way to achieve political goals, sometimes by demonstrations, protests, and/or other actions.

Oppression - The denial or limiting of a group’s power and ability to participate fully in society because of their perceived inferiority by the privileged group.

Oppression manifests in social ideologies, institutions, and interpersonal interactions.

Implicit Bias - Basically, these are the prejudices that you have about other people or things that you didn’t even know were there. Implicit biases often favor our own social group and disfavor other social groups. And even if you aren’t aware of them, you could still act on them ALL THE TIME. (for example, when a White person reflexively clutches their bag when a Black person walks by, they’re acting on their racist, implicit bias.)

Race - A sociopolitical construction that gives White people most of the power over people of color.

Racial and Ethnic Identity - The race that someone describes themselves as based on their biological heritage, culture, appearance, and personal experience.

34

Ableism - When people are treated poorly, excluded, and/or denied goods, services, and resources because they have disabilities.

Gender Identity - Whatever gender you feel represents your inner self, whether you feel that you are a man, a woman, both, or neither. There are infinite gender identities that someone can identify with. This identity is real, regardless of what sex is listed on someone’s birth certificate.

Trans - An abbreviation of transgender; a denotation of trans identity that recognizes that transgender people are not limited to a male/female binary.

Cisgender - When a person’s gender identity is the same as the sex they were assigned at birth.

Gender Queer/

Gender Nonconforming/ Gender

Nonbinary - A gender identity that articulates itself as existing outside of the male/female gender binary.

Those

who

identify

as

gender

queer,

gender

nonconforming, or nonbinary may or may not also identify under the transgender umbrella.

Queer - An umbrella term for individuals who do not identify as heterosexual. Queer includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, pansexual, omnisexual, and sexual identities that do not fall under the dominant heterosexual sexuality.

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Patriarchy - A type of group, society, or government in which men are given power over other genders.

Misogynoir - A combination of the words misogyny, which describes prejudice against women, and noir, which is a French word for black. Misogynoir is prejudice and oppression against Black women, and it considers the unique experiences that Black women face because of their racial and gender identities (remember intersectionality?)

Police Brutality - When police do too much and abuse the power they have (for example, excessive tear gas, sexual abuse, racial profiling, physical intimidation).

This violence disproportionately targets Black and Latinx folks.

Ally/Accomplice - A person who is a part of a privileged group who actively and consistently engages in dismantling their privileged status, supporting the interests of an oppressed group that they do not belong to, and facilitates the redistribution of power equitably.

Reparations - The making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying some form of compensatory payment (money, land, public apology, etc) to those who have been wronged. One example of reparations is the demand for material compensation to be made to the descendants of Africans who were enslaved.

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the intro: bibliography Anderson, William C. “Sounds of Black Protest Then and Now.” Pitchfork​. 16 Sept 2015.

http://pitchfork.com/thepitch/898-sounds-of-black-protest-then-and-now/

“What is Candombe?” ​Candombe​.

http://www.candombe.com/html_eng/whatis.html

Scher, Robin. “Protest music in South Africa.” ​Music in Africa​. 21 Nov 2014. https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/protest-music-south-africa

Pfeffer, Murray. “A brief Tango history.” ​Trio Garufa​. http://www.triogarufa.com/tango-history.html

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July 2017Â