ARCHITECTURE OF PUBLIC TOILETS IN LANDSCAPE AREA A SEMINAR REPORT
Submitted by MEGHNA RAJ In Partial Fulfillment For the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Architecture (B. Arch)
Under the guidance of Ar. Shama Fathima
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT NIT CAMPUS PO, CALICUT KERALA, INDIA 673601 MAY 2019
DEDICATION “Dedicated to my Mother, for her kindness and devotion, and for her endless support.�
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatly thankful to my guide Ar. Shama Fathima for her continuous support, patience, motivation and immense knowledge for guiding my dissertation. I am also thankful to Dr. Kasturba AK (Head of the Department), and Dr. Mohammed Firoz C. (Senior Advisor), who has given me an opportunity to undertake this work as part of my curriculum and guided me in the completion of this report. I extend my sincere gratitude to all my friends who supported me throughout the study and drafting the report.
DECLARATION
"I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Place: Calicut Date:
Signature: Name:
Meghna Raj
Reg.No:
B150897AR
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the report entitled: “Architecture of Public Toilets in Landscape Area� submitted by Meghna Raj. to National Institute of Technology Calicut in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of B.Arch is a bona fide record of the work carried out by him/her under my supervision and guidance. The content of the thesis, in full or parts have not been submitted to any other Institute or University for the award of any other degree or diploma.
My Guide Place Calicut Date
Signature of Head of the Department
(Office seal)
CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................................................................. iiii List of Figures ......................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .........................................................................................................vii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 7 1.1
Preamble .................................................................................................... 7
1.1.1
Reason Why Public Toilets Are Important ........................................ 7
1.2
AIM ........................................................................................................... 8
1.3
OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................... 8
1.4
METHODOLOGY .................................................................................... 8
1.5
SCOPE ...................................................................................................... 9
1.6
LIMITATIONS ......................................................................................... 9
Chapter 2: LITERATURE STUDY ................................................................... 10 2.1
STUDY AREA ...................................................................................... 11 2.1.a
Type of facility………………………………………………….....9
2.1.b
User Group……………………………………………………….14
2.1.c
Location………………………………………………………….17
2.1.d
Environmental Factors…………………………………………...19
2.1.e
Climate…………………………………………………………...21
2.2
HISTORY OF PUBLIC RESTROOM…………………………………22
2.3
RESTROOM DESIGN PRINCIPLES………………………………….23
2.4
LITRATURE CASE STUDY…………………………………………..24
2.5
LITRATURE CASE STUDY COMPARISON…………………………27
2.6
LITRATURE STUDY SUMMARY……………………………………28
Chapter 3: CONCLUSION: GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC TOILET IN LANDSCAPE AREA ........................................................................................... 30
i
Chapter 4: APPLICATION: CONCEPTUAL MODEL PROPOSAL FOR MANANCHIRA PARK, CALICUT .................................................................. 31 4.1 Site……………………………………………………………………30 4.2 Model for ladies and gents toilet……………………………………..31 4.3 Model for Children’s toilet……………………………………………32 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 34 References ............................................................................................................. 35
ii
ABSTRACT Public toilets have always been considered as an amenity that needs to be hidden. Considering the surrounding context, toilets can also be a place of good design, with willingness and commitment of architects. The sanitary facilities functioning in landscape area are particular challenge in this respect. Forest, landscape parks, marinas and plazas and others equipped with public toilets should be successful in providing basic amenities to users. Considering that these facilities are the permanent elements of landscape, designers should propose solutions in such a way that it should not interfere with surroundings, but rather complement the landscape. And with an interesting look it can even become a tourist attraction. The purpose of this study is to identify and study various factors involved in design of public toilet in different context and landscape area and analyse and evaluate the findings. Conclusion will provide basis for developing design guidelines and its implementation
iii
LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1 WORKING OF COMPOST TOILET Source of image- Wikipedia.org…12 Fig2 Type of chemical toilet- image source- ouystre.com……………………...13 Fig 3 -Vault toilet in mountain area- image source- Jaglarz, A. (2019)……………………………………………………………………………14 Fig 4- Normal toilet with attached wash basin- source- oyster.com…………….14 Fig 5- Standard dimensions for mens toilets (source- timesavers) ……………...15 Fig 6- Standard dimensions for ladies’ toilets (source- timesavers) …………….16 Fig 7- the ‘women’s room’ at Cincinnati Union Terminal. The station was constructed in 1933 and partially demolished in 1974. Photograph: Everett Collection Historical/Alamy……………………………………………………...20 Fig 8-Image source- www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/what-do-toilets-have-todo-with-climate-change/.........................................................................................21 Fig 9- George Jennings was a pioneering manufacturer of public toilets, whose subterranean structures were intended to ‘obviate objections to their appearance’. Source: Science and Society Picture Library……………………………………..23 Fig 10- The plan - the original concept, perfect execution ,Source- dezeen.com…25 Fig 11,12- The light goes through the roof - so there is no need for additional lighting- source- dezeen.com……………………………………………………,26 Fig 13- the toilet next to bus stop surrounding tree, Source- archfly.com…….....26 Fig 14,15 - plan and section, Source- archfly.com…………………………….....27 Fig 16,17- the kids toilet integrating with park landscape, Source- dezeen.com…27 Fig 19- plan and section through the structure…………………………………...28 Fig 20- site dimensions and location……………………………………………..29 Fig 21- site details and views with proposed area for toilet………………………30 Fig 22- Toilet to be kept near the existing toilet for men and women, in the negative space left in corner………………………………………………………………..30 Fig 23 - Proposed Conceptual Model……………………………………………..30
iv
Fig 24- Plan of the women and mens toilet with disabled toilet………………33 Fig 25- Toilet to be kept in the Ansari park for kids, in the negative space left in corner………………………………………………………………………….33 Fig 26- Proposed Conceptual model …………………………………………33 Fig 27- Proposed Plan of children's toilet…………………………………….33
v
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1- ADA regulations
18
Table 2- Guidelines based on Climate
22
Table 3- History of public toilets
23
Table 4- Comparison on basis of literature study
28
Table 5- Guidelines for toilets in landscape on the basis of studies
30
vi
Chapter 1: Introduction
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1
PREAMBLE
By the mention of public toilet all we get is an image of a stinky, small, dirty and congested space which most of us only tend to use in the case of extreme urgency. Toilet being an integral part of any building system, is still considered as an anaesthetic and unattractive part. In case if we are talking about public toilets it does not have to be always considered as a hideous building. Public toilets can also be a place for good design and prestige. And architects can take up this opportunity to present the design which could encourage sanitation, provide satisfaction and comfort and discourage misuse. Here the main focus will be study of the public toilet facilities can be designed in Green and recreational areas, landscape parks, etc. and to analyse the integration with the surroundings. 1.1.1
Reason Why Public Toilets Are Important
•
Access to adequate toilet space is a crucial practical issue on a daily basis.
•
Public toilets should be about the provision of a safe and convenient public amenity
•
[1]
Some people (including disabled people, trans people, carers, older
people) plan journeys around access to toilets. Others usually find other ways for avoiding use of public toilet. In this way greater access to toilets means greater access to community. •
Cuts and privatization have led to the closure of many public toilets. Free toilet provision in public spaces, such as city centres, squares, stations, parks and beaches should be a basic necessity for a socially inclusive society.
•
Different users have different requirements in toilets, and these may be related to issues of disability, gender, faith and age. Toilets are
7
therefore multi-functional and complex spaces, places for getting dressed, breastfeeding, administering medicine, caring, washing, privacy, and talking. •
Toilets have a long and radical history in design culture. Twenty-first century toilets need to reflect clear idea of space, accessibility and design. [1]
1.2
AIM
To develop concepts/guidelines for the design of public toilets in landscaped areas. 1.3
OBJECTIVES 1. To study different types of public toilets based on•
User group
•
Location
•
Type of structure
•
Environmental factors
•
Climate
2. To study design factors influencing the public toilets in landscaped areas. 3. To develop design guidelines and concept. 4. To propose a conceptual model of public toilet in a landscaped area based on guidelines. 1.4
METHODOLOGY
8 [1] Source- aroundthetoilet.wordpress
1.5
SCOPE
The study will○ Explore the aspects related to design of public toilet• • • • •
The trends in past and the evolution to present. Type of possible structures for toilet design Sustainable and environment friendly design Flexibility to all kinds of user group Integration with the public area
○ Provide ideas that can be incorporated in any kind of landscape area ○ Increase the possibility of using the area by various user groups including larger tour groups, including school groups 1.6
LIMITATIONS
The study does not○ Relate to urban context ○ Cover the toilet facilities in built structures. ○ Include the cost of the construction ○ Covers the detail of the systems in toilet, like plumbing etc. ○ Include the analysis for toilets in high footfall areas like market places, bus stands and railway stations. ○ Covers the sanitation management study in detail.
9
Chapter 2: LITERATURE STUDY
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE STUDY The literature review was done in three-fold. It began with the comparative studies on different types toilets to investigate their advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, investigation of the articles and papers to study the history and evolution of toilets in Ancient and Middle Ages. And lastly, the information gathered from these sources was organized to form set of guidelines. The study area covers various aspects related to public toilet design, which are as followsa) Type of facility – a.1. Composting toilet a.2. Vault toilet (pit toilet, pit latrine) a.3. Flush toilet with cesspit or septic tank a.4. Chemical toilet a.5. Flush toilet with access to service (water, drainage, electricity) b) User group b.1. Male b.2. Female b.3. Transgenders b.4. Kids b.5. Old age b.6. Disabled c) Location c.1. Forest c.2. Parks c.3. Marinas/ plazas
10
c.4. Bus, train station c.5. Restaurants and hotel d) Environmental factors d.1. solid and liquid waste management d.2. Sustainable structure d.3. Effect on the local environment e) Climate e.1. For monsoon type e.2. Hot and humid e.3. Hot and dry e.4. Extreme type e.5. Cold Dry 2.1
STUDY AREA - a) TYPE OF FACILITY
a.1. COMPOSTING TOILET •
Requires a toilet seat, which is located above the container or opening to which all sewage is collected.
•
If the moisture content in toilet can be kept low, for example by adding soil, ash or bark, the impurities break down into comparatively odourless compost, which can be emptied from containers located at the back of the toilet building and then safely removed.
•
A special bark placed in the toilet after use minimizes the unpleasant odour and accelerates the composting process. This type of toilet does not require water.
•
The device can be constructed above the ground. This is particularly important in areas where groundwater is susceptible to contamination, where the soil is rocky or susceptible to freezing in the winter, making it difficult to dig a hole in it.
•
This type of dry toilet is common in Scandinavia and increasingly found in North America.
11
.
Fig 1 WORKING OF COMPOST TOILET Source of image- Wikipedia.org.
a.2. CHEMICAL TOILET •
This type of toilet operates with a special chemical that neutralizes the smell of sewage. The toilet does not use water, but instead power is used in order to work as a flushing agent.
•
This system is mostly used in temporary objects, portable, mobile, tourist toilets, but it can also be used in permanent places.
•
The chemical causes the sterilization of the sewage and, if helps in storage of sewage for long time until disposed. They must be pumped out periodically in order to be removed.
•
Considering sustainable design, this type of toilet is not recommended, due to the to use and removal of large amounts of sterilizing chemicals which affects the environment.
•
It is usually used in portable type of toilets.
12
a.3. FLUSH TOILET WITH CESSPIT OR SEPTIC TANK •
This type of toilet requires a constant supply of water in order to operate the flushing system.
•
Flush toilets and wash basins with running water helps to maintain hygiene in public toilets.
•
They help in the regular and easy cleaning. Sewage is removed to a septic tank, which can be connected to a soakaway field or pumped out.
•
This the most commonly used type of toilet in almost all kind of places/location.
Fig2 Type of chemical toilet- image source- ouystre.com a.4. VAULT TOILET (PIT TOILET, PIT LATRINE) •
This type of a dry toilet is similar to a composting toilet. It has greater capacity and can accumulate more moisture.
•
The main disadvantage of such a toilet is the unpleasant odour, intense especially in hot weather.
•
The toilets can be ventilated by fans powered by solar or rechargeable batteries. Pumping out impurities is done using special trucks.
•
The vault toilet and composting toilet can be used in places where there is shortage of water and electricity. Composting toilets can be only used for the low consumption
13
•
It is usually semi-permanent structure, or can be made into dismantlable structure.
Fig 3 -Vault toilet in mountain area- image source- Jaglarz, A. (2019)
a.5. FLUSH TOILET WITH ACCESS TO SERVICE (WATER, DRAINAGE, ELECTRICITY) •
In some landscape areas, full media services are available at a reasonable distance from the toilet place.
•
They are mostly located along a public road and can be connected to facilities with short links.
•
They allow to provide the highest standard of sanitary facility, with full flushing, cold and hot running water for washing hands, with lighting, heating, ventilation, electric equipment, for example, hand dryers.
Fig 4- Normal toilet with attached wash basin- source- oyster.com
14
b) USER GROUP b.1. GENTS TOILET •
Mainly constitutes of – ▪
Urinals
▪
Wash basin
▪
Water closet
▪
Air fresheners or odor control systems
▪
Sometimes showers are also present, often with soap, shampoo, or similar dispensers (often at truck stops)
•
Usually the gent’s toilets have more odors issues as compared to other kind of toilets.
•
And spillage and tendency of misusing the facility are noticed more in gent’s toilet compared to ladies or other.
•
The size of the gent’s toilets is usually kept relatively bigger than the ladies toilet.
Fig 5- Standard dimensions for mens toilets (source- timesavers)
15
b.2.LADIES TOILET •
Mainly constitutes of – ▪
Wash basin
▪
Water closet
▪
Air fresheners or odor control systems
▪
Sometimes showers are also present, often with soap, shampoo, or similar dispensers
•
▪
Infant changing table, often fold-down
▪
Feeding room
Facilities for women sometimes had a wider value, providing a safe and comfortable private space in the public sphere.
•
Changing and disposing facilities are essential for ladies especially considering menstruating women or women with small babies.
Fig 6- Standard dimensions for ladies toilets (source- timesavers) 16
b.3. TRANSGENDERS •
Currently this user group uses the toilet facilities depending upon their interest, but sometimes it turns out to be a battle ground.
•
In India, The Madras High Court directed the Tamil Nadu government to build toilets and bathrooms for transgender persons in Chennai, after carrying out a survey on the facilities available for them. This turned out to be a revolutionary step for the public facilities for transgenders.
•
Provision of unisex toilet can be made for this user group as well.
b.4. OLD AGE •
Currently there is not much consideration given to this user group, they are forced to use the facilities common to the normal people. It's certainly a significant problem for a large number of older people.
•
Usually they end up using the toilet facilities given for the disabled.
•
Access to toilet facilities is one of the primary issues faced by many old people who have difficulty of continence conditions, either as a temporary situation or more long-term chronic health concern.
b.5. KIDS •
This youngest user group is in somewhat similar condition as the Disabled and Transgender group as even design considerations are not given for this user group as well.
•
Taking kids to use public toilet becomes a task for the parents, as the toilets are designed for only use for the adults only.
•
Low seat toilets and wash should be made for easy access to young ones as well.
b.6. DISABLED •
Disabled toilets are specially designed for individuals with spinal cord injuries who are wheelchair ridden and need extra space and accessibility within a toilet.
•
There are many disabled toilets regulations that every public facility is required to abide by in order to provide proper disabled public toilets for such individuals.
17
•
A disabled toilet must be installed in all public facilities with other regular toilets and their architectural design must comply with the ADA disabled toilets regulations. Some of these disabled toilets regulations are:
Table 1- ADA regulations Factors to be
Toilets Regulations
Considered Access
1. Must have at least one disabled toilet located on the first floor that meets all ADA disabled toilets regulations. 2. Other toilets for disabled people must be accessible from elevators.
Size
1. Disabled toilets must be big enough so that a wheelchair can be maneuvered and be ample space to move the wheelchair around.
Heights of Fixtures
1. Toilet bowl in a disabled toilet must be located at an appropriate height. 2. Wash basins should be at an accessible height for individuals in wheelchairs to reach.
Cleanliness
1. clean and dry for the sake of hygiene 2. safety from slipping
Availability
1. Toilets for disabled people must not be available for the regular public. 2. It is important that these be available to individuals who require it as they might have trouble controlling their bowels or have other immediate requirements.
c) LOCATION c.1. FOREST •
The public toilets designed for forest is mostly for the tourist and student groups who visits for tour.
18
•
The toilet for forest area should provide a place for freshen up, changing and probably taking bath as well.
•
The waste management associated with it should be designed in such a manner that is should not disturb the environment there, preferably design for compost toilet are advisable.
•
The structure should be designed in such a manner that it should somewhat blends with the environment and does not stands out.
PARK ○ The public toilets designed for park should be designed considering all kinds of user group as there are different types of parks for different age groups. ○ For example, the disabled type toilet should be designed carefully for the hospital parks or healing gardens. ○ The toilets made for children's park should be designed considering the needs of children. MARINAS AND PLAZAS ○ For marinas and plaza kind of places the toilet facilities should be designed considering the high traffic of people. ○ Since located in high footfall area it should be aesthetically pleasing as well as functionally good. ○ Since there is no such issue of drainage, normal flush type with all services type of toilet can be installed here. BUS/ TRAIN STATIONS ○ Throughout the world there is a general lack of available restrooms for users of public mass transit. ○ Most of these places have the public toilets kept along with the waiting room which is only made accessible to the people who have a particular class ticket. ○ And the general class toilets are usually not in a hygienic condition and most of the time not in useable condition either. ○ Toilets for train stations are commonly found but its usually absent for the small bus stations.
19
Fig 7- the ‘women’s room’ at Cincinnati Union Terminal. The station was constructed in 1933 and partially demolished in 1974. Photograph: Everett Collection Historical/Alamy
d) ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS d.1. SUSTAINABILITY- A key factor in promoting a positive image of a city is providing clean, safe, convenient and environmentally sustainable public toilets. d.2. SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT- The solid and the liquid waste should be treated before releasing in the environment, currently is has been disposed in the normal sewerage system but necessary steps can be taken to change the current trend and use to technologies for environment benefit. •
Scientists have invented a new toilet system that will turn human waste into electricity and fertilizers and also reduce the amount of water needed for flushing by up to 90 per cent compared to current toilet systems in Singapore.
•
Such practices have been noted in India as well, for example bio-toilets have been fitted in all the trains toilets.
20
d.3. EFFECT ON LOCAL CLIMATE •
Increased incidences of extreme weather events such as floods threaten sanitation facilities and risk contaminating water sources.
•
On the other hand, extreme drought leads to insufficient water resources for flushing sewage systems. This is happening right now in many cities across the world. In the flood-prone state of Assam on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs, it was found toilets built for the Clean India Mission in flood-affected villages that were becoming dysfunctional due to the absence of climate-resilient design.
•
And in water-scarce areas, people often resort to open defecation due to a lack of water for flushing toilets.
•
Keeping this in mind, India and other developing countries must build resilience into their sanitation infrastructure right from the beginning, rather than as an afterthought.
•
The biggest sanitation program Swach Bharath mission is on the verge of failure because of its inability to deliver weather and climate resilient toilet facilities in the different climatic zones of India.
Fig 8-Image source- www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/what-do-toilets-have-to-do-with-climate-change/
21
e) CLIMATE Table 2- guidelines based on Climate CLIMATE TYPE Monsoon type
Design Guideline
1. The septic tank should be connected to the main drainage line 2. Should be located on the higher elevation area 3. Provide max. ventilation
Hot- Humid
1. Provide max. ventilation 2. Spacious design 3. Use of materials with low thermal value
Hot and Dry
1. Materials for walls low thermal value 2. Spacious design 3. Chemical toilet or low flush type toilet are advisable to ensure less use of water
Extreme Type
1. Thick walls 2. Spacious design 3. Chemical toilets and compost toilet are advisable
Cold and Dry
1. Thick wall with high thermal value 2. Compact design 3. Low flush toilet is advisable
22
2.2 THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC RESTROOM Table 3- History of public toilets Time- line
Evolution of public toilet for men
Evolution of public toilet for women
Early 16th
1. Ancient Rome, public bathrooms were only for men. 2. Consisted of benches that lined the walls, with several large holes in them, intended to be used as toilets.
1. There were no public bathrooms for women until the Victorian era. 2. Few women used to carry a “urinette” with them. It was a small personal device they could use under their skirts and then pour out.
1. The first gender-segregated public restroom was a temporary one. It was set up at a Parisian ball in 1739
1. Separate room was given for women in the restroom.
1. The very first public toilets were introduced in 1851 in London’s Crystal Palace 2. George Jennings, who was a plumber, installed what he called “Monkey Closets” which was the first toilet system with flush.
1. No special design consideration, rather than introduction of wash basin with mirrors and locker.
1. Single-user bathroom in the workplace which was used by both Men and Women.
1. In 1877, Massachusetts became the first state to pass a law that ensured toilets for women in workplace. 2. The first women’s public bathrooms included separate dressing rooms and resting rooms for women.
century
17th century Mid-18th century
Late
18th
and
19th
century
Fig 9- George Jennings was a pioneering manufacturer of public toilets, whose subterranean structures were intended to ‘obviate objections to their appearance’. Source: Science and Society Picture Library
23
2.3 PUBLIC RESTROOM DESIGN PRINCIPLES o Cost Effectiveness •
The high cost of not having public toilets can balance the cost of providing good ones. o Maximum Function in Minimum Space • • •
Save space with single door direct entry stalls rather than “gang toilets”. Increase capacity and solve gender parity issues by making stalls unisex. Thinking public comfort station i.e. a place the public feels comfortable making short stops rather than an interior room for rest.
o Safety •
Site restrooms to benefit from natural surveillance by the community. • Apply Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) in location, layout, lighting, surface, materials, fixtures and hardware. • Protect users, especially children, from inappropriate contact with strangers in “gang toilets” by providing individual direct entry stalls. • Design doors to ensure privacy with safety: full length with a 1.5 – 2” gap at the bottom and a lock that authorities can open from the outside in emergency. • Activate surrounding area with retail, information kiosks, food carts, street performers, bus stops, or parking pay stations. o Accessibility • Adhere to standards of the design for people with Disabilities • Choose unisex stalls to accommodate families and opposite sex caregivers. o Availability • Place sinks outside of stalls so users do not tie up toilets while handwashing. • Make the flow of users more efficient by using unisex stalls. • Plan for restrooms that can function year-round and 24/7. • Use directional signage to restrooms, signs on facility listing hours, number to call for maintenance, etc. and print and web-based information to complement signs. o Attractiveness • Focus on restrooms as positive attractors, incorporating historical artefacts, artwork, and text in design. • Involve users in restroom design and aesthetics as well as function. • Give the community opportunity to take pride in and responsibility for restrooms.
24
o Ease of Maintenance • Use unisex stalls so individual toilets can be cleaned or repaired without closing facility. • Choose vandal-resistant hardware and make surfaces graffiti resistant. • Lower risk of in-stall vandalism by putting sink and trash bin outside in the open. • Install tap for power washing and utility cupboard for supplies. • Establish monitoring and evaluation plan for maintenance. 2.4 LITRATURE CASE STUDY 2.4.1 •
Public toilets in the park in Austin, Texas, United States
The Cabinet is a landscape park of more than 30 years old in Austin, Texas, United States.
•
The project was funded by a foundation and designed and directed by Miro Rivera Architects.
•
The Public toilet is fascinated by a sculptural look and is a great example of modern architecture. The construction consists of steel plate 49 - the width and height of the panels vary greatly.
•
The plates are offset from one another - allowing a good flow of air and light into the toilet. The door and the roof, also made of steel, add the general concept. Metal, with visible signs of treatment creates a visual link with the landscape.
•
Public toilets are accessible to people with disabilities and with everything needed. Urinal, sink and toilet are made of steel.
•
Outside, a bench, a shower and drinking fountain were still mounted. . Fig 10- The plan - the original concept, perfect execution Source- dezeen.com
25
•
The building requires almost no maintenance and is easy to maintain - no artificial lighting, additional ventilation required
•
the area of health of the steel is durable and able to withstand the problems of bad weather.
•
In all aspects it delivers a good example of design of public toilet which integrates with its surroundings.
Fig 11,12- The light goes through the roof - so there is no need for additional lighting- source- dezeen.com
2.4.2 Rohan Chavan, Women’s Toilet in Thane, India, 2016 •
In the large city of Thane, a local social enterprise organisation named Agasti, which focuses on the provision of urban toilets, commissioned architect Rohan Chavan to design a facility specifically aimed at women.
•
Constructed around the trunk of an extant tree, the building has four cubicles and a rest area in which women can relax and chat, protected by a 24-hour guard and CCTV.
•
Fig 13- the toilet next to bus stop surrounding tree Source- archfly.com
26
Fig 14,15 - plan and section Source- archfly.com
2.4.3 Jestico + Whiles, Princess Diana Memorial Playground Lavatories in London, 2001 •
The monument is in the form of a children’s playground inspired by Peter Pan, incorporating wigwams and a pirate ship, and the toilets are like po-faced.
•
Rising from the landscape (designed by Land Use Consultants), grass mound covers the domed concrete structure, with entry via a curved, white-rendered wall.
•
Tubular forms originates from the apex of the hillock, bringing daylight into the highly coloured spaces below, while protecting the privacy of its users.
Fig 16,17- the kids toilet integrating with park landscape Source- dezeen.com
27
Fig 18- plan and section through the structure
2.5 CASE STUDY- COMPARISION Table 4- comparison on basis of literature study
28
2.6 LITREATURE STUDY SUMMARY •
From the information studied from the review I see that despite the existence of the facilities there has been very little application of necessary design knowledge to the design of public facilities.
•
There is still a gap between the knowledge available and the application of that knowledge to manage the control of the design of the public toilet.
•
The review has provided an insight on how the independent variables like climate, location, user, structure and facility should be assessed to deliver a good public toilet design.
•
The effect of climate, location and user should be taken together in consideration for a sustainable, functional and aesthetic toilet design.
29
CHAPTER 3: CONCLUSION: GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC TOILET IN LANDSCAPE AREA
Table 5- guidelines for toilets in landscape context on the basis of studies
30
CHAPTER 4: APPLICATION: CONCEPTUAL MODEL PROPOSAL FOR MANANCHIRA PARK, CALICUT 4.1 SITE
Fig 20- site dimensions and location Location
Kozhikode, Kerala, Calicut
coordinates
11° 15′ 15.9″ N, 75° 46′ 47.9″ E
Climate
Humid tropical wet
Area
14,120 m2 (152,000 sq. ft)
Type
Man-made Park
Existing use
Present toilet facility
1. 2. 3. 4.
Small events and sports tournament Kids park Family recreation spot Morning walk
2 bio toilets installed out of which one is not in working condition
31
Fig 21- site details and views with proposed area for toilet
4.2 MODEL FOR LADIES AND GENTS TOILET Proposing a compost toilet for the park which will take up shape as it is emerging from the landscape and reach to the sport council building.
Fig 22- Toilet to be kept near the existing toilet for men and women, in the negative space left in corner
Fig 23 - Proposed Conceptual Model 32
Fig 24- Plan of the women and mens toilet with disabled toilet 4.3 MODEL FOR CHILDREN’S TOILET
Fig 25- Toilet to be kept in the Ansari park for kids, in the negative space left in corner
Fig 26- Proposed Conceptual model
Fig 27- Proposed Plan of children's toilet
33
Chapter 5: Conclusion
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION Sanitary facilities in landscape area gives a range of facilities which support the needs and thus the comfort of users. The design and organization of these facilities are crucial because they have a visual and olfactory effect on the surroundings and may be elements that disturb the perception of the landscape. Its form, scale, material solutions and choice and location have a significant impact on the natural, subtle features that define a landscape area. [2]. Criteria for the design of hygienic and sanitary facilities surrounded by natural Landscapes can be majorly focused on: •
Selection of the appropriate location for the facility in the context of the site.
•
Designing the appropriate form of the object, its internal functional and spatial arrangement with consideration to all kinds of factors associated with design.
•
Achieving a sustainable building architecture with a climatic responsive design.
•
Ensuring well and easy maintenance and management of the facility.
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Chapter 5: Conclusion
REFERENCES •
[1]
Around
the
Toilet.
(2019). About.
[online]
Available
at:
https://aroundthetoilet.wordpress.com/about/ [Accessed 28 Apr. 2019]. •
[2]
The
importance
of
buildings,
shelters
and
toilets.
http://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz •
Wasilkowska, A.: Shadow Architecture – Architektura Cienia, p. 231. Fundacja Inna Przestrzen, Warszawa (2014)
•
JAGLARZ, A. Architecture of Public Toilets in the Landscape – Disorder or Integration Jaglarz, A. (2019). Architecture of Public Toilets in the Landscape – Disorder or Integration.
•
https://www.susana.org/en/community/integrated-content/publicsanitation/why-public-toile
•
Researching Female Public Toilets: Gendered Spaces, Disciplinary Limits By Barbara Penner
1
•
ASEAN Public Toilet Standard Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, January 2016
•
Molotch, H., Noren, L.: Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing, pp. 118–119. New York University Press, New York, London (2010)
•
Ladies and Gents: Public Toilets and Gender by Olga Gershenson, Barbara Penner
35
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