Meetings International #36, Nov 2025 (English)

THE IMPACT OF 124 YEARS OF LEGACY

MEET THE MINDS FROM THEORY TO IMPACT BRAINS ov ER B o RDERS FOR THE BENEFIT OF MANKIND KELLERMAN

INTRODUCING THE FUTURE TODAY

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Stockholm Where tradition meets transformation

The brightest minds in the world meet in Stockholm. Every December, the Nobel Prize Awards light up the City Hall, celebrating innovation and discovery. But the influx of ideas doesn’t end there. Stockholm is rapidly becoming Europe’s go-to destination for creative meetings, conferences and congresses – a city where innovation thrives year-round. Compact yet cosmopolitan, Stockholm offers modern venues, excellent accommodation, breathtaking surroundings and a buzzing social scene. Add efficient public transport and a strong commitment to sustainability, and it’s easy to see why Stockholm is the perfect place to meet, connect and create.

Imagine an Unbelievable event in the Faroe Islands

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Unordinary ideas arrive in

A Nation of Ideas A DESTINATION FOR

INSPIRATION

In Poland, ambition fuels discovery, and hard work turns dreams into history.

From Maria Skłodowska – Curie’s revolutionary breakthroughs in physics and chemistry to the Nobel-winning words of Henryk Sienkiewicz, Władysław Reymont, Czesław Miłosz, Wisława Szymborska, and Olga Tokarczuk – and the fearless fight for freedom led by Lech Wałęsa – this is a nation where ideas evolve into inspiration, and inspiration into impact.

Bring your next meeting to a place that inspires progress.

Foto:

Jakub Krawczyk

Ambassadors of Polish Congresses THE PEOPLE BEHIND GLOBAL MEETINGS SUCCESS

The Polish Congress Ambassadors Program recognises leaders who bring international events to Poland — experts, scientists, and visionaries whose work strengthens the country’s position on the global meetings map.

Through their commitment and creativity, Poland becomes a meeting point for the world’s brightest minds.

SCANDINAVIAS LARGEST EXPO FOR PLANNERS AND BUYERS OF MEETINGS & EVENTS

Copenhagen

A City of Nobel Minds and Global Conventions

With 14 Nobel Prize laureates to its name, 13 of them connected to Copenhagen University, Denmark ranks among the top 20 most successful countries in Nobel history. Many of these laureates have lived, worked, or studied in Copenhagen. The city’s identity as a hub for knowledge, intellectual exchange, and international collaboration is most clearly seen through Denmark’s Nobel Prizes. These honours reflect not only individual achievement but also a thriving academic and cultural ecosystem, supporting innovation and progress.

Where Nobel ideas meet global challenges

Copenhagen, as the capital, acts as both a stage and a catalyst; a city where intellectual capital thrives and cross-disciplinary ideas converge to create innovations with a global reach. From Niels Bohr’s revolutionary work in quantum physics to Henrik Pontoppidan’s literary contributions, Copenhagen has nurtured Nobel minds whose ideas have shaped the world. But beyond being a birthplace of brilliance, the city has also served as a meeting ground for the global exchange of knowledge.

Or consider August Krogh, Nobel laureate in Medicine (1920), whose research on capillary regulation revolutionised our understanding of oxygen transport. After his Nobel win, Krogh toured North America, lecturing at universities and engaging with peers. His visit to the University of Toronto led to the founding of what would become Novo Nordisk, a global pharmaceutical leader headquartered in Greater Copenhagen.

Professor Morten Meldal, recipient of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on click chemistry, is a prime example of this dynamic. Based at the University of Copenhagen, Meldal’s

research has not only advanced molecular science but also inspired new formats for academic exchange. His work has been presented at international congresses hosted in Copenhagen, where the city’s infrastructure and intellectual climate support highlevel dialogue.

Every year, Nobel Prize-winning research inspires more than 100 international meetings, symposia, and congresses. These gatherings are not just celebrations of achievement, but incubators of future breakthroughs. As Swedish historian Gustav Källstrand, author of Think Like a Nobel Prize Winner, notes: “Being part of conventions could be an important way to one day become a Nobel Prize winner.”

A Nobel tradition rooted in collaboration

Copenhagen’s congress infrastructure, from its world-class venues to its commitment to sustainability and legacy, makes it an ideal host for such transformative events. The city’s convention culture is deeply rooted in the values of the Enlightenment: open dialogue and the pursuit of groundbreaking ideas. And in recent years, Copenhagen has embraced the concept of legacy beyond the event. Scientific congresses held in the city often leave lasting impacts, from public engagement initiatives to long-term research collaborations. This aligns with the spirit of the Nobel Prize itself: a legacy that endures for generations.

As the world faces complex challenges, now is the time to harness the power of congresses to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and global understanding. Denmark’s Nobel tradition spans diverse fields, from physics and chemistry to medicine, literature, and peace, underscoring the truth that innovation is not confined to a single discipline. Copenhagen mirrors this breadth. While life

sciences remain a core strength, the city’s academic events and conferences draw thought leaders from economics, environmental studies, engineering, and the humanities. This mix sparks collaborations that might never occur without people physically gathering, exchanging insights over coffee, or debating late into the evening at symposia. Here, the concept of ‘innovation’ becomes tangible. Breakthroughs are born from conversation, and those conversations need both the right minds and the right meeting environment.

The Nobel connection reinforces Copenhagen’s value proposition to the global academic and business events community. Each prize is rooted in years of shared inquiry, often spanning institutions and nations, and many of those relationships have been strengthened through physical meetings hosted here. The city’s infrastructure – including purpose-built conference venues, historic university halls, sustainable transportation, and human-scale urban design – supports the seamless flow of ideas. Copenhagen is probably also one of the foremost cities when it comes to legacy, both with its internationally renowned Legacy Lab, and how they work strategically with congresses to ensure they generate positive societal change.

The power of physical meetings

Hosting an event in Copenhagen is not just about logistics; it’s about embedding participants in an environment where intellectual curiosity is the currency, and mutual respect is the shared language. Academic events here benefit from Denmark’s strong tradition in education and research funding, which feeds a pipeline of world-class experts and young innovators. These events do

more than showcase theory – they activate networks. Delegates leave with new partnerships and projects, often inspired by Copenhagen’s openness to interdisciplinary connections. Much like the Nobel laureates’ work, these collaborations ripple outward, influencing global challenges from climate change to public health. Copenhagen’s narrative, framed by its Nobel achievements, is a testament to the power of physical meetings as catalysts for innovation. The city understands that while digital tools can connect minds across continents, there is an irreplaceable value in gathering under one roof. The handshake, the live debate, the shared laughter during a social event – these moments build trust, spark creativity, and sometimes plant the seeds of a Nobel-worthy idea.

A city that hosts the future

To host a congress in Copenhagen is to embed it in a tradition of excellence. It’s a city where Nobel minds have walked, debated, and discovered. Where the past informs the present, and the present shapes the future. For event organisers, the city offers more than prestige, it offers the opportunity to create meaningful impact. In Copenhagen, meetings matter. Make yours one that counts. Bring your event to a city where the right minds meet in the right place, and together, you just might change the world.

For more information, scan the code to visit www.copenhagencvb.com

Flowing Toward New Horizons Sarawak’s Strategic Rise Through Purpose-Driven Events

Like the river that defines its capital city, Sarawak is charting a steady and confident course toward a new future, one that embraces sustainability, innovation, and knowledgedriven growth. Positioned along the banks of the Sarawak River, the Borneo Convention Centre Kuching (BCCK) has become a catalyst in this journey, serving not only as a venue but as a strategic platform for business events that advance the region’s long-term aspirations.

In today’s global landscape, business events are no longer measured solely by delegate numbers or spectacle. Increasingly, governments, associations, and industry leaders are prioritising outcomes: knowledge transfer, talent development, policy alignment, investment and trade opportunities, and social impact. This shift aligns seamlessly with Sarawak’s Post-Covid Development Strategy 2030 (PCDS 2030), which emphasises key priorities such as renewable energy, bioeconomy, medical sciences, advanced agriculture, and sustainable tourism. Business events held in Sarawak are therefore not just hosted, they are woven into a larger developmental narrative.

“Business events play a pivotal role in shaping economies and communities,” says Rayner Simon, Chief Operating Officer of BCCK. “Our vision is to support conferences that bring vision, drive collaboration, and create lasting impact for Sarawak and the wider region.”

Managed by the Sarawak Economic Development Corporation (SEDC), BCCK has earned its reputation as a trusted host for international and regional meetings. Upcoming programmes across strategic sectors, including the 23rd World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress 2025, Asia Pacific Green Hydrogen Conference 2026, World Polymer Congress 2026, and Asia Conference on Occupational Health 2026, among others, which reflect the confidence global organisers are placing in Sarawak’s direction. This sector led approach demonstrates both capability and intent, the ability to deliver high level events, and the commitment to align them with long term state priorities.

The centre’s riverfront setting, supported by warm hospitality and accessible infrastructure, provides an environment where dialogue can flow naturally and ideas can deepen without distraction. At the same time, Sarawak’s unique blend of Bornean culture,

rainforest heritage, and modern aspirations offers delegates a sense of place, something memorable, grounded, and authentic.

As Sarawak prepares for its next chapter, BCCK2 is set to elevate the state’s position in the Asia Pacific business events arena. Designed as a future-ready expansion to the existing centre, BCCK2 will offer larger configurations, advanced technology, enhanced sustainability features, and greater flexibility for rotating international conferences of up to 10,000 delegates, along with 34 versatile breakout rooms, a spacious concourse area, and a multi-purpose hall. When completed in Q1 2028, the combined capacity will allow Sarawak to host multiple sizeable programmes simultaneously, strengthening its competitive edge and expanding its reach.

Yet, the foundation of progress is partnership. Sarawak’s strength lies in the close collaboration between government, industry, academia, and community stakeholders, creating an ecosystem that supports everything from bid development to legacy planning. This collective spirit ensures that international events held in Kuching do not end when the closing ceremony concludes, but continue creating value through knowledge exchange, research pathways, and community engagement.

BCCK extends its sincere appreciation to the Sarawak Government, Business Events Sarawak (BESarawak), the Ministry of Tourism, Creative Industry & Performing Arts Sarawak (MTCP), the Malaysia Convention & Exhibition Bureau, industry partners, and the wider business events community. Their trust, alignment, and shared purpose make it possible for Sarawak to advance confidently toward a stronger, smarter, and more sustainable future.

For organisers seeking a destination where ideas can take root and progress can be shaped, Kuching offers a clear proposition. Here, business events are not just hosted, they help build the future.

For more information, scan the code to visit bcck.com.my

Prague Congress Centre A Unique Convergence of History, Innovation and Prestige

Prague has long been one of the world’s top MICE destinations, and the Prague Congress Centre (PCC) is its key pillar. It has hosted a number of prestigious events, including the recent 22nd World Congress in Fetal Medicine, which brought 3,000 experts from more than 100 countries to the Czech capital. We spoke with Roman Sovják, Sales and Marketing Director of the Prague Congress Centre, about why Prague and the PCC are among the best in the industry, how they differ from the competition, and what global trends are shaping the MICE industry.

Prague is one of the five most sought-after MICE destinations in the world and has long been the leader in Europe. How does it maintain this position?

The Prague Congress Centre recently hosted the ICCA European Venues Workshop. What did the format reveal about Prague and the PCC?

The extraordinary interest in Prague is due to a unique combination of safety, easy accessibility and a unique historical and cultural environment. It offers a plethora of monuments, many of which are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It has top-notch infrastructure – from modern congress centres and high-quality hotels to reliable public transport. This creates an environment that guarantees an exceptional delegate experience, which international event organisers have long valued.

Thanks to the workshop, European congress centre representatives and associations with the potential to bring major international events to us gathered in Prague. In addition to the opportunity to address future customers directly on home turf, we also had a unique opportunity to share our best experiences with each other. For us, the ICCA Workshop also represented an opportunity to gain useful know-how from competing congress centres. And we are, of course, delighted that during the B2B meetings and the ‘Partnering for Success’ forum, the participants appreciated not only the facilities and services, but also the experiences that are an integral part of Prague – from a walk through medieval Vyšehrad to a gala evening at the Old Town Hall. Although convention centres that normally compete for the same customers met here, the atmosphere was extraordinarily friendly. In my opinion, this perfectly captures the openness and meaningful cooperation that are driving the MICE industry forward.

Prague has the ambition to increase the number of congresses by 30 per cent by 2030. How is it

coping with the growing demands of international competition?

In addition to its strong congress infrastructure, it also systematically invests in modernisation and new projects. One of these will be the new exhibition hall at the Prague Congress Centre. This should increase our capacity by 5,000 m² of exhibition space and enable us to host even the largest global events, for which the existing premises are insufficient. The planned direct connection from the airport to the city centre and the expansion of event spaces will also be key. At the same time, Prague offers something that is difficult to replicate – a unique location in the heart of Europe and an exceptional atmosphere that remains in the guests ‘memory.’ The same goes for the panoramic views of the historic centre from the PCC premises, complemented by our many years of experience and ability to provide top-quality services.

Growing competition is placing high demands on local conference centres. How are you responding to this?

Our greatest advantage is 45 years of experience, which we are happy to share with other centres and enrich each other with best practices. We have a professional team that can respond flexibly to client needs and unforeseen situations. We offer flexibility for events with a capacity of up to 10,000 participants, top-notch security and a great location right next to the metro, with a view of the Prague Castle. Part of our identity is also our connection to art. The designer interiors feature works by famous artists. This unique backdrop gives our events a distinctive character and sets us apart from most of our European competitors. We provide our clients with comprehensive support and keep up with constantly changing trends, from technology and AV to ESG support. I believe that this makes us not just a venue for our clients, but a true partner. And references from events such as the Czech Presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of the year 2022 and the IMF/ World Bank Meetings or the NATO summit confirm that we score highly even with the most demanding clients.

system on the roof of the building and switched to purchasing green energy. We are continuing to invest this year: more economical escalators with ionisation technology increase hygiene standards, while drinking fountains save plastic. In addition, we adhere to zero waste principles – digitisation instead of printing, waste sorting, local catering with seasonal ingredients, and so on. Every year, we strive to enable our clients to organise events with the least possible impact on the environment. To this end, they will also have a new GM mobile app available that will allow them to measure the carbon footprint of events organised in Prague.

What global trends do you think are shaping the MICE sector the most, and how is the PCC responding to them?

Events are no longer just business, but experiential and interactive formats that leave a mark, whether in the form of new partnerships and friendships or a positive impact on infrastructure and the local community. The emphasis on the authenticity of local markets and diversification of offerings is also key. You must be prepared to address different generations of clients with different needs – from IT, through the tech sector to science. Some expect wellbeing zones and flexible spaces, while others emphasise cutting-edge digital facilities. Technology plays a big role – the right software, data, and analytics increase the efficiency and value of events. Logically, AI is also coming to the fore. Here, it is necessary not only to keep pace, but also to maintain caution and security. The global MICE market is set to more than double in volume by 2032, so it is necessary to develop, ideally to play the role of a trendsetter, which we are succeeding in doing in areas such as sustainability and artistic value.

If you had to invite event organisers to Prague and the Prague Congress Centre in one sentence, what would it be?

Prague offers unique experiences, and we are its congress icon, where meetings become moments that really matter – come and see for yourself.

Sustainability is an essential standard today. What is your stance on it?

We see sustainability as a long-term commitment, not a marketing label. Since 2016, we have been reducing our energy consumption thanks to an EPC project, and we have saved hundreds of millions of CZK on energy and reduced CO² emissions by tens of thousands of tonnes. We have started measuring the carbon footprint of the Prague Congress Centre, installed a 7,000 m² photovoltaic

For a closer look at the atmosphere and possibilities of the Prague Congress Centre, scan the code to watch a video.

Prague Congress

C e n t r e exterior bynight.

23 Without Congresses, No Nobel Prizes INTRO Atti Soenarso on how a vast Nobel Prize ecosystem is reminding the world that brilliance rarely blooms in solitude.

24 Think Like a Nobel Laureate IDEAS THAT CHANGE THE WORLD Nobel historian Gustav Källstrand explores what connects the great minds of Nobel laureates.

36 Unlocking the Nobel Mindset: How o penness to Change Unites Laureates’ Ideas EMBRACE CHANGE The concept of change is a fundamental part of the sciences, but extends far beyond, into every aspect of daily life.

42 The Last Will: The Legacy of Alfred Nobel LEGACY From dynamite to philanthropy, Nobel’s bold testament challenged expectations and created a new standard for excellence.

46 The Nobel Foundation Stewards and Promotes Alfred Nobel’s Legacy LONG-TERM STRATEGY Preserving Nobel’s vision, the Foundation manages assets and events to inspire generations to strive for excellence.

52 Selecting the Nobel Prize Laureates Based on Principles From 1897–1900 NOMINATION PROCESS Thousands of nominated candidates are painstakingly assessed annually, before a majority vote finalises laureates.

60 o utreach Programmes Drive Nobel’s Scientific and Cultural Legacy

THE NOBEL E v ENTS ECOSYSTEM The Nobel Prize drives knowledge exchange and global engagement through hundreds of meetings annually.

70 The Nobel Day, December 10: A Celebration of Science, Literature and Peace

CELEBRATION DAY On December 10, the world unites to award those outstanding individuals who have most benefitted human progress.

80 The Nobel Banquet: Climate-Smart Gastronomy Supporting Sustainability

FOOD WASTE STRATEGY The Nobel Banquet celebrates zero-waste dining, showcasing inspiring Swedish ecofriendly gourmet innovation.

90 Down the Line of Innovative Thinking the Future Awaits

SLOW FUTURISM Scott Steinberg on how today’s most preeminent scholars and achievers pave the way for a brighter tomorrow.

94 Unleashing Intellectual Capital for Human Progress

KELLERMAN Roger Kellerman on transformative exchanges inspiring excellence in both sciences and event hosting.

LEGALLY RESPONSIBLE EDITOR IN CHIEF Atti Soenarso atti.soenarso@meetingsinternational.com

PUBLISHER Roger Kellerman roger.kellerman@meetingsinternational.com

GLOBAL SALES DIRECTOR Graham Jones graham.jones@meetingsinternational.com

TEXT Roger Kellerman, Atti Soenarso, Scott Steinberg

PHOTOS / IMAGES Front cover artwork based on a photo by by Atelier Florman © Nobel Foundation, Nanaka Adachi, Sara Appelgren, Niklas Elmehed, Pi Frisk, Dan Lepp, Magnus Malmberg, Clément Morin, Torben Nuding, Ken Opprann, Mark Strozier, Anna Svanberg, Vertigo, Jannis Werner

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Same Great Location, Better Than Ever.

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BA R CEL ONA, SPAIN

Without Congresses, N o N o BEL PRIZES

Every December, the Nobel Prize award ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, and oslo, Norway, remind the world that brilliance rarely blooms in solitude. Behind every breakthrough in Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry, Physics, Economic Sciences, Literature, and Peace, lies not just genius but conversation, debate, and collaboration. Without meetings, there would be no Nobel Prizes.

Behind the glittering ceremonies lies a vast Nobel Prize ecosystem, encompassing a network of hundreds of meetings annually that blend recurring laureate gatherings, scientific conferences, committee sessions, educational summits, formal award events, and public outreach programmes at the global and local levels.

The story of discovery is, at its heart, the story of dialogue. Congresses, for example, create fertile ground for that dialogue. They turn ideas into action by forcing researchers to explain, defend, and refine their work. A paper read in a vacuum might go unnoticed, and a presentation delivered before peers could spark a revolution. Every handshake at a poster session, every heated debate after a keynote, every late-night exchange over coffee or beer can be moments when science evolves.

The structure of the prize categories shows the breadth of Alfred Nobel’s thinking. Each category reflects a facet of human advancement, and he understood that a more peaceful and prosperous world required breakthroughs not only in science but also in literature and political effort.

Consider the so-called Nobel Minds: the laureates who gather each year in Stockholm for an open discussion about discovery and determination. They talk less about eureka moments and more about grit, the daily discipline that keeps ideas alive long enough to matter. Moreover, great ideas need friction. They need the hum of a crowded auditorium and the energy of disagreement. They need people in the same room, sharing not only data but doubt. Congresses serve as testing grounds, where fragile hypotheses meet the world, where bold claims face friendly fire, and where collaboration replaces competition.

When the Nobel committees announce their choices each year, they honour not only individuals but networks: the mentors, colleagues, and critics who shaped the work. Behind every medal stands a conference badge, a shared table, a

conversation that might have lasted only minutes but changed everything. Virtual platforms have made research more accessible, but something vital gets lost in the translation: serendipity. The unplanned encounter in a hallway, the overheard conversation that sparks a new question, cannot be scheduled in a Zoom breakout room.

Peace, the most collective of all Nobel categories, exists only through meeting. Diplomacy is a long meeting, spanning borders and decades, built on compromise, conversation, and courage. The grit to keep showing up, to listen when listening feels impossible, defines peace-making more than any treaty ever could.

When the laureates gather for the Nobel Banquet, the symbolism is clear: minds sitting together, ideas in conversation, achievements shared. The world celebrates their discoveries, but the true victory lies in their persistence in meeting, in continuing their research, even through frustration, doubt, and failure.

Beyond the ceremonies, the Nobel Prize ecosystem of meetings continues to evolve, ensuring that Alfred Nobel’s legacy keeps pace with the times.

Swedish-Indonesian Atti Soenarso has worked as a journalist for over 40 years. She has worked for Scandinavia’s largest daily newspaper, was TV4’s first travel editor, has written for many Swedish travel magazines and has had several international clients. She has travelled the length and breadth of the world and written about destinations, people and meetings.

PH o T o Magnus Malmberg

GKÄLLSTRAND

TEXT

Atti Soenarso

Sara Appelgren PHOTOS

Gustav Källstrand is a researcher, historian of ideas, author, and one of the world’s leading experts on the Nobel Prize. His doctoral thesis on its history was published in 2012 . Since then, he has worked at the Nobel Prize Museum in Stockholm, conducting research, writing, lecturing, and interviewing laureates. He is also an expert commentator for Swedish Television’s annual live broadcast of the Nobel Prize ceremony, and has appeared on Nobel Studio as well as in several international media outlets.

For many years, he has hosted the Nobel Prize Museum’s podcast Ideas that Change the World, which explores the laureates, their discoveries, and their impact on how we live and think. Gustav Källstrand’s book Think Like a Nobel Laureate was published in Swedish last year and has not yet been translated into other languages.

When people discuss science, they often focus on its practical applications. Gustav Källstrand also emphasises that science is an integral part of our culture and can be appreciated much like literature or art: “It is enriching and rewarding to learn more about evolution, the Big Bang, the butterfly effect, mutants,

and much more. There is an incredible world to discover if you, like the Nobel Prize winners, dare to see the world as a place you do not yet fully understand.”

According to the Nobel historian, several characteristics unite many prize winners. Alongside deep knowledge, they share curiosity, perseverance, and courage: “What they have in common is that they have achieved something groundbreaking – and to do that, you must be willing to think in new ways. You need to accept that things do not have to be as they are, or as everyone believes them to be. It begins with being open to the idea that what you think you know is not necessarily true.”

“ There is an incredible world to discover if you dare to see the world as a place you do not yet fully understand”

Gustav Källstrand says that working with the Nobel Prize allows him to spend time in a world full of creative people with big ideas: “It is incredibly inspiring and enlightening. I’ve realised that my world grows and expands the more I understand these ideas. And what’s remarkable is that all these stories and ideas are available to everyone.”

Change is a central theme in the book, reflecting the Nobel laureates’ approach to progress and discovery. Gustav Källstrand explains that making discoveries means transforming how we understand the world. Researchers who uncover something new often overturn established ideas in the process, and that requires a mindset grounded in the belief that what we know today is not the ultimate truth. Sometimes, what we consider true now may later prove false.

“There is a kind of scepticism built into science, and it’s shared by Nobel Prize winners and all good researchers. It’s a form of constructive scepticism, grounded in the belief that it’s not only possible to question old explanations but also to create new and better ones.

“This way of looking at change means that, just as what we know can change, we can use that knowledge to drive change – helping us become better at developing the world. For individual laureates, it often involves maintaining an open attitude towards the constant evolution of knowledge and recognising that science, like the world itself, is in perpetual transformation. The goal is not to preserve the status quo, but to advance it in the right direction.”

The first chapter of the book opens with American scientist Frances Arnold, the 2018 Chemistry laureate, whose research focuses on harnessing evolution to develop new chemicals, applying natural processes of change for beneficial purposes. She has pursued a path of her own, achieving remarkable success while also confronting professional and personal setbacks. Yet she maintains an unshakable faith in both humanity’s and her own capacity to adapt, evolve, and change the world. Her story teaches us to reflect on how we come to be what we become.

“It’s fascinating to hear her talk about her work in the laboratory and

“The goal is not to preserve the status quo , but to advance it in the right direction”

about the community and collaboration at the heart of science. You can tell she has great integrity and wastes no time on anything she considers unimportant. That could be offputting to some, but because Frances Arnold is such a generous and warm person, it instead inspires you to do your very best.”

In several passages in the book, Gustav Källstrand highlights a central theme: many Nobel Prize winners have founded or participated in congresses and conferences. Building and developing networks, acquiring new knowledge, and meeting other researchers both within and beyond one’s own field are all vital to scientific progress. We discuss the value of the informal encounters that happen in the margins of such events: during coffee breaks, between sessions, or even on the shuttle bus to the conference centre, where strangers strike up conversations and discover shared interests that spark new insights and collaborations.

To claim that Nobel Prize winners are somehow “special” is to oversimplify; they possess different qualities, just like everyone else. Gustav

Källstrand points to two laureates with contrasting approaches to their work. one is the American geneticist Barbara McClintock, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1983 . It reportedly took the Nobel Committee three days to reach her with the news, as she preferred working alone, free from interruptions, and had no telephone in her laboratory. The other is Ernest Lawrence, also American, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for inventing the modern particle accelerator. In contrast, his achievements rested largely on collaboration – with other researchers, industry leaders, politicians, and funders. Particle accelerators are more powerful the larger they can be made, which in turn demanded collective efforts to secure the necessary resources.

“There are many different approaches to achieving success. Some researchers may work diligently, alone or in small groups, on problems whose importance may not be on everyone’s radar, while others thrive through collaboration and working in the public eye. Yet for both, it is essential not only that

IDEAS THAT CHANGE

others know what they are doing, but that they in turn know what others are doing. one of the great strengths of science is that it offers conferences and meetings where even independent researchers can come together and engage in person; and that you don’t have to be particularly outgoing, because events like these have clear rules for presentations and discussions.”

Gustav Källstrand notes that congresses and conferences have played a key role in science for as long as modern science has existed, or at least since the late 19 th century. A hundred years ago, travel was not as easy as it is today, but it was far easier than it had been half a century earlier. The advent of trains and steamships made it possible for people to travel with relative ease. It was still expen-

“ It begins with being open to the idea that what you think you know is not necessarily true”

Gustav Källstrand goes on to say that most researchers fall somewhere on a spectrum between the extremes of Barbara McClintock and Ernest Lawrence. For introverted individuals, conferences can be invaluable in helping them progress and make contacts – which also benefits extroverted researchers who might not otherwise get to meet individuals from the former group.

“one should not underestimate the importance of conferences in developing a community. It can include, for example, learning how to convey one’s message and relate to frames of reference and norms –what is sometimes referred to as tacit knowledge. When attending a conference or congress, it quickly becomes apparent which individuals are accustomed to the context and which are more tentative. In addition, you learn how to behave so that your own research has a better chance of reaching a wider audience.”

sive, though attending a conference and meeting leading researchers in one’s field could ultimately save both time and money. At that time, obtaining the latest publications and scientific findings was often costly and complicated, whereas at a conference you could efficiently update your knowledge and establish contacts that enabled direct correspondence with colleagues.

“The research world was also much smaller back then. In 1900, there were approximately 1 ,000 professional physicists worldwide and around 3 ,000 chemists. So if you attended a conference in your own field of research, you would probably meet most of the researchers in that field. This made it worthwhile to attend a conference, even if it meant spending a few nights in a sleeper carriage on the train.”

one of the most important lessons you learn at a scientific conference is that the vital moments do not always

take place during the presentations, but during coffee breaks, lunches and dinners – or when you skip a seminar to take a walk with someone who seems to have interesting ideas.

Gustav Källstrand explains that this is how researchers Emmanuelle Charpentier, from France, and Jennifer Doudna, from the United States, first met at a conference in Costa Rica. They left the hotel to have lunch and discuss their shared interest in the bacterial immune system, and specifically the use of CRISPR As Emmanuelle Charpentier was based in Umeå, Sweden, and Jennifer Doudna in Los Angeles, the likelihood of their having a few hours together would otherwise have been relatively small.

The lunch meeting marked the beginning of a collaboration that was carried out mainly through digital meetings. The fact that the researchers worked in different time zones proved advantageous, as one research group could work during the day and report its progress, while the other continued overnight. Within a few years, the teams had developed CRISPR into a new and revolutionary method for editing DNA. The discovery led to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020.

Gustav Källstrand believes that it is beneficial that much of the scientific exchange can now be conducted remotely, as it makes science more democratic by allowing even researchers who cannot afford to travel to share in new findings. But there are limitations: “The new connections and personal contact are crucial, and you get that when you meet in person. When I interviewed Jennifer Doudna about her and Emmanuelle Charpentier’s work, she emphasised how important it is

“One of the most important tricks you learn at a scientific conference is that the important stuff may happen during breaks”

to be able to trust one another when working together, and that such trust is difficult to create digitally.

“Physical participation in conferences and other scientific meetings is as important as ever. I also believe that all other means of communication make it easier to maintain networks, while in-person meetings remain central to creating them in the first place. Moreover, we need to take a more nuanced view of the new forms of communication. They have great advantages, but I think it is largely a question of increased accessibility for people who might otherwise have difficulty participating.”

When it comes to building networks, researchers have been doing so since at least the 17th century –partly through physical meetings and partly through written correspondence. In the 1920 s, for example, when digital meetings were of course not an option, ideas were exchanged through long and carefully composed letters in which many scientific questions were discussed and sometimes even resolved. When Swedish researchers corresponded with one another in the 1920 s, mail was delivered four or five times a day in Stockholm and Uppsala, allowing for remarkably quick communication even then.

“Today, there are naturally other and faster options, but my point in offering this perspective is that while different ways of communicating are all important – whether through letters, emails, or digital meetings – the need to still meet in person seems to have been constant throughout history. Good things happen when people meet.

“Another thing that strikes me, however, is that one reason why so much happens in the intervals between research meetings is that researchers are often self-motivated and independent, even at the junior level. They do not work primarily for an organisation, but for a specific project or issue. Their goal in participating in a conference is mainly to advance their understanding of a chosen field or topic, such as the expansion of the universe, gene editing, or new chemical materials.”

In addition to the fact that many prize winners share traits such as excelling in knowledge, curiosity, persistence, and fearlessness, they also have another notable thing in common: a relatively large number of Nobel Prize laureates have had previous prize winners as mentors during their careers. Interestingly, these mentors often received the Nobel

Prize only later. In other words, many future Nobel laureates have apparently chosen other future Nobel laureates as their mentors.

“The laureates clearly have a keen sense of which researchers are talented. It means that those who are later awarded Nobel Prizes seem to understand who else is exploring the right topics and working on the most important issues. As a researcher, being able to identify key areas where there is real work to be done – is a crucial trait.”

Unlocking the Nobel Mindset: H o W o PENNESS T o CHANGE UNITES LAUREATES’ IDEAS

We are sharing the foreword of Think Like a Nobel Laureate – Ideas That Change the World by Swedish author Gustav Källstrand, one of the world’s leading experts on the Nobel Prize. The book was published in Swedish last year but has not yet been translated into any other language. The foreword serves as a kind of mission statement, describing the common thread running throughout the book, which is change:

Everything changes, all the time. We encounter change on a more or less daily basis. Some changes we like; some scare us. Sometimes we want everything to be as usual; sometimes that is precisely what we fear most.

Change is also one of the most significant questions in science, philosophy, and culture. How do things change? Why do they change? Can we influence their conditions or results? Can we slow down, accelerate, or change their direction?

Yet it is easy to see change as an exceptional state of affairs. The norm is for everything to be as usual, while transitions from one state to another are often accompanied by ceremonies and rituals, from life events such as weddings or funerals to seasonal celebrations like New Year’s or Midsummer. The constant feels safe, while the inconstant is something we must manage.

This is also evident in the history of science and philosophy, which has been characterised by a search for the eternal, the constant. Even if the world appears chaotic, we seek the underlying rules revealing that the chaos is just an illusion. But what if there is no eternal order? What if everything is fluid?

In this book, you will meet people who have faced situations in which they have grappled with changes in nature, and where the solutions have required or involved new ways of looking not only at the world but also at the nature of change itself. A good place to look for people like this is among Nobel Prize laureates.

That’s because the Nobel Prize is an award given to individuals who have made ground-breaking scientific discoveries and opened up new perspectives, thereby expanding our understanding and the applications of that knowledge.

I have been looking for answers among this group of people for many years. I have researched and worked with the Nobel Prize, and met quite a few Nobel laureates.* It’s a very special feeling to meet someone and hear them describe what it’s like to discover something that no one else has ever seen – to be the first to know something that no one else knows. This book is about what I have

learned from listening to and reading about people and ideas that have changed the world – and what I keep returning to is the question of change.

Take, for instance, scientists like Frances Arnold, who found a way to use evolution to create new chemicals. or Adam Riess, one of the people who discovered that the universe is expanding faster and faster; Jennifer Doudna, who found a new tool for changing our genes; or Giorgio Parisi, who wanted to understand how starlings move in flocks and discovered a new way of looking at science. But also about Jacques Monod, who drew upon his understanding of life’s changes to construct a philosophical worldview, and of course, Albert Einstein, who altered our very understanding of what time is – and thus what is the fundamental basis of all change.

The book explores how people throughout history have sought to understand the process of change, as well as accept and cope with the fact that things do change. It also explores what we can learn from people who in various ways have challenged how we view change.

Science is about exploring the world. often this means following the paths that others have taken before and correcting, confirming, or expanding on what we already

know – which is essential work. But sometimes the paths start to go in circles, at which point someone needs to break new ground. To do that, you have to be open to knowledge itself fundamentally changing.

Scientists who achieve major breakthroughs know that it is only when knowledge changes that you learn something new, so even though it can be challenging, it is the only way forward. Moreover, they under-

from how we view life on Earth, the origins of the universe, the direction of time, and the meaning of life, to the end of the world, among other things.

We will also see that ideas about change are everywhere, even beyond science and philosophy. They are present when we are thinking about mortgages, school choices, careers, and pension funds, or whether things were better in the past, and when we look in the mirror and wonder if there

“ It is more difficult to predict what will happen on a regular Tuesday at work than how the planets move in an alien galaxy”

stand that not changing their knowledge isn’t even an option. Every notion that previous knowledge may be wrong, has already changed the knowledge.

And we can all learn something from this way of thinking. If we nurture the idea that everything is forever changing, our existence becomes both more exciting and more interesting. We discover the beauty of a world not eternal – that life is not a state but a process.

In that sense, this then becomes a book about ideas that are both in change and the cause of change, as well as ideas about change itself. We will examine the nature of the path taken by our ground-breaking Nobel Prize winners, how they changed this path, and which ideas about change they employed or contributed to in doing so. The very idea that things change will, as we shall see, have major consequences for everything,

is anything that can make the passage of time a little gentler.

What makes the question of change both fascinating and relevant is that it deals with everything from the most astonishing science, such as the building blocks of life and the evolution of the universe, to understanding such concrete things as why things get messy at home, or why it is more difficult to predict what will happen on a regular Tuesday at work than how the planets move in some faraway galaxy.

once you start looking for them, you discover questions about change everywhere, even when you’re relaxing in front of the TV, with your favourite films. In any case, I discovered that several of my film favourites turned out to be about change, in different and sometimes unexpected ways, and because of that they too ended up in the book. Both because they serve to illustrate the questions,

and because they themselves illustrate how change is everywhere.

It may seem obvious to state that the world we live in looks the way it does because it has changed – but it’s easy to miss. Both we ourselves and the environment we live in are the result of processes that have affected nature and culture for not just millions but billions of years. The same forces that formed the first stars, that formed galaxies and planets, that caused atoms to form molecules, and made molecules turn into living cells, are affecting our bodies right now.

We are here and now, but neither here nor now are unique positions in the geography or history of the universe. If we want to understand our place in the world, we shouldn’t just try to understand how things happen to be at this point in time, but also the processes behind everything turning out that way.

The interesting thing is not that things are the way they are, but how they turn out the way they turn out, and the goal of this book is to provide inspiration and tools for understanding and dealing with the fact that change is the only constant – and to see how this understanding of the forces of change can make life richer, freer, and more exciting.

* My doctoral thesis on the history of the Nobel Prize was published in 2012 . Since then, I have worked at the Nobel Prize Museum in Stockholm, researching, writing, lecturing, and conducting interviews. For several years, I have also produced the podcast “Ideas that change the world,” which features the prize winners, their discoveries, and their impact on what we know and how we act.

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The Man Who Dreamed o F D o ING G oo D F o R HUMANITY

When Alfred Nobel (1833 –1896) patented dynamite in 1867, he didn’t just revolutionise construction and mining, and increase safety for explosives, he ignited a global debate about invention, responsibility, and legacy. Born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1833 to an engineer father, Alfred Nobel grew up surrounded by scientific experimentation. He was a competent chemist by age 16 and was fluent in English, French, German, and Russian as well as Swedish. His curiosity and relentless drive pushed him to master chemistry, languages, and engineering, setting the stage for one of the most influential careers in industrial history.

Alfred Nobel founded laboratories and factories across Europe, turning his explosive invention into a thriving global enterprise. His business empire spanned more than 90 factories across 20 countries, producing explosives that powered the industrial age and enabled the construction of tunnels, canals, railways, bridges, and roads at unprecedented speed. Alfred Nobel’s greatness lay in his ability to combine the penetrating mind of the scientist and inventor with the forward-looking dynamism of the industrialist.

In parallel, he was very interested in social and peace-related issues and held views considered radical in his era. He had a great interest in literature and wrote his own poetry

and dramatic works. The Nobel Prizes became an extension and fulfilment of his lifelong interests, which, in addition, have become among the most highly regarded of all international awards.

Victor Hugo, the world-famous French writer, human rights activist, and politician, once described Alfred Nobel as “Europe’s richest vagabond.” When he was not travelling or engaging in business activities, Nobel himself worked intensively in his various laboratories, focusing on developing explosives technology and other chemical inventions, including synthetic rubber, leather, and artificial silk. By the time of his death in 1896 , he had 355 patents registered in his name worldwide.

Yet, as Alfred Nobel’s fortune grew, so did his discomfort. He realised that his creations, designed to aid progress and vital construction projects, but also to make handling and transporting previously highly volatile explosives a lot safer, were inevitably also being used in warfare and for other nefarious uses. In 1888 , a French newspaper mistakenly published his obituary under the headline “The Merchant of Death is Dead.” Reading how the world might remember him, deeply affected Alfred Nobel. Determined to reshape his legacy, he made a decision that would outlast every business he built. When he died in 1896 in Sanremo, Italy, he left most

of his wealth to establish the Nobel Prizes, awards that would honour those who “conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.”

Today, Alfred Nobel’s name no longer only evokes explosives but also a long-lasting legacy. one hundred and twenty-four years later, the Nobel Foundation continues to celebrate breakthroughs in the sciences, literature, and peace, embodying the same spirit of innovation that fuelled Alfred Nobel’s entrepreneurial journey. Alfred Nobel stands as a reminder that profit and purpose can coexist, and that a single visionary decision can transform how the world remembers you.

A source of inspiration for this issue of Meetings International is the book “Nobel: The Enigmatic Alfred and His Prizes” (2023), written by the Swedish award-winning author and journalist, Ingrid Carlberg. She tells the fascinating story of the path from Alfred Nobel’s youth to the high-stakes drama that enveloped the dynamite king’s last will. Set against the backdrop of cities such as St Petersburg, Hamburg and Paris, and framed by family quarrels, heartbreak, successes and betrayals. The book is a captivating account of nineteenth-century Europe that explores its political currents, literary treasures and scientific genius. This is a story about breaking boundaries.

The Last Will: THE LEGACY o F ALFRED N o BEL

Known for being France’s oldest national newspaper, Le Figaro, founded in 1826 , had the following comment on Alfred Nobel’s will, on January 7, 1897: “The will remains a magnificent memorial to the love of humanity, and in that capacity guarantees that the respected name of Mr Alfred Nobel will not fall into oblivion.”

Excerpt from Alfred Nobel’s will in a simplified and abridged version:

“All of my remaining realisable assets are to be disbursed as follows: the capital, converted to safe securities by my executors, is to constitute a fund, the interest on which is to be distributed annually as prizes to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.

The interest is to be divided into five equal parts and distributed as follows: one part to the person who made the most important discovery or invention in the field of physics; one part to the person who made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who made the most important discovery within

the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who, in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an ideal direction; and one part to the person who has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses.

The prizes for Physics and Chemistry are to be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical achievements by the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm; that for Literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of Peace by a committee of five persons to be selected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that when awarding the prizes, no consideration be given to nationality, but that the prize be awarded to the worthiest person, whether or not they are Scandinavian.”

Alfred Nobel (1833 –1896), who invented dynamite, became one of Europe’s wealthiest men. Yet he was unmarried, had no children, and

ended his life feeling lonely and bitter, partly because of relatives who were interested in his money. He changed his will several times, writing to a friend: “I rejoice in advance at all the wide-eyed looks and the many curses that the lack of money will cause.”

He believed that large individual fortunes should not be gifted or inherited by relatives. They “become a misfortune by encouraging idleness and thus contributing to the degeneration of the human race.” Instead, he championed the principle of equal opportunities and education for all, helping ambitious young people and science-oriented companies.

Alfred Nobel’s last will was signed in Paris on November 27, 1895 . A few weeks after he died in 1896 , the handwritten will was opened, and many people were surprised by his financial plans. It turned out that he had endowed most of his fortune to a fund, the interest from which would be distributed annually as prize money to those who had done the most good for humanity in the past year. In his last will, Alfred Nobel emphasised the prizes and avoided the detour of donations to institutions. Instead, he wrote that the interest on his fortune should

be divided into five equal parts, with each part awarded as an annual prize.

Three of the prizes were for natural sciences and would go to the most significant discoveries in Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry, and Physics. In addition, Nobel wanted to create a Literature Prize and a Peace Prize. His relatives were not disinherited, but they received only about 0 5 per cent of the inheritance.

in today’s currency. The sum can be compared to the annual salary of an ordinary manual labourer at the time: roughly €50 (SEK 500). Through his donation, he hoped to achieve a more positive legacy, and maybe even a greater appreciation of his achievements as an industrialist.

After setting aside about €150,000 (SEK 1 5 million) for inheritances to loved ones, Alfred Nobel reserved

“ Alfred Nobel dreamed of prizes that were more than mere glory”

outraged, some family members challenged the will in court, igniting a bitter legal battle that dragged on for years. Despite their efforts, Alfred Nobel’s wishes endured. In 1901 , five years after his death, the world saw the inaugural awarding of the five Nobel Prizes.

Alfred Nobel dreamed of prizes that were more than mere glory. He saw scientists and idealists, unlike engineers and industrialists like himself, rarely profiting from their work. Determined to help them, he vowed to ensure his prizes granted them freedom from financial worries so they could pour all their energy into serving humanity.

The idea of creating a scientific and cultural prize emerged during the last years of Alfred Nobel’s life. At the time of his death in 1896 , Alfred Nobel’s assets amounted to approximately €3 million (SEK 33 million), about €135 million (SEK 1 .5 billion)

the rest of his fortune for the international prize. This bold decision transformed the future prize winners into his principal heirs, while the designated institutions became mere presenters. With clear intent, Nobel’s will assigned specific institutions to select the awardees: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for Physics and Chemistry, the Karolinska Institutet for Physiology or Medicine, and the Swedish Academy for Literature. All these institutions are located in Stockholm.

Alfred Nobel envisioned the Nobel Peace Prize differently; it would not be awarded in Sweden, as the other prizes were, but in oslo, Norway’s capital. There, a five-member committee, chosen by the Norwegian Parliament (Storting), would select the winners. At first, uncertainty clouded several institutions, which doubted their ability to carry out Nobel’s wishes. Tension built, until – after

some hesitation – each institution finally agreed to undertake the responsibility.

When Alfred Nobel wrote his will, Sweden was in a union with Norway, which may explain why he wanted the Peace Prize awarded in oslo. Furthermore, another reason that is often cited is that Nobel believed Norwegian politicians were more committed to peace issues than Swedish politicians.

Alfred Nobel was confident that his prizes would be international, awarded to the most deserving in each field, regardless of origin. Reactions were swift and divided. While some celebrated an award for those who served humanity, others resented that it wasn’t limited to Swedes. At the end of the 19 th century, when nationalist enthusiasm was high in Sweden, certain groups even accused Nobel of betraying his homeland. Yet, seeing himself as a citizen of the world, Nobel believed it was only natural that his prize be international.

The will established the Nobel Prize and led to the creation of the Nobel Foundation in 1900. However, it was only after a lengthy legal process that the Foundation’s statutes were approved. As a result, the first Nobel Prizes were awarded on December 10, 1901 , on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.

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The Nobel Foundation STEWARDS AND PR o M o TES ALFRED N o BEL’S LEGACY

“Alfred Nobel dreamed of a better world. And in many ways, the world has become a better place since he wrote his will in the late 19th century. Thanks to scientific, cultural, and economic developments, more people have the opportunity to fulfil themselves and live long, rich lives. Scientific achievements have not only made new technologies possible; they have also given us a deeper understanding of how everything in our universe functions – from the stars to the cells of our bodies. Cultural advances have lessened the impact of prejudice and tradition. Economic growth has laid the groundwork for technological and social progress as well as material wealth. We now have societies where people are able to live the lives they desire to a degree the world has never seen before.”

From the opening address at the Nobel Prize award ceremony on December 10 , 2017, delivered by Professor Carl-Henrik Heldin, Chairman of the Nobel Foundation.

The Nobel Foundation, located in Stockholm, Sweden, is a private institution established in 1900 that manages Alfred Nobel’s fortune to support the Nobel Prizes. Its primary mission is to manage Nobel’s assets to ensure the long-term financial stability of the prizes and to safeguard the independence of the prize-awarding institutions that select the laureates. The Foundation also works to strengthen the Nobel Prize brand, represent the Nobel organisation, and promote its values through various outreach activities to share knowledge and inspire future generations. Alfred Nobel’s will, written in 1895 , was the single most decisive factor in shaping the Nobel Foundation’s structure and purpose. In his will, he dictated that nearly all his remaining estate be invested in safe securities to create a fund whose interest would annually finance prizes for those who conferred the “greatest benefit to humankind.” He specified not only the prize fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace, but

also the exact institutions awarding the prizes, stipulating independence from personal or national bias.

The Nobel Foundation was founded in 1900, four years after Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel died in Sanremo, Italy. The institution was set up primarily to invest his fortune and to manage the intangible value of the Nobel Prize. While the first task remains basically the same after more than a century, the second has

The Nobel Foundation’s statutes were approved by Swedish King Oscar II in 1900, defining its administrative and investment duties. Its board consists of representatives chosen by the Nobel Prize-awarding institutions. The Foundation itself does not select laureates. Instead, it manages the prize endowment, handles publicity, and coordinates the annual awards ceremony in Stockholm and oslo.

“ The Nobel Centre will be a space for dialogue between science, literature, and peace efforts”

grown in importance as the prize has accumulated prestige over the years. Furthermore, the Foundation ensures the independence of the academic institutions that nominate Nobel Prize laureates, and organises the prize ceremony and the Nobel festivities in December.

Alfred Nobel also appointed the executors of the will, whose duty was to establish an organisation for the prize. Their task in the subsequent years was to negotiate how this prize was to be set up, with Nobel’s relatives and the Nobel Prize-awarding institutions: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the prizes in Physics and Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet for the prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Swedish Academy for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Furthermore, a five-person committee was appointed by the Norwegian Parliament to select the Nobel Peace Prize laureate. At the time, Sweden and Norway were a union (1814 –1905).

The history of the Nobel Foundation can roughly be divided into three phases. The first covers the formative years from 1900 to the 1920 s. During this period, there was at first an ambition to make the Foundation a unified institution. However, the prize-awarding institutions were more interested in establishing a close connection with the Nobel institutes, which meant that the Nobel Foundation took on a more administrative and representative role. It focused on the investments and on arranging the prize award ceremony. It was manifest in the plans to build a Nobel Palace where the prize would be awarded. When this proved too expensive, the Foundation settled on holding the ceremony in Stockholm’s new City Hall. It meant a slightly less visible role for the Nobel Foundation, and also made it a more integral part of the public life in Stockholm.

In the second phase, from the 1920 s to the 1960 s, the Foundation

became a funding agency in a way it had not been before or since. At the time the Nobel Institutes were established, the prize-awarding institutions effectively utilised the Nobel funds as a scientific resource. In this way, the Foundation played a significant role in a time when government funding for research did not exist in Sweden. This role waned after World War II, when research councils were set up. Eventually, the Nobel Institutes were either closed or transferred to government ownership, thus ending the second phase in the Foundation’s history.

During the second phase, investing Alfred Nobel’s money remained of utmost importance, as did organising the Nobel Prize festivities. However, during the 1970 s and 1990 s, the public aspects of the prize became a higher priority for the institution. one of the priorities of this period was to modernise the award ceremony and banquet. It was done through a series of careful steps and culminated in a large jubilee in 1991 , when the Nobel Foundation’s 90 th anniversary was celebrated with the most ambitious festivities to date. The growing interest in the public image of the Nobel Prize continued in the 1990 s, leading to the establishment of the NobelPrize.org website in 1995 , the Nobel Museum in 2001 , and the media rights entity Nobel Media in 2004

From the 1970 s to the 1990 s, the ceremonies underwent modernisation, and to some extent, media relations also evolved. The period from the mid-1990 s to the present has built a new structure for public relations. It accelerated in the 2010 s, with plans to create a new Nobel Centre in Stockholm and for Nobel Media to organise international public events.

The Nobel Museum, now renamed the Nobel Prize Museum, has been

“Today’s challenges for the Nobel Foundation include addressing mistrust and attacks on science”

a presence in Stockholm since 2001 , honouring Alfred Nobel, who was born in the city. The museum’s mission is to spread knowledge about the Nobel Prizes and the achievements of its laureates, thereby protecting the prestige of the prize and inspiring people worldwide. In 2004 , the Nobel Peace Centre opened in oslo, tied to an ambitious digital strategy, with the number of social media followers increasing from a few hundred thousand to several million.

Next year marks the 125th anniversary of the Nobel Foundation. one of the most critical projects for the future is the planned construction of a Nobel Centre in Stockholm. In 2031 , you will be able to explore the work and the ideas of the laureates in a new public building. The Nobel Centre will be a space for dialogue between science, literature, and peace efforts, brought to life through exhibitions, workshops, lectures, cultural events, and family activities. A part of the centre’s motivation is to create a venue that can accommodate more visitors interested in the Nobel Prize. There was also a deeper purpose: to further and spread the values that the Nobel Prize represents.

Today’s challenges for the Nobel Foundation include addressing

mistrust and attacks on science, promoting sustainable and green innovation, ensuring the prizes are inclusive and representing diverse voices, while maintaining relevance in a rapidly changing world, particularly with the rise of AI. The Foundation is also serious about facing the challenges of adapting its ceremonies and traditions to modern circumstances, as the Foundation’s former CEO, Lars Heikensten, put it: “We are in this forever.”

Breakthroughs for Humanity: MEET THE 2025 NOBEL LAUREATES

Six prizes were awarded for the achievements that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind. The 14 laureates’ work and discoveries range from quantum tunnelling to advancing democratic rights.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institutet has decided to award the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to:

ƒ Mary E Brunkow, Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, USA

ƒ Fred Ramsdell, Sonoma Biotherapeutics, San Francisco, USA

ƒ Shimon Sakaguchi, Osaka University, Japan.

“For their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance”

They discovered how the immune system is kept in check. The body’s powerful immune system must be regulated, or it may attack our own organs. Mary E Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 for their groundbreaking discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance, which prevents the immune system from harming the body.

The Nobel Prize in Physics The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics to:

ƒ John Clarke, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

ƒ Michel H Devoret, Yale University, New Haven,

and the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA

ƒ John M Martinis, University of California, Santa Barbara, and Qolab, Los Angeles, USA.

“For the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit”

Their experiments on a chip revealed quantum physics in action. A major question in physics is the maximum size of a system exhibiting quantummechanical effects. The laureates conducted experiments with an electrical circuit, demonstrating both quantum-mechanical tunnelling and quantised energy levels in a system large enough to be held in one’s hand.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2025 to:

ƒ Susumu Kitagawa, Kyoto University, Japan.

ƒ Richard Robson, University of Melbourne, Australia.

ƒ Omar M Yaghi, University of California, Berkeley, USA

“For the development of metalorganic frameworks”

Their molecular architecture contains room for chemistry. The Nobel Prize laureates have created molecular constructions with large spaces through which gases and other chemicals can flow. These constructions, metal-organic frameworks, can be used to harvest water from desert air, capture carbon dioxide, store toxic gases or catalyse chemical reactions.

The Nobel Prize in Literature  The Swedish Academy has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 to:

ƒ Hungarian author László Krasznahorkai.

“For his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art”

László Krasznahorkai is an epic writer in the Central European tradition, extending from Franz Kafka to Thomas Bernhard, characterised by absurdism and grotesque excess. But there are more strings to his bow, and he soon looks to the East in adopting a more contemplative, finely calibrated tone. The result is a string

of works inspired by the deep-seated impressions left by his journeys to China and Japan.

The Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences  The prize is officially called the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel but is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Academy has decided to award the Prize in Economic Sciences 2025 to:

ƒ Joel Mokyr, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA.

“For having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress”

ƒ Peter Howitt, Brown University, Providence, USA, and Philippe Aghion, Collège de France and INSEAD, Paris, France, and the London School of Economics and Political Science.

“For having explained innovationdriven economic growth, including the key principle of creative destruction”

The three men represent contrasting but complementary approaches to economics. Dutch-born Joel Mokyr is an economic historian who delved into long-term trends using historical sources, while Canadian-born Peter Howitt and Philippe Aghion relied on mathematics to explain how creative destruction works.

Philippe Aghion is also a recent honorary doctor at Stockholm University due to his strong connection to the university and his work supporting students.

The Nobel Peace Prize  The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 2025 to:

ƒ Venezuelan politician María Corina Machado

“For her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy”

In the past year, María Corina Machado has been forced to live in hiding. Despite serious threats against her life, she has remained in the country, a choice that has inspired millions of people. She has brought together the opposition in her country. She has never wavered in resisting the militarisation of Venezuelan society. She has been steadfast in her support for a peaceful transition to democracy.

Selecting the Nobel Prize Laureates BASED o N PRINCIPLES DE v EL o PED DURING NEG o TIATI o NS IN 1897–1900

Alfred Nobel’s will does not specify details of the nomination process itself, but instead focuses on who will select the laureates and what criteria will apply. The will states that laureates are to be chosen by specific institutions: The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for both Physics and Chemistry, the Karolinska Institutet for Physiology or Medicine and the Swedish Academy for Literature. It also stated that no nationality should be taken into account when choosing the laureate. The Nobel Prize laureates are awarded for significant discoveries that advance science and benefit humankind. The emphasis is on groundbreaking discoveries, not lifetime achievement or leadership. The process and nomination procedures for selecting Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine, Physics, and Chemistry are based on principles developed during negotiations in 1897–1900. The procedure is highly structured and confidential. For each prize category, there is a Nobel Committee, and the expert committees at distinguished Swedish scientific institutions coordinate this

work. Nominations are by invitation only, and the names of nominees and nominators remain secret for 50 years.

Main steps of the nomination process  Each year in September, each committee sends confidential nomination forms to thousands of qualified experts. These include previous laureates, academy members, parliamentarians, university professors, other researchers, and members of relevant academies worldwide.

These nominations must be in the hands of the committee no later than January 31 of the following year. only nominations submitted by invited individuals are considered. From February until early october, the awarding institutions evaluate the nominees. When a decision is made, the laureates are notified in early october.

The relevant Nobel Committee for each prize screens and evaluates all valid nominations. The committee often consults additional international experts for in-depth assessments between March and August. By

September, the committee compiles a report with recommendations on the most outstanding candidates. This report is submitted to the whole decision-making body, called the Nobel Assembly or Academy. There, the nominees are discussed.

The laureates are chosen through majority vote in early october. The results are final and announced publicly on the same day. The Nobel Prize award ceremony is held on December 10 in Stockholm.

Who is eligible to nominate candidates? Eligible nominators include members of relevant Nobel assemblies, committees, and academies, as well as distinguished professors, scientists, and previous Nobel laureates in the respective fields. Self-nominations and unsolicited proposals are not accepted.

Criteria and confidentiality  The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is selected by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects the Nobel Prizes in Physics and

NOMINATION PROCESS

Chemistry. This rigorous, invitationonly process ensures the credibility and prestige of the Nobel Prizes in the sciences.

Eligibility to nominate candidates for the Nobel Prizes is strictly defined by the statutes of the Nobel Foundation and the prize-awarding institutions. For all prizes except The Nobel Peace Prize, nominations are by invitation only. The Peace Prize allows qualified individuals to submit nominations without an invitation.

and chemistry), and the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet (medicine).

Peace Prize  The list of eligible nominators is broader and does not require an invitation. Qualified nominators include:

ƒ Members of national governments and assemblies.

ƒ University professors in specific disciplines: history, social sciences, law, philosophy, theology, and religion.

“ The emphasis is on groundbreaking discoveries, not lifetime achievement or leadership”

Physiology or Medicine, Physics, and Chemistry  Invitations to nominate are sent annually to thousands of distinguished individuals. Nominators are selected to ensure global representation and expertise. Selfnominations and unsolicited proposals are not accepted unless submitted in response to an invitation. Eligible nominators include:

ƒ Professors in the relevant fields (physiology or medicine, physics, chemistry) at universities and colleges worldwide.

ƒ Members of academies of sciences and similar institutions.

ƒ Previous Nobel laureates in the respective fields.

ƒ Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (physics

ƒ Directors of peace research institutes and foreign policy institutes.

ƒ Previous Peace Prize laureates and board members of awarded organisations.

ƒ Members and former members or advisers of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

ƒ Certain international court members and leaders of relevant organisations.

Literature and Economic Sciences

Members of academies, literary organisations, and relevant disciplines can nominate for Literature.

For the Economic Sciences Prize, guidelines mirror those for Physics and Chemistry, focusing on professors and experts in economics and

related disciplines. Every nomination must meet specific eligibility requirements, and details of nominees and nominators are kept confidential for 50 years.

Every year, nomination invitations are sent to a select group of academic, scientific, and institutional leaders worldwide. The process aims to ensure broad geographic and disciplinary representation. The list of invited institutions is not published and may vary each year to promote diversity.

Institutions receiving Nobel nomination invitations

ƒ Universities and colleges: Invitations are sent to professors in relevant fields (physiology or medicine, physics, and chemistry) across universities worldwide.

ƒ Academies of sciences: Leading academies of sciences in various countries are included, such as the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

ƒ Previous Nobel laureates: All living Nobel laureates in the respective categories receive nomination rights each year.

ƒ Relevant research institutes: Specialised research institutions that play a key role in advancing science or medicine are routinely asked to nominate.

ƒ Members of prize-awarding bodies: Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institutet, and other official awarding entities receive invitations.

ƒ Members of parliamentary assemblies (for the Peace Prize): Invitations are also sent to members of national assemblies and qualified individuals, per the statutes for the Peace Prize.

“Eligibility to nominate candidates for the Nobel Prizes is strictly defined by the statutes of the Nobel Foundation and the prize-awarding institutions”

The Nobel Committees work to ensure broad representation of countries, disciplines, and universities. They adjust invitation lists accordingly. only eligible institutions and individuals, as defined by the Nobel Foundation statutes, receive these confidential invitations.

The Nobel Committees do not publish an official, fixed list of the specific universities invited each year to nominate candidates for the Nobel Prizes. However, the statutes and historical records clarify key patterns regarding which universities are regularly selected.

Guidelines for invited universities Invitations are sent to permanent professors in relevant disciplines at major universities worldwide (physiology or medicine, physics, and chemistry).

ƒ Nordic universities (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden) and major global centres of learning receive preferential inclusion.

ƒ The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences selects universities to ensure broad geographic and scientific representation. The list is updated annually as scientific progress and global centres of excellence shift.

Historical nomination records show that leading institutions from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Switzerland, Japan, Canada, Israel, and Australia are regularly included.

Frequently invited universities, illustrative examples  According to nomination archives and published statutes, the following institutions are consistently among those invited:

ƒ University of oxford

ƒ University of Cambridge

ƒ Harvard University

ƒ Stanford University

ƒ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

ƒ University of California system (Berkeley, San Francisco, Los Angeles)

ƒ University of Edinburgh

ƒ University of London and Imperial College London

ƒ Karolinska Institutet (Medicine Prize)

ƒ University of Tokyo

ƒ ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)

ƒ University of Paris (Sorbonne)

ƒ University of Toronto

ƒ Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Selection principles  The Nobel Committees rotate and expand the invitation list every year to reflect new scientific leaders and developments. Their focus is on the most influential research universities.

Nomination records are sealed for 50 years, but available archives confirm yearly variation and wide global coverage.

No single permanent list exists. Instead, the Nobel Committees curate and update invitations yearly based on current global scientific leadership.

List of Laureates BY C o UNTRY

Currently, the United States holds the record for the most Nobel Prizes awarded, with 423 laureates. Between 1901 and 2025 , the Nobel Prizes and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel have been awarded 633 times to 1 ,026 individuals and organisations. However, some recipients have been awarded more than once, resulting in a total of 990 individuals and 28 organisations among the laureates. Below, you can view the complete list of Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize laureates by country. The list does not distinguish between laureates who received a full prize and the majority who shared a prize, and it ranks laureates based on the nationality or nationalities stated on the Nobel Prize Committee website, where laureates may have multiple countries listed.

1. United States 425

2. United Kingdom 144

3. Germany 116

4. France 78

5. Sweden 34

6. Japan 33

7. Russia/Soviet Union 30

8. Canada 29

9. Switzerland 27

10. Austria 25

11. Netherlands 22

12. Italy 21

13. Poland 18

14. Hungary 16

15. Australia 14

16. Denmark 14

17. Israel 14

18. Norway 14

19. India 13

20. Belgium 11

21. Ireland 11

22. South Africa 11

23. China 8

24. Spain 8

25. Belarus 6

26. Ukraine 6

27. Czech Republic 6

28. Argentina 5

29. Egypt 5

30. Finland 5

31. Armenia 4

32. Romania 4

33. Taiwan 1–4

34. Lithuania 3

35. Mexico 3

36. New Zealand 3

37. South Korea 3

38. Tunisia 3

39. Turkey 3

40. Algeria 2

41. Azerbaijan 2

42. Chile 2

43. Colombia 2

44. Cyprus 2

45. East Timor 2

46. Greece 2

47. Guatemala 2

48. Iran 2

49. Liberia 2

50. Luxembourg 2

51. Pakistan 2

52. Portugal 2

53. Saint Lucia 2

54. Venezuela 2

55. Bangladesh 1

56. Brazil 1

57. Bulgaria 1

58. Costa Rica 1

59. Democratic Republic of the Congo 1

60. Estonia 1

61. Faroe Islands 1

62. Ghana 1

63. Hong Kong 1

64. Iceland 1

65. Iraq 1

66. Jordan 1

67. Kenya 1

68. Latvia 1

69. Lebanon 1

70. Morocco 1

71. Myanmar 1

72. Nigeria 1

73. North Macedonia 1

74. Palestine 1

75. Peru 1

76. Philippines 1

77. Saudi Arabia 1

78. Tanzania 1

79. Tibet 1

80. Trinidad and Tobago 1

81. Vietnam 1

82. Yemen 1

83. Yugoslavia 1

84. Zimbabwe 1

Source: NobelPrize.org. Scan the code to find all Nobel Prize winners by name and prize.

No Ordinary Venue

This is The CCD, an iconic building in the centre of Dublin, the home of one hundred thousand welcomes. When you choose The CCD for your event, you’re not just getting a venue. You will be warmly welcomed to a stunning and light-filled building in the heart of Dublin, a city steeped in history, culture and beauty. You will experience the best of Irish hospitality, with sustainable and locally sourced produce. When you bring your event to The CCD, your event is our event. Our team of experts will partner with you to deliver your event seamlessly and beyond your expectations.

No Ordinary Event

The Nobel Prize SWEDEN’S S o FT P o WER IC o N

The Nobel Prize is often highlighted as Sweden’s foremost cultural heritage in international contexts.

Globally, the Nobel Prize symbolises scientific excellence, innovation, and intellectual leadership, reinforcing Sweden’s image as a progressive nation.

Nobel-related activities, such as the Literature Prize and award ceremonies, have a significant cultural impact and engage both domestic and global audiences. Museums such as the Nobel Prize Museum in Stockholm are used to illustrate and convey Swedish cultural history in ways that appeal to broad target groups. Nobel Prize winners are presented as role models, and their stories are integrated into cultural storytelling.

Moreover, the Nobel Prize boosts Sweden’s standing as a cultural and research hub, strengthens the country’s soft power and puts its major cities in the global spotlight. Stockholm becomes a stage for innovation, science, literature, and diplomacy. Gothenburg benefits academically and scientifically from Nobel events. The prize increases the visibility of Swedish values and broadens cultural influence.

The Nobel prize serves as a highly positive international symbol, linking peace, sciences and progress. International media interest at Nobel events often overshadows other coverage, reinforcing Sweden’s image as a nation that values research, innovation and human rights.

The Nobel Prize is central to Stockholm’s cultural and scientific identity as the main venue for Nobel Prize ceremonies and related events. It is the leading meeting place for world-leading researchers, opinion leaders, and Nobel Prize laureates. This gathering attracts significant international visitors and supports cultural exchanges, delivering economic benefits such as hotel stays, conferences, events, and knowledge exchange.

Gothenburg engages in Nobel activities mainly through academic events, such as lectures, receptions, and Nobel laureate visits in economics and technology. Unlike Stockholm’s broader Nobel scope, Gothenburg’s involvement primarily emphasises universities and institutions that have gained global recognition, reinforcing the city’s status as a hub of knowledge and innovation.

Laureates visit and inspire students and businesses. This focus enhances Gothenburg’s international appeal and participation in global research.

The Nobel brand is one of the world’s strongest symbols of knowledge and wisdom, opening doors for the country’s institutions globally. Swedish universities enjoy increased international interest and trust due to the Nobel Prize. In many countries, especially in Asia, a Nobel link may influence study choices or business partnerships.

The Nobel Prize is central to Sweden’s international marketing, linking Nobel experiences to Swedish innovation, intellect, and culture. Furthermore, it strengthens Sweden’s national brand (per the Nation Brands Index), making trade, diplomacy, investment, knowledge-sharing and cultural exchange easier.

The Nobel Prize Museum, Nobel Week, and the Nobel Banquet attract global visitors and media, strengthening Stockholm’s role as the centre for Nobel experiences and drawing visitors year-round.

“o

“If you want to have good ideas, you must have many ideas”

ne child, one teacher, one pen, and one book can change the world”

“I don’t

believe that there would be any science at all without intuition”

“Peace cannot be kept by force; it can only be achieved by understanding”

Winston Churchill, Literature 1953

“If I have a thousand ideas and only one turns out to be good, I am satisfied”

“Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”

Mandela, Peace 1993

“The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking”

Albert Einstein, Physics 1921

“Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what nobody else has thought”

Albert Szent-Györgyi, Medicine 1937

“The quality of our thinking cannot be higher than the quality of the information on which it is based”

Daniel Kahneman, Economic Sciences 2002

“Never be afraid to raise your voice for honesty and truth and compassion against injustice and lying and greed”

William Faulkner, Literature 1949

Nelson

Alfred Nobel

Rita Levi-Montalcini, Medicine 1986

Malala Yousafzai, Peace 2014

Linus Pauling, Chemistry 1954 , Peace 1962

o utreach Programmes

DRI v E N o BEL’S SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL LEGACY

Over its 124 years, the Nobel Prize has generated hundreds of meetings and events annually, blending recurring laureate gatherings, scientific conferences, private committee sessions, educational summits, formal award ceremonies, and public outreach programmes at both global and local levels, all driving the enduring legacy of Alfred Nobel, offering platforms for knowledge exchange and celebrating groundbreaking achievements across disciplines.

Key annual Nobel meetings There are ceremonies for each prize – Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences – held every December 10 in Stockholm and oslo, featuring official lectures and banquets attended by laureates, dignitaries, and the press.

Nobel Calling Stockholm is a weeklong series of activities in october featuring lectures, exhibitions, and major public engagement events across Stockholm during the prize announcements.

Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are annual scientific conferences in Germany bringing together 30 –65 Nobel laureates and 500 –600 young scientists for interdisciplinary exchange, panel discussions, and networking. There is one main Lindau meeting for natural sciences each year, and every three years, a specific meeting for economic sciences.

The Nobel Prize Teacher Summit is an annual educational event that brings together teachers worldwide to meet laureates and top scientists.

Committee and Preparatory Meetings  The Nobel committees hold multiple meetings throughout the year for prize nominations, deliberations, and selections. For Literature, for example, there are several scheduled meetings in spring, culminating in final votes in the autumn. other disciplines follow similar schedules. Additional meetings include press conferences, such as those for the Nobel Peace Prize, laureates lectures, panel discussions, and peripheral educational and cultural activities.

For outreach and local events, Swedish embassies and consulates, as well as the Nobel Prize Museum, organise numerous local Nobel-related events worldwide each year, including exhibitions and public science sessions.

PH

Nuding

Where

Stockholm Shines During Nobel Week: EXPERIENCE SCIENCE THR o UGH

DIAL o GUE, DISC ov ERY, AND ART

Nobel Week is a series of events held in early December to honour Nobel Prize laureates, culminating in prize award ceremonies on December 10, in Stockholm, Sweden, and in oslo, Norway. The week also features other events, including the Nobel Prize lectures by the laureates, the grand Banquet at Stockholm City Hall, the Nobel Prize Concert, light art, and the Nobel Week Dialogue. Many of the events can be accessed through live streams.

The formal ceremonies, where laureates receive their Nobel Prizes,

medals, and diplomas, take place on December 10, known as Nobel Day, and the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death. Prizes for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and the prize in Economic Sciences are awarded in Stockholm. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in oslo.

Nobel Week also includes the public light art festival, Nobel Week Lights, which showcases installations inspired by the laureates’ work and takes place in Stockholm during December. The laureate-focused events during Nobel Week are:

Nobel Day award ceremonies The official prize-giving ceremonies take place on December 10 in Stockholm and oslo. The official award ceremony culminates the week’s events and takes place on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death.

Nobel Prize Banquet The grand formal Banquet held on December 10 in Stockholm City Hall is sometimes called “The feast of feasts.” According to tradition, the laureates are seated with members of the royal family. The guest list, with many prominent

names, has grown significantly since the first Banquet in 1901 . The event features different décor and menus each year, and attracts approximately 1 ,300 guests.

Nobel Prize Lectures  The laureates share the background and significance of their prize-winning work through public lectures held at various institutions.

world of science and research more accessible to the public.

Nobel Week Lights The art festival is lighting up Stockholm during the darkest time of the year – a free cultural experience for all. The light festival invites international and local artists, designers, and students to create public light artworks inspired by the Nobel Prizes and the laureates’

“ The public light art festival, Nobel Week Lights  … showcases installations inspired by the laureates’ work”

Public and dialogue events

Nobel Week Dialogue The Nobel Week Dialogue 2025 is a one-day event in Gothenburg, Sweden, on December 9, with the theme “Health for All.” It will bring together Nobel Prize laureates, scientists, policymakers, and innovators to discuss how to achieve equitable, effective, and sustainable healthcare in the 21 st century.

Nobel Calling Stockholm A tenday public event in Stockholm that celebrates the Nobel Prizes with a programme of lectures, lab visits, concerts, and guided tours. The Nobel Prize Museum organises the event in collaboration with institutions such as Stockholm University and the Stockholm School of Economics, and it takes place each october, around the time the Nobel Prizes are announced. The events highlight scientific research, promote dialogue, and offer opportunities to make the

work. The installations illuminate various buildings and public spaces in the city.

Music during Nobel Week

Music holds a deep and multifaceted importance in Swedish culture, playing a key role in national identity, social life, education, and even the country’s global reputation. Unsurprisingly, Nobel Week reflects this.

The Nobel Prize Concert  An annual classical music event on December 8 is held as part of the festivities and to honour the Nobel Prize recipients. The concert at the Stockholm Concert Hall is part of the official Nobel Week programme and features world-leading musicians and conductors performing works by various composers.

Nobel Prize Banquet The Divertissement at the Nobel Prize Banquet is a series of artistic performances,

including music and dance, held during the annual Nobel Banquet in Stockholm City Hall. The purpose of the divertissement is to provide artistic entertainment between courses of the meal. These performances are a key part of the Banquet’s entertainment. And just like the menu, the details and performers of the divertissement are kept secret until the event itself.

Each year’s divertissement follows a specific theme that connects the performances and the floral arrangements. The performing artists are Swedish and may include musicians, dancers, singers, and theatrical performers, and the music can be classical, contemporary, or themed. After the formal dinner and performances conclude, guests traditionally move to the dance floor in the Golden Hall.

Silent Disco Walks During this free event, which is part of the Nobel Week Lights initiative, participants dance to live-mixed music through their headphones as they walk to view light installations around Stockholm.

Other events

Nobel Prize Museum on Nobel Day, the museum is filled with festive activities, and you can follow the live broadcast of the Nobel Prize ceremony from the Stockholm Concert Hall.

Exhibition: These things changed the world  For the first time, the Nobel Prize Museum is displaying a large selection of artefacts from its collection of Nobel Prize laureates. These objects tell stories of remarkable discoveries and life achievements. over 250 artefacts bear witness to revolutionary inventions, courageous peace efforts, groundbreaking ideas and innovative literature.

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The Long-Standing Legacy

o F THE N o BEL PRIZE LECTURES

The official Nobel Prize lectures are a central part of the Nobel Prize heritage, delivered by each laureate on a topic related to the work for which they have been awarded. These lectures take place during the Nobel Week, either just before or up to six months after the award ceremony, and are regarded as significant contributions to scientific, literary, and humanitarian discourse worldwide.

The Nobel Foundation statutes require these lectures as a condition for receiving the prize. They are usually held in Stockholm for all prizes except the Peace Prize, which is presented in oslo, around the official award ceremony on December 10.

Lectures range from technical scientific presentations to philosophical and literary reflections, depending on the field. All lectures are made publicly available, often through official live webcasts, archived videos, and transcripts on the official Nobel Prize website and YouTube channel.

NobelPrize.org provides dedicated sections with video, text, and historical records for lectures across all categories.

Recent Literature laureates who have delivered Nobel lectures include Han Kang (2024), Jon Fosse (2023), Annie Ernaux (2022), and

Abdulrazak Gurnah (2021), with each sharing their personal and creative perspectives on their awarded work.

In recent physics lectures, neural networks have been discussed; in chemistry lectures, protein structures and AI in drug discovery have been covered. In economic sciences lectures, global prosperity and the impact of institutions have been addressed. The Nobel Peace Prize lectures, delivered in oslo, often discuss global peace challenges and personal reflections on humanitarian efforts.

Moreover, Stockholm University and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences host annual lecture sessions in person and online across the fields of physics, chemistry, and economic sciences.

The official Nobel Prize lectures offer profound insights into the awarded work, and are an important cultural and educational feature of the Nobel tradition. The lectures serve as educational resources and are admired for inspiring innovation, creative thinking, and a deeper understanding of the laureates’ achievements. The lectures help connect the Nobel legacy with a global audience, schools, and lifelong learners everywhere.

Nobel Prize lectures key dates

Stockholm Nobel Prize lectures in Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, Literature and Economic Sciences  December 5 –9, lectures are held at venues including Stockholm University, Karolinska Institutet, and the Nobel Prize Museum. Details are published closer to the event on NobelPrize.org and institutional websites.

Nobel Peace Prize lecture in Oslo December 10, the same day as the Nobel Peace Prize award ceremony. The Peace Prize laureate delivers the formal lecture to an international audience in oslo City Hall.

Nobel Week Lights and public activities  December 6 –14 , activities and celebrations are held across Stockholm, running parallel to lectures and the award ceremony.

Lectures are streamed online via NobelPrize. org and the Nobel Prize YouTube channel for global access.

The Nobel Prize Museum lists all public Nobel Week events, including lectures, workshops, and talks.

The Nobel Week Dialogue BUILDS BRIDGES BETWEEN SCIENCE AND S o CIETY

What will it take to achieve health for all in a world of rising inequality, escalating costs, and rolling geopolitical and humanitarian crises? The Nobel Week Dialogue is an annual scientific conference held primarily at the Swedish Exhibition & Congress Centre in Gothenburg on December 9 th, the day before the Nobel Prize award ceremony. one of its purposes is to foster dialogue and inspire new thinking on complex scientific and societal themes, such as health, cities, or migration to explore challenges and opportunities for the future.

The theme for 2025 , ‘Health for All’, brings together Nobel Prize laureates, leading scientists, policymakers, and other thought leaders to explore one of the most urgent challenges of our time: how to deliver equitable, effective, and sustainable healthcare in the 21 st century.

The free event, organised by Nobel Prize outreach in collaboration with local and international partners, features thought-provoking sessions and discussions and is available to a worldwide audience, both in person

in Sweden and online via live streams. The purpose is to stimulate high-level discussions on important scientific issues and build bridges between science and society.

With a focus on the economics and politics of health, this year’s dialogue will tackle issues including how mental health, diseases of ageing, and the prevention of chronic disease must rise to political agendas. We will also explore how discoveries and technologies, from AI to personalised medicine, can be harnessed for the common good. Discussions will include the future of drug discovery, the rise of antimicrobial resistance, the economics of sustainable and affordable health provision, and healthy diets.

This year’s event will feature three Nobel Prize laureates in the two fields of Chemistry and Physiology or Medicine: Frances Arnold, who received the Chemistry Prize in 2018; Emmanuelle Charpentier, recipient of the Chemistry Prize in 2020 ; and Paul Nurse, who received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 2001

The Nobel Week Dialogue is held in Stockholm and Gothenburg every other year. Organiser of the scientific event is Nobel Prize Outreach, this year in cooperation with partners including the City of Gothenburg, Ericsson, Region Västra Götaland County, the Volvo Group, and Carl Bennett AB

Established Tradition o F WATCHING THE N o BEL PRIZE LAUREATES o N LI v E T v

Since the 1960s, during Nobel Week, Nobel Prize laureates have gathered for a television roundtable discussion, renamed Nobel Minds in 2004 . The programme, since then jointly produced by BBC World News and Swedish Television, is broadcast internationally and available for streaming online. The esteemed onehour-long show is a highly regarded annual science programme in which the year’s laureates speak about their backgrounds and the early influences that led them to receive the Nobel Prize.

The purpose of the programme is to provide a public platform for Nobel laureates to discuss their groundbreaking research and its implications for humanity. The show covers science, research, and literature. Laureates discuss their work, careers, motivations, and visions for the future. A top BBC moderator leads the discussion, recorded at the

Bernadotte Library in Stockholm’s Royal Palace before an invited audience, often including students.

Nobel Minds has been engaging audiences continuously since 1959, initially as a radio programme before transitioning to television in the mid-1960 s. It provides a less formal platform for Nobel laureates to share their insights in an accessible format, and complements the regular Nobel Prize lectures.

According to the statutes, each Nobel Prize laureate must give a public lecture on their prize-related subject within six months of the award. These lectures are typically held in December, at the Nobel Forum in Stockholm. Researchers and the public attend the formal lectures, which focus on the work that led to the award. Universities or academies, such as the Karolinska Institutet for Physiology or Medicine, Stockholm University for Physics, Chemistry,

and Economic Sciences, and the Swedish Academy for Literature, usually host the lectures as public events. While the radio and TV shows traditionally were the only widely accessible way to access laureate discussions from afar, today, the regular live lectures are made available online. The Nobel Prize events page lists the official schedule of live broadcasts for the 2025 lectures. You can also visit the Nobel Prize Museum website for information on both past and future live-streamed events. You can also look for local events such as the Nobel Calling series organised by institutions like Stockholm University.

The Nobel Day, December 10:

A CELEBRATI

o N o F SCIENCE,

LITERATURE AND PEACE

“Science, literature and peace offer different paths to tackle today’s wicked problems. But they all remind us that it is not blind destiny that decides on our future as humanity”

Professor Astrid Söderbergh Widding, Chair of the Nobel Foundation, in her opening speech at the award ceremony 2024

The Nobel Day begins at 16 :00 CET with the prestigious Nobel Prize award ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall. The grand event celebrates this year’s laureates before an audience of approximately 1 ,560 guests, including dignitaries and families. The ceremony features presentations highlighting each Nobel Prize, interspersed with several musical performances. Swedish Television has been broadcasting the ceremony to the public since 1959, making it a highly anticipated annual tradition.

Alfred Nobel’s 1895 testament established the Nobel Prizes and the award ceremonies, using his fortune to reward those who have most benefitted human progress. These events provide a platform to recognise and celebrate outstanding individuals and their contributions to the world. The laureates’ acceptance speeches and the discussions surrounding their work offer insights into the future of science and society.

The first award ceremonies took place on December 10, 1901 , on the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death. The Nobel Foundation organises the Nobel Prize festivities in Stockholm, which serve primarily as an academic celebration of science and literature.

The prizes are awarded in two separate ceremonies: one for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature, and another for Economic Sciences. At the Nobel Prize award ceremony in the Stockholm

“The Banquet has become a popular, televised, prestigious event that combines formal award presentations with entertainment, interviews, and reports on the laureates”

Concert Hall, the laureates deliver speeches and present their discoveries or works. Afterwards, King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden hands each laureate a diploma and a medal. This year, the prize sum is €924 ,000 (SEK 11 million) for each category. In the case of multiple laureates per category, the prize money is divided equally between them.

Since 1969, Sweden’s Central Bank has awarded an additional prize at the same ceremony: the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, which carries the same prize sum as the other categories.

The Nobel Prize Banquet, a grand celebration held at Stockholm City Hall, follows the traditional award ceremony and welcomes about 1 ,250 guests, including volunteer students. Apart from a few exceptions, Stockholm City Hall has hosted the Banquet since 1930, which has become a popular televised event known for combining formal award presentations with entertainment, interviews, and reports on the laureates’ work. The Banquet helps make scientific discoveries more accessible to the general public.

The evening programme follows tradition and begins at 19:00 CET with

the Swedish Royal Family and other guests of honour processing down the grand stairway into the Blue Hall. Before this, the Royal Family meets the guests of honour in the Prince’s Gallery of the City Hall.

In addition to the Nobel Prize laureates and their families, the King and Queen and other members of the Royal Family of Sweden are guests of honour at both the award ceremony and the Banquet. once all guests are seated, the organisers reveal the menu, which supports culinary innovation and sustainability.

Receiving an invitation to the Nobel Banquet is a great honour, even for non-laureates, and most invitees do indeed attend. The guest list includes representatives from the Swedish government and parliament as well as international guests, particularly those representing the sciences and cultural life. Swedish guests typically participate in Nobel Prize-related events, support the sciences through donations, or contribute to the Nobel Foundation and its mission in other meaningful ways.

The Nobel Peace Prize plays a key role in spotlighting current global challenges. The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards this prize at oslo City Hall in Norway. The Chairman

of the Committee presents the award to the laureates in the presence of King Harald V of Norway, along with members of the government, parliament, and other officials.

Floral Magic  Since 1905 , Sanremo has paid homage to Alfred Nobel, who spent his final years in the Italian city. In collaboration with Regione Liguria, the City of Sanremo, and the Chamber of Commerce of Riviera di Liguria, the city donates flowers each year to decorate the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall during the Nobel Prize festivities.

Last year, florists decorated the Blue Hall in three shapes, and they placed the Tree of Knowledge on the Table of Honour. As always, the organisers focused on sustainability. They reused all structures from previous years to ensure a healthy, low-material-use approach. Sanremo gifted almost 25 ,000 flower stems, including a wide variety of leafy greens and both classic and newer varieties.

The Nobel Peace Prize: THE N o RWEGIAN C o MMITTEE SELECTS THE RECIPIENT

By the terms of Alfred Nobel’s last will, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded by the Norwegian Nobel Committee since 1901 .

Alfred Nobel left no explanation for why the Peace Prize was to be honoured by a Norwegian committee while the other four prizes were to be handled by Swedish committees. The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded after a controversial political process that was resolved five years after Nobel died in 1896

In its long history, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has honoured brave women and men who have stood up to repression; who have carried the hope of freedom in prison cells, on the streets, and in public squares; and who have shown by their actions that peaceful resistance can change the world. Since 1901 , the Peace Prize has been awarded 105 times, to 139 laureates: 92 men, 19 women and 28 organisations.

For 2025 , the Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize to María Corina Machado for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy.

As Alfred Nobel never explicitly stated the reason why the Nobel Peace Prize should be awarded in Norway rather than Sweden, historians and Nobel researchers have offered several educated guesses based on the circumstances of Nobel’s life and the political environment of his time.

Alfred Nobel’s will stipulated that the Peace Prize should be awarded to the person “who shall have done the most for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.” over time, the Nobel Peace Prize has evolved to recognise diverse forms of peace work and related causes. However, the selection process and tradition remain unchanged, with the prize awarded and the ceremony held exclusively in oslo, the capital of Norway.

In the earliest years of the prize, up to World War I, the prize was often awarded to pioneers of the organised peace movement. In the inter-war years, the focus shifted to active politicians who sought to promote international peace, stability, and justice through diplomacy and international agreements, and prizes were also awarded for humanitarian work.

one such laureate was Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian scientist, polar explorer, political activist and humanist, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations’ High Commissioner for Refugees. After the First World War, he oversaw the exchange of 430,000 prisoners of war between Russia, Germany, and the former Austria-Hungary.

Since World War II, the Nobel Peace Prize has primarily honoured efforts in four key areas: arms control and disarmament, peace negotiation, democracy and human rights, and work aimed at creating a betterorganised and more peaceful world.

In the 21 st century, the Norwegian Nobel Committee has also recognised efforts to limit the harm caused by human-made climate change and other environmental threats, viewing them as crucial to future global stability, and therefore relevant to the Peace Prize.

When Alfred Nobel wrote his will, Sweden and Norway were united under a single monarch – a union that lasted until 1905 . Including Norway in the prize process reflected this union and gave the country a

“Inform me, convince me, and then I will do something great for the movement”

distinguished role alongside Sweden’s oversight of the scientific prizes. At the end of the 19 th century, Norway was seen as more actively involved in peace and arbitration movements, with its parliament engaged in international efforts to resolve conflicts peacefully. Given Sweden’s history as a military power, Alfred Nobel may have seen Norway as less militaristic and therefore more suitable to administer the Peace Prize.

Alfred Nobel’s decision has been seen as a provocative and symbolic gesture amid the strong nationalism prevailing in Sweden when he wrote his will, suggesting his intention was to promote peace and internationalism over national rivalry. The lasting outcome is that the Nobel Peace Prize – unlike the other Nobel Prizes – is a uniquely Norwegian institution, awarded by a committee of five members appointed by the Norwegian Parliament (Storting). The committee’s composition reflects the relative strengths of political parties in the Storting and is supported by specially appointed expert advisers.

Alfred Nobel’s personal motivations may remain a mystery, but his instructions have nevertheless established a unique legacy for the

Peace Prize, reflecting the values of peace and international cooperation he sought to promote.

A woman who played a pivotal and direct role in inspiring Alfred Nobel to establish the Nobel Peace Prize was Bertha von Suttner (1843 –1914), born in Prague, then part of the Austrian Empire (now the Czech Republic). She wrote one of the nineteenth century’s most influential books, the anti-war novel Lay Down Your Arms (1889). The title was provocative to many, but its anti-militaristic message resonated widely.

In the 1870 s, Bertha von Suttner became a close friend of Alfred Nobel and corresponded with him for years about peace. She emerged as a leader of the international peace movement and, in 1891 , founded the Austrian Peace Society. At the male-dominated peace congresses, Bertha von Suttner stood out as a liberal and forceful figure. By the start of the new century, she was known as the “generalissimo of the peace movement.”

There is little doubt that Bertha von Suttner’s friendship with Alfred Nobel influenced the content of his will, with many crediting her for his establishment of the Peace Prize. They developed a close personal friendship and maintained regular

correspondence, exchanging ideas about peace and disarmament. Initially, Nobel was sceptical of peace movements, but von Suttner persisted, sending him books, articles, and passionate arguments advocating for peace, which helped change his views. As Alfred Nobel said to her, “Inform me, convince me, and then I will do something great for the movement.”

over the years, many prominent advocates of peace – such as the youngest ever Nobel laureate, Malala Yousafzai – have stepped into the global spotlight that the prize bestows. But back in 1905 , it was Bertha von Suttner who became the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize – 120 years before the Norwegian Nobel Committee selected this year’s laureate, Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado.

The formal Nobel Peace Prize 2025 award ceremony will take place at oslo City Hall on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s death. At that point, María Corina Machado will step onto the stage to receive the Nobel medal and diploma and deliver her Nobel lecture, in continuation of the long tradition of honouring those who keep striving for peace in a turbulent world.

The Nobel Prize in Economics C o NTINUES T o PR ovo KE

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is a prestigious international award for outstanding achievement in economic sciences, established in 1968 by Sweden’s central bank (Sveriges Riksbank) to mark its 300 th anniversary and honour Alfred Nobel. Awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences according to the same principles as the original Nobel Prizes, the award is not one of the original prizes established by Alfred Nobel’s will. Instead, it is based on the donation from the Swedish Central Bank and is often colloquially referred to as the “Nobel Prize in Economics.” The first award, in 1969, went to Ragnar Frisch, Norway, and Jan Tinbergen, the Netherlands, for their work in econometric modelling of economic processes.

Laureates are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which also administers awards in Physics and Chemistry. The monetary award, €924 ,000 (SEK 11 million) for each category, diploma and medal, is presented in Stockholm during the award ceremony each December 10. Initially conceptualised as a prize for economics, the award has gradually expanded to include

achievements in related social sciences, such as political science, psychology, and sociology, exemplified by awards to scholars like Herbert Simon and Daniel Kahneman. Since the mid-1990 s, it has reflected more interdisciplinary approaches and critical engagement with real-world social issues.

Recent laureates show the field’s growing attention to empirical research, microeconomic analysis, global poverty, gender labour dynamics, and behavioural economics. For example, the 2023 laureate, Claudia Goldin, was honoured for her work on women’s labour market outcomes.

The 2024 prize recognised Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson for research on how societal institutions shape economic prosperity and development. Their studies underscore the persistent impact of historical institutions on contemporary growth, examining themes like colonisation and democratisation.

The prize in Economic Sciences continues to provoke discussion about the prize’s focus and the dominance of certain schools of thought. Recent trends point towards more pluralistic and historically grounded

approaches, integrating insights from politics, sociology, and technology, such as research into the consequences of artificial intelligence and institutional stability.

In the future, the prize is balanced not only to reflect the evolving landscape of economic thought but also to shape it – championing innovation and advancing solutions that address society’s most pressing global challenges.

The Nobel Banquet

CLIMATE-SMART GASTR o N o MY

SUPP o RTING SUSTAINABILITY

The Nobel Banquet dinner in Stockholm has become renowned for its commitment to zero food waste, reflecting Sweden’s broader sustainability goals and leadership in food innovation. Through creative menu planning and advanced culinary techniques, the event demonstrates how high-profile celebrations can prioritise environmental responsibility with gastronomic excellence.

The Banquet takes place in the Stockholm City Hall on December 10 every year and is broadcast live on Swedish Television. It hosts around 1 ,300 guests, including Nobel laureates and their guests, members of the Nobel Foundation, and other dignitaries, such as the Swedish Royal Family. The event is renowned for its celebratory atmosphere, featuring live music and social dancing following dinner.

The three-course dinner is collaboratively composed by a selected

chef and pastry chef. While the menu offers a chance to celebrate Scandinavian cuisine, it also provides space for those responsible for the gastronomy to leave their personal mark.

The high-end Banquet not only celebrates laureates but also models a future-focused, sustainable approach to food that aims for zero waste – an approach increasingly emulated across Sweden’s culinary world. Menu planning for the Nobel Banquet strives to achieve this by precisely matching portions to the number of guests and designing recipes that utilise local seasonal ingredients efficiently. Another strategy involves encouraging chefs to make use of whole ingredients.

In addition to mindful menu planning, the Banquet includes strategies to prevent overeating, and creative utilisation of leftovers. Leftovers are transformed rather than discarded, being creatively repurposed into

other products. For example, in 2019, a chef repurposed leftover raspberries to create a dusting powder for the dessert.

In 2024 , the kitchen staff was led by multiple award-winning Execu-

In parallel, she desired to integrate principles of climate-smart gastronomy, including the use of hydrothermally treated whole grains in the main course. It is a technique developed to enhance nutritional value and

“ The high-end Banquet models a future-focused, sustainable approach to food that aims for zero waste”

tive Chef Jessie Sommarström. one component of last year’s menu was cultured porridge made from Swedish grains. With this, Jessie Sommarström aimed to highlight the importance of whole grains and to demonstrate that it is possible to create a banquet menu based on ingredients affordable to almost everyone. Additionally, she wanted to emphasise the value of whole grains in our diets and their role in improving public health.

reduce environmental impact. The ingredients were selected to ensure all parts could be used creatively, often repurposing the usually discarded trimmings and leftovers from initial preparation into new dishes. What did chef Jessie Sommarström choose to serve with the cultured porridge? The main course featured a chicken quenelle with Swedish legumes and autumn truffle from the island of Gotland. It was accompanied by celeriac glazed with

miso from Swedish fava beans and a bouquet of cabbage flavoured with apple and herbs. The porridge showcased how traditional ingredients can be innovatively refined for the most elegant settings.

Pastry chef Frida Bräcke highlighted another perspective, noting that she wants to ensure the next generation understands the importance of utilising what nature provides. one of the components of the Banquet dessert was apples, one of the few Swedish ingredients that are in season year-round.

The Nobel Banquet serves as a flagship event in Sweden’s national effort to reduce food waste, with Stockholm leading efforts that combine municipal food waste reduction targets with creative culinary upcycling. The Banquet’s visibility helps spotlight and inspire other institutions and restaurants across Stockholm to implement similar practices, such as ‘pay by weight’ menu systems, the reuse of leftovers (for example, converting coffee grounds into cookies), and collaboration between restaurants to utilise surplus ingredients circularly.

A notable highlight at the Nobel dinner last year was the incorporation of hydrothermally processed barley and wheat, developed through the Mineral Shift project led by the Axfoundation and its partners. These grains, designed to enhance both nutrition and planetary health, featured in both the Banquet’s gourmet main courses and in pilot programmes for institutional kitchens, such as eldercare facilities. It showcased how Nobel’s sustainability models extend beyond the dinner itself, aiming for broader transformation across various sectors of society.

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Nobel Prize Banquet

T o ASTMASTER R o LE HELD BY STUDENT

The toastmaster at the Nobel Prize Banquet in Stockholm City Hall is a rotating student position, currently held by Kamila Marzynska, a law student at Stockholm University. In her role, Kamila Marzynska introduces the Nobel laureates during the Banquet, and she leads the toasts by both Swedish King Carl XVI Gustaf and Astrid Söderbergh Widding, the Chairman of the Nobel Foundation.

Kamila Marzynska says that serving as toastmaster at the Nobel Banquet has given her new insights and confidence: “Feeling the audience’s attention is exhilarating. If I can command the stage here, I feel like I can do anything.”

As the excitement rises in the Blue Hall, famously used for the annual Nobel Prize Banquet, the moment has arrived. After the guests have enjoyed their dessert, it is time for

the laureates to give their speeches. At this point, a marshal will escort them to the podium, where toastmaster Kamila Marzynska will introduce them in three languages: Swedish, the laureate’s native language, and English.

“The Nobel Banquet speech is likely the pinnacle of the laureates’ scientific journey. This moment means a great deal to them, and they may feel nervous. My role is to foster

a warm, reassuring atmosphere so they feel at ease.”

Looking back on her experience overall, Kamila Marzynska describes standing at the podium as a special moment. From the podium, she observes the gathering, taking in the people, the celebrated scientists and the Swedish royal family, and describes the experience as stressful, surreal, and magical all at once.

volunteer assignments during both the Banquet itself and the afterparty. The person selected as the toastmaster receives special training and a year of preparation for the big evening.

The toastmaster, appointed by the Stockholm Student Union (SSCO) in collaboration with the Nobel Foundation, has a central and solemn task: present the laureates, lead the cer-

“ Feeling the audience’s attention is exhilarating. If I can command the stage here, I feel like I can do anything”

Kamila Marzynska’s ties to the Nobel Prize run deep, which adds a personal dimension to her role. She comes from Poland, where the Nobel Prize was a frequent topic of conversation in her family home long before she was appointed toastmaster.

“My great-grandfather was a pioneering gastroenterologist in oncology. In 1927, he became the first director of a new radium treatment institute in Łódz and worked with Marie Curie there.”

Students’ Nobel Night Cap

The secret afterparty oasis

The students’ work at the Nobel Prize Banquet in Stockholm City Hall is a memory for life. Their efforts during the Banquet are crucial to both the atmosphere of the ceremony and its practical implementation, from presentations and speeches to logistics and party arrangements.

Their work includes serving as toastmaster and performing various

emony and toasts, allow the laureates to speak, and guide various parts of the programme, often in multiple languages depending on the prize winners. This role requires strong language skills, public performance abilities, and the capacity to handle ceremonial moments in Swedish, English, and laureates’ native languages. The volunteers – marshals and officials – assist with practical and logistical tasks during the dinner and related events.

The selected volunteers come from Stockholm University, KTH, the Stockholm School of Economics, and Karolinska Institutet. They have responsibilities such as greeting guests, handing out programme leaflets, opening car doors, assisting the flag bearers, and introducing speakers. The marshals have rehearsed their roles throughout the autumn to ensure that the evening’s events run smoothly.

During the Banquet, marshals and volunteers support key logistics: they assist flag bearers with water and glucose tablets, monitor event

technology, and facilitate communication between the master of ceremonies and the hosts.

Serving at the Nobel Prize Banquet is seen as an honorary assignment, a lifelong memory for many students, and an opportunity to practice event management, representation, and social skills. The assignments provide students with experience and networking opportunities among international elite guests and experts.

The same evening, after the Banquet, students organise the Students’ Nobel Night Cap (SNNC), an exclusive afterparty with a secret theme, involving over 300 students in volunteer and organisational roles. The first SNNC attended by Nobel laureates was held in 1978 . Ever since, the event has been organised entirely by university students and run on a purely voluntary basis.

The Student’s Nobel Night Cap is often called a secret oasis. After an intense week in the public eye, at this party, the Nobel laureates and their guests can finally relax, since no journalists are invited and photographs are prohibited. Meanwhile, students have the opportunity to experience the celebrations and the legacy of Alfred Nobel.

In addition to the Nobel laureates and students, the afterparty is attended by academics, politicians, and other prominent figures. The same formal dress code as during the prestigious Banquet is required for all guests: white tie.

The Kamila Marzynska quotes were sourced from an extensive interview in the Swedish Science magazine “Curie”, October 2025

Universities WITH THE M o ST N o BEL LAUREATES

The following is a list of the top 30 universities ranked by the number of Nobel laureates associated with them as of 2024 . This ranking includes laureates who are either alumni or faculty members.

ƒ Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 161

ƒ University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles, USA, 110

ƒ University of Chicago, Illinois, USA, 100

ƒ Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA, 97

ƒ Columbia University, New York, USA, 96

ƒ Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA, 84

ƒ University of Cambridge, England, UK, 76

ƒ University of Oxford, England, UK, 69

ƒ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 65

ƒ University of Paris (Sorbonne), France, 61

ƒ Princeton University, New Jersey, USA, 39

ƒ University of Göttingen, Germany, 38

ƒ University of Munich (LMU), Germany, 38

ƒ Caltech, Pasadena, California, USA, 36

ƒ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 30

ƒ University College London, UK, 30

ƒ University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 27

ƒ University of Vienna, Austria, 26

ƒ University of Zurich, Switzerland, 26

ƒ University of Geneva, Switzerland, 25

ƒ University of Pennsylvania, USA, 25

ƒ University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, 25

ƒ University of Strasbourg, France, 21

ƒ University of Freiburg, Germany, 21

ƒ University of Toronto, Canada, 20

ƒ Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA, 18

ƒ University of Basel, Switzerland, 15

ƒ University of Utrecht, the Netherlands, 14

ƒ University of Copenhagen, Denmark, 13

ƒ University of Hamburg, Germany, 13

Note that numbers vary slightly by source.

Multicultural Celebration: LITERATURE LAUREATES ENGAGE WITH Y o UNG MINDS

A long-standing tradition during Nobel Week is for Literature laureates to meet and engage with local students during a visit to a school in Rinkeby, a multicultural suburb of Stockholm. The event helps students connect to both international literature and international recognition, while seeking to motivate young people and give them a chance to express themselves and their dreams.

Since 1988 , this initiative has aimed to inspire students by having them study both Alfred Nobel’s legacy and the Literature laureate’s work through reading, writing, and art, in collaboration with educators and creative professionals. The events also involve partnerships with the Swedish Academy and the Nobel Prize Museum, and Nobel laureates continually express interest in the tradition of interacting with local youth from diverse backgrounds.

Last year, the 2024 Nobel Prize Winner in Literature, South Korean Han Kang, visited the school library in Rinkeby. And as many of the students are first or second generation immigrants, the laureate’s visit is a celebration of multiculturalism.

Han Kang met with approximately 100 teenagers who had studied her books, and they engaged with her through discussions and creative responses to her work through songs, poetry, and paintings. At the end of these events, the students also have a chance to talk with the Nobel laureate in a more informal setting, without supervision. Han Kang expressed how touched she was by the students’ interpretations and warm welcome: “I am so moved that they read my books, had conversations with me, and shared their experiences. I will cherish these special memories for the rest of my life.”

In the guestbook, she wrote:

“Thank you, I sincerely appreciate the students who have read my books and shared their stories, as well as the teachers who guided them for this occasion.”

Rinkeby’s multicultural fabric, with over 100 languages spoken, makes it an ideal setting for a boundless meeting of international literature and shared experiences. And while the

main purpose of the event may be to inspire the students, it also allows the laureates the chance to be inspired by their young readers’ perspectives. As a result, the laureates often express feeling moved and welcomed, while the ongoing connection between the Nobel Prize and Rinkeby remains vital, deepening ties between global literature and Rinkeby’s multicultural community.

Down the Line of Innovative Thinking THE FUTURE AWAITS

TEXT Scott Steinberg

Each year, Nobel Prize winners are celebrated for their groundbreaking contributions to science, literature, world peace, and economic sciences. While their accolades often reflect achievements rooted in the recent past or present, these individuals are, in many ways, also futurists, in that they are visionaries who help shape what the world will become.

After all, no matter their chosen category and field, laureates are celebrated not only for their achievements but also for the profound influence their work will have on the future of their industry. While the Nobel Prizes are rooted in recognition of past or current accomplishments, they often point toward what lies ahead. In this way, Nobel Prize winners are, in many respects, modern-day futurists, whose insights, innovations, and actions help to create the world we have yet to encounter.

Futurism, in its broadest sense, involves anticipating, designing, and influencing the future. While we generally associate the term with technology forecasters, keynote speakers, or science fiction writers, it’s worth remembering that anyone who brings about fundamental change in humanity’s trajectory can be considered a futurist. As the Alan Kay quote, made famous by Steve Jobs, succinctly put it: “The easiest way to predict the future is to invent it.” And in that spirit, Nobel Prize winners, through extensive inquiry, bold experimentation, and courageous activism, do of course often end up shifting the foundations of knowledge and society in ways that fundamentally alter the course of the future.

Prize-winning thinkers don’t merely react to the present. As you may know, they also actively question assumptions, challenge norms, and innovate solutions to problems

that will define future generations. Whether it’s a physicist unlocking the secrets of the universe, a novelist illuminating hidden truths of human experience, or a peacebuilder working to resolve deep-seated conflict, each laureate effectively contributes to a vision of what the future can and should be.

Science laureates: unlocking tomorrow’s technologies  The Nobel Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology or Medicine frequently go to

often aren’t understood until years later. It makes them pioneers and architects of the unknown, pioneers whose curiosity-driven research effectively points to futures we haven’t yet imagined.

Literature laureates: cultural futurism through storytelling  The Nobel Prize in Literature recognises authors whose work expands our understanding of the human condition. These writers tend to explore emerging or underexamined themes, prompting

“ The easiest way to predict the future is to invent it”

individuals whose discoveries form the foundation for future innovation. Take, for example, the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded to scientists for their work on attosecond laser pulses. At first glance, this may seem esoteric, but the ability to observe electrons in motion could revolutionise everything from medical imaging to quantum computing. The same is true of earlier laureates who laid the groundwork for GPS, CRISPR gene editing, and mRNA vaccine development, technologies that have had transformative effects on society.

Remember that such breakthroughs are not merely of academic interest; they represent new tools and paradigms that will impact industries, medical practices, and scientific frameworks in the coming decades. Nobel-winning scientists tend to work in realms so advanced that the full implications of their discoveries

reflection on societal trajectories. For example, Kazuo Ishiguro, who won in 2017, frequently grapples with concepts like memory, identity, and artificial intelligence, which are central to contemporary and future discourse. His novel Never Let Me Go, a dystopian tale about human cloning, presents a haunting meditation on ethics in the age of biotechnology.

Literature winners like Olga Tokarczuk (2018), Svetlana Alexievich (2015), and Toni Morrison (1993) have similarly engaged with complex issues such as migration, war, systemic racism, and ecological collapse, long before these subjects dominated headlines. Such narratives don’t just comment on society; they influence it by shaping the collective imagination, challenging dominant worldviews, and proposing alternative futures. In this way, literature becomes a form

of cultural foresight, and its authors become prophets and societal inventors as much as storytellers.

Peace laureates: reimagining global futures Perhaps the most explicitly futurist-leaning category of the Nobel Prizes is the Peace Prize. Recipients are generally recognised for their efforts to create a more just, equitable, and peaceful world, goals that, by definition, are oriented toward bettering the future. These laureates include figures such as Nelson Mandela and Malala Yousafzai, and organisations such as the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN).

Their work typically involves tackling entrenched violence, inequality, or oppressive systems. But more than that, it proposes radically different futures: ones in which conflicts are resolved through dialogue rather than war, where education is a universal right, and where human dignity is upheld regardless of geography, gender, or status. These visions may seem idealistic, but are grounded in real action, policy, and advocacy that reshape what’s possible.

Peace laureates are typically working against the inertia of history and the cynicism of the present. What’s more, leaders’ achievements suggest that better futures are not only imaginable but achievable, provided there is courage and collective will. In doing so, they offer a form of social and political futurism grounded in human rights and cooperative action.

Economic sciences laureates: forecasting and shaping human behaviour  The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, often considered a Nobel Prize by some, plays a critical role in forecasting and shaping the future through analysis of human

behaviour, systems, and incentives. Economists like Daniel Kahneman and Richard Thaler, who pioneered behavioural economics, likewise changed the way we understand decision-making, influencing everything from government policy to business strategy. Their work has helped craft better tools to address future challenges, such as retirement planning, health care, and public spending.

More recently, economists like Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer were honoured

their work reminds us of the importance of patience, depth, and vision. Scientific discoveries can take decades to develop. Social movements may require a generation to bear fruit. Literary insights may be ahead of their time, only appreciated when society catches up.

In this sense, Nobel Prize winners embody a kind of slow futurism, a deliberate, rigorous pursuit of better outcomes for humanity. Their influence endures because it’s rooted not just in novelty, but in substance.

striving for. In essence, such thought leaders are not only reflections of the best in human achievement, they are indicators of what’s possible when we dare to think far past what can be achieved in the present. In this light, Nobel Prize winners are not just recipients of honour: Rather, laureates are visionaries, reformers, and, above all, futurists of a special and powerful kind.

“ Nobel laureates, through their insights, courage, and creativity, often push humanity forward”

Noting this, experts are not just being honoured for what they’ve achieved, but for the future achievements that their work in turn will enable. Leaders’ insights ripple forward, influencing future research, policies, and paradigms. In this sense, Nobel laureates are not just pioneers – they are fundamentally architects of the future to come.

for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. Rather than applying abstract models, they tested real-world interventions to see what actually works, laying the groundwork for more effective policy in the years to come.

Nobel laureates contribute to a better future by improving the systems we rely on, making them more equitable, efficient, and responsive. By anticipating how societies evolve and how people behave within economic structures, they help policymakers and citizens alike prepare for what’s ahead.

Nobel laureates as beacons of long-term thinking  What unites all laureates, across disciplines, is a commitment to long-term thinking. In a world often driven by short-term gains and immediate gratification,

Preeminent thought leaders don’t chase trends – instead, they set them, or transcend them altogether.

A legacy that shapes the future Nobel Prizes were established to reward those who have “conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.” Implicit in that mission is the idea of the future: a better, wiser, more just world, enabled by today’s breakthroughs. And so, Nobel laureates, through their insights, courage, and creativity, often push humanity forward. Thought leaders question what is, and what has come before, to imagine what could be.

Whether through unlocking new scientific possibilities, challenging cultural paradigms, advocating for peace, or rethinking economic systems, laureates serve as compasses pointing toward futures worth

Hailed as the World’s Leading Business Strategist, award-winning strategic consultant and professional speaker Scott Steinberg is among today’s best-known trends experts and futurists . He’s the coauthor of upcoming book “The Shape of the Future: How to Design for Disruption, Plan for Uncertainty and Adapt to Whatever Tomorrow Brings.” The creator of “ What’s the Future of … ?”, a new series of training games for play at meetings and events, and the President and CEO of BIZDEV: The International Association for Business Development and Strategic Partnerships. www.FuturistsSpeakers.com

Roger Kellerman Publisher, business intelligence analyst, trend creator, educator and networker. Has over 40 years’ experience of the global meeting industry. roger.kellerman@meetingsinternational.com

Unleashing Intellectual Capital

F o R HUMAN PR o GRESS

A whole range of Nobel Prize meetings serve as flagship gatherings that elevate the prestige and global reach of scientific, cultural, and humanitarian events while showcasing best practices in organisation, boosting international networking, and guest management. Additionally, these meetings inspire best practices in event management, foster economic growth, knowledge-sharing, and enhance the global reputation of host cities and organisers.

Besides the various Nobel Prize meetings in Sweden and Norway, a series of yearly international scientific conferences are also held in Lindau, Germany. During the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, founded in 1951 , Nobel laureates meet young scientists, undergraduates, PhD students, and postdoctoral researchers to facilitate dialogue across generations, cultures, and disciplines. Nobel events create a special environment for scientific exchange, networking, and inspiration, aiming to cultivate scientific talent and establish global networks. The meetings demonstrate the ability to seamlessly integrate tradition with modern technology, ensuring guests – whether royalty, diplomats, or researchers –experience meticulous hospitality and protocol while participating in content-driven programmes.

These gatherings bring direct economic benefits through travel, accommodation, and tourism. However, their greater value lies in fostering global networking and transformative exchanges among generations of researchers and thought leaders. The prestige and visibility of Nobel events also enhance the host cities Stockholm, oslo, Gothenburg and Lindau globally recognition for commitment to intellectual capital and advancement.

The Nobel meetings are renowned for providing rich opportunities for career advancement and collaboration: Nobel laureates regularly return to share knowledge and meet young scientists, emphasising networking as “noble” and central to professional growth. Guests and attendees report that the experience is both memorable and life-changing, highlighting the significant role these events play not just in the scientific community but across the entire event industry, serving as models of excellence.

The detailed planning required for Nobel Prize events sets industry benchmarks, demanding integration of technology for secure and efficient guest management, while maintaining the personalised touch that makes attendees “feel part of something significant.” Special elements, such as utilising historical venues and

celebrating culinary traditions at the Nobel Banquet in Stockholm City Hall, demonstrate the business event industry’s ability to blend innovation and heritage.

When some of the world’s socalled leaders seek to dismantle free universities, cut research funding, and remove the leadership even from Nobel Prize-winning institutions, particularly in the US, how will this affect the business events industry? Will it adapt by shrinking? or will it thrive through supporting the growth of existing and emerging universities in regions such as the UAE, Western Europe, Japan, and the Nordic countries? I believe a strong case could be made for the latter.

The use of artificial intelligence in medicine, physics, and chemistry is poised to trigger significant transformations and research surges. While the full impact of this may take years to manifest, we are already witnessing an intensifying competition among countries to attract the best professors and researchers. This dynamic is evident in several regions around the world. Universities with forwardthinking leadership, that embrace innovation, cross-border collaboration, and rapid development, are well positioned to remain essential in the pursuit of future Nobel Prizes.

PH o T o Sara Appelgren

BELLA ARENA COPENHAGEN MARCH 12TH 2026

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