2025 Competitiveness Redbook

2025

Competitiveness REDBOOK

Key Indicators of Maryland’s Business Climate

Presented by

2025 Competitiveness

REDBOOK

The Maryland Chamber of Commerce, representing over 7,000 members, serves as the leading advocate for business in our state. Through collaborative partnerships with businesses, policymakers and stakeholders, we work to shape strong public policies that drive economic growth to benefit people, businesses and communities.

The 2025 Redbook is published with support from the following organizations: • Presenting Sponsor: Comcast • Touchstone Sponsor: T. Rowe Price • Advocate Sponsors: Edwards Performance Solutions Giant Food Johns Hopkins University McCormick & Company Salisbury Area Chamber of Commerce W. L. Gore & Associates • Supporting Sponsor: Maryland Tourism Learn more at mdchamber.org/competitiveness.

Our Mission The mission of the Maryland Chamber of Commerce is to advance inclusive partnerships for a Maryland where all businesses and their communities thrive.

Forward Charting Maryland’s Economic Potential: A Story of Innovation, Resilience and Collaborations As Board Chair of the Maryland Chamber of Commerce and presenting sponsor of the 2025 Competitiveness Redbook, I write with deep passion for Maryland’s potential and unwavering commitment to our state’s economic strength.

In every business, there’s a narrative of ambition, challenge and possibility. A family bakery in Dundalk adapting to changing markets. A biotech startup in Frederick pushing the boundaries of innovation.

A multi-generational farm on the Eastern Shore navigating economic shifts. These stories are the heartbeat of Maryland’s economy — each unique, yet interconnected.

Behind every data point is a human story — of entrepreneurs, workers, families and communities striving to build, grow and thrive. When we look beyond the numbers, we see the real engine of our economy: the innovative spirit that transforms challenges into opportunities. This Redbook is more than a collection of tables and rankings. It’s a comprehensive portrait of Maryland’s economic landscape, illuminating both our current realities and our extraordinary potential.

Maryland is more than a location — it’s a living, breathing economic ecosystem. Home to world-class

research institutions, a strategic Mid-Atlantic location, and an incredibly talented workforce, we possess the fundamental building blocks of collective success.

Representing over 7,000 businesses across our state, the Maryland Chamber is committed to a clear mission: advocating for pro-business policies and creating inclusive partnerships that enable Maryland’s businesses and communities to thrive. We believe that by understanding our current position, we can chart a more promising course forward.

This Redbook invites policymakers, business leaders, community stakeholders and constituents to explore, reflect and engage. We believe that by understanding our current position, we can chart a more promising course forward.

Our greatest competitive advantage has always been our ability to innovate, adapt and work together.

Maryland’s future is not written — it is being created, right now, by the bold and collaborative spirit of our business community. Together, we can write the next chapter of Maryland’s economic success.

Misty Allen Board Chair, Maryland Chamber of Commerce Vice President of Government & Regulatory Affairs, Community Impact, Comcast

Introduction Charting Maryland’s Future: A Call to Action for Growth and Business-Friendly Policies As we reflect on Maryland’s economic landscape through the lens of the 2025 Competitiveness Redbook, I am both optimistic about the tremendous potential our state holds and deeply concerned about the trajectory we are on. For Maryland to remain competitive, attract investment, and foster growth, we must make bold decisions — decisions that prioritize business-friendly policies and create an environment that promotes opportunity, innovation and prosperity.

Growth is the only solution to the economic challenges our state is facing. Without it, we risk stagnation, the loss of businesses, and the continued out-migration of talented individuals seeking opportunity elsewhere.

The trends in this Redbook serve as a wake-up call: Maryland’s competitiveness is slipping, and the time to act is now.

We cannot afford to make it more difficult or expensive to do business here. From rising costs to complex regulations, we are pushing businesses to the brink, making it more difficult to grow, hire and thrive.

Maryland is already considered the 3rd most expensive state to do business in, and our state’s current position — ranked 31st for business in CNBC’s 2024 report — is a stark reminder that we must take immediate action to reverse these trends.

Increasing taxes, fees and regulations on businesses is not the answer. While some may view tax increases on businesses as a quick fix for Maryland’s budget deficits, the long-term impact would be devastating — eroding competitiveness, driving businesses away and harming communities that depend on them for jobs and local investment. Businesses fuel our economy and support our communities through innovation, job creation and funding local initiatives. To ensure Maryland’s success, we must reduce burdens and foster policies that enable growth — not short-sighted measures that increase costs, stifle progress and push businesses and residents to neighboring states.

We need growth-oriented policies that create a business climate where companies of all sizes can thrive. By simplifying regulations, removing unnecessary barriers, and fostering opportunities for businesses and workers, we can build a competitive, fair and sustainable tax structure and environment.

These policies will benefit businesses, residents and communities alike.

This Redbook offers a comprehensive snapshot of Maryland’s economic strengths and challenges, underscoring the urgent need for change. Maryland’s future will be shaped by the policies we enact today.

To realize our state’s potential, we must prioritize business-friendly, growth-oriented policies that reduce barriers, foster a competitive tax climate and encourage innovation and investment.

(Continued on reverse)

The Maryland Chamber of Commerce stands ready to work alongside business leaders, policymakers and stakeholders to advocate for solutions that create a thriving, competitive Maryland. Together, we can make Maryland the business-friendly, dynamic state it deserves to be — a place where innovation, collaboration and community take root and grow.

Mary D. Kane President & CEO, Maryland Chamber of Commerce

Visualizing where Maryland stands See more at mdchamber.org

At a Glance: Strengths & Opportunities Top insights and trends from this year’s data include: Strong Innovation and R&D Performance: Maryland continues to strengthen its innovation ecosystem, ranking 11th for total venture capital investment and 9th per capita in 2023, while leading nationally in academic R&D spending (1st) and maintaining a solid position in industrial R&D (18th), showcasing a robust commitment to both research and startup growth.

Eye on Competitiveness: Areas of Concern Areas in need of considerable improvement include: State Business Rankings: Maryland dropped significantly in CNBC’s 2024 ranking of the Top States for Business, falling from 22nd place in 2023 to 31st in 2024. The state also became the 3rd most costly state to do business in, signaling growing concerns among businesses. Additionally, Maryland ranked 37th for infrastructure, down from 15th in 2023, reflecting the state’s struggle to maintain and invest in critical infrastructure.

(Continued on reverse)

State Business Tax Climate: In 2025, Maryland ranked 46th for overall State Business Tax Climate, marking a troubling decline in its competitiveness.

The state also dropped in key tax categories, ranking 37th for corporate tax rate (a decline of 4 positions) and 39th for sales tax (a drop of 5), making it a less attractive environment for business investment.

Economic Freedom: Maryland’s economic freedom continues to face challenges. According to the Mercatus Center, the state ranked 45th in economic freedom (down from 44th in 2021), 47th in fiscal policy freedom (down from 24th in 2021), and 35th in regulatory freedom (down from 47th in 2021). These rankings highlight the growing barriers to economic growth and a more business-friendly climate.

Minimum Wage: As of 2025, Maryland ranks 7th in the nation for minimum wage, tied with Delaware, Illinois, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. While this may indicate a commitment to workers, it also increases the cost of doing business and could further discourage employers from expanding or relocating to the state.

Domestic vs. International Migration: Between April 2020 and July 2023, Maryland saw a net domestic migration loss of 99,579 residents, ranking 44th in the nation. However, the state gained 66,062 residents through international migration, ranking 12th. While international migration is a positive trend, the net domestic loss signals a lack of attractiveness for residents, potentially limiting the state’s economic growth and talent pool.

Long-Term Job Growth: Maryland’s nonagricultural employment growth ranked 30th from September 2014 to September 2024, adding 33,100 jobs. The state ranked 39th for percentage job growth over this period, reflecting a sluggish labor market and low job creation relative to other states.

Education Spending: In the 2021–2022 school year, Maryland ranked 14th in the nation for total public school spending per pupil, at $17,753 per student. The state ranked 10th for spending on instruction and 20th for spending on support services. While investment in education is strong, the quality of outcomes and the ability of the education system to align with workforce needs may need closer examination.

Commute Times: Maryland’s metro areas have some of the longest commute times in the nation, with the Washington Metro ranked 3rd, Baltimore Metro ranked 10th, and Philadelphia Metro ranked 13th in 2023. This issue is compounded by the recent collapse of the Francis Scott Key Bridge, which further exacerbates congestion and commute times for Maryland residents.

Road Investment: Maryland ranked 38th for total per capita investment in roadways, 39th for capital investment per capita, and 27th for maintenance investment per capita. These rankings suggest that the state is not investing enough in its road infrastructure, leading to poor road quality and longer commute times for businesses and residents alike.

(Continued on reverse)

Homeownership: Maryland’s homeownership rate fell to 27th in 2024, down from 15th in 2023. From 2019 to 2023, homeownership declined by 2.8%, ranking Maryland 47th for the steepest decrease.

This decline in homeownership rates could signal a lack of affordable housing and a decreasing ability for residents to settle down and build long-term roots in the state.

Be sure to explore in depth data-driven glimpses at topics spanning population, workforce, business friendliness, energy costs and resources, taxation, transportation, minimum wage, home ownership, manufacturing and technology online at mdchamber.org/competitiveness.

NOTES

Contents State Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Age Group by Percentage of Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Net Migration by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (1 yr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (10 yr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Per Capita Personal Income by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Exports Per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Opening and Closing Rates of Establishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Census Estimates of State and Local Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Business Taxes as a Share of All Taxes and GSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Motor Fuel Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CNBC Top States for Business Rankings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Effective Property Tax Rate on a Primary Residence in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Effective Property Tax Rate on a Commercial Property in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Effective Property Tax Rate on an Industrial Property in the State’s Largest City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 State and Local Government Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 State and Local FTE Average Annual Pay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 State of the Tech Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Wages and Productivity of Production Workers in Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Annual Average Investment Per Employee in Manufacturing . . . . . 21 Union Members as a Share of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Union Membership – Public vs. Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Unemployment Insurance Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Regular Unemployment Insurance Payments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Workers’ Compensation – Benefits Paid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 State Minimum Wage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Economic, Fiscal, and Regulatory Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Ranking State Liability Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Venture Capital Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Overall R&D Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 R&D Per Capita by Performing Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Science, Engineering and Health Doctorates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Educational Attainment of Population 25 and Older . . . . . . . . . . 34 Higher Education Total Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public vs. Private . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public . . . . . . . . . . 36 Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Private . . . . . . . . . . 37 Fall Enrollment in Private For-Profit and Non-Profit Colleges . . . . . . 38 Import/Export Ratio of College-Bound High School Graduates . . . . . 39 National Assessment of Educational Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Estimated Public School Spending Per Pupil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Industrial Customers . . . . . . . . . 42 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Commercial Customers . . . . . . . 43 Average Retail Price Per KwH for Residential Customers . . . . . . . . 44 Generation of Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A/B Metropolitan Commuting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 A/B Percentage of Workers Who Worked From Home . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Airport On-Time Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 State Expenditures on Roadways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Health Care Expenditures Per Capita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Percentage Without Health Insurance by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Percent of Privately Insured Persons with Employment-Based Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 State and Local Government Health and Hospital Spending . . . . . 53 Occupational Injury and Illness Incidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Partisan Composition of State Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Housing Price Appreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Home Ownership Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Metropolitan Median House Price to Median Income Ratio . . . . . . 58 State Tax Competitiveness Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 1

State Populations (July 1, 2023) Change (July 1, 2022 – July 1, 2023)

Rank 1 California 2 Texas 3 Florida 4 New York 5 Pennsylvania 6 Illinois 7 Ohio 8 Georgia 9 North Carolina 10 Michigan 11 New Jersey 12 Virginia 13 Washington 14 Arizona 15 Tennessee 16 Massachusetts 17 Indiana 18 Missouri 19 Maryland 20 Wisconsin 21 Colorado 22 Minnesota 23 South Carolina 24 Alabama 25 Louisiana 26 Kentucky 27 Oregon 28 Oklahoma 29 Connecticut 30 Utah 31 Iowa 32 Nevada 33 Arkansas 34 Kansas 35 Mississippi 36 New Mexico 37 Nebraska 38 Idaho 39 West Virginia 40 Hawaii 41 New Hampshire 42 Maine 43 Montana 44 Rhode Island 45 Delaware 46 South Dakota 47 North Dakota 48 Alaska 49 Vermont 50 Wyoming Dist. of Columbia United States

Population Pop. Change 38,965,193 -75,423 30,503,301 473,453 22,610,726 365,205 19,571,216 -101,984 12,961,683 -10,408 12,549,689 -32,826 11,785,935 26,238 11,029,227 116,077 10,835,491 139,526 10,037,261 3,980 9,290,841 30,024 8,715,698 36,599 7,812,880 28,403 7,431,344 65,660 7,126,489 77,513 7,001,399 18,659 6,862,199 29,925 6,196,156 18,988 6,180,253 16,272 5,910,955 20,412 5,877,610 36,571 5,737,915 23,615 5,373,555 90,600 5,108,468 34,565 4,573,749 -14,274 4,526,154 14,591 4,233,358 -6,021 4,053,824 34,553 3,617,176 8,470 3,417,734 36,498 3,207,004 7,311 3,194,176 16,755 3,067,732 21,328 2,940,546 3,830 2,939,690 762 2,114,371 895 1,978,379 10,319 1,964,726 25,730 1,770,071 -3,964 1,435,138 -4,261 1,402,054 3,051 1,395,722 6,384 1,132,812 9,934 1,095,962 2,120 1,031,890 12,431 919,318 9,449 783,926 5,014 733,406 130 647,464 354 584,057 2,428 678,972 8,023 333,287,557 1,256,003

Rank % 49 -0.19% 1 1.55% 2 1.62% 50 -0.52% 46 -0.08% 48 -0.26% 16 0.22% 4 1.05% 3 1.29% 34 0.04% 13 0.32% 8 0.42% 15 0.36% 7 0.88% 6 1.09% 22 0.27% 14 0.44% 21 0.31% 24 0.26% 20 0.35% 9 0.62% 18 0.41% 5 1.69% 11 0.68% 47 -0.31% 25 0.32% 45 -0.14% 12 0.85% 30 0.23% 10 1.07% 31 0.23% 23 0.52% 19 0.70% 35 0.13% 40 0.03% 39 0.04% 27 0.52% 17 1.31% 43 -0.22% 44 -0.30% 36 0.22% 32 0.46% 28 0.88% 38 0.19% 26 1.20% 29 1.03% 33 0.64% 42 0.02% 41 0.05% 37 0.42% 1.18% 0.38%

Rank 45 3 2 50 43 47 34 9 5 40 27 22 25 11 7 30 21 29 31 26 17 24 1 15 49 28 44 13 32 8 33 18 14 37 41 39 19 4 46 48 35 20 12 36 6 10 16 42 38 23

Maryland’s population grew by 16,272 (0.26%) in 2023, ranking 24th in total population change; 31st in percentage change (an improvement from 2022). Delaware and Virginia saw larger percent increases.

Age Group by Percentage of Population (2023) %>64 16.1% 17.2% 17.5% 16.3% 20.8% 18.5% 14.8% 19.6% 17.8% 18.6% 17.3% 19.4% 15.5% 17.6% 17.4% 13.8% 19.1% 17.5% 17.8% 23.0% 21.8% 20.0% 17.8% 17.9% 19.2% 18.8% 19.1% 22.1% 18.4% 19.5% 18.3% 17.4% 17.2% 21.7% 19.3% 21.5% 21.3% 18.0% 20.5% 16.7% 17.7% 19.2% 19.9% 17.4% 12.2% 18.6% 17.6% 17.2% 17.2% 18.4% 13.1% 17.7%

States are ranked by the percentage of population in their prime working years (ages 25-64).

Maryland ranked 11th for 2023, down from 10th in 2022.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

%<18 %18–24 %25–44 %45–64 20.8% 9.1% 30.2% 23.8% 21.2% 8.2% 29.4% 23.9% 21.6% 7.9% 28.1% 24.9% 21.8% 9.0% 28.5% 24.5% 18.0% 8.5% 25.3% 27.4% 19.2% 9.7% 27.0% 25.6% 24.7% 8.1% 28.9% 23.5% 19.7% 8.4% 28.0% 24.3% 21.7% 8.3% 26.1% 26.2% 20.3% 8.9% 27.0% 25.3% 22.1% 8.3% 26.5% 25.7% 18.7% 9.9% 26.6% 25.5% 23.1% 9.3% 27.0% 25.0% 21.6% 9.0% 26.8% 25.0% 21.8% 9.0% 26.6% 25.2% 24.9% 9.6% 28.4% 23.3% 20.0% 9.2% 25.3% 26.3% 22.1% 8.8% 26.6% 25.0% 21.8% 9.1% 26.0% 25.4% 17.9% 7.9% 24.5% 26.8% 19.4% 8.0% 25.1% 25.7% 20.3% 9.0% 25.5% 25.2% 22.7% 8.8% 26.5% 24.2% 22.6% 8.9% 25.5% 25.1% 21.0% 9.2% 25.3% 25.2% 21.9% 8.9% 25.7% 24.8% 21.1% 9.3% 25.2% 25.2% 17.7% 9.8% 24.4% 26.0% 22.2% 9.0% 26.0% 24.4% 21.4% 8.8% 25.1% 25.2% 22.2% 9.4% 25.2% 25.0% 23.4% 9.0% 26.3% 23.9% 23.1% 9.6% 25.8% 24.2% 21.0% 7.3% 25.4% 24.6% 21.4% 9.4% 26.4% 23.4% 19.9% 8.8% 24.0% 25.9% 20.6% 8.3% 24.5% 25.2% 23.0% 9.3% 25.6% 24.1% 20.9% 8.9% 26.0% 23.7% 24.0% 9.7% 26.6% 23.1% 23.2% 9.5% 25.0% 24.5% 22.3% 9.0% 25.7% 23.7% 21.5% 9.3% 25.8% 23.5% 23.8% 9.8% 26.0% 23.0% 27.3% 11.7% 28.4% 20.3% 22.8% 10.0% 25.1% 23.6% 23.8% 10.0% 25.5% 23.2% 24.4% 9.8% 25.8% 22.8% 23.8% 10.9% 26.8% 21.4% 24.2% 9.2% 25.1% 23.0% 18.7% 9.9% 38.2% 20.0% 21.8% 9.0% 26.7% 24.7%

TABLE 2

Prime Working Age

Rank 1 Colorado 2 Washington 3 Nevada 4 California 5 New Hampshire 6 Massachusetts 7 Alaska 8 Oregon 9 New Jersey 10 New York 11 Maryland 12 Rhode Island 13 Georgia 14 Illinois 15 Virginia 16 Texas 17 Connecticut 18 Tennessee 19 North Carolina 20 Maine 21 Florida 22 Pennsylvania 23 Minnesota 24 Kentucky 25 Michigan 26 Ohio 27 Wisconsin 28 Vermont 29 Missouri 30 South Carolina 31 Alabama 32 Louisiana 33 Indiana 34 Hawaii 35 Arizona 36 West Virginia 37 Delaware 38 Arkansas 39 Montana 40 Oklahoma 41 Mississippi 42 Wyoming 43 New Mexico 44 Idaho 45 Utah 46 Iowa 47 Kansas 48 Nebraska 49 North Dakota 50 South Dakota Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 3

Net Migration by State (April 2020 – July 1, 2023) Net Domestic Migration

Rank 1 Florida 2 Texas 3 North Carolina 4 South Carolina 5 Arizona 6 Tennessee 7 Georgia 8 Idaho 9 Alabama 10 Oklahoma 11 Nevada 12 Arkansas 13 Utah 14 Montana 15 Maine 16 Delaware 17 Missouri 18 Indiana 19 Colorado 20 New Hampshire 21 Kentucky 22 South Dakota 23 Vermont 24 Wyoming 25 West Virginia 26 New Mexico 27 Wisconsin 28 Oregon 29 North Dakota 30 Rhode Island 31 Iowa 32 Nebraska 33 Mississippi 34 Alaska 35 Kansas 36 Connecticut 37 Washington 38 Ohio 39 Virginia 40 Pennsylvania 41 Hawaii 42 Minnesota 43 Michigan 44 Maryland 45 Louisiana 46 Massachusetts 47 New Jersey 48 Illinois 49 New York 50 California Dist. of Columbia United States

Number 818,762 656,220 310,189 248,055 218,247 207,097 185,752 104,313 96,538 80,064 64,844 57,290 49,441 48,444 42,818 38,468 31,305 27,338 26,581 24,149 22,591 19,511 6,746 6,691 6,074 -6,088 -6,237 -6,966 -7,192 -8,144 -11,058 -12,016 -13,944 -17,356 -18,473 -21,485 -23,497 -34,716 -37,414 -40,449 -41,670 -45,976 -58,379 -99,579 -110,709 -149,466 -153,193 -364,443 -882,676 -1,197,950 -28,452 NA

Net International Migration

Number 349,370 291,163 66,231 24,121 52,194 24,369 68,020 7,199 11,689 16,403 18,194 8,751 17,921 3,158 5,783 5,656 22,111 39,751 26,501 6,323 13,942 5,734 2,757 838 3,656 11,898 24,963 14,324 4,040 9,589 20,367 11,156 7,040 5,296 11,654 37,453 80,910 61,616 80,621 62,322 12,706 34,624 49,036 66,062 20,875 110,964 103,579 83,667 181,264 322,998 13,291 2,534,150

Rank 1 3 11 23 15 22 10 39 34 29 27 38 28 48 42 44 24 17 20 41 31 43 49 50 47 33 21 30 46 37 26 36 40 45 35 18 8 14 9 13 32 19 16 12 25 5 6 7 4 2

Between April 2020 and July 2023, Maryland experienced a net domestic migration loss of 99,579 residents, placing us 44th in the nation. However, during the same period, our state saw a gain of 66,062 residents through international migration, ranking 12th highest in the country.

Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (Sept. 2023 – Sept. 2024) % Growth 2.2% 1.5% 2.2% 1.5% 1.6% 2.8% 1.6% 1.5% 3.1% 1.6% 2.1% 1.8% 1.6% 1.0% 1.8% 1.1% 0.9% 1.9% 1.3% 0.9% 1.0% 1.9% 0.5% 1.0% 3.1% 1.6% 1.4% 0.9% 2.2% 1.6% 1.1% 3.3% 1.2% 2.0% 1.5% 0.7% 0.6% 0.7% 1.6% 2.2% 1.6% 0.7% 2.3% 1.1% 2.0% 0.9% 0.5% 0.8% 0.7% -0.1% 0.7% 1.5%

Rank 8 28 9 25 17 4 20 27 3 19 10 15 24 36 16 32 40 14 30 38 35 13 48 37 2 21 29 41 6 23 33 1 31 12 26 44 47 45 22 7 18 46 5 34 11 39 49 42 43 50

From September 2023 to September 2024, Maryland gained 24,800 jobs, ranking 28th in the total number of jobs added. However, the state ranked 41st in percentage growth, trailing behind neighbors.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

Jobs Added (Lost) 310,400 259,500 210,400 146,700 100,900 82,400 80,400 72,600 72,500 68,500 65,900 59,700 56,100 54,200 51,900 48,000 41,300 40,500 39,500 35,100 33,800 33,200 32,800 28,900 26,800 25,100 25,000 24,800 23,600 22,600 22,200 17,500 16,800 13,900 13,200 12,500 11,700 11,600 10,100 9,900 8,400 8,100 7,700 7,000 6,200 4,500 3,800 3,600 2,200 -1,700 5,200 2,367,500

TABLE 4

Rank 1 Texas 2 California 3 Florida 4 New York 5 Pennsylvania 6 Missouri 7 North Carolina 8 Georgia 9 South Carolina 10 Virginia 11 Arizona 12 Indiana 13 Washington 14 Ohio 15 Colorado 16 New Jersey 17 Michigan 18 Alabama 19 Minnesota 20 Massachusetts 21 Tennessee 22 Utah 23 Illinois 24 Wisconsin 25 Idaho 26 Nevada 27 Oklahoma 28 Maryland 29 Nebraska 30 Kansas 31 Kentucky 32 Montana 33 Arkansas 34 New Hampshire 35 New Mexico 36 Connecticut 37 Oregon 38 Iowa 39 Hawaii 40 North Dakota 41 Rhode Island 42 Mississippi 43 Alaska 44 Maine 45 Vermont 46 Delaware 47 West Virginia 48 South Dakota 49 Wyoming 50 Louisiana Dist. of Columbia United States

Non-Agricultural Employment Growth (10 year)

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

TABLE 5

(Sept. 2014 – Sept. 2024) Sept-14

Sept-24

Jobs Added

%

Rank (thousands) (thousands) (Lost) Growth Rank 1 Texas 11,654.2 14,255.6 2,601,400 22.3% 6 2 California 15,645.1 18,064.7 2,419,600 15.5% 14 3 Florida 7,838.3 9,956.1 2,117,800 27.0% 5 4 North Carolina 4,183.5 5,030.5 847,000 20.2% 9 5 Georgia 4,171.6 4,981.4 809,800 19.4% 10 6 New York 9,146.5 9,873.9 727,400 8.0% 29 7 Arizona 2,576.0 3,274.2 698,200 27.1% 4 8 Washington 3,090.4 3,673.1 582,700 18.9% 11 9 Colorado 2,487.9 3,009.6 521,700 21.0% 8 10 Tennessee 2,856.3 3,347.3 491,000 17.2% 13 11 Virginia 3,798.8 4,250.6 451,800 11.9% 18 12 Utah 1,341.7 1,770.8 429,100 32.0% 2 13 South Carolina 1,961.0 2,388.4 427,400 21.8% 7 14 New Jersey 3,975.1 4,393.6 418,500 10.5% 22 15 Pennsylvania 5,824.3 6,223.2 398,900 6.8% 34 16 Nevada 1,229.6 1,582.2 352,600 28.7% 3 17 Indiana 3,005.9 3,316.5 310,600 10.3% 23 18 Ohio 5,384.6 5,684.4 299,800 5.6% 38 19 Michigan 4,220.7 4,520.4 299,700 7.1% 32 20 Missouri 2,769.3 3,068.3 299,000 10.8% 20 21 Massachusetts 3,463.2 3,758.0 294,800 8.5% 26 22 Alabama 1,953.0 2,213.1 260,100 13.3% 17 23 Illinois 5,926.8 6,181.9 255,100 4.3% 41 24 Oregon 1,743.5 1,994.3 250,800 14.4% 16 25 Idaho 661.5 881.9 220,400 33.3% 1 26 Minnesota 2,839.7 3,040.7 201,000 7.1% 33 27 Kentucky 1,871.0 2,054.3 183,300 9.8% 25 28 Arkansas 1,200.1 1,375.6 175,500 14.6% 15 29 Wisconsin 2,882.3 3,053.6 171,300 5.9% 36 30 Maryland 2,643.5 2,782.5 139,000 5.3% 39 31 Oklahoma 1,664.7 1,793.4 128,700 7.7% 31 32 Montana 460.3 542.5 82,200 17.9% 12 33 Nebraska 996.6 1,078.0 81,400 8.2% 28 34 Kansas 1,397.9 1,469.5 71,600 5.1% 40 35 New Hampshire 648.8 717.6 68,800 10.6% 21 36 Mississippi 1,125.8 1,193.7 67,900 6.0% 35 37 New Mexico 821.7 889.0 67,300 8.2% 27 38 Delaware 440.5 491.3 50,800 11.5% 19 39 Maine 618.8 667.2 48,400 7.8% 30 40 Iowa 1,561.8 1,605.6 43,800 2.8% 42 41 South Dakota 429.1 471.3 42,200 9.8% 24 42 Connecticut 1,681.6 1,715.6 34,000 2.0% 43 43 Rhode Island 491.1 518.5 27,400 5.6% 37 44 Hawaii 628.9 636.8 7,900 1.3% 45 45 Vermont 311.8 316.0 4,200 1.3% 44 46 Alaska 350.6 348.7 -1,900 -0.5% 46 47 Wyoming 305.5 300.1 -5,400 -1.8% 48 48 West Virginia 730.2 720.4 -9,800 -1.3% 47 49 North Dakota 471.4 453.7 -17,700 -3.8% 50 50 Louisiana 1,994.2 1,954.0 -40,200 -2.0% 49 Dist. of Columbia 752.0 772.7 20,700 2.8% United States 140,228.7 158,656.3 18,427,600.0 13.1% From September 2014 to September 2024, non-agricultural employment growth in Maryland ranked 30th in the nation, with 139,000 jobs added. Maryland ranked 39th in percent growth over the period.

Per Capita Personal Income by State (2023) % Change from 2022 5.1% 5.8% 6.2% 5.6% 7.4% 5.6% 6.9% 4.4% 5.5% 5.7% 5.9% 3.8% 3.9% 5.4% 1.1% 3.8% 6.4% 5.4% 6.4% 5.8% 4.9% 5.2% 4.5% 5.2% 6.0% 5.8% 6.1% 5.5% 5.6% 4.8% 5.6% 2.0% 6.1% 6.1% 5.1% 4.9% 5.3% 3.8% 5.4% 4.3% 4.5% 3.9% 5.6% 4.2% 5.3% 5.0% 4.3% 4.9% 5.4% 5.3% 5.7% 5.4%

Rank 31 11 5 16 1 15 2 40 21 14 10 47 44 25 50 48 4 22 3 12 34 29 39 30 9 13 7 20 19 37 18 49 6 8 32 35 28 46 23 41 38 45 17 43 27 33 42 36 24 26

In 2023, Maryland ranked 10th in the nation for per capita income. The state ranked 14th for percentage change in per capita income at 5.7%, a notable shift from its 45th ranking in 2022, when the percentage change was 1.5%.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

Per Capita Personal Income 2023 $90,596 $89,945 $82,323 $82,103 $82,060 $81,255 $80,930 $80,068 $78,944 $75,391 $73,841 $72,557 $72,466 $72,245 $72,041 $71,611 $71,347 $68,945 $68,703 $67,838 $67,562 $66,932 $66,850 $66,252 $66,238 $66,175 $66,115 $65,105 $64,989 $64,976 $64,175 $62,779 $62,604 $62,543 $62,229 $61,839 $61,495 $61,243 $61,144 $60,545 $59,882 $59,385 $58,845 $57,635 $57,332 $55,360 $55,343 $54,209 $52,826 $49,652 $106,816 $69,810

TABLE 6

Rank 1 Massachusetts 2 Connecticut 3 New York 4 New Jersey 5 Wyoming 6 California 7 Washington 8 Colorado 9 New Hampshire 10 Maryland 11 Virginia 12 Minnesota 13 South Dakota 14 Illinois 15 North Dakota 16 Alaska 17 Nebraska 18 Pennsylvania 19 Florida 20 Oregon 21 Rhode Island 22 Vermont 23 Delaware 24 Texas 25 Nevada 26 Hawaii 27 Kansas 28 Maine 29 Montana 30 Wisconsin 31 Utah 32 Iowa 33 Missouri 34 Arizona 35 Tennessee 36 North Carolina 37 Ohio 38 Indiana 39 Michigan 40 Oklahoma 41 Georgia 42 Idaho 43 Louisiana 44 Arkansas 45 South Carolina 46 Kentucky 47 New Mexico 48 Alabama 49 West Virginia 50 Mississippi Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

TABLE 7

Gross Domestic Product by State in Current Dollars (2023) 2023 GDP Rank (in millions) 1 California $3,870,379 2 Texas $2,583,866 3 New York $2,172,010 4 Florida $1,600,811 5 Illinois $1,098,346 6 Pennsylvania $976,361 7 Ohio $884,834 8 Georgia $831,828 9 Washington $807,865 10 New Jersey $806,665 11 North Carolina $788,103 12 Massachusetts $736,296 13 Virginia $719,897 14 Michigan $673,818 15 Colorado $529,627 16 Tennessee $523,032 17 Arizona $522,767 18 Maryland $515,607 19 Indiana $499,503 20 Minnesota $483,162 21 Missouri $430,114 22 Wisconsin $428,447 23 Connecticut $345,912 24 South Carolina $327,420 25 Oregon $318,884 26 Louisiana $314,989 27 Alabama $304,936 28 Utah $281,329 29 Kentucky $279,708 30 Oklahoma $256,689 31 Iowa $254,032 32 Nevada $245,979 33 Kansas $228,232 34 Nebraska $181,285 35 Arkansas $178,606 36 Mississippi $151,147 37 New Mexico $135,010 38 Idaho $120,958 39 New Hampshire $114,101 40 Hawaii $110,265 41 West Virginia $102,152 42 Delaware $98,069 43 Maine $93,270 44 Rhode Island $77,574 45 North Dakota $76,043 46 South Dakota $74,034 47 Montana $73,255 48 Alaska $68,056 49 Wyoming $51,991 50 Vermont $43,534 Dist. of Columbia $176,502 United States $27,720,709

% US GDP 2023 14.0% 9.3% 7.8% 5.8% 4.0% 3.5% 3.2% 3.0% 2.9% 2.9% 2.8% 2.7% 2.6% 2.4% 1.9% 1.9% 1.9% 1.9% 1.8% 1.7% 1.6% 1.5% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 0.9% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.6%

2022 GDP (in millions) $3,660,416 $2,436,925 $2,052,759 $1,465,281 $1,040,353 $919,741 $832,661 $779,684 $742,910 $758,289 $728,499 $695,612 $666,682 $627,009 $494,673 $488,670 $484,052 $484,908 $473,493 $454,993 $400,265 $400,621 $321,686 $301,945 $298,848 $298,425 $284,949 $261,081 $261,541 $245,976 $242,753 $227,321 $212,612 $167,480 $168,606 $142,762 $128,139 $112,290 $106,488 $103,153 $98,290 $92,558 $86,493 $72,869 $73,780 $69,069 $68,702 $66,272 $49,783 $41,012 $165,768 $26,006,893

% Change

(2022–23) Rank

5.7% 6.0% 5.8% 9.2% 5.6% 6.2% 6.3% 6.7% 8.7% 6.4% 8.2% 5.8% 8.0% 7.5% 7.1% 7.0% 8.0% 6.3% 5.5% 6.2% 7.5% 6.9% 7.5% 8.4% 6.7% 5.6% 7.0% 7.8% 6.9% 4.4% 4.6% 8.2% 7.3% 8.2% 5.9% 5.9% 5.4% 7.7% 7.1% 6.9% 3.9% 6.0% 7.8% 6.5% 3.1% 7.2% 6.6% 2.7% 4.4% 6.1% 6.5% 6.6%

40 34 39 1 41 32 30 25 2 28 6 38 8 13 18 19 7 29 43 31 14 22 12 3 24 42 20 10 21 47 45 5 15 4 36 37 44 11 17 23 48 35 9 27 49 16 26 50 46 33

Maryland ranked 18th for total GDP; 29th for percentage GDP growth (up 20 positions from 2022).

Exports Per Capita (2023) Total (in millions) 100,197 444,608 7,520 40,212 56,081 61,209 5,244 37,297 27,718 64,904 78,724 18,439 7,638 27,447 38,120 17,388 35,221 97,828 14,305 14,148 4,921 28,021 55,764 43,334 178,717 49,772 15,825 24,920 52,876 7,987 42,223 28,791 2,143 5,652 1,991 68,899 9,533 18,360 17,858 3,016 2,399 22,395 4,940 2,951 6,450 4,011 2,231 10,378 6,511 570 1,746 2,019,542

Maryland’s rank in per capita imports remained 39th in 2023.

The state’s rank in total exports remained at 26th.

Rank 3 1 36 15 9 8 40 17 21 7 5 25 35 22 16 28 18 4 30 31 42 20 10 13 2 12 29 23 11 34 14 19 48 39 49 6 33 26 27 44 46 24 41 45 38 43 43 32 37 50

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Per Capita $21,907 $14,576 $9,593 $8,884 $8,172 $7,834 $7,150 $6,941 $6,547 $6,466 $6,273 $5,750 $5,448 $5,373 $5,349 $5,088 $5,031 $4,999 $4,866 $4,811 $4,769 $4,741 $4,731 $4,664 $4,587 $4,513 $4,375 $4,343 $4,079 $4,037 $3,897 $3,874 $3,668 $3,193 $3,075 $3,047 $2,985 $2,971 $2,882 $2,752 $2,610 $2,570 $2,337 $2,114 $2,103 $2,042 $1,969 $1,766 $1,606 $397 $2,572 $6,059

TABLE 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Rank Louisiana Texas North Dakota Kentucky Indiana Washington Alaska South Carolina Oregon Michigan Illinois Iowa New Hampshire Alabama Tennessee Utah Massachusetts New York Mississippi Kansas Delaware Wisconsin Ohio New Jersey California Georgia Connecticut Minnesota Pennsylvania Nebraska North Carolina Arizona Wyoming West Virginia Vermont Florida Nevada Maryland Missouri Rhode Island South Dakota Virginia New Mexico Maine Arkansas Idaho Montana Colorado Oklahoma Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Opening and Closing Rates of Establishments

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

TABLE 9

(Q2 2023 – Q1 2024) Rank 1 Alaska 2 Wyoming 3 Montana 4 Idaho 5 Maine 6 Arizona 7 Vermont 8 Colorado 9 North Dakota 10 Utah 11 Rhode Island 12 West Virginia 13 New Mexico 13 South Dakota 15 Nevada 15 South Carolina 17 California 18 Florida 18 New Hampshire 20 Oregon 21 Maryland 22 Louisiana 23 Georgia 24 Delaware 25 Mississippi 26 Oklahoma 27 Nebraska 28 Alabama 29 New Jersey 30 Iowa 31 New York 32 Virginia 32 Washington 34 North Carolina 35 Connecticut 36 Kansas 37 Arkansas 38 Missouri 38 Tennessee 40 Kentucky 41 Texas 42 Hawaii 43 Indiana 44 Minnesota 45 Massachusetts 45 Michigan 47 Wisconsin 48 Ohio 49 Pennsylvania 50 Illinois Dist. of Columbia United States

Average Quarterly Entry Rate 10.1% 8.5% 8.1% 7.9% 7.3% 7.2% 7.1% 6.8% 6.8% 6.8% 6.7% 6.5% 6.5% 6.5% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.3% 6.3% 6.3% 6.3% 6.2% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.0% 6.0% 6.0% 5.9% 5.9% 5.9% 5.9% 5.9% 5.9% 5.8% 5.8% 5.8% 5.8% 5.7% 5.7% 5.6% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.4% 5.2% 5.1% 5.3% 6.0%

Average Quarterly Exit Rate 9.5% 8.4% 7.9% 7.4% 7.1% 6.3% 7.1% 7.0% 6.4% 6.4% 6.4% 6.1% 6.2% 6.0% 5.8% 6.0% 6.2% 5.8% 6.2% 6.4% 6.1% 6.0% 6.0% 5.8% 6.1% 5.8% 5.6% 5.7% 5.8% 5.8% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.7% 5.7% 5.5% 5.6% 5.4% 5.4% 5.3% 5.6% 5.4% 5.6% 5.5% 5.5% 5.4% 5.3% 5.0% 5.1% 5.3% 5.8%

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 12 6 7 8 10 10 16 13 20 26 20 13 25 15 9 16 19 22 23 16 26 36 29 23 28 36 32 34 38 31 29 41 32 44 43 47 38 44 34 40 42 44 48 50 49

From Q2 2023 to Q1 2024, Maryland had the 21st highest rate of establishment openings, and the 16th highest rate of closings.

Census Estimates of State and Local Taxes (2022) Burden Per $1000 PI $164.53 $134.46 $114.45 $152.35 $120.77 $108.81 $125.89 $119.58 $128.33 $113.22 $115.27 $146.19 $119.48 $98.01 $94.58 $116.60 $109.14 $108.23 $100.36 $98.10 $100.39 $101.81 $103.56 $101.54 $81.83 $102.78 $98.71 $96.06 $79.11 $94.16 $97.77 $98.43 $99.12 $86.28 $106.76 $90.00 $91.16 $95.32 $91.42 $99.15 $88.24 $89.86 $72.48 $86.58 $92.09 $84.35 $75.64 $101.34 $91.16 $79.50 $148.69 $107.25

Rank 1 4 12 2 7 15 6 8 5 13 11 3 9 30 34 10 14 16 24 29 23 20 18 21 46 19 27 32 48 35 31 28 26 44 17 40 39 33 37 25 42 41 50 43 36 45 49 22 38 47

In 2022, Maryland remained the 10th highest in the nation for per capita tax burden. Additionally, the state ranked 13th for tax burden per $1,000 of personal income (ranked 16th in 2021).

Source: Federation of Tax Administrators

Per Capita Burden $12,751 $10,346 $9,727 $9,531 $9,389 $9,380 $8,968 $8,199 $8,165 $8,077 $8,058 $7,760 $7,643 $7,417 $7,252 $7,193 $7,029 $6,938 $6,926 $6,838 $6,733 $6,658 $6,377 $6,329 $6,255 $6,247 $6,166 $5,955 $5,920 $5,797 $5,766 $5,747 $5,524 $5,434 $5,352 $5,306 $5,288 $5,273 $5,238 $5,226 $5,203 $5,135 $5,053 $5,026 $5,012 $4,977 $4,883 $4,777 $4,711 $4,707 $15,020 $7,104

TABLE 10

Rank 1 New York 2 California 3 Connecticut 4 Hawaii 5 New Jersey 6 Massachusetts 7 North Dakota 8 Illinois 9 Vermont 10 Maryland 11 Minnesota 12 New Mexico 13 Delaware 14 Washington 15 Colorado 16 Maine 17 Rhode Island 18 Oregon 19 Alaska 20 Virginia 21 Nebraska 22 Pennsylvania 23 Iowa 24 Kansas 25 Wyoming 26 Utah 27 Nevada 28 Wisconsin 29 New Hampshire 30 Montana 31 Indiana 32 Ohio 33 Louisiana 34 Texas 35 West Virginia 36 North Carolina 37 Michigan 38 Arkansas 39 Georgia 40 Kentucky 41 Arizona 42 Idaho 43 South Dakota 44 Oklahoma 45 South Carolina 46 Missouri 47 Florida 48 Mississippi 49 Alabama 50 Tennessee Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Council on State Taxation (COST): State and Local Business Taxes Report

TABLE 11

Business Taxes as a Share of All Taxes and GSP (FY 2022) Rank 1 Vermont 2 New Mexico 2 North Dakota 4 Maine 4 Wyoming 6 Alaska 7 Hawaii 8 West Virginia 9 Mississippi 10 New York 11 Delaware 12 Montana 12 Nevada 12 Oklahoma 15 Illinois 15 Louisiana 15 Rhode Island 18 California 19 New Jersey 19 South Carolina 19 Texas 22 Kentucky 22 Oregon 24 Alabama 24 Kansas 26 Florida 27 Idaho 27 South Dakota 29 Arkansas 29 Iowa 29 Minnesota 29 Nebraska 29 Pennsylvania 29 Virginia 29 Washington 36 Colorado 36 Maryland 38 Tennessee 39 New Hampshire 40 Ohio 40 Wisconsin 42 Arizona 43 Connecticut 43 Massachusetts 45 Georgia 45 Indiana 45 Michigan 45 Missouri 45 Utah 50 North Carolina Dist. of Columbia United States

% of Private Sector GSP

% of All Taxes

8.9% 8.7% 8.7% 7.6% 7.6% 7.3% 7.0% 6.8% 6.7% 6.3% 5.8% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.4% 5.3% 5.3% 5.3% 5.1% 5.1% 5.0% 5.0% 4.9% 4.8% 4.8% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.7% 4.6% 4.6% 4.5% 4.4% 4.3% 4.3% 4.2% 4.0% 4.0% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.8% 3.5% 5.1% 5.0%

56.3% 61.4% 73.6% 50.4% 72.6% 72.0% 37.3% 51.6% 51.6% 45.7% 55.5% 44.1% 54.6% 51.1% 46.4% 50.0% 40.8% 41.8% 37.2% 47.8% 60.0% 44.6% 41.7% 46.1% 45.5% 52.3% 41.9% 58.4% 40.3% 44.4% 39.7% 46.6% 41.9% 40.6% 49.7% 43.7% 31.8% 54.7% 49.7% 43.9% 41.2% 41.3% 33.5% 35.7% 41.4% 37.2% 36.7% 39.7% 38.3% 37.0% 53.0% 44.6%

Rank

7 4 1 15 2 3 43 12 12 23 8 27 10 14 21 16 37 32 44 19 5 25 33 22 24 11 30 6 39 26 40 20 30 38 17 29 50 9 17 28 36 35 49 48 34 44 47 40 42 46

Business Taxes Per Employee

$11,900 $12,100 $15,700 $10,300 $13,800 $14,800 $11,000 $9,600 $8,000 $14,400 $11,500 $7,300 $8,400 $8,200 $9,600 $8,200 $7,800 $11,200 $9,700 $7,100 $9,500 $6,700 $7,900 $6,700 $7,600 $7,300 $6,400 $7,600 $6,200 $7,100 $7,400 $7,500 $7,300 $7,500 $10,100 $8,000 $7,600 $6,800 $7,000 $6,500 $5,900 $6,200 $7,900 $7,600 $6,100 $5,500 $5,500 $5,200 $5,700 $5,400 $10,900 $8,500

Rank

6 5 1 10 4 2 9 13 19 3 7 31 16 17 13 17 23 8 12 34 15 38 21 38 24 31 41 24 42 34 30 28 31 28 11 19 24 37 36 40 45 42 21 24 44 47 47 50 46 49

Maryland ranks 36th in business taxes as a share of private sector GSP, 50th in the share of taxes paid by businesses and 24th in the share of taxes per employee.

Motor Fuel Taxes* (July 2024) Diesel Tax (cents/gal) 92.12 74.60 74.10 60.00 52.82 51.40 47.04 49.35 40.65 41.50 40.00 39.47 47.00 38.12 37.15 35.70 30.50 36.95 33.00 32.90 33.00 31.87 29.90 31.95 30.00 32.50 28.80 28.75 30.67 24.80 27.49 28.40 27.37 23.88 27.03 28.80 49.20 24.00 23.83 27.75 23.03 22.00 20.93 20.00 20.00 19.00 22.87 18.50 18.40 8.95 34.90

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 7 12 11 13 14 10 15 16 18 26 17 19 21 19 24 28 23 27 22 29 31 25 37 34 32 35 39 36 29 8 38 40 33 41 43 44 45 45 47 42 48 49 50

*Includes all state taxes on fuels.

Maryland’s gas tax increased by 8.99 cents per gallon to 46.29 cents in 2024, compared to 2023.

Meanwhile, the state’s diesel tax decreased by 14.51 cents per gallon, bringing it down to 47.04 cents.

Source: Tax Foundation

Gasoline Tax (cents/gal) 69.82 67.10 58.70 56.10 52.82 49.80 46.29 42.35 40.65 40.40 40.00 38.60 38.50 38.12 37.15 35.70 33.75 33.05 33.00 32.90 32.61 31.40 30.50 30.20 30.00 30.00 28.80 28.75 28.18 27.80 27.49 27.40 27.37 25.68 25.04 25.00 25.00 24.00 23.83 23.81 23.03 23.00 20.93 20.00 20.00 19.00 18.88 18.50 18.40 8.95 34.90

TABLE 12

Rank 1 California 2 Illinois 3 Pennsylvania 4 Indiana 5 Washington 6 Michigan 7 Maryland 8 New Jersey 9 North Carolina 10 Virginia 11 Oregon 12 Florida 13 Ohio 14 Rhode Island 15 Utah 16 West Virginia 17 Montana 18 Georgia 19 Idaho 20 Wisconsin 21 Vermont 22 Maine 23 Nebraska 24 Alabama 25 South Dakota 26 Iowa 27 Minnesota 28 South Carolina 29 Colorado 30 Kentucky 31 Missouri 32 Tennessee 33 Massachusetts 34 New York 35 Kansas 36 Arkansas 36 Connecticut 38 Wyoming 39 New Hampshire 40 Nevada 41 North Dakota 42 Delaware 43 Louisiana 44 Oklahoma 44 Texas 46 Arizona 47 New Mexico 48 Hawaii 49 Mississippi 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia

Economy

Quality of Life

Tech. & Innovation

Education

Cost of Living

Access to Capital

Rank 1 Virginia 2 North Carolina 3 Texas 4 Georgia 5 Florida 6 Minnesota 7 Ohio 8 Tennessee 9 Michigan 10 Washington 11 Indiana 12 Arizona 13 Utah 14 Iowa 15 Illinois 16 Colorado 17 Pennsylvania 18 Missouri 19 South Carolina 20 Alabama 21 Wisconsin 22 New York 23 California 24 Nebraska 25 New Jersey 26 Oklahoma 27 Kentucky 28 Oregon 29 Kansas 30 Wyoming 31 Maryland 32 Connecticut 33 South Dakota 34 Delaware 34 North Dakota 36 Idaho 37 Vermont 38 Massachusetts 39 Nevada 40 West Virginia 41 New Hampshire 42 Maine 43 New Mexico 44 Rhode Island 45 Arkansas 46 Montana 47 Louisiana 48 Alaska 49 Mississippi 50 Hawaii

Cost of Business

Source: CNBC

TABLE 13

CNBC Top States for Business Rankings (July 2024)

24 18 6 23 25 35 2 7 12 39 5 31 26 17 32 39 27 8 10 14 19 41 45 21 42 1 4 34 13 30 47 43 16 44 21 28 37 49 38 3 36 29 20 46 14 33 8 47 10 50

11 4 2 7 1 24 26 3 38 18 19 5 6 33 42 16 34 14 12 20 31 13 32 22 17 21 45 34 46 15 30 39 23 10 37 9 41 40 8 28 48 42 27 42 34 25 47 28 50 49

19 32 50 40 38 4 21 45 24 5 49 41 30 14 22 23 25 44 39 48 26 9 8 13 3 47 32 6 42 18 16 9 28 27 20 37 1 9 34 31 9 2 35 15 46 29 43 17 36 7

15 11 1 18 16 12 12 28 9 4 20 21 32 30 6 14 7 16 28 21 19 1 5 41 26 30 40 9 27 44 8 25 48 35 50 24 33 3 46 47 35 34 39 23 42 37 37 43 49 45

1 10 35 8 37 17 33 20 41 36 46 47 43 26 4 28 3 14 28 12 26 7 24 28 8 40 22 37 12 17 14 4 24 45 33 48 17 2 50 10 6 14 28 43 37 28 20 48 22 41

19 31 37 18 42 19 4 24 3 42 5 37 41 2 5 46 7 8 27 14 10 42 50 19 37 12 11 37 9 27 24 34 19 14 12 34 33 48 32 1 34 27 27 42 17 46 19 24 14 48

8 10 6 12 2 12 10 20 15 20 14 18 28 27 4 16 5 24 40 29 19 3 1 44 7 40 32 25 30 30 16 22 32 26 37 47 44 9 23 50 36 40 32 39 32 44 38 49 43 48

Maryland ranked 31st overall in CNBC’s 2024 ranking of the Top States for Business.

The state was also ranked as the 3rd most costly in which to do business.

Effective Property Tax Rate on a Primary Residence in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2023) Tax on Median $2,618 $10,520 $7,581 $14,445 $4,296 $3,506 $7,685 $4,835 $3,165 $5,890 $4,837 $4,389 $3,512 $4,053 $3,208 $3,589 $4,783 $2,948 $5,929 $1,458 $3,364 $4,254 $8,729 $3,069 $10,754 $2,716 $2,538 $4,835 $2,436 $2,113 $2,410 $4,653 $2,876 $3,298 $1,464 $2,724 $1,994 $3,520 $3,051 $6,932 $2,734 $851 $2,047 $3,124 $2,512 $3,231 $2,929 $3,472 $2,359 $2,239 $5,198 $4,150

Rank 38 3 6 1 16 22 5 12 28 9 10 15 21 18 27 19 13 32 8 49 24 17 4 30 2 37 39 11 41 45 42 14 34 25 48 36 47 20 31 7 35 50 46 29 40 26 33 23 43 44

Baltimore ranks as having the 5th highest tax levied on a property divided by its market value.

Baltimore ranked as having the 16th highest tax on the average house.

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Effective 2022 Median Tax Rate Home Value 3.132% $83,600 3.051% $344,800 3.042% $249,200 2.568% $562,500 2.043% $210,300 2.008% $174,600 2.005% $383,300 1.983% $243,800 1.772% $178,600 1.663% $354,200 1.544% $313,300 1.458% $301,000 1.411% $248,900 1.404% $288,700 1.340% $239,400 1.307% $274,600 1.300% $367,900 1.297% $227,300 1.287% $460,700 1.271% $114,700 1.260% $267,000 1.225% $347,300 1.205% $724,400 1.192% $257,500 1.190% $903,700 1.184% $229,400 1.168% $217,300 1.134% $426,400 1.133% $215,000 1.125% $187,800 1.112% $216,700 1.084% $429,200 0.950% $302,700 0.917% $359,600 0.847% $172,800 0.841% $323,900 0.838% $237,900 0.829% $424,600 0.824% $370,300 0.750% $924,200 0.709% $385,600 0.678% $125,500 0.638% $320,800 0.626% $499,000 0.581% $432,400 0.539% $599,500 0.520% $563,300 0.495% $701,400 0.475% $496,700 0.256% $874,500 0.731% $711,100 1.122% $369,978

TABLE 14

Rank 1 Detroit, MI 2 Newark, NJ 3 Bridgeport, CT 4 Portland, OR 5 Baltimore, MD 6 Milwaukee, WI 7 Burlington, VT 8 Omaha, NE 9 Des Moines, IA 10 Manchester, NH 11 Chicago, IL 12 Jacksonville, FL 13 Columbus, OH 14 Albuquerque, NM 15 Kansas City, MO 16 Sioux Falls, SD 17 Anchorage, AK 18 Oklahoma City, OK 19 Portland, ME 20 Jackson, MS 21 Houston, TX 22 Minneapolis, MN 23 New York City, NY 24 Fargo, ND 25 Los Angeles, CA 26 Louisville, KY 27 Wilmington, DE 28 Las Vegas, NV 29 Little Rock, AR 30 Wichita, KS 31 Indianapolis, IN 32 Phoenix, AZ 33 New Orleans, LA 34 Providence, RI 35 Charleston, WV 36 Billings, MT 37 Philadelphia, PA 38 Atlanta, GA 39 Virginia Beach, VA 40 Seattle, WA 41 Charlotte, NC 42 Birmingham, AL 43 Cheyenne, WY 44 Boise, ID 45 Nashville, TN 46 Denver, CO 47 Salt Lake City, UT 48 Boston, MA 49 Charleston, SC 50 Honolulu, HI Dist. of Columbia U.S. Average

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

TABLE 15

Effective Property Tax Rate on a Commercial Property* in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2023) Rank 1 Chicago, IL 2 Detroit, MI 3 Providence, RI 4 Indianapolis, IN 5 Des Moines, IA 6 Jackson, MS 7 Kansas City, MO 8 Baltimore, MD 9 Portland, OR 10 Newark, NJ 11 Minneapolis, MN 12 Wichita, KS 13 Bridgeport, CT 14 Phoenix, AZ 15 Milwaukee, WI 16 Denver, CO 17 Burlington, VT 18 Birmingham, AL 19 Philadelphia, PA 20 Omaha, NE 21 Houston, TX 22 Charleston, SC 23 New Orleans, LA 24 Columbus, OH 25 Charleston, WV 26 Boston, MA 27 Jacksonville, FL 28 Albuquerque, NM 29 Anchorage, AK 30 Atlanta, GA 31 New York City, NY 32 Oklahoma City, OK 33 Manchester, NH 34 Little Rock, AR 35 Portland, ME 36 Louisville, KY 37 Sioux Falls, SD 38 Los Angeles, CA 39 Las Vegas, NV 40 Billings, MT 41 Fargo, ND 42 Honolulu, HI 43 Virginia Beach, VA 44 Nashville, TN 45 Salt Lake City, UT 46 Boise, ID 47 Wilmington, DE 48 Seattle, WA 49 Charlotte, NC 50 Cheyenne, WY Dist. of Columbia U.S. Average

Effective Tax Rate 4.076% 4.046% 3.454% 2.848% 2.759% 2.731% 2.727% 2.596% 2.568% 2.542% 2.522% 2.443% 2.353% 2.247% 2.189% 2.141% 2.089% 2.022% 2.007% 2.005% 1.920% 1.873% 1.872% 1.829% 1.804% 1.789% 1.696% 1.665% 1.559% 1.502% 1.501% 1.407% 1.386% 1.366% 1.361% 1.304% 1.211% 1.199% 1.131% 1.116% 1.068% 1.019% 0.950% 0.937% 0.935% 0.932% 0.834% 0.754% 0.713% 0.649% 1.847% 1.873%

Net Tax $1,222,781 $1,213,751 $1,036,129 $854,278 $827,661 $819,267 $818,123 $778,707 $770,385 $762,656 $756,534 $732,865 $705,856 $673,971 $656,741 $642,327 $626,846 $606,463 $601,960 $601,581 $575,873 $561,780 $561,469 $548,792 $541,227 $536,790 $508,945 $499,486 $467,559 $450,450 $450,186 $422,194 $415,863 $409,675 $408,300 $391,199 $363,444 $359,819 $339,306 $334,728 $320,513 $305,660 $284,980 $281,243 $280,515 $279,477 $250,182 $226,314 $213,834 $194,806 $554,008 $561,851

*$25 million, land and building Baltimore rose to 8th in the rankings (10th in 2022), likely due to larger reductions made in other states.

Effective Property Tax Rate on an Industrial Property* in the State’s Largest City (Payable 2023) Effective Tax Rate 2.793% 2.456% 2.420% 2.270% 2.157% 2.137% 2.054% 1.930% 1.922% 1.883% 1.855% 1.805% 1.728% 1.647% 1.616% 1.525% 1.520% 1.426% 1.393% 1.379% 1.368% 1.363% 1.322% 1.278% 1.260% 1.204% 1.204% 1.173% 1.101% 1.074% 1.061% 1.057% 1.042% 0.960% 0.953% 0.908% 0.832% 0.759% 0.751% 0.749% 0.733% 0.727% 0.699% 0.641% 0.611% 0.608% 0.574% 0.530% 0.500% 0.490% 1.788% 1.3%

Net Tax $1,396,317 $1,227,923 $1,209,840 $1,134,754 $1,078,719 $1,068,369 $1,027,180 $965,059 $960,863 $941,265 $927,587 $902,629 $864,202 $823,690 $808,159 $762,656 $759,949 $713,195 $696,250 $689,675 $683,850 $681,322 $660,874 $638,909 $629,819 $601,960 $602,006 $586,670 $550,582 $536,790 $530,629 $528,586 $520,797 $479,759 $476,483 $454,031 $415,863 $379,375 $375,674 $374,275 $366,349 $363,444 $349,661 $320,513 $305,660 $303,850 $287,184 $264,774 $250,182 $244,980 $894,008 $659,160

*Value: $25 million land & structures; $12.5M, Machinery & Equipment; $10M, Inventories; $2.5M, Fixtures Baltimore climbed to 24th in the rankings (27th in 2022), likely due to larger reductions in other states.

Source: Minnesota Taxpayers Association/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

Rank Jackson, MS Chicago, IL Charleston, SC Detroit, MI Kansas City, MO Indianapolis, IN Portland, OR New Orleans, LA Houston, TX Charleston, WV Phoenix, AZ Providence, RI Denver, CO Omaha, NE Anchorage, AK Newark, NJ Oklahoma City, OK Burlington, VT Atlanta, GA Little Rock, AR Albuquerque, NM Jacksonville, FL Wichita, KS Baltimore, MD Bridgeport, CT Philadelphia, PA Milwaukee, WI Birmingham, AL Columbus, OH Boston, MA Billings, MT Minneapolis, MN Des Moines, IA Los Angeles, CA Nashville, TN Las Vegas, NV Manchester, NH Salt Lake City, UT Boise, ID Portland, ME Louisville, KY Sioux Falls, SD Cheyenne, WY Fargo, ND Honolulu, HI Seattle, WA Charlotte, NC New York City, NY Wilmington, DE Virginia Beach, VA Dist. of Columbia U.S. Average

TABLE 16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 17

State and Local Government Employment (March 2023) Rank 1 Wyoming 2 Alaska 3 Kansas 4 Nebraska 5 North Dakota 6 Mississippi 7 New York 8 Iowa 9 Vermont 10 New Mexico 11 Alabama 12 West Virginia 13 Louisiana 14 Arkansas 15 Colorado 16 Oklahoma 17 Virginia 18 Kentucky 19 South Dakota 20 Maine 21 Maryland 22 Montana 23 Minnesota 24 Texas 25 Washington 26 North Carolina 27 South Carolina 28 Oregon 29 New Jersey 30 Massachusetts 31 Delaware 32 Utah 33 Connecticut 34 Ohio 35 Missouri 36 Hawaii 37 Illinois 38 California 39 Tennessee 40 Georgia 41 New Hampshire 42 Indiana 43 Wisconsin 44 Idaho 45 Michigan 46 Rhode Island 47 Pennsylvania 48 Florida 49 Arizona 50 Nevada Dist. of Columbia United States

FTE’s/1,000 Residents 85.9 69.5 68.2 65.1 63.8 61.4 60.7 60.2 59.2 58.4 57.0 56.7 55.8 55.6 54.6 54.1 53.6 52.7 52.6 52.5 52.4 52.3 52.3 52.2 52.0 52.0 51.3 51.2 51.2 51.0 50.9 50.9 50.8 50.7 50.4 50.4 50.3 49.1 48.8 48.7 48.6 47.9 47.3 46.3 43.5 43.3 41.9 40.6 39.3 36.8 77.0 50.6

2023 Annual Payroll/FTE $63,293 $77,635 $56,952 $63,468 $61,391 $51,725 $85,089 $64,016 $70,974 $61,983 $58,410 $52,282 $52,327 $51,417 $72,102 $53,710 $66,546 $55,086 $56,324 $59,512 $77,333 $60,075 $73,270 $63,381 $90,947 $63,856 $58,216 $78,585 $82,035 $81,321 $67,155 $68,527 $82,649 $66,338 $56,779 $72,218 $73,867 $96,933 $56,900 $59,714 $63,532 $59,375 $67,048 $58,964 $70,178 $78,492 $71,410 $63,210 $67,353 $71,562 $100,104 $71,339

Rank 30 9 41 28 33 49 3 25 17 32 39 48 47 50 14 46 23 45 44 36 10 34 12 29 2 26 40 7 5 6 21 19 4 24 43 13 11 1 42 35 27 37 22 38 18 8 16 31 20 15

In 2023, Maryland ranked 21st in the number of full time equivalent state and local government employees per capita, up four positions from 25th in 2022. Our state continues to rank as having the 10th highest average salary in the nation for these employees.

State and Local FTE Average Annual Pay (March 2023) Local Avg FTE Salary $94,670 $76,873 $83,886 $78,735 $93,773 $74,297 $63,333 $64,224 $72,814 $76,188 $71,793 $82,075 $67,561 $70,185 $62,880 $58,842 $62,148 $63,047 $70,026 $60,222 $78,492 $63,610 $60,831 $71,441 $65,775 $60,571 $56,852 $54,807 $64,663 $88,004 $56,197 $62,152 $54,030 $53,401 $58,517 $52,207 $56,891 $54,640 $58,149 $57,511 $50,506 $62,921 $55,825 $50,536 $64,255 $55,274 $47,350 $48,915 $48,559 $47,254 $100,104 $69,077

Rank 1 8 4 6 2 10 22 20 11 9 12 5 16 14 25 31 27 23 15 30 7 21 28 13 17 29 36 40 18 3 37 26 42 43 32 44 35 41 33 34 46 24 38 45 19 39 49 47 48 50

From 2022 to 2023, Maryland’s rank moved from 23rd to 21st for average state employee salary.

Maryland ranked as having the 7th highest average local employee salary.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

State Avg FTE Salary $103,979 $95,591 $89,865 $87,477 $85,541 $84,048 $83,597 $83,187 $83,068 $82,833 $82,380 $81,927 $81,587 $81,231 $79,665 $78,861 $77,959 $77,183 $76,798 $75,940 $74,633 $74,231 $72,672 $71,934 $71,743 $71,694 $70,576 $69,724 $69,713 $67,427 $66,949 $66,797 $66,473 $66,321 $66,303 $66,191 $65,986 $65,974 $64,824 $64,550 $64,449 $64,393 $63,635 $61,535 $61,514 $61,136 $60,318 $59,895 $59,639 $58,459 N/A $77,671

TABLE 18

Rank 1 California 2 Connecticut 3 New York 4 Massachusetts 5 Washington 6 Rhode Island 7 Michigan 8 Vermont 9 Alaska 10 Oregon 11 Illinois 12 New Jersey 13 Pennsylvania 14 Minnesota 15 Wisconsin 16 Iowa 17 Utah 18 Ohio 19 Colorado 20 Texas 21 Maryland 22 Virginia 23 North Carolina 24 Nevada 25 Arizona 26 New Hampshire 27 New Mexico 28 Idaho 29 Delaware 30 Hawaii 31 Montana 32 Wyoming 33 Tennessee 34 Kansas 35 North Dakota 36 South Dakota 37 Indiana 38 Alabama 39 Georgia 40 Maine 41 Kentucky 42 Florida 43 South Carolina 44 Oklahoma 45 Nebraska 46 Missouri 47 West Virginia 48 Louisiana 49 Mississippi 50 Arkansas Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: The Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA)

TABLE 19

State of the Tech Workforce (Cyberstates 2024) Net Tech Share of Median Employment Total Wage Rank (2023) Employment Rank (2022) 1 California 1,533,554 8.6% 5 $134,696 2 Texas 936,296 6.7% 10 $96,031 3 New York 574,225 5.9% 17 $113,241 4 Florida 532,760 5.5% 21 $89,640 5 Virginia 379,451 9.1% 2 $116,182 6 Washington 358,616 10.0% 1 $129,618 7 Illinois 337,272 5.5% 20 $99,141 8 Massachusetts 319,989 8.6% 4 $117,349 9 Pennsylvania 313,152 5.1% 25 $91,123 10 Georgia 312,010 6.4% 13 $102,898 11 North Carolina 308,540 6.2% 15 $105,366 12 New Jersey 285,751 6.6% 12 $118,147 13 Ohio 268,976 4.8% 29 $90,165 14 Colorado 260,032 8.8% 3 $112,069 15 Maryland 228,266 8.3% 7 $116,220 16 Michigan 215,074 4.8% 28 $90,310 17 Arizona 212,045 6.6% 11 $96,583 18 Minnesota 189,182 6.3% 14 $100,557 19 Missouri 161,156 5.4% 22 $86,955 20 Oregon 144,085 7.3% 9 $104,198 21 Wisconsin 144,011 4.8% 30 $86,591 22 Tennessee 142,068 4.3% 33 $81,558 23 Utah 126,592 7.3% 8 $91,823 24 Indiana 121,668 3.8% 37 $77,912 25 Connecticut 100,505 5.9% 16 $103,999 26 South Carolina 96,249 4.2% 35 $84,187 27 Alabama 93,600 4.3% 32 $89,544 28 Kansas 70,850 4.9% 27 $83,331 29 Kentucky 69,964 3.5% 42 $75,394 30 Iowa 67,644 4.3% 34 $85,672 31 Oklahoma 63,128 3.6% 39 $79,179 32 New Hampshire 59,084 8.5% 6 $103,237 33 Nebraska 54,763 5.2% 24 $85,665 34 Nevada 53,978 3.5% 40 $78,729 35 Louisiana 52,323 2.7% 48 $73,779 36 Arkansas 43,356 3.2% 45 $75,815 37 Idaho 42,087 5.0% 26 $77,549 38 New Mexico 38,901 4.5% 31 $87,481 39 Mississippi 30,166 2.6% 49 $70,832 40 Rhode Island 28,626 5.7% 18 $101,639 41 Maine 26,595 4.1% 36 $78,776 42 Delaware 25,335 5.2% 23 $111,143 43 Hawaii 22,002 3.5% 41 $89,295 44 West Virginia 21,458 3.0% 46 $72,921 45 Montana 17,880 3.4% 43 $77,157 46 Vermont 17,466 5.6% 19 $82,386 47 South Dakota 16,648 3.6% 38 $73,324 48 North Dakota 14,117 3.2% 44 $75,321 49 Alaska 9,912 3.0% 47 $92,678 50 Wyoming 6,863 2.4% 50 $74,893 Dist. of Columbia 72,305 9.4% $121,770 United States 9,620,576 6.2% $104,556 Maryland maintained its 15th-place ranking for net tech employment.

Rank 1 19 7 25 6 2 17 4 22 14 10 3 24 8 5 23 18 16 29 11 30 36 21 40 12 33 26 34 44 31 37 13 32 39 47 43 41 28 50 15 38 9 27 49 42 35 48 45 20 46

Wages and Productivity of Production Workers in Manufacturing (2021) Value Added Per Hour $282.40 $405.09 $234.01 $117.34 $191.52 $167.08 $158.60 $139.24 $203.12 $141.49 $169.13 $216.97 $206.33 $160.98 $144.93 $199.50 $145.60 $189.45 $258.32 $139.53 $175.52 $156.32 $155.89 $192.62 $156.44 $168.90 $159.46 $200.38 $186.66 $166.96 $140.11 $196.74 $168.37 $130.01 $186.77 $195.17 $173.30 $167.93 $183.49 $161.70 $164.94 $190.77 $160.90 $245.81 $181.69 $179.71 $126.47 $143.95 $167.89 $99.92 $113.14 $180.44

Data not updated by source. Most recent data from 2021.

Rank 2 1 5 49 14 29 36 46 8 43 24 6 7 33 41 10 40 16 3 45 22 38 39 13 37 25 35 9 18 30 44 11 26 47 17 12 23 27 19 32 31 15 34 4 20 21 48 42 28 50

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Wages Per Hour $34.96 $32.96 $31.63 $31.06 $30.21 $29.82 $29.47 $29.27 $29.09 $28.96 $28.80 $28.69 $28.46 $28.26 $28.07 $27.98 $27.81 $27.70 $27.67 $27.40 $27.33 $27.26 $27.21 $27.16 $27.07 $26.99 $26.94 $26.94 $26.91 $26.85 $26.69 $26.68 $26.63 $26.58 $26.54 $26.51 $26.34 $26.02 $25.89 $25.75 $25.55 $25.12 $24.91 $24.79 $24.74 $24.50 $23.97 $23.93 $23.90 $23.43 $27.01 $27.21

TABLE 20

Rank 1 Wyoming 2 Louisiana 3 Connecticut 4 Washington 5 West Virginia 6 Nevada 7 Colorado 8 Idaho 9 Massachusetts 10 Maine 11 Oregon 12 California 13 Maryland 14 Missouri 15 Rhode Island 16 New York 17 New Hampshire 18 New Jersey 19 Texas 20 Michigan 21 Indiana 22 Minnesota 23 Kentucky 24 Virginia 25 Kansas 26 Illinois 27 Ohio 28 South Carolina 29 Montana 30 Pennsylvania 31 Wisconsin 32 North Dakota 33 Oklahoma 34 Vermont 35 Iowa 36 Arizona 37 Utah 38 Tennessee 39 New Mexico 40 Florida 41 Alabama 42 Hawaii 43 Georgia 44 Delaware 45 Nebraska 46 North Carolina 47 South Dakota 48 Arkansas 49 Mississippi 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 21

Annual Average Investment Per Employee in Manufacturing (2021) Rank 1 Louisiana 2 Wyoming 3 Alaska 4 New Mexico 5 Texas 6 Alabama 7 Montana 8 Delaware 9 Tennessee 10 Kentucky 11 Iowa 12 Idaho 13 West Virginia 14 Oklahoma 15 North Carolina 16 Illinois 17 Arkansas 18 Ohio 19 Arizona 20 Oregon 21 South Carolina 22 Kansas 23 Utah 24 Virginia 25 Wisconsin 26 New Jersey 27 Georgia 28 Indiana 29 California 30 Maryland 31 Minnesota 32 Mississippi 33 Nebraska 34 Michigan 35 South Dakota 36 Massachusetts 37 Colorado 38 Pennsylvania 39 North Dakota 40 Florida 41 Connecticut 42 Rhode Island 43 Maine 44 Missouri 45 New Hampshire 46 New York 47 Washington 48 Nevada 49 Vermont 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

$/Employee Employees $49,980 109,188 $44,141 9,548 $41,687 11,079 $25,575 23,357 $22,827 759,565 $22,341 252,670 $21,813 18,017 $21,016 25,265 $20,009 317,973 $19,909 231,746 $19,682 210,469 $18,514 60,842 $17,966 43,791 $16,255 114,815 $16,067 418,556 $15,863 496,131 $15,636 149,202 $15,397 637,736 $15,176 146,821 $15,171 166,028 $15,137 220,967 $15,104 152,916 $14,765 131,590 $14,682 229,018 $14,681 451,577 $14,667 203,285 $14,570 359,176 $14,232 486,431 $14,102 1,081,500 $14,027 93,461 $13,892 297,876 $13,833 139,113 $13,820 94,225 $12,739 557,086 $12,259 43,947 $12,211 228,720 $12,201 122,103 $12,199 512,076 $11,929 25,600 $11,908 305,166 $11,826 144,162 $11,493 37,236 $11,226 48,579 $11,199 263,469 $11,090 63,366 $10,995 373,231 $10,918 249,525 $10,252 47,164 $8,046 28,912 $6,803 10,501 $3,020 1,203 $15,523 11,205,980

Machinery and Equipment Expenditures (thousands) $5,457,219 $421,462 $461,845 $597,364 $17,338,879 $5,644,930 $393,003 $530,964 $6,362,163 $4,613,792 $4,142,488 $1,126,399 $786,754 $1,866,369 $6,725,054 $7,870,243 $2,332,870 $9,818,916 $2,228,174 $2,518,837 $3,344,682 $2,309,672 $1,942,888 $3,362,490 $6,629,670 $2,981,681 $5,233,277 $6,922,929 $15,251,576 $1,310,977 $4,137,948 $1,924,334 $1,302,179 $7,096,899 $538,742 $2,792,833 $1,489,811 $6,246,716 $305,374 $3,633,848 $1,704,887 $427,964 $545,371 $2,950,524 $702,754 $4,103,688 $2,724,191 $483,516 $232,626 $71,434 $3,633 $173,946,839

Data not updated by source. Most recent data from 2021.

Union Members as a Share of Employment (2023) 2022 Percent 21.9% 20.7% 18.0% 14.9% 14.2% 16.1% 16.0% 12.1% 15.5% 14.2% 12.7% 13.1% 14.0% 12.7% 12.8% 11.3% 16.1% 11.2% 11.6% 9.6% 10.1% 9.2% 9.8% 8.5% 7.9% 9.2% 7.4% 7.2% 8.8% 7.1% 6.5% 7.0% 5.6% 6.7% 5.5% 6.4% 5.5% 5.6% 4.9% 4.5% 4.4% 4.7% 4.1% 4.2% 3.7% 5.5% 3.9% 3.1% 2.8% 1.7% 9.1% 10.1%

2022 Rank 1 2 3 8 9 4 6 16 7 9 14 12 11 14 13 18 4 19 17 22 20 23 21 26 27 23 28 29 25 30 33 31 35 32 37 34 37 35 40 42 43 41 45 44 47 37 46 48 49 50

Union membership in Maryland declined to 10.7%, placing the state 19th in the nation, a drop of two positions from 17th in 2022.

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

2023 Percent 24.1% 20.6% 16.5% 16.1% 15.9% 15.4% 14.8% 14.3% 14.1% 13.3% 12.9% 12.8% 12.8% 12.6% 12.5% 12.4% 12.3% 11.8% 10.7% 9.3% 9.3% 9.2% 8.9% 8.8% 8.8% 8.7% 8.0% 7.5% 7.5% 7.4% 7.3% 7.2% 7.0% 6.9% 6.8% 6.2% 6.0% 5.6% 5.1% 4.7% 4.6% 4.5% 4.5% 4.3% 4.3% 4.2% 4.1% 3.6% 2.7% 2.3% 9.1% 10.3%

TABLE 22

Rank 1 Hawaii 2 New York 3 Washington 4 New Jersey 5 Connecticut 6 California 7 Alaska 8 Vermont 9 Oregon 10 Minnesota 11 Pennsylvania 12 Illinois 12 Michigan 14 Massachusetts 15 Ohio 16 Nevada 17 Rhode Island 18 Montana 19 Maryland 20 Missouri 20 New Hampshire 22 Maine 23 Kansas 24 Delaware 24 Kentucky 26 West Virginia 27 Indiana 28 Alabama 28 New Mexico 30 Wisconsin 31 Nebraska 32 Iowa 33 Mississippi 34 Colorado 35 Oklahoma 36 North Dakota 37 Tennessee 38 Wyoming 39 Arkansas 40 Florida 41 Georgia 42 Idaho 42 Texas 44 Louisiana 44 Virginia 46 Arizona 47 Utah 48 South Dakota 49 North Carolina 50 South Carolina Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Barry T. Hirsch and David A. Macpherson

TABLE 23

Union Membership – Public vs. Private (2023) Rank 1 Connecticut 2 New York 3 New Jersey 4 Massachusetts 5 Pennsylvania 6 Hawaii 7 California 8 Oregon 9 Washington 10 Minnesota 11 Vermont 12 Rhode Island 13 Illinois 14 New Hampshire 15 Ohio 16 Michigan 17 Maine 18 Alaska 19 Montana 20 Nevada 21 Delaware 22 Maryland 23 Nebraska 24 Kentucky 25 Missouri 26 Oklahoma 27 Alabama 28 Iowa 29 Florida 30 Wisconsin 31 Colorado 32 Kansas 33 Indiana 34 Tennessee 35 New Mexico 36 West Virginia 37 North Dakota 38 Arizona 39 Texas 40 South Dakota 41 Utah 42 Georgia 43 Wyoming 44 Idaho 45 Mississippi 46 Louisiana 47 Virginia 48 Arkansas 49 North Carolina 50 South Carolina Dist. of Columbia United States

Public Percent 67.0% 63.7% 56.1% 54.5% 53.6% 53.0% 51.2% 50.7% 49.9% 49.0% 47.6% 47.0% 46.1% 45.3% 45.1% 39.2% 37.4% 34.7% 33.6% 33.3% 30.8% 26.3% 25.9% 22.6% 22.3% 22.1% 21.5% 21.3% 20.5% 20.1% 19.8% 19.8% 19.6% 18.8% 18.7% 17.9% 17.6% 16.8% 16.6% 16.5% 15.6% 14.0% 13.0% 12.8% 12.8% 11.6% 11.1% 9.0% 7.8% 5.7% 21.1% 32.5%

Private Percent 6.7% 12.2% 10.0% 7.1% 7.8% 15.2% 8.8% 7.2% 10.0% 7.6% 8.2% 7.8% 8.0% 3.7% 7.0% 9.7% 4.3% 7.2% 6.8% 9.4% 4.6% 5.1% 3.8% 6.1% 7.2% 3.0% 4.6% 4.8% 2.5% 5.6% 4.3% 6.5% 6.3% 3.8% 3.6% 6.7% 4.0% 2.4% 2.6% 1.8% 1.9% 2.9% 3.0% 2.8% 5.7% 2.8% 2.4% 4.3% 1.9% 1.6% 4.6% 6.0%

In Maryland, the percentage of public sector union members declined from 42.2% in 2022 to 26.3% in 2023.

Rank 19 2 3 16 11 1 7 14 4 12 8 10 9 36 17 5 31 13 18 6 29 26 35 23 15 39 28 27 44 25 30 21 22 34 37 20 33 45 43 49 47 40 38 41 24 42 46 32 48 50

Unemployment Insurance Taxes (2023) Rank 1 3 4 5 6 2 15 7 10 9 14 21 13 12 19 18 8 11 25 16 29 24 31 27 30 21 28 17 35 26 20 32 37 33 39 40 38 44 42 36 43 23 41 45 45 47 49 48 50 33

In 2023, Maryland ranked 28th in the nation for unemployment taxes paid as a percentage of total wages. The state also ranked 26th for the highest average unemployment tax per employee, at $251.

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

Tax Paid as % of Avg. Amount Total Wages Per Employee 1.84% $1,106 1.13% $775 1.06% $728 1.00% $644 0.98% $618 0.91% $782 0.74% $350 0.72% $599 0.62% $440 0.57% $455 0.52% $351 0.51% $288 0.51% $360 0.51% $370 0.49% $311 0.47% $321 0.47% $498 0.46% $403 0.46% $281 0.45% $335 0.44% $226 0.42% $286 0.41% $217 0.40% $255 0.39% $225 0.38% $288 0.36% $228 0.33% $331 0.33% $193 0.33% $259 0.31% $294 0.28% $201 0.27% $169 0.26% $199 0.25% $157 0.22% $134 0.22% $160 0.22% $115 0.20% $117 0.20% $185 0.20% $116 0.19% $286 0.18% $127 0.17% $99 0.16% $99 0.15% $86 0.14% $63 0.12% $76 0.11% $50 0.09% $199 0.23% $286 0.39% $280

TABLE 24

Rank 1 Hawaii 2 Alaska 3 Oregon 4 Nevada 5 Rhode Island 6 New Jersey 7 Montana 8 Washington 9 Pennsylvania 10 Illinois 10 West Virginia 12 Iowa 12 Michigan 12 Vermont 15 Maine 16 Colorado 16 New York 18 Connecticut 18 Wyoming 20 Minnesota 21 New Mexico 22 Ohio 23 Idaho 24 Wisconsin 25 Oklahoma 26 North Dakota 27 Utah 28 California 28 Kansas 28 Maryland 31 Massachusetts 32 North Carolina 33 Indiana 34 Texas 35 Missouri 36 Louisiana 36 South Carolina 36 South Dakota 39 Arizona 39 Georgia 39 Kentucky 42 New Hampshire 43 Delaware 44 Arkansas 45 Nebraska 46 Tennessee 47 Mississippi 48 Florida 49 Alabama 50 Virginia Dist. of Columbia United States

Regular Unemployment Insurance Payments

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration

TABLE 25

(2nd Quarter 2024) Rank 1 Massachusetts 2 Washington 3 Hawaii 4 Colorado 5 New Jersey 6 Minnesota 7 Utah 8 Oregon 9 North Dakota 10 Vermont 11 Iowa 12 Illinois 13 Connecticut 14 Texas 15 Wyoming 16 Kentucky 17 Nevada 18 Ohio 19 Maine 20 Pennsylvania 21 Rhode Island 22 Kansas 23 Idaho 24 South Dakota 25 Nebraska 26 New Mexico 27 Montana 28 West Virginia 29 New York 30 Oklahoma 31 Maryland 32 New Hampshire 33 California 34 Delaware 35 Virginia 36 Michigan 37 Wisconsin 38 Georgia 39 Indiana 40 Arkansas 41 Arizona 42 North Carolina 43 South Carolina 44 Alaska 45 Missouri 46 Tennessee 47 Florida 48 Alabama 49 Louisiana 50 Mississippi Dist. of Columbia United States

Avg. Weekly Benefit Amount $715.75 $715.57 $653.74 $621.69 $603.15 $573.78 $569.47 $565.34 $564.74 $532.67 $525.15 $509.29 $495.86 $493.81 $492.07 $481.05 $480.08 $478.27 $476.28 $475.08 $469.83 $456.93 $456.83 $446.30 $446.10 $439.94 $438.16 $429.82 $428.82 $418.68 $392.35 $376.17 $370.46 $368.27 $348.39 $346.93 $345.67 $342.94 $321.08 $318.59 $312.17 $304.59 $298.70 $297.83 $291.08 $272.47 $264.92 $252.63 $251.62 $223.05 $407.52 $452.13

Avg. Duration (weeks) 18.9 15.2 14.5 14.1 18.9 15.2 13.4 14.5 11.7 11.8 9.1 16.1 14.7 15.5 12.7 12.9 15.8 13.8 14.7 14.8 15.0 8.8 9.9 14.0 11.8 16.5 13.1 13.3 18.1 11.7 17.5 11.3 18.2 18.3 12.2 11.6 12.1 9.2 11.7 9.9 14.1 9.3 11.7 17.1 12.1 12.6 8.5 6.9 14.8 13.1 17.3 15.2

Rank 2 12 19 21 1 12 25 20 37 35 47 9 17 11 30 29 10 24 18 16 14 48 44 23 36 8 27 26 5 40 6 42 4 3 32 41 34 46 37 43 22 45 39 7 33 31 49 50 15 28

For Q2 2024, Maryland ranked 31st in average weekly unemployment insurance benefits paid. The state also ranked 6th for the highest average duration of unemployment benefits, a 17.5-week average.

Workers’ Compensation – Benefits Paid (2021) % of Covered Wages 1.03% 1.47% 0.87% 1.18% 0.72% 0.80% 0.97% 0.74% 1.16% 0.97% 0.76% 0.93% 0.83% 0.84% 0.67% 0.70% 0.73% 0.62% 0.78% 0.73% 0.70% 0.57% 0.43% 0.67% 0.70% 0.50% 0.54% 0.62% 0.48% 0.62% 0.62% 0.54% 0.43% 0.52% 0.58% 0.67% 0.41% 0.54% 0.46% 0.55% 0.49% 0.41% 0.40% 0.39% 0.33% 0.32% 0.38% 0.35% 0.30% 0.20% 0.15% 0.61%

In 2021, Maryland ranked 29th in total benefits paid per covered worker, at $332.86 (a decline of two positions from 27th in 2020).

Rank 4 1 8 2 17 11 6 14 3 5 13 7 10 9 21 18 15 26 12 16 20 29 39 23 19 35 31 24 37 27 25 33 40 34 28 22 41 32 38 30 36 42 43 44 47 48 45 46 49 50

Source: National Academy of Social Insurance

Dollars Per Covered Worker $849.67 $772.41 $743.20 $685.63 $635.36 $612.00 $593.39 $572.97 $568.85 $505.38 $489.10 $469.29 $463.66 $450.35 $433.46 $420.88 $395.94 $395.15 $392.31 $391.25 $390.89 $383.43 $379.28 $376.15 $358.94 $351.45 $335.23 $333.22 $332.86 $330.60 $313.97 $311.33 $310.53 $307.25 $305.72 $297.57 $290.12 $283.23 $282.50 $276.80 $276.77 $252.71 $238.71 $228.74 $220.02 $197.63 $193.75 $192.45 $173.98 $133.84 $157.85 $413.71

TABLE 26

Rank 1 Washington 2 Wyoming 3 California 4 Hawaii 5 New York 6 New Jersey 7 Alaska 8 Connecticut 9 West Virginia 10 South Carolina 11 Pennsylvania 12 Montana 13 Vermont 14 Louisiana 15 Delaware 16 Florida 17 Iowa 18 Oregon 19 Idaho 20 Maine 21 Wisconsin 22 Minnesota 23 Massachusetts 24 Missouri 25 New Mexico 26 Illinois 27 Georgia 28 Nebraska 29 Maryland 30 Alabama 31 Oklahoma 32 Ohio 33 New Hampshire 34 Nevada 35 Kansas 36 Mississippi 37 Colorado 38 Kentucky 39 Rhode Island 40 South Dakota 41 North Dakota 42 Arizona 43 North Carolina 44 Tennessee 45 Virginia 46 Michigan 47 Arkansas 48 Indiana 49 Utah 50 Texas Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Labor

TABLE 27

State Minimum Wage (January 1, 2025) 1 2 3 4 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

Rank Washington Connecticut California Nebraska New York New Jersey Delaware Illinois Maryland Massachusetts Rhode Island Colorado Arizona Maine Vermont Hawaii Missouri Oregon Virginia Florida Nevada New Mexico Alaska South Dakota Minnesota Arkansas Ohio Michigan Montana West Virginia Alabama Georgia Idaho Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi New Hampshire North Carolina North Dakota Oklahoma Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Federal Minimum Wage

Minimum Wage $16.66 $16.35 $16.00/$20.00/$25.00 $15.50 $16.50/$15.50 $15.49, $14.53, $18.49 $15.00 $15.00 $15.00 $15.00 $15.00 $14.81 $14.70 $14.65 $14.01 $14.00 $13.75 $15.95/$14.70/$13.70 $13.50 $13.00 $12.00 $12.00 $11.91 $11.50 $11.13 $11.00 $10.70/$7.25 $10.56 $10.55 $8.75 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $7.25 $17.50 $7.25

*** *** ***

*** ***

*** *** * **

* *

* *

**

*No state minimum wage **State minimum less than federal minimum ***State minimum varies based on location, size of employer or industry: first listed is most prevalent.

As of 2025, Maryland ranks 7th in the nation for minimum wage, tied with Delaware, Illinois, Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

Economic, Fiscal, and Regulatory Freedom (2022) Regulatory Rank Policy Score 17 0.45 23 0.45 3 0.31 26 0.22 21 0.16 19 0.30 12 0.15 30 0.17 11 0.17 8 0.09 10 0.12 18 0.07 9 0.08 5 0.12 25 0.12 6 0.12 20 0.20 37 0.22 28 0.11 35 0.11 31 0.11 7 -0.01 27 0.07 24 0.05 1 -0.08 39 0.11 14 0.03 13 0.04 16 0.01 22 0.02 32 0.05 29 -0.06 40 0.10 2 -0.15 36 -0.08 42 0.09 41 0.04 4 -0.17 38 -0.04 15 -0.13 34 -0.11 43 -0.18 45 -0.13 33 -0.22 47 -0.03 46 -0.17 50 -0.01 49 -0.26 44 -0.53 48 -0.45

Rank 2 1 3 6 10 4 11 8 9 21 12 25 23 14 15 13 7 5 17 19 16 33 24 27 38 18 30 29 32 31 26 37 20 43 39 22 28 45 36 42 40 46 41 47 35 44 34 48 50 49

According to a study by the Mercatus Center, Maryland ranked 45th in economic freedom, 47th in fiscal policy freedom and 35th in regulatory freedom among all states in 2022. Notably, Maryland’s fiscal policy score dropped 23 positions, from 24th in 2021 to 47th.

Source: Cato Institute

Fiscal Policy Score 0.05 0.03 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 -0.02 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.02 0.11 0.05 -0.09 0.00 -0.07 -0.02 0.10 0.01 0.02 0.16 -0.13 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.03 -0.03 0.00 -0.13 0.14 -0.08 -0.18 -0.14 0.13 -0.10 0.06 -0.04 -0.20 -0.30 -0.04 -0.38 -0.33 -0.46 -0.45 -0.22 -0.39

TABLE 28

Economic Freedom Rank Score 1 New Hampshire 0.71 2 Florida 0.57 3 South Dakota 0.52 4 Nevada 0.51 5 Arizona 0.44 6 Tennessee 0.38 7 Michigan 0.31 8 Missouri 0.30 9 Georgia 0.28 10 Indiana 0.27 11 North Dakota 0.26 12 Virginia 0.24 13 Wisconsin 0.24 14 Idaho 0.23 15 Alaska 0.23 16 Wyoming 0.23 17 Texas 0.22 18 Pennsylvania 0.20 19 Colorado 0.20 20 Montana 0.19 21 Ohio 0.16 22 Utah 0.16 23 Oklahoma 0.15 24 North Carolina 0.14 25 Kansas 0.12 26 Massachusetts 0.12 27 Arkansas 0.11 28 Kentucky 0.11 29 South Carolina 0.08 30 Alabama 0.08 31 Louisiana 0.08 32 West Virginia 0.07 33 Connecticut 0.07 34 Iowa 0.07 35 New Mexico 0.04 36 Rhode Island 0.01 37 Washington 0.01 38 Nebraska -0.02 39 Illinois -0.05 40 Mississippi -0.05 41 Minnesota -0.06 42 Vermont -0.19 43 Maine -0.20 44 Delaware -0.23 45 Maryland -0.34 46 Oregon -0.40 47 New Jersey -0.42 48 California -0.58 49 Hawaii -0.72 50 New York -0.77

Source: Institute for Legal Reform, Pacific Research Institute

TABLE 29

Ranking State Liability Systems (2019) Rank 1 Delaware 2 Maine 2 Connecticut 4 Alaska 4 Wyoming 6 North Dakota 7 Montana 8 Nebraska 9 Idaho 10 South Dakota 11 Virginia 12 Wisconsin 12 Oklahoma 14 Vermont 14 Hawaii 16 North Carolina 17 Arizona 18 Minnesota 18 New Hampshire 18 Utah 18 Colorado 22 Iowa 22 New Mexico 24 Rhode Island 25 Oregon 26 Washington 27 Maryland 28 Massachusetts 29 Arkansas 29 Nevada 31 Indiana 32 Kansas 32 Michigan 34 Tennessee 35 Ohio 35 New York 37 South Carolina 38 Texas 39 Pennsylvania 40 Kentucky 41 Georgia 42 Alabama 43 New Jersey 44 Missouri 45 West Virginia 46 Florida 47 Mississippi 48 California 49 Louisiana 50 Illinois

Overall Score 76.3 73.8 73.8 73.1 73.1 72.6 72.5 72.3 72.2 72 71.3 71.2 71.2 71.1 71.1 70.9 70.8 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.7 70.6 70.6 70.5 69.9 69.8 69.7 69.6 69.5 69.5 68.9 68.8 68.8 68.3 67.7 67.7 67.6 67.1 66.6 66.5 66.1 65.6 65.4 64.4 63.3 62.3 61.9 60.2 60 59.6

Judge’s Competence 1 3 2 8 4 16 10 13 20 18 22 15 26 11 9 14 12 6 7 31 17 22 32 28 5 21 38 34 29 35 25 24 19 30 36 33 39 41 27 40 42 45 37 43 44 47 46 48 49 50

Data not updated by source. Most recent data from 2021.

Jury Fairness 12 9 2 11 19 3 6 8 4 10 28 16 1 14 25 17 20 15 30 7 24 26 23 21 13 5 31 29 18 34 27 22 32 36 33 41 35 38 40 37 43 39 42 44 45 47 49 50 46 48

Venture Capital Investment (2023) Per Capita $1,941 $988 $2,232 $228 $628 $162 $420 $200 $280 $166 $347 $223 $172 $236 $147 $1,437 $113 $413 $172 $206 $362 $203 $107 $184 $140 $60 $76 $224 $62 $81 $63 $334 $286 $29 $37 $82 $75 $68 $23 $89 $25 $97 $28 $60 $85 $57 $20 $19 $4 $2 $1,462 $480

Rank 2 4 1 14 5 24 6 19 12 23 9 16 21 13 25 3 27 7 22 17 8 18 28 20 26 40 34 15 38 33 37 10 11 43 42 32 35 36 46 30 45 29 44 39 31 41 47 48 49 50

In 2023, Maryland ranked 11th for total venture capital investment and 9th for per capita investment, both reflecting increased investments and rankings compared to 2022.

Source: PitchBook-NVCA Venture Monitor

Total Millions $75,620 $19,331 $15,629 $6,962 $3,691 $3,673 $3,279 $2,514 $2,437 $2,149 $2,145 $2,070 $1,861 $1,682 $1,622 $1,482 $1,328 $1,319 $1,275 $1,273 $1,239 $1,166 $1,071 $666 $591 $413 $387 $314 $251 $238 $201 $195 $185 $171 $169 $163 $158 $134 $126 $124 $115 $106 $87 $87 $67 $65 $18 $14 $11 $3 $992 $160,870

TABLE 30

Rank 1 California 2 New York 3 Massachusetts 4 Texas 5 Colorado 6 Florida 7 Washington 8 Illinois 9 Virginia 10 Pennsylvania 11 Maryland 12 New Jersey 13 North Carolina 14 Tennessee 15 Georgia 16 Delaware 17 Ohio 18 Nevada 19 Arizona 20 Missouri 21 Utah 22 Minnesota 23 Michigan 24 Connecticut 25 Oregon 26 Indiana 27 Alabama 28 New Hampshire 29 Oklahoma 30 Kansas 31 Iowa 32 Wyoming 33 Vermont 34 Wisconsin 35 Louisiana 36 Nebraska 37 New Mexico 38 Idaho 39 South Carolina 40 Maine 41 Kentucky 42 Rhode Island 43 Arkansas 44 Hawaii 45 North Dakota 46 Montana 47 South Dakota 48 Alaska 49 Mississippi 50 West Virginia Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: National Science Foundation

TABLE 31

Overall R&D Spending (2021) Rank 1 California 2 Washington 3 Massachusetts 4 New York 5 Texas 6 New Jersey 7 Michigan 8 Maryland 9 Pennsylvania 10 Illinois 11 North Carolina 12 Ohio 13 Virginia 14 Florida 15 Oregon 16 Indiana 17 Colorado 18 Arizona 19 Minnesota 20 Connecticut 21 Georgia 22 New Mexico 23 Wisconsin 24 Missouri 25 Tennessee 26 Alabama 27 Utah 28 Iowa 29 Delaware 30 New Hampshire 31 Kansas 32 Idaho 33 South Carolina 34 Oklahoma 35 Kentucky 36 Rhode Island 37 Nebraska 38 Louisiana 39 Nevada 40 Mississippi 41 Arkansas 42 Hawaii 43 Maine 44 West Virginia 45 North Dakota 46 Montana 46 Vermont 48 Alaska 49 South Dakota 50 Wyoming Dist. of Columbia United States

Millions of Dollars $236,140 $53,969 $52,383 $38,224 $37,256 $27,749 $25,795 $25,108 $23,818 $21,550 $20,281 $16,734 $14,789 $13,838 $12,570 $11,434 $11,386 $11,337 $10,801 $10,176 $9,753 $9,748 $9,011 $8,917 $7,922 $6,289 $5,196 $4,106 $3,852 $3,701 $3,659 $3,059 $2,984 $2,907 $2,321 $1,715 $1,703 $1,475 $1,407 $1,071 $1,025 $948 $870 $831 $693 $679 $679 $543 $345 $238 $6,276 $789,072

Dollars Per Capita $6,032 $6,971 $7,492 $1,925 $1,260 $2,994 $2,570 $4,066 $1,830 $1,698 $1,919 $1,422 $1,708 $634 $2,953 $1,678 $1,959 $1,559 $1,889 $2,824 $904 $4,605 $1,532 $1,445 $1,138 $1,245 $1,556 $1,284 $3,833 $2,667 $1,245 $1,606 $575 $728 $515 $1,563 $867 $319 $447 $363 $338 $655 $631 $465 $891 $614 $1,049 $739 $385 $411 $9,381 $2,376

Rank 3 2 1 13 28 7 11 5 16 18 14 26 17 39 8 19 12 22 15 9 33 4 24 25 31 30 23 27 6 10 29 20 42 37 43 21 35 50 45 48 49 38 40 44 34 41 32 36 47 46

In 2021, Maryland ranked 8th in total R&D spending, a decline of two positions from 6th in 2020.

The state ranked 5th in R&D spending per capita, down one position from the previous year.

R&D Per Capita by Performing Sector (2022)

Maryland continued to rank 1st for Academic R&D spending, and improved to 18th for Industrial R&D spend in 2022.

Rank 28 2 17 9 3 34 40 19 8 13 25 4 5 10 50 36 29 1 35 12 15 16 26 11 30 21 31 23 24 27 22 14 7 6 49 46 43 32 45 42 20 37 18 44 48 41 47 39 33 38

Source: National Science Foundation

Academic R&D Dollars Per Capita FY 2022 $253 $693 $310 $390 $440 $236 $164 $307 $394 $325 $274 $421 $421 $362 $93 $217 $251 $839 $230 $334 $314 $314 $262 $338 $248 $301 $244 $282 $277 $257 $299 $318 $414 $419 $98 $137 $152 $243 $138 $162 $303 $209 $309 $140 $129 $163 $137 $192 $240 $205 $1,167 $293

TABLE 32

Rank 1 Washington 2 Massachusetts 3 California 4 Delaware 5 Connecticut 6 Oregon 7 New Jersey 8 Michigan 9 New Hampshire 10 Colorado 11 Indiana 12 New York 13 Pennsylvania 14 North Carolina 15 Idaho 16 Minnesota 17 Illinois 18 Maryland 19 Arizona 20 Wisconsin 21 Iowa 22 Utah 23 Ohio 24 Vermont 25 Texas 26 Kansas 27 Virginia 28 Alabama 29 Missouri 30 New Mexico 31 Georgia 32 Nebraska 33 North Dakota 34 Rhode Island 35 Nevada 36 Florida 37 South Carolina 38 Tennessee 39 Maine 40 Oklahoma 41 Montana 42 Hawaii 43 Alaska 44 West Virginia 45 South Dakota 46 Kentucky 47 Arkansas 48 Mississippi 49 Wyoming 50 Louisiana Dist. of Columbia United States

Industrial R&D Dollars Per Capita 2022 $7,360 $7,122 $6,034 $4,457 $3,171 $2,991 $2,863 $2,570 $2,354 $1,797 $1,682 $1,637 $1,590 $1,546 $1,512 $1,494 $1,435 $1,394 $1,393 $1,288 $1,236 $1,189 $1,170 $1,045 $1,044 $1,020 $1,010 $967 $887 $872 $794 $741 $606 $581 $570 $517 $495 $493 $472 $471 $360 $341 $288 $263 $234 $233 $198 $181 $139 $132 $1,501 $2,075

Source: National Science Foundation

TABLE 33

Science, Engineering, and Health Doctorates (2021, 2022) Doctorates % of Workforce

Rank 1 California 2 Texas 3 New York 4 Massachusetts 5 Pennsylvania 6 Illinois 7 Florida 8 Michigan 9 Ohio 10 North Carolina 11 Georgia 12 Indiana 13 Maryland 14 Virginia 15 Minnesota 16 Colorado 17 New Jersey 18 Tennessee 19 Wisconsin 20 Washington 21 Missouri 22 Arizona 23 Connecticut 24 Iowa 25 Utah 26 Oregon 27 Alabama 28 Louisiana 29 South Carolina 30 Kansas 31 Kentucky 32 Nebraska 33 Oklahoma 34 Rhode Island 35 Mississippi 36 Arkansas 36 New Mexico 38 Delaware 39 New Hampshire 40 Nevada 41 West Virginia 42 North Dakota 43 Montana 44 Hawaii 45 Idaho 46 South Dakota 47 Wyoming 48 Vermont 49 Maine 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Doctorates Awarded (2022) 5,768 3,359 3,273 2,721 2,235 2,053 1,889 1,589 1,530 1,517 1,295 1,289 1,203 1,170 1,107 994 925 804 768 761 747 739 581 577 567 546 524 471 404 369 355 334 329 320 307 225 225 218 191 187 164 138 119 115 112 100 65 64 62 34 366 45,924

Employed with Doctorates (2021) (2021) 145,600 0.87% 51,350 0.40% 59,150 0.65% 55,450 1.57% 35,750 0.62% 29,200 0.51% 24,950 0.28% 22,450 0.79% 24,800 0.59% 27,800 0.60% 19,200 0.36% 13,100 0.42% 38,000 0.83% 26,200 0.66% 16,950 0.57% 18,550 0.70% 22,250 0.81% 11,700 0.29% 12,100 0.36% 27,550 0.95% 12,600 0.44% 12,650 0.41% 12,650 0.78% 6,900 0.45% 9,000 0.44% 15,300 0.82% 8,750 0.47% 6,050 0.44% 6,600 0.41% 5,350 0.25% 6,000 0.36% 4,100 0.22% 5,150 0.45% 3,650 0.36% 3,550 0.44% 4,300 0.95% 8,800 1.84% 3,800 0.30% 3,800 0.28% 3,150 0.46% 2,200 0.33% 1,200 0.15% 2,900 0.70% 3,050 0.69% 3,250 0.55% 1,750 0.36% 1,000 0.36% 2,450 0.39% 3,350 1.14% 1,500 0.48% 18,500 2.51% 865,400 0.59%

In 2022, Maryland ranked 13th in science, engineering and heath doctorates awarded, and ranked 7th in the percentage of workforce with such doctorates.

Rank 6 35 16 2 17 22 46 10 19 18 41 32 7 15 20 12 9 45 40 4 28 34 11 27 12 8 24 30 33 48 37 49 26 38 31 5 1 44 47 25 43 50 13 14 21 42 39 36 3 23

Educational Attainment of Population 25 and Older (2023)

Maryland ranked 28th for percent of residents with diplomas; 4th bachelor’s degrees; 2nd advanced degrees.

Source: American Community Survey

Rank 4 23 44 35 9 19 39 36 43 41 6 34 22 20 32 10 15 42 28 27 16 29 3 24 5 1 13 2 8 21 12 40 25 31 33 45 11 37 26 18 49 38 50 7 46 48 47 17 30 14

TABLE 34

Completed Bachelor’s H.S. (or EQ.) Degree Advanced Rank or Higher or Higher Rank Degree 1 Vermont 95.5% 43.7% 5 18.5% 2 Maine 94.9% 37.0% 18 13.7% 3 North Dakota 94.5% 33.6% 29 10.2% 4 Montana 94.4% 34.6% 26 12.0% 5 New Hampshire 94.4% 40.7% 8 16.2% 6 Minnesota 94.3% 40.0% 11 14.0% 7 Wyoming 93.9% 30.4% 41 11.2% 8 Wisconsin 93.7% 33.8% 28 11.5% 9 South Dakota 93.5% 33.3% 31 10.4% 10 Iowa 93.3% 31.5% 40 10.7% 11 Colorado 93.3% 46.4% 2 18.1% 12 Alaska 93.2% 32.2% 35 12.2% 13 Utah 93.1% 38.4% 13 13.8% 14 Hawaii 93.0% 37.0% 17 13.9% 15 Nebraska 92.7% 35.3% 24 12.4% 16 Washington 92.4% 40.5% 10 16.1% 17 Pennsylvania 92.2% 35.3% 23 14.4% 18 Idaho 92.2% 32.1% 36 10.6% 19 Michigan 92.0% 32.7% 34 12.8% 20 Missouri 92.0% 33.2% 32 13.0% 21 Oregon 92.0% 37.7% 15 14.2% 22 Ohio 91.9% 32.0% 37 12.7% 23 Connecticut 91.8% 42.9% 6 19.8% 24 Kansas 91.7% 35.8% 21 13.4% 25 Virginia 91.4% 42.4% 7 18.5% 26 Massachusetts 91.4% 47.8% 1 22.4% 27 Delaware 91.4% 36.5% 20 15.5% 28 Maryland 91.2% 43.7% 4 21.3% 29 New Jersey 90.7% 43.8% 3 17.5% 30 North Carolina 90.6% 36.8% 19 13.8% 31 Illinois 90.6% 38.3% 14 15.5% 32 Indiana 90.4% 30.2% 42 11.1% 33 Florida 90.2% 34.9% 25 13.3% 34 South Carolina 90.2% 32.9% 33 12.5% 35 Tennessee 90.1% 31.7% 38 12.4% 36 Oklahoma 89.7% 28.7% 45 10.1% 37 Rhode Island 89.6% 39.0% 12 15.9% 38 Kentucky 89.5% 27.8% 46 11.5% 39 Arizona 89.4% 33.5% 30 13.1% 40 Georgia 89.3% 35.4% 22 14.1% 41 Arkansas 89.3% 26.2% 48 9.5% 42 Alabama 89.1% 28.9% 43 11.3% 43 West Virginia 89.0% 24.0% 50 9.5% 44 New York 88.3% 40.6% 9 18.1% 45 Louisiana 87.8% 27.0% 47 10.1% 46 Mississippi 87.8% 25.5% 49 10.0% 47 Nevada 87.7% 28.7% 44 10.0% 48 New Mexico 87.5% 31.6% 39 14.1% 49 Texas 86.3% 34.2% 27 12.6% 50 California 84.8% 37.5% 16 14.7% Dist. of Columbia 92.7% 65.9% 39.0% United States 89.8% 36.2% 14.3%

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 35

Higher Education Total Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public vs. Private (Fall 2022) Rank 1 New Hampshire 2 Utah 3 Arizona 4 West Virginia 5 Nebraska 6 Rhode Island 7 Massachusetts 8 North Dakota 9 Minnesota 10 Idaho 11 Indiana 12 California 13 Kansas 14 Iowa 15 Virginia 16 Vermont 17 Colorado 18 Kentucky 19 Alabama 20 New York 21 South Dakota 22 Delaware 23 Missouri 24 Illinois 25 Wisconsin 26 Maryland 27 Mississippi 28 Texas 29 New Mexico 30 Ohio 31 Connecticut 32 Louisiana 33 North Carolina 34 Wyoming 35 Maine 36 Arkansas 37 Georgia 38 Pennsylvania 39 Michigan 40 Oregon 41 South Carolina 42 Oklahoma 43 Florida 44 Tennessee 45 Montana 46 New Jersey 47 Hawaii 48 Washington 49 Nevada 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Total % 15.33% 11.87% 8.48% 7.49% 6.85% 6.80% 6.72% 6.56% 6.53% 6.46% 6.38% 6.37% 6.33% 6.32% 6.29% 6.16% 5.94% 5.80% 5.79% 5.68% 5.64% 5.59% 5.40% 5.38% 5.37% 5.34% 5.31% 5.22% 5.21% 5.21% 5.20% 5.20% 5.17% 5.15% 5.14% 5.08% 4.96% 4.89% 4.65% 4.60% 4.59% 4.58% 4.49% 4.38% 4.20% 4.09% 4.09% 4.00% 3.57% 2.75% 14.80% 5.57%

% 2.32% 5.76% 5.10% 4.02% 4.99% 3.25% 2.57% 5.69% 3.91% 4.04% 5.11% 5.20% 5.55% 4.72% 4.27% 3.90% 4.61% 4.30% 4.99% 2.95% 4.70% 4.08% 3.41% 3.32% 4.44% 4.36% 4.72% 4.61% 5.02% 4.02% 2.67% 4.51% 4.26% 4.98% 3.37% 4.55% 3.99% 2.65% 4.05% 3.93% 3.81% 3.97% 3.30% 2.98% 3.88% 3.19% 3.36% 3.44% 3.28% 2.61% 0.53% 4.04%

Public Rank 50 1 6 26 9 42 49 2 31 25 5 4 3 12 21 32 15 20 8 45 13 23 36 39 18 19 11 14 7 27 46 17 22 10 37 16 28 47 24 30 34 29 40 44 33 43 38 35 41 48

Private % Rank 13.02% 1 6.10% 2 3.38% 6 3.47% 5 1.86% 16 3.56% 4 4.14% 3 0.87% 33 2.62% 8 2.42% 10 1.28% 23 1.17% 26 0.78% 35 1.61% 18 2.03% 14 2.26% 11 1.33% 22 1.50% 20 0.81% 34 2.73% 7 0.94% 29 1.51% 19 1.99% 15 2.07% 13 0.93% 30 0.98% 27 0.58% 43 0.61% 41 0.19% 48 1.19% 25 2.53% 9 0.69% 38 0.91% 31 0.17% 49 1.77% 17 0.53% 45 0.97% 28 2.24% 12 0.60% 42 0.67% 39 0.78% 36 0.61% 40 1.19% 24 1.40% 21 0.32% 46 0.90% 32 0.73% 37 0.56% 44 0.30% 47 0.13% 50 14.27% 1.53%

In 2022, Maryland ranked 26th in total higher education enrollment relative to population.

Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Public (Fall 2021) 4-yr Undergrad % Rank 2.20% 27 1.73% 40 1.83% 36 2.43% 22 1.99% 32 2.34% 24 1.82% 38 2.26% 26 1.01% 50 1.70% 41 1.98% 33 1.90% 34 2.19% 29 2.06% 30 3.18% 6 1.56% 44 2.61% 15 2.54% 18 2.41% 23 2.29% 25 2.01% 31 2.97% 9 2.59% 17 1.53% 46 2.19% 28 1.75% 39 2.60% 16 2.98% 8 1.55% 45 1.82% 37 1.88% 35 1.58% 43 1.34% 48 2.45% 21 1.27% 49 2.76% 13 3.92% 2 2.52% 19 4.49% 1 3.35% 5 1.59% 42 1.45% 47 2.70% 14 2.77% 12 3.56% 4 2.95% 10 2.94% 11 2.47% 20 3.60% 3 3.04% 7 0.44% 2.25%

Post-Baccalaureate % Rank 0.33% 47 0.45% 28 0.61% 13 0.79% 4 0.59% 18 0.60% 15 0.50% 24 0.72% 5 0.44% 31 0.43% 36 0.59% 17 0.43% 35 0.64% 7 0.60% 16 0.45% 29 0.38% 40 0.85% 2 0.44% 33 0.63% 11 0.61% 14 0.45% 30 0.81% 3 0.63% 9 0.44% 34 0.57% 19 0.47% 26 0.51% 23 0.55% 20 0.36% 43 0.35% 46 0.36% 44 0.39% 38 0.36% 42 0.63% 12 0.41% 37 0.44% 32 0.88% 1 0.48% 25 0.45% 27 0.64% 8 0.38% 39 0.30% 49 0.63% 10 0.51% 22 0.72% 6 0.36% 45 0.37% 41 0.25% 50 0.54% 21 0.30% 48 0.08% 0.48%

In 2021, Maryland ranked 7th for enrollment in public post-baccalaureate schools.

Source: U.S. Department of Education

2-yr % 2.62% 2.55% 2.42% 2.40% 2.18% 2.10% 2.00% 1.99% 1.79% 1.79% 1.70% 1.58% 1.58% 1.55% 1.50% 1.50% 1.49% 1.44% 1.30% 1.27% 1.27% 1.26% 1.26% 1.24% 1.24% 1.20% 1.17% 1.16% 1.14% 1.09% 1.09% 1.05% 1.02% 1.01% 0.97% 0.90% 0.87% 0.86% 0.82% 0.80% 0.75% 0.71% 0.70% 0.66% 0.33% 0.26% 0.09% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 1.35%

TABLE 36

Total Public Rank 1 California 2 Iowa 3 New Mexico 4 Kansas 5 Mississippi 6 Arizona 7 North Carolina 8 Nebraska 9 Illinois 10 Minnesota 11 Virginia 12 Oregon 13 Maryland 14 Kentucky 15 Wyoming 16 Hawaii 17 Alabama 18 Wisconsin 19 Arkansas 20 Michigan 21 South Carolina 22 Indiana 23 Louisiana 24 New Jersey 25 Oklahoma 26 Missouri 27 Ohio 28 Texas 29 New York 30 Rhode Island 31 Maine 32 Tennessee 33 Connecticut 34 Georgia 35 Massachusetts 36 Idaho 37 North Dakota 38 Vermont 39 Utah 40 South Dakota 41 Pennsylvania 42 New Hampshire 43 West Virginia 44 Montana 45 Colorado 46 Washington 47 Florida 48 Alaska 48 Delaware 48 Nevada Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 37

Fall Enrollment as Percentage of Population: Private (Fall 2021) Total Private Rank 1 Colorado 2 Arizona 3 West Virginia 4 Wyoming 5 Florida 6 Nevada 7 Ohio 8 Pennsylvania 9 Tennessee 10 Louisiana 11 California 12 Texas 13 Georgia 14 New Mexico 15 Alaska 16 Oklahoma 17 New York 18 New Jersey 19 Kansas 20 Virginia 21 Indiana 22 Arkansas 23 Washington 24 Montana 25 Illinois 26 Maryland 27 Kentucky 28 South Carolina 29 Idaho 30 Hawaii 31 Michigan 32 Missouri 33 Alabama 34 Utah 35 Massachusetts 36 Mississippi 37 North Carolina 38 Oregon 39 Delaware 40 New Hampshire 41 Maine 42 Wisconsin 43 Minnesota 44 Iowa 45 Nebraska 46 Connecticut 46 North Dakota 46 Rhode Island 46 South Dakota 46 Vermont Dist. of Columbia United States

2-yr

4-yr Undergrad

Post-Baccalaureate

%

%

Rank

%

Rank

0.28% 0.19% 0.17% 0.13% 0.13% 0.12% 0.11% 0.09% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.07% 0.07% 0.06% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.09% 0.06%

0.74% 2.28% 2.61% 0.00% 0.83% 0.10% 0.88% 1.42% 0.93% 0.44% 0.63% 0.39% 0.66% 0.06% 0.06% 0.43% 1.78% 0.58% 0.77% 1.22% 0.95% 0.42% 0.40% 0.24% 1.24% 0.42% 0.81% 0.63% 2.47% 0.60% 0.47% 1.28% 0.62% 4.50% 2.43% 0.38% 0.66% 0.44% 0.92% 9.61% 1.32% 0.69% 1.24% 1.19% 1.27% 1.71% 0.68% 2.84% 0.72% 1.92% 7.45% 1.00%

26 7 4 50 23 47 22 11 20 38 33 44 31 48 49 40 9 36 25 17 19 41 43 46 15 42 24 32 5 35 37 13 34 2 6 45 30 39 21 1 12 28 16 18 14 10 29 3 27 8

0.33% 0.94% 0.60% 0.00% 0.27% 0.10% 0.23% 0.75% 0.38% 0.18% 0.49% 0.15% 0.24% 0.07% 0.02% 0.13% 0.91% 0.28% 0.17% 0.79% 0.28% 0.09% 0.15% 0.04% 0.81% 0.57% 0.66% 0.14% 0.04% 0.09% 0.13% 0.73% 0.21% 1.41% 1.75% 0.24% 0.27% 0.24% 0.52% 2.23% 0.33% 0.26% 1.50% 0.43% 0.55% 0.69% 0.21% 0.70% 0.21% 0.47% 6.80% 0.48%

23 5 14 50 27 43 32 9 21 36 18 38 29 46 49 42 6 25 37 8 24 44 39 47 7 15 13 40 48 45 41 10 35 4 2 30 26 31 17 1 22 28 3 20 16 12 34 11 33 19

In 2021, Maryland ranked 15th for enrollment in private post-baccalaureate schools.

Fall Enrollment in Private For-Profit and Non-Profit Colleges (Fall 2021) Total Non-Profit 11,956 321,710 67,237 195,734 206,460 7,127 33,113 503,768 144,339 148,685 82,276 23,889 127,380 82,018 72,144 282,286 74,000 58,369 189,385 21,478 93,118 3,919 40,081 36,807 29,079 122,139 59,350 82,879 49,210 59,795 1,705 22,137 53,667 27,190 7,125 17,743 47,582 0 6,295 22,333 9,828 292,863 16,189 676 14,353 3,421 35,750 164,416 38,832 15,481 81,484 4,101,019

Maryland ranked 27th for the number of students attending private for-profit colleges and 21st for those attending private non-profit colleges.

Rank 41 2 19 6 5 43 30 1 10 9 15 33 11 16 18 4 17 22 7 36 13 46 26 28 31 12 21 14 24 20 48 35 23 32 44 37 25 50 45 34 42 3 38 49 40 47 29 8 27 39

Source: U.S. Department of Education

Total For-Profit 235,682 146,311 89,334 72,013 57,796 53,312 45,393 39,365 36,954 29,940 21,956 18,691 15,795 15,541 14,268 11,866 9,400 9,017 8,498 7,275 6,689 6,073 5,161 4,551 3,572 3,423 3,402 2,819 2,671 2,637 2,482 2,119 2,001 1,988 1,269 804 745 742 597 519 475 448 417 317 300 50 28 0 0 0 12,051 1,023,540

TABLE 38

Rank 1 Arizona 2 California 3 Minnesota 4 Florida 5 Illinois 6 West Virginia 7 Colorado 8 New York 9 Texas 10 Virginia 11 Georgia 12 Alabama 13 Ohio 14 Tennessee 15 Connecticut 16 Pennsylvania 17 New Jersey 18 Kentucky 19 Utah 20 Kansas 21 North Carolina 22 Nevada 23 Washington 24 South Carolina 25 Louisiana 26 Missouri 27 Maryland 28 Indiana 29 Iowa 30 Michigan 31 New Mexico 32 Oklahoma 33 Wisconsin 34 Oregon 35 South Dakota 36 Mississippi 37 Idaho 38 Wyoming 39 North Dakota 40 Maine 41 Hawaii 42 Massachusetts 43 Arkansas 44 Alaska 45 Delaware 46 Montana 47 Nebraska 48 New Hampshire 48 Rhode Island 48 Vermont Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Department of Education

TABLE 39

Import/Export Ratio of College-Bound High School Graduates (Fall 2022) Rank 1 Utah 2 Arizona 3 West Virginia 4 New Hampshire 5 Iowa 6 Rhode Island 7 North Dakota 8 Alabama 9 Mississippi 10 Indiana 11 Vermont 12 Arkansas 13 Montana 14 South Carolina 15 South Dakota 16 Kansas 17 Delaware 18 Idaho 19 Oregon 20 Maine 21 Tennessee 22 Pennsylvania 23 Wyoming 24 Oklahoma 25 Ohio 26 Kentucky 27 Wisconsin 28 North Carolina 29 Florida 30 Louisiana 31 Massachusetts 32 Virginia 33 Michigan 34 New York 35 Colorado 36 Missouri 37 Nebraska 38 New Mexico 39 California 40 Connecticut 41 Georgia 42 Hawaii 43 Washington 44 Minnesota 45 Illinois 46 Texas 47 Maryland 48 Nevada 49 New Jersey 50 Alaska Dist. of Columbia United States

Imp/Exp Ratio (<1=Exporter, >1=Importer)

Migration Out of State

Into State

Freshmen in Institutions Inside State

4.56 3,004 13,696 3.83 7,582 29,008 3.67 1,919 7,048 3.65 4,958 18,093 3.10 3,882 12,038 3.05 2,935 8,962 2.81 1,507 4,230 2.72 5,555 15,092 2.54 2,916 7,406 2.51 8,345 20,947 2.43 2,089 5,073 2.23 3,721 8,286 2.08 1,912 3,970 2.07 6,515 13,495 1.99 1,846 3,682 1.84 4,756 8,729 1.64 2,888 4,728 1.63 3,795 6,197 1.57 6,412 10,088 1.56 2,868 4,488 1.56 10,351 16,182 1.55 22,634 35,176 1.55 1,146 1,772 1.52 4,851 7,384 1.52 15,012 22,796 1.49 5,755 8,567 1.47 9,448 13,880 1.46 12,276 17,886 1.45 21,793 31,537 1.39 5,868 8,169 1.32 22,129 29,109 1.22 16,045 19,522 1.21 10,202 12,389 1.19 36,967 44,063 1.09 13,824 15,021 1.06 10,636 11,308 1.06 4,411 4,654 0.91 3,044 2,775 0.88 46,041 40,554 0.82 14,528 11,867 0.80 20,280 16,302 0.68 4,236 2,872 0.59 14,714 8,671 0.53 16,387 8,753 0.51 35,844 18,369 0.51 38,282 19,538 0.51 18,491 9,392 0.33 5,104 1,705 0.20 34,867 6,914 0.15 2,009 292 3.78 2,719 10,283 1.16 574,581 666,574

37,138 73,139 16,077 23,025 33,689 14,865 8,375 47,587 26,928 63,902 6,810 26,108 8,746 46,332 8,820 28,544 9,561 15,626 33,086 11,725 55,768 106,760 4,893 30,817 94,012 37,327 49,451 83,663 153,364 39,133 65,691 78,383 75,002 168,650 44,623 45,212 17,932 15,999 363,439 30,769 81,285 8,620 50,911 39,627 91,456 240,809 41,401 16,244 61,001 2,196 11,044 2,749,449

Rank

Maryland exports more college-bound high school graduates than it imports. In 2022, the state ranked 47th worst in the ratio between imported and exported freshmen students.

27 12 38 35 28 41 47 19 33 14 48 34 45 20 44 32 43 40 29 42 16 5 49 30 6 26 18 8 4 25 13 10 11 3 22 21 36 39 1 31 9 46 17 24 7 2 23 37 15 50

National Assessment of Educational Progress (2022)

Source: U.S. Department of Education

In 2022, Maryland ranked 40th for both fourth grade reading and math scores; 23rd for eighth grade reading scores; 39th for eighth grade math scores.

TABLE 40

4th Grade 8th Grade 4th Grade 8th Grade Reading Reading Math Math Overall Rank Scores Scores Rank Scores Rank Scores Rank 1 Massachusetts 227 269 2 242 2 284 1 2 Florida 225 260 18 241 4 271 31 2 Wyoming 225 261 15 243 1 281 4 4 Colorado 223 263 7 236 20 275 20 4 New Hampshire 223 263 7 239 9 279 9 4 New Jersey 223 270 1 239 9 281 4 7 Utah 221 265 3 240 5 282 2 8 Connecticut 219 264 4 236 20 276 16 8 Hawaii 219 259 23 237 18 270 34 8 Montana 219 261 15 239 9 277 14 8 Nebraska 219 259 23 242 2 279 9 8 Ohio 219 262 9 238 16 276 16 8 Pennsylvania 219 259 23 238 16 274 22 14 Illinois 218 262 9 237 18 275 20 14 Iowa 218 260 18 240 5 277 14 14 North Dakota 218 258 32 240 5 278 13 14 South Dakota 218 262 9 239 9 281 4 18 Indiana 217 261 15 239 9 279 9 18 Kentucky 217 258 32 234 29 269 39 18 Mississippi 217 253 44 234 29 266 44 18 Rhode Island 217 259 23 234 29 270 34 18 Vermont 217 264 4 234 29 276 16 18 Washington 217 262 9 235 26 276 16 18 Wisconsin 217 262 9 240 5 281 4 25 Georgia 216 260 18 235 26 271 31 25 North Carolina 216 256 39 236 20 274 22 25 South Carolina 216 254 43 234 29 269 39 28 Arizona 215 259 23 232 35 271 31 28 Idaho 215 264 4 236 20 282 2 28 Kansas 215 256 39 235 26 272 28 28 Minnesota 215 260 18 239 9 280 8 32 California 214 259 23 230 38 270 34 32 New York 214 262 9 227 46 274 22 32 Tennessee 214 258 32 236 20 272 28 32 Texas 214 255 41 239 9 273 25 32 Virginia 214 260 18 236 20 279 9 37 Alabama 213 251 47 230 38 264 46 37 Maine 213 257 36 233 34 273 25 37 Missouri 213 258 32 232 35 272 28 40 Arkansas 212 255 41 228 44 267 43 40 Louisiana 212 257 36 229 40 266 44 40 Maryland 212 259 23 229 40 269 39 40 Michigan 212 259 23 232 35 273 25 259 23 229 40 269 39 40 Nevada 212 45 Oregon 210 257 36 228 44 270 34 46 Delaware 208 253 44 226 47 264 46 46 Oklahoma 208 251 47 229 40 264 46 48 West Virginia 205 249 49 226 47 260 49 49 Alaska 204 253 44 226 47 270 34 50 New Mexico 202 248 50 221 50 259 50 Dist. of Columbia 207 250 223 260 United States 216 259 235 273

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 41

Estimated Public School Spending Per Pupil (SY 2021-22) Total Spending Rank Dollars 1 New York 29,873 2 New Jersey 25,099 3 Vermont 24,608 4 Connecticut 24,453 5 Massachusetts 21,906 6 New Hampshire 21,605 7 Alaska 20,191 8 Rhode Island 19,962 9 Delaware 19,357 10 Pennsylvania 19,186 11 Illinois 18,927 12 Wyoming 18,529 13 Maine 17,885 14 Maryland 17,753 15 Hawaii 17,420 16 Washington 17,119 17 California 17,049 18 North Dakota 15,843 19 Oregon 15,754 20 Michigan 15,719 21 Ohio 15,583 22 Minnesota 15,441 23 Virginia 15,059 24 Louisiana 14,928 25 Wisconsin 14,505 26 Kansas 14,408 27 Nebraska 14,285 28 West Virginia 13,858 29 Georgia 13,619 30 Montana 13,582 31 Kentucky 13,549 32 Colorado 13,422 33 South Carolina 13,387 34 New Mexico 13,260 35 Iowa 13,259 36 Missouri 12,631 37 Indiana 12,322 38 North Carolina 12,298 39 Arkansas 12,159 40 Alabama 11,819 41 Texas 11,803 42 Nevada 11,677 43 South Dakota 11,564 44 Tennessee 11,317 45 Florida 11,076 46 Mississippi 10,984 47 Oklahoma 10,890 48 Arizona 10,315 49 Idaho 9,670 50 Utah 9,552 Dist. of Columbia 27,425 United States 15,633

Instruction Dollars Rank 20,533 1 15,018 2 14,153 4 14,754 3 13,526 6 13,748 5 10,764 12 11,407 8 10,605 13 11,746 7 11,298 9 10,788 11 10,171 14 11,170 10 10,140 15 9,971 16 9,925 17 9,507 19 8,922 22 8,814 24 9,133 20 9,832 18 8,992 21 7,887 31 8,344 26 8,716 25 8,873 23 8,011 28 8,223 27 8,004 29 7,936 30 7,235 36 7,536 35 7,672 34 7,832 32 7,011 37 6,892 39 7,765 33 6,656 44 6,659 43 6,930 38 6,719 42 6,723 41 6,737 40 6,634 45 6,208 46 5,955 48 5,586 50 5,718 49 6,047 47 13,594 9,348

Support Services Dollars Rank 8,762 4 9,347 2 9,682 1 8,870 3 8,006 8 7,323 9 8,729 5 8,026 7 8,121 6 6,766 13 7,101 12 7,125 10 7,106 11 6,103 20 6,369 16 6,623 14 6,504 15 5,143 26 6,369 17 6,344 18 5,941 21 4,925 32 5,504 24 6,253 19 5,611 23 5,057 28 4,774 37 5,004 30 4,707 38 4,963 31 4,827 36 5,706 22 5,207 25 5,022 29 4,884 34 5,064 27 4,885 33 3,959 47 4,847 35 4,415 40 4,329 41 4,564 39 4,188 44 4,005 46 3,907 48 4,102 45 4,274 42 4,213 43 3,517 49 3,069 50 12,879 5,697

In the 2021–2022 school year, Maryland ranked 14th in the nation for total public school spending per pupil. The state ranked 10th for spending on instruction; 20th for spending on support services.

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Industrial Customers (2022 – 2023) Change from 2022 to 2023 (cents) -0.81 -1.66 -0.32 -0.70 0.18 -0.86 -0.53 -0.45 -0.51 -0.68 -1.77 -0.15 0.25 0.15 -0.42 0.17 -0.62 0.61 0.46 0.50 0.09 0.71 0.42 -0.66 -0.46 0.31 -0.94 0.23 -0.03 0.25 -0.17 -0.37 -0.41 -0.13 0.19 0.93 -0.05 0.23 -0.07 1.86 -0.61 -0.44 1.27 0.62 0.61 0.82 1.55 0.27 1.02 -1.43 3.11 -0.28

In 2023, Maryland had the 12th highest average retail electricity price for industrial customers at 9.94¢ per kWh, despite prices declining slightly by 0.07¢ per kWh compared to the previous year.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Cents/KwH (2022) 6.56 7.54 6.55 6.96 6.17 7.41 7.13 7.13 7.38 7.55 8.65 7.06 6.71 6.84 7.45 6.89 7.72 6.54 6.71 6.74 7.28 6.81 7.21 8.30 8.21 7.49 8.79 7.67 8.04 7.86 8.33 8.57 8.65 8.63 8.49 7.99 9.25 9.16 10.01 8.50 11.88 12.12 11.03 15.07 15.15 17.06 17.09 18.43 17.96 36.71 7.74 8.32

TABLE 42

Rank 1 New Mexico 2 Louisiana 3 Tennessee 4 Oklahoma 5 Washington 6 Kentucky 7 Texas 8 South Carolina 9 Arkansas 9 New York 11 Georgia 12 Iowa 13 Mississippi 14 Utah 15 Ohio 16 Wyoming 17 Alabama 18 North Carolina 19 Idaho 20 West Virginia 21 North Dakota 22 Oregon 23 Nebraska 24 Kansas 25 Pennsylvania 26 Montana 27 Delaware 28 Missouri 29 South Dakota 30 Arizona 31 Michigan 32 Illinois 33 Indiana 34 Colorado 35 Wisconsin 36 Virginia 37 Minnesota 38 Florida 39 Maryland 40 Nevada 41 Vermont 42 New Jersey 43 Maine 44 Connecticut 45 New Hampshire 46 Massachusetts 47 California 48 Alaska 49 Rhode Island 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2023) 5.75 5.88 6.23 6.26 6.35 6.55 6.60 6.68 6.87 6.87 6.88 6.91 6.96 6.99 7.03 7.06 7.10 7.15 7.17 7.24 7.37 7.52 7.63 7.64 7.75 7.80 7.85 7.90 8.01 8.11 8.16 8.20 8.24 8.50 8.68 8.92 9.20 9.39 9.94 10.36 11.27 11.68 12.30 15.69 15.76 17.88 18.64 18.70 18.98 35.28 10.85 8.04

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

TABLE 43

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Commercial Customers (2022 – 2023) Rank 1 North Dakota 2 Utah 3 Nebraska 4 Idaho 5 Texas 6 Wyoming 7 Virginia 8 Oklahoma 9 North Carolina 10 Oregon 10 Washington 12 Missouri 13 South Dakota 14 Iowa 15 Arkansas 16 South Carolina 17 Louisiana 18 New Mexico 19 Georgia 20 Ohio 21 Kansas 22 West Virginia 23 Illinois 24 Pennsylvania 25 Kentucky 26 Colorado 27 Arizona 28 Tennessee 29 Delaware 30 Nevada 31 Florida 32 Montana 33 Mississippi 34 Minnesota 35 Indiana 36 Wisconsin 37 Maryland 38 Alabama 39 Michigan 40 New Jersey 41 Rhode Island 42 Maine 43 Vermont 44 New York 45 Massachusetts 46 Connecticut 47 New Hampshire 48 Alaska 49 California 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2023) 7.38 8.51 8.76 8.78 8.82 8.94 8.95 9.34 9.67 9.92 9.92 10.14 10.16 10.33 10.34 10.39 10.45 10.68 10.70 10.75 10.85 11.03 11.24 11.26 11.38 11.64 11.79 11.80 11.83 11.91 11.95 12.11 12.37 12.39 12.55 12.76 12.77 13.16 13.40 14.00 17.68 17.88 18.00 18.01 19.62 19.99 20.40 20.87 23.91 39.03 16.94 12.59

Cents/KwH (2022) 8.45 8.39 8.82 8.27 9.05 9.55 9.66 10.34 8.75 9.35 9.49 9.55 10.21 10.55 10.26 10.86 11.93 11.07 12.10 10.39 11.51 10.42 11.32 10.73 11.78 11.58 10.80 12.02 10.98 10.14 11.19 10.68 11.76 12.30 12.86 11.85 12.65 13.16 12.55 13.75 16.23 15.40 17.29 18.19 18.67 18.54 18.69 20.06 21.81 40.18 15.60 12.41

Change from 2022 to 2023 (cents) -1.07 0.12 -0.06 0.51 -0.23 -0.61 -0.71 -1.00 0.92 0.57 0.43 0.59 -0.05 -0.22 0.08 -0.47 -1.48 -0.39 -1.40 0.36 -0.66 0.61 -0.08 0.53 -0.40 0.06 0.99 -0.22 0.85 1.77 0.76 1.43 0.61 0.09 -0.31 0.91 0.12 0.00 0.85 0.25 1.45 2.48 0.71 -0.18 0.95 1.45 1.71 0.81 2.10 -1.15 1.34 0.18

In 2023, Maryland had the 14th highest average retail electricity price for commercial customers at 12.77¢ per kWh, an increase of 0.12¢ per kWh from the previous year.

Average Retail Price Per KwH for Residential Customers (2022 – 2023) Change from 2022 to 2023 (cents) 0.72 0.09 0.68 0.41 0.36 0.37 -1.38 -0.36 -0.06 0.20 0.23 1.21 0.84 -0.26 1.31 1.31 0.82 0.16 -0.61 0.09 -0.11 0.01 1.00 0.82 0.92 0.11 0.70 0.38 0.48 0.35 1.31 1.53 0.06 2.02 2.14 2.89 1.26 0.96 2.16 0.98 0.89 0.16 0.80 3.81 4.98 2.69 3.67 3.64 5.27 -0.64 2.27 0.96

In 2023, Maryland had the 16th highest average retail electricity price for residential customers at 16.60¢ per KwH, an increase of 2.14¢ per KwH from the previous year.

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Cents/KwH (2022) 10.26 10.92 10.37 10.79 10.84 11.09 12.93 12.44 12.25 12.05 12.09 11.33 11.74 12.91 11.42 11.62 12.41 13.15 13.99 13.59 13.80 13.84 13.02 13.23 13.34 14.19 13.76 14.25 14.25 14.59 13.90 13.85 15.65 13.71 14.46 13.78 15.62 16.74 15.94 17.86 19.93 22.08 23.10 23.21 22.44 25.46 25.84 25.97 24.61 43.03 14.18 15.04

TABLE 44

Rank 1 Washington 2 North Dakota 3 Idaho 4 Nebraska 4 Utah 6 Wyoming 7 Louisiana 8 Oklahoma 9 Tennessee 10 Arkansas 11 South Dakota 12 Montana 13 Missouri 14 Kentucky 15 Oregon 16 North Carolina 17 Mississippi 18 Iowa 19 Kansas 20 South Carolina 21 Georgia 22 New Mexico 23 Arizona 24 West Virginia 25 Virginia 26 Colorado 27 Texas 28 Alabama 29 Minnesota 30 Indiana 31 Florida 32 Ohio 33 Illinois 34 Delaware 35 Maryland 36 Nevada 37 Wisconsin 38 New Jersey 39 Pennsylvania 40 Michigan 41 Vermont 42 New York 43 Alaska 44 Rhode Island 45 Maine 46 New Hampshire 47 California 48 Massachusetts 49 Connecticut 50 Hawaii Dist. of Columbia United States

Cents/KwH (2023) 10.98 11.01 11.05 11.20 11.20 11.46 11.55 12.08 12.19 12.25 12.32 12.54 12.58 12.65 12.73 12.93 13.23 13.31 13.38 13.68 13.69 13.85 14.02 14.05 14.26 14.30 14.46 14.63 14.73 14.94 15.21 15.38 15.71 15.73 16.60 16.67 16.88 17.70 18.10 18.84 20.82 22.24 23.90 27.02 27.42 28.15 29.51 29.61 29.88 42.39 16.45 16.00

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

TABLE 45A

Generation of Energy Resources (2023) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia United States

% Coal 13.8% 10.9% 10.8% 26.7% 0.1% 32.7% 0.0% -0.1% 4.5% 13.0% 0.0% 0.0% 15.3% 45.5% 23.5% 27.9% 68.7% 4.9% 0.3% 4.7% 0.0% 19.5% 22.3% 5.5% 60.5% 43.0% 45.4% 4.9% 1.0% 0.0% 18.8% 0.0% 11.2% 53.5% 23.6% 5.8% 0.0% 5.4% 0.0% 15.0% 9.0% 20.3% 13.1% 46.6% 0.0% 1.6% 4.0% 85.7% 33.7% 71.4% 0.0% 16.1%

Rank 22 26 27 13 40 11 41 50 35 24 41 41 20 7 15 12 3 32 39 34 41 18 16 30 4 9 8 33 38 41 19 41 25 5 14 29 41 31 41 21 28 17 23 6 41 37 36 1 10 2

% Gases Rank % Nuclear 44.4% 20 32.7% 47.4% 15 0.0% 47.2% 16 28.2% 41.9% 23 23.7% 43.6% 21 8.2% 29.9% 32 0.0% 61.4% 7 33.6% 91.8% 1 0.0% 75.9% 4 11.5% 46.5% 18 28.9% 0.0% 50 0.0% 31.9% 30 0.0% 16.0% 39 54.9% 38.7% 26 0.0% 14.7% 40 0.0% 7.5% 43 17.6% 23.9% 35 0.0% 76.1% 3 12.5% 31.8% 31 0.0% 42.6% 22 41.6% 75.0% 6 0.0% 44.8% 19 23.2% 24.1% 34 20.8% 75.6% 5 16.1% 13.9% 41 13.8% 3.7% 47 0.0% 3.6% 48 17.6% 58.3% 10 0.0% 25.1% 33 56.7% 51.5% 13 44.1% 36.2% 28 0.0% 47.1% 17 22.2% 40.9% 25 33.5% 6.7% 45 0.0% 59.1% 8 12.2% 50.7% 14 0.0% 37.9% 27 0.0% 59.0% 9 31.9% 91.6% 2 0.0% 23.5% 36 55.2% 12.1% 42 0.0% 19.3% 37 48.8% 51.6% 12 7.4% 35.3% 29 0.0% 0.1% 49 0.0% 55.6% 11 32.6% 18.8% 38 8.2% 7.0% 44 0.0% 41.0% 24 15.5% 4.9% 46 0.0% 51.9% 0.0% 38.7% 18.5%

Rank 9 29 13 14 27 29 7 29 25 12 29 29 3 29 29 18 29 23 29 6 29 15 17 20 22 29 19 29 1 5 29 16 8 29 24 29 29 11 29 2 29 4 28 29 29 10 26 29 21 29

In 2023, Maryland generated 4.7% of energy from coal, ranking 34th in the nation, and dropping from 12.5% in 2022. The state generated 42.6% of its energy from natural gas, 41.6% from nuclear sources, 10.0% from renewable resources, 0.2% from petroleum and 0.9% from pumped storage/other sources.

Generation of Energy Resources, cont. (2023)

Source: U.S. Department of Energy

Rank 38 45 31 26 23 32 7 1 9 48 6 18 22 2 40 35 29 4 5 10 3 14 15 36 46 11 39 42 19 12 44 17 25 28 13 43 33 24 41 47 36 49 16 20 30 50 21 34 27 8

TABLE 45B

% Pumped % Storage Renewable % State Sources Rank Petroleum Rank and Other Alabama 9.2% 37 0.0% 44 0.0% Alaska 28.6% 19 13.2% 2 -0.1% Arizona 13.7% 27 0.0% 39 0.1% Arkansas 7.5% 39 0.1% 34 0.2% California 47.9% 9 0.0% 38 0.2% Colorado 37.3% 14 0.1% 33 0.1% Connecticut 3.7% 46 0.3% 13 1.1% Delaware 4.7% 44 0.0% 50 3.6% Florida 6.7% 42 0.5% 9 0.9% Georgia 11.9% 31 0.2% 16 -0.4% Hawaii 20.2% 23 77.9% 1 1.9% Idaho 67.7% 4 0.0% 48 0.4% Illinois 13.5% 28 0.0% 45 0.3% Indiana 12.7% 29 0.1% 23 3.1% Iowa 61.7% 7 0.1% 30 0.0% Kansas 46.9% 10 0.1% 26 0.0% Kentucky 7.2% 40 0.1% 27 0.1% Louisiana 3.1% 49 1.1% 5 2.4% Maine 65.1% 5 0.5% 7 2.2% Maryland 10.0% 35 0.2% 17 0.9% Massachusetts 21.7% 22 0.5% 8 2.8% Michigan 10.8% 34 1.1% 4 0.6% Minnesota 32.1% 17 0.1% 29 0.5% Mississippi 2.7% 50 0.0% 46 0.0% Missouri 11.7% 32 0.2% 15 -0.1% Montana 50.6% 8 1.8% 3 0.9% Nebraska 33.4% 16 0.1% 31 0.0% Nevada 36.8% 15 0.0% 43 0.0% New Hampshire 16.6% 25 0.4% 10 0.3% New Jersey 3.5% 47 0.1% 36 0.9% New Mexico 45.0% 11 0.0% 47 0.0% New York 29.9% 18 0.3% 11 0.5% North Carolina 14.1% 26 0.1% 35 0.2% North Dakota 39.4% 13 0.1% 22 0.1% Ohio 3.8% 45 0.8% 6 0.6% Oklahoma 43.5% 12 0.0% 41 0.0% Oregon 62.1% 6 0.0% 49 0.0% Pennsylvania 3.4% 48 0.0% 42 0.2% Rhode Island 8.1% 38 0.3% 14 0.0% South Carolina 6.6% 43 0.1% 28 -0.4% South Dakota 78.8% 2 0.1% 20 0.0% Tennessee 12.2% 30 0.1% 21 -0.7% Texas 27.4% 20 0.0% 37 0.5% Utah 17.7% 24 0.1% 32 0.3% Vermont 99.7% 1 0.1% 24 0.1% Virginia 11.2% 33 0.1% 18 -1.1% Washington 68.6% 3 0.0% 40 0.3% West Virginia 6.9% 41 0.3% 12 0.0% Wisconsin 9.5% 36 0.1% 19 0.2% Wyoming 22.5% 21 0.1% 25 1.0% Dist. of Columbia 48.1% 0.0% 0.0% United States 21.4% 0.4% 0.4%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 46A

Metropolitan Commuting (2023) Rank 1 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ 2 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 3 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 4 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 5 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 6 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH 7 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN 8 Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX 9 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 10 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 11 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 12 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 13 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 13 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 15 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 16 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 17 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 18 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 18 Birmingham, AL 20 Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA 21 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 22 Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO 22 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 24 Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX 25 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 26 Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ 27 Raleigh-Cary, NC 28 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 29 Jacksonville, FL 30 Las Vegas-Henderson-North Las Vegas, NV 31 Pittsburgh, PA 32 San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA 33 Richmond, VA 34 Indianapolis-Carmel-Greenwood, IN 35 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 36 Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC 37 St. Louis, MO-IL 38 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 39 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 40 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 41 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 41 Columbus, OH 41 Oklahoma City, OK 44 Cleveland, OH 45 Salt Lake City-Murray, UT 46 Fresno, CA 47 Kansas City, MO-KS 48 Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI 49 Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY 50 Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Kentwood, MI

Average Commute Time 36.0 33.2 32.7 31.7 31.6 31.1 30.7 30.5 30.3 29.7 29.5 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.2 28.4 28.3 27.6 27.6 27.5 27.4 27.3 27.3 27.2 26.8 26.7 26.6 26.4 26.3 26.0 25.9 25.7 25.5 25.4 25.2 25.1 24.9 24.7 24.5 24.2 23.8 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.3 22.8 21.8 21.7

In 2023, Maryland’s metro areas continued to rank among those with the longest commute times in the country. The Washington Metro area ranked 3rd, the Baltimore Metro area ranked 10th and the Philadelphia Metro area ranked 13th.

Metropolitan Commuting, cont. (2023) % Carpool 6.3% 11.8% 8.3% 9.2% 8.9% 6.8% 8.4% 10.8% 9.7% 7.3% 9.7% 9.2% 7.6% 10.0% 8.3% 10.2% 7.5% 10.4% 8.0% 9.2% 11.4% 7.5% 8.0% 7.5% 8.2% 10.2% 6.5% 8.0% 9.0% 11.4% 7.0% 8.2% 7.1% 8.1% 7.9% 9.6% 7.0% 9.6% 8.9% 8.3% 7.6% 7.6% 9.7% 8.0% 10.6% 12.2% 7.4% 7.5% 8.8% 7.5%

Rank 50 2 24 16 20 48 23 5 11 44 11 16 35 10 24 8 38 7 30 16 3 38 30 38 27 8 49 30 19 3 46 27 45 29 34 14 46 14 20 24 35 35 11 30 6 1 43 38 22 38

% Public Transit Use 26.6% 0.7% 8.2% 10.1% 1.5% 9.3% 8.5% 1.4% 3.3% 3.4% 2.8% 1.0% 6.4% 1.0% 5.7% 0.7% 0.7% 2.8% 0.3% 1.1% 1.3% 2.3% 0.9% 0.9% 2.0% 1.2% 0.6% 0.9% 0.5% 2.4% 3.6% 2.1% 0.9% 0.7% 3.0% 0.8% 1.2% 0.4% 1.0% 1.2% 2.0% 1.3% 0.3% 2.0% 1.9% 1.0% 0.6% 2.2% 2.5% 1.2%

Rank 1 41 5 2 23 3 4 24 10 9 12 32 6 32 7 41 41 12 49 31 25 16 36 36 19 27 45 36 47 15 8 18 36 41 11 40 27 48 32 27 19 25 49 19 22 32 45 17 14 27

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Rank 50 15 48 49 32 47 44 18 32 26 27 35 42 28 46 23 19 37 2 35 25 41 34 43 8 39 39 7 29 22 23 30 20 10 45 8 5 1 6 12 31 21 3 13 38 15 10 17 14 4

TABLE 46B

% Single Occ. Vehicle Use 45.2% 73.1% 56.0% 52.3% 67.1% 58.3% 62.4% 72.0% 67.1% 68.7% 68.5% 66.4% 63.5% 68.0% 60.4% 69.8% 71.8% 65.9% 78.2% 66.4% 69.5% 63.8% 66.7% 63.1% 73.9% 65.5% 65.5% 74.7% 67.8% 70.1% 69.8% 67.7% 71.7% 73.8% 62.1% 73.9% 75.1% 78.5% 74.8% 73.7% 67.4% 71.2% 76.9% 73.5% 65.6% 73.1% 73.8% 72.5% 73.3% 76.0%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 47A

Percentage of Workers Who Worked From Home (2023) Rank 1 Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX 2 Raleigh-Cary, NC 3 Denver-Aurora-Centennial, CO 4 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 5 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 6 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 7 San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont, CA 8 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 9 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 10 Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ 11 Jacksonville, FL 12 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 12 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 14 Salt Lake City-Murray, UT 15 Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA 16 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH 17 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 18 Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN 19 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 20 Columbus, OH 21 Richmond, VA 22 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 23 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 24 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 25 San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA 26 Kansas City, MO-KS 27 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN 28 Pittsburgh, PA 29 Indianapolis-Carmel-Greenwood, IN 29 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 31 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 32 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 33 Milwaukee-Waukesha, WI 34 St. Louis, MO-IL 35 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 36 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ 37 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 38 Cleveland, OH 39 Houston-Pasadena-The Woodlands, TX 40 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 41 Grand Rapids-Wyoming-Kentwood, MI 42 Las Vegas-Henderson-North Las Vegas, NV 43 Virginia Beach-Chesapeake-Norfolk, VA-NC 44 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 45 Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY 46 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 47 Birmingham, AL 48 Oklahoma City, OK 49 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 50 Fresno, CA

Percentage of Workers Who Worked From Home, cont. (2023) Rank 4 5 7 3 11 7 1 6 23 14 32 12 10 18 15 9 30 27 13 16 16 26 20 2 21 28 22 25 34 23 38 37 32 31 29 19 35 36 40 41 43 47 44 46 42 38 45 48 49 50

2019 10.5% 10.2% 9.1% 6.3% 8.0% 8.0% 7.2% 6.5% 8.6% 7.9% 7.5% 8.8% 6.5% 6.5% 7.8% 5.6% 7.0% 7.8% 5.9% 5.4% 5.8% 6.6% 5.5% 4.8% 7.5% 6.4% 5.7% 5.8% 5.7% 6.3% 4.8% 6.3% 4.7% 5.1% 4.4% 4.8% 5.4% 4.8% 5.1% 5.1% 4.8% 4.7% 4.5% 5.9% 3.5% 4.0% 4.0% 4.4% 3.6% 5.4%

Rank 1 2 3 20 6 6 13 16 5 8 11 4 16 16 9 29 14 9 23 31 25 15 30 37 11 19 27 25 27 20 37 20 42 34 45 37 31 37 34 34 37 42 44 23 50 47 47 45 49 31

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

2021 32.2% 31.0% 27.5% 33.1% 25.3% 27.5% 35.1% 30.6% 21.2% 23.4% 17.9% 24.2% 26.0% 22.9% 23.3% 26.9% 19.0% 20.6% 23.6% 23.0% 23.0% 20.7% 22.2% 34.8% 22.1% 20.0% 21.5% 21.1% 17.7% 21.2% 15.8% 16.1% 17.9% 18.7% 19.8% 22.8% 17.1% 16.5% 15.5% 15.4% 13.9% 13.3% 13.8% 13.6% 14.3% 15.8% 13.7% 12.3% 11.7% 11.2%

TABLE 47B

2023 24.9% 24.5% 22.3% 21.9% 21.5% 21.2% 20.5% 20.3% 19.5% 19.4% 19.3% 19.1% 19.1% 18.5% 18.3% 17.7% 17.5% 17.4% 16.9% 16.8% 16.6% 16.5% 16.3% 16.2% 16.0% 15.7% 15.5% 15.4% 15.0% 15.0% 14.8% 14.6% 14.5% 13.9% 13.8% 13.5% 13.2% 12.8% 12.6% 12.4% 12.1% 12.0% 11.8% 11.4% 10.9% 10.8% 10.7% 10.1% 9.3% 9.2%

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation

TABLE 48

Airport On-Time Performance (Sept 2023 – Aug 2024) Rank 1 Salt Lake City, UT (SLC) 2 Washington, DC (IAD) 3 Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN (MSP) 4 Detroit, MI (DTW) 5 Los Angeles, CA (LAX) 6 Atlanta, GA (ATL) 7 Seattle, WA (SEA) 8 Washington, DC (DCA) 9 New York, NY (LGA) 10 Phoenix, AZ (PHX) 11 Philadelphia, PA (PHL) 12 San Diego, CA (SAN) 13 Nashville, TN (BNA) 14 Boston, MA (BOS) 15 Newark, NJ (EWR) 16 Tampa, FL (TPA) 17 Chicago, IL (ORD) 18 New York, NY (JFK) 19 Austin, TX (AUS) 20 San Francisco, CA (SFO) 21 Charlotte, NC (CLT) 22 Houston, TX (IAH) 23 Denver, CO (DEN) 24 Las Vegas, NV (LAS) 25 Chicago, IL (MDW) 26 Orlando, FL (MCO) 27 Dallas/Fort Worth, TX (DFW) 28 Miami, FL (MIA) 29 Fort Lauderdale, FL (FLL) 30 Baltimore, MD (BWI)

Departure Arrival On-Time % On-Time % 83.4 84.4 82.9 83.0 81.7 81.3 81.6 81.6 80.8 79.4 80.5 82.9 80.0 80.4 79.5 78.1 79.3 78.1 79.1 79.6 79.0 77.5 78.8 77.0 78.4 79.3 77.9 75.2 77.8 78.2 77.5 74.6 77.4 78.5 76.8 75.5 75.8 75.3 75.7 68.7 75.5 78.6 75.4 78.4 74.8 79.5 74.8 76.4 73.6 79.2 73.2 74.0 71.8 74.2 70.9 74.2 69.4 72.7 69.3 78.8

Rank 1 2 5 4 9 3 6 17 18 7 19 20 10 24 16 25 14 22 23 30 13 15 8 21 11 28 26 27 29 12

In 2023-2024, Maryland ranked last (30th) for departure on-time percentage, down from 19th in the previous year. However, the state improved to 12th for arrival on-time percentage, up from 15th.

State Expenditures on Roadways (2021) Rank 1 6 2 3 9 4 5 8 10 7 13 14 12 11 17 15 35 25 22 18 16 19 21 23 20 33 24 32 31 28 36 30 27 26 29 38 34 39 40 43 48 42 37 41 44 47 45 49 46 50

Maint.

Per Capita $296 $607 $179 $257 $314 $103 $49 $189 $177 $114 $129 $128 $103 $65 $82 $68 $222 $160 $109 $72 $48 $78 $81 $114 $65 $134 $66 $106 $105 $79 $118 $85 $46 $33 $42 $95 $50 $81 $74 $90 $135 $62 $45 $54 $60 $82 $64 $62 $33 $21 $284 $88

In 2021, Maryland ranked 38th for total per capita investment in roadways, 39th for capital investment per capita and 27th for maintenance investment per capita, reflecting relatively low spending compared to other states.

Rank 3 1 7 4 2 21 43 6 8 16 12 13 20 36 26 33 5 9 17 32 44 30 28 15 35 11 34 18 19 29 14 24 45 48 47 22 42 27 31 23 10 39 46 41 40 25 37 38 49 50

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation

Capital Per Capita $956 $497 $765 $666 $452 $655 $600 $456 $420 $463 $412 $404 $417 $417 $387 $400 $239 $293 $341 $378 $392 $350 $344 $309 $348 $250 $306 $258 $259 $284 $235 $261 $287 $292 $278 $212 $247 $210 $210 $194 $142 $206 $217 $206 $185 $148 $166 $141 $155 $134 $582 $270

TABLE 49

Rank 1 Alaska 2 Delaware 3 Wyoming 4 West Virginia 5 Maine 6 South Dakota 7 North Dakota 8 Vermont 9 Oklahoma 10 Arkansas 11 Montana 12 Kentucky 13 North Carolina 14 Idaho 15 Utah 16 Kansas 17 Virginia 18 Indiana 19 Rhode Island 20 Iowa 21 Michigan 22 Nebraska 23 Texas 24 South Carolina 25 Illinois 26 Pennsylvania 27 Florida 28 Louisiana 29 Colorado 30 Connecticut 31 Oregon 32 Washington 33 New Mexico 34 Alabama 35 Mississippi 36 Minnesota 37 Wisconsin 38 Maryland 39 New York 40 Missouri 41 Massachusetts 42 Tennessee 43 New Jersey 44 Nevada 45 Georgia 46 New Hampshire 47 Ohio 48 California 49 Hawaii 50 Arizona Dist. of Columbia United States

Total Per Capita $1,253 $1,104 $944 $923 $766 $758 $649 $645 $597 $576 $541 $532 $519 $482 $469 $468 $461 $453 $450 $450 $440 $428 $425 $423 $414 $384 $371 $365 $365 $363 $353 $346 $333 $325 $320 $307 $297 $291 $284 $284 $276 $268 $261 $260 $244 $230 $230 $203 $187 $155 $867 $357

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce: Bureau of Economic Analysis

TABLE 50

Health Care Expenditures Per Capita (2023) Total Per Rank Capita 1 Alaska $14,525 2 New York $14,359 3 Massachusetts $13,960 4 North Dakota $13,350 5 Delaware $13,218 6 South Dakota $13,211 7 West Virginia $13,169 8 Connecticut $13,034 9 New Jersey $12,809 10 Indiana $12,501 11 Vermont $12,417 12 California $12,363 13 Maine $12,305 14 Pennsylvania $12,224 15 New Hampshire $12,202 16 Louisiana $11,940 17 Kentucky $11,770 18 Minnesota $11,572 19 Nebraska $11,475 20 Missouri $11,468 21 Ohio $11,452 22 Illinois $11,399 23 Rhode Island $11,385 24 Wisconsin $11,244 25 Maryland $11,176 26 Hawaii $11,118 27 Florida $10,960 28 Washington $10,739 29 Montana $10,698 30 Wyoming $10,697 31 Oregon $10,631 32 Tennessee $10,507 33 Virginia $10,478 34 Colorado $10,465 35 Michigan $10,408 36 North Carolina $10,405 37 Kansas $10,396 38 Oklahoma $10,192 39 Georgia $10,143 40 Arizona $10,068 41 Iowa $10,019 42 Arkansas $9,896 43 Mississippi $9,878 44 Alabama $9,770 45 New Mexico $9,687 46 Texas $9,544 47 South Carolina $9,508 48 Nevada $9,255 49 Idaho $8,947 50 Utah $8,654 Dist. of Columbia $15,586 United States $11,320

Total (billions) $9.9 $22.9 $38.6 $24.8 $6.3 $15.4 $21.3 $17.8 $181.8 $51.3 $35.7 $10.5 $51.7 $53.1 $63.7 $103.1 $17.5 $9.2 $51.4 $35.5 $44.9 $12.8 $22.8 $35.3 $40.1 $33.5 $64.5 $204.0 $105.2 $21.0 $65.7 $79.2 $13.3 $199.2 $9.6 $77.9 $82.7 $30.7 $364.3 $8.2 $116.0 $73.2 $4.9 $8.7 $50.3 $52.9 $80.0 $11.8 $12.9 $21.1 $8.2 $2,776.7

Total as % of Personal Income 20.3% 17.4% 15.4% 18.5% 19.8% 18.2% 24.9% 14.5% 15.6% 20.4% 18.6% 15.2% 18.9% 17.7% 15.5% 20.3% 21.3% 15.9% 16.1% 18.3% 18.6% 15.8% 16.9% 17.3% 14.8% 16.8% 16.0% 13.3% 16.5% 13.0% 15.7% 16.9% 14.2% 13.1% 17.0% 16.8% 15.7% 16.8% 16.9% 16.1% 16.0% 17.2% 19.9% 18.0% 17.5% 14.4% 16.6% 14.0% 15.1% 13.5% 14.6% 16.2%

Rank 5 17 39 11 7 13 1 43 37 3 10 40 8 15 38 4 2 33 30 12 9 34 23 18 42 26 32 48 28 50 36 22 45 49 20 25 35 24 21 29 31 19 6 14 16 44 27 46 41 47

In 2023, Maryland ranked 25th for healthcare spending, up from 31st in 2022. Total per capita spending was $11,176, an increase of $3,010 from 2022. The state ranked 42nd for healthcare spending as share of personal income.

Percentage Without Health Insurance

by State by Age (2023) Age 65+ Rank 0.7% 30 0.5% 16 0.2% 1 0.3% 5 0.4% 6 0.4% 6 0.8% 33 0.2% 1 0.8% 33 0.4% 6 0.4% 6 0.5% 16 0.6% 22 0.4% 6 0.8% 33 0.4% 6 0.2% 1 0.6% 22 0.5% 16 0.8% 33 0.8% 33 0.7% 30 1.1% 45 0.9% 41 0.8% 33 0.6% 22 0.4% 6 0.6% 22 1.2% 47 0.4% 6 0.6% 22 0.5% 16 0.8% 33 0.4% 6 0.4% 6 0.6% 22 0.5% 16 0.9% 41 0.5% 16 0.8% 33 0.6% 22 0.9% 41 0.6% 22 1.3% 48 1.0% 44 0.2% 1 1.5% 49 1.1% 45 0.7% 30 1.9% 50 0.7% 0.8%

In 2023, 6.3% of Marylanders did not have health insurance, a slight increase from 6.1% in 2022.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Age 19-64 Rank 3.5% 1 4.4% 2 5.0% 3 5.7% 4 6.4% 7 6.1% 5 6.1% 5 6.7% 9 6.8% 10 6.6% 8 7.1% 11 7.7% 13 7.1% 11 8.0% 14 8.1% 15 8.6% 18 9.1% 24 8.8% 20 8.4% 16 8.8% 20 8.5% 17 8.9% 22 9.0% 23 8.7% 19 9.3% 27 9.2% 26 9.1% 24 10.0% 28 10.2% 30 10.6% 31 10.1% 29 11.3% 32 11.9% 33 11.9% 33 12.9% 37 12.4% 35 12.4% 35 13.3% 39 13.2% 38 13.3% 39 13.3% 39 13.5% 42 15.2% 45 14.1% 43 15.5% 46 15.6% 47 14.6% 44 16.1% 48 16.1% 48 21.7% 50 3.5% 11%

TABLE 51

Age Rank Overall <19 Rank 1 Massachusetts 2.6% 1.5% 1 2 Hawaii 3.2% 3.0% 4 3 Vermont 3.4% 2.1% 2 4 Minnesota 4.2% 3.4% 12 5 Michigan 4.5% 3.0% 4 5 North Dakota 4.5% 3.6% 17 5 Rhode Island 4.5% 3.3% 10 8 New Hampshire 4.7% 3.4% 12 9 New York 4.8% 2.8% 3 10 Wisconsin 4.9% 4.1% 20 11 Iowa 5.0% 3.4% 12 12 Kentucky 5.4% 3.4% 12 12 Pennsylvania 5.4% 5.2% 29 14 Oregon 5.5% 3.0% 4 15 Connecticut 5.7% 3.4% 12 16 Maine 5.9% 4.2% 23 16 West Virginia 5.9% 3.0% 4 18 Nebraska 6.1% 3.7% 18 18 Ohio 6.1% 4.9% 28 20 Illinois 6.2% 3.2% 8 21 Maryland 6.3% 4.7% 26 21 Washington 6.3% 3.3% 10 23 California 6.4% 3.2% 8 23 Virginia 6.4% 4.6% 25 25 Delaware 6.5% 4.8% 27 26 Colorado 6.7% 4.1% 20 27 Indiana 6.9% 5.9% 34 27 Louisiana 6.9% 4.3% 24 29 New Jersey 7.2% 4.1% 20 30 Missouri 7.5% 5.4% 31 31 Utah 8.0% 6.6% 39 32 South Dakota 8.3% 7.0% 44 33 Kansas 8.4% 5.6% 32 33 Montana 8.4% 6.8% 42 35 Alabama 8.5% 3.9% 19 36 Arkansas 8.9% 6.7% 41 36 Idaho 8.9% 6.6% 39 38 New Mexico 9.1% 5.9% 34 38 South Carolina 9.1% 6.1% 37 40 North Carolina 9.2% 5.2% 29 41 Tennessee 9.3% 5.6% 32 42 Arizona 9.9% 8.6% 49 43 Mississippi 10.3% 6.0% 36 10.4% 6.9% 43 44 Alaska 45 Florida 10.7% 7.5% 46 45 Wyoming 10.7% 7.2% 45 47 Nevada 10.8% 7.9% 48 48 Georgia 11.4% 6.4% 38 48 Oklahoma 11.4% 7.5% 46 50 Texas 16.4% 11.9% 50 Dist. of Columbia 2.7% 1.3% United States 5.4%

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

TABLE 52

Percent of Privately Insured Persons with Employment-Based Insurance (2023) Rank 1 New Jersey 2 West Virginia 3 Michigan 4 Illinois 5 Ohio 6 Connecticut 7 Massachusetts 8 Delaware 9 Maryland 10 Indiana 11 New York 12 Kentucky 13 Washington 14 Nevada 15 California 16 Missouri 17 Wisconsin 18 Pennsylvania 19 Utah 20 Rhode Island 21 New Hampshire 22 Louisiana 23 Minnesota 24 Alaska 25 Hawaii 26 Arizona 27 Oregon 28 Colorado 29 Texas 30 Iowa 31 Vermont 32 Alabama 33 Georgia 34 New Mexico 35 Virginia 36 Oklahoma 37 Tennessee 38 Nebraska 39 Kansas 40 Maine 41 Arkansas 42 Idaho 43 North Dakota 44 North Carolina 45 South Carolina 46 Mississippi 47 Wyoming 48 South Dakota 49 Montana 50 Florida Dist. of Columbia United States

2023 85.9% 85.5% 85.5% 85.4% 85.3% 85.1% 85.1% 84.7% 84.6% 84.3% 84.2% 84.2% 83.2% 83.0% 83.0% 82.7% 82.5% 82.5% 82.4% 82.3% 82.1% 82.1% 82.1% 81.9% 81.8% 81.7% 81.6% 81.4% 81.3% 81.1% 80.4% 80.0% 80.0% 79.9% 79.9% 79.6% 79.5% 79.4% 79.3% 79.2% 78.6% 78.3% 78.3% 78.0% 76.8% 76.2% 76.2% 76.1% 74.3% 71.2% 87.8% 81.6%

2022 85.9% 85.7% 85.0% 84.9% 85.2% 85.4% 85.0% 83.8% 84.7% 84.0% 84.1% 84.2% 82.7% 82.4% 82.3% 82.1% 82.7% 82.7% 82.1% 80.1% 82.1% 81.5% 81.6% 83.3% 81.7% 80.2% 81.1% 81.4% 81.7% 81.1% 79.2% 80.0% 80.9% 80.5% 80.9% 79.0% 79.4% 78.6% 78.9% 78.6% 78.5% 77.6% 77.7% 77.6% 77.9% 76.9% 76.8% 75.7% 73.8% 71.5% 85.8% 81.5%

Change 0.0% -0.2% 0.4% 0.5% 0.1% -0.3% 0.1% 0.9% -0.1% 0.3% 0.1% 0.0% 0.4% 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% -0.2% -0.3% 0.3% 2.2% 0.1% 0.6% 0.4% -1.4% 0.1% 1.4% 0.5% 0.1% -0.5% 0.0% 1.2% -0.1% -0.9% -0.6% -1.0% 0.7% 0.1% 0.8% 0.3% 0.7% 0.1% 0.7% 0.6% 0.3% -1.1% -0.6% -0.6% 0.3% 0.6% -0.3% 2.0% 0.1%

Rank 34 38 17 16 28 42 32 4 37 24 25 35 18 12 9 10 39 40 23 1 29 11 19 50 27 2 15 30 43 33 3 36 47 44 48 7 31 5 20 8 26 6 14 21 49 45 46 22 13 41

In 2023, 84.6% of Marylanders with private health insurance received coverage through an employer.

State and Local Government Health and Hospital Spending (2022) Total Total % of (millions) Personal Income $2,087 4.7% $11,744 4.1% $4,693 4.2% $10,627 4.1% $15,623 2.7% $76,926 2.6% $5,725 3.1% $6,182 3.1% $5,288 3.8% $19,133 3.0% $6,986 2.6% $30,607 2.0% $1,134 2.2% $5,028 2.4% $8,745 2.4% $38,099 2.0% $11,578 2.0% $9,939 1.6% $7,250 1.8% $22,977 1.6% $13,300 1.6% $4,620 1.9% $11,019 1.8% $7,008 1.7% $5,709 1.3% $11,414 1.7% $4,367 1.7% $5,569 1.5% $3,268 1.1% $1,268 1.4% $4,683 1.2% $529 1.3% $1,574 1.4% $3,191 1.4% $856 1.2% $9,488 1.1% $715 1.1% $2,142 1.1% $1,317 1.0% $2,021 1.2% $4,390 0.7% $5,805 0.8% $3,752 0.9% $679 1.0% $1,058 1.2% $433 0.8% $531 0.6% $317 0.5% $2,481 0.6% $349 0.3% $1,281 1.9% $415,503 1.9%

Rank 1 3 2 4 9 11 7 6 5 8 10 16 14 12 13 15 17 24 19 25 26 18 20 22 32 23 21 27 40 29 36 31 28 30 33 37 38 39 41 34 46 44 43 42 35 45 47 49 48 50

In 2022, Maryland ranked 43rd among states for state and local government spending on healthcare and hospitals, both on a per capita basis and as a share of personal income.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Total Per Capita $3,588 $2,223 $2,221 $2,094 $2,007 $1,970 $1,949 $1,932 $1,799 $1,789 $1,648 $1,556 $1,547 $1,487 $1,416 $1,269 $1,154 $1,145 $1,061 $1,033 $1,025 $1,024 $1,010 $994 $977 $971 $952 $945 $906 $881 $819 $817 $812 $794 $782 $754 $701 $674 $669 $664 $629 $627 $609 $605 $596 $556 $382 $348 $337 $249 $1,910 $1,247

TABLE 53

Rank 1 Wyoming 2 South Carolina 3 New Mexico 4 Alabama 5 Washington 6 California 7 Kansas 8 Iowa 9 Mississippi 10 North Carolina 11 Oregon 12 New York 13 Alaska 14 Utah 15 Missouri 16 Texas 17 Michigan 18 Virginia 19 Indiana 20 Florida 21 Pennsylvania 22 Kentucky 23 Georgia 24 Tennessee 25 Colorado 26 Ohio 27 Louisiana 28 Wisconsin 29 Connecticut 30 Hawaii 31 Minnesota 32 Vermont 33 Idaho 34 Oklahoma 35 Rhode Island 36 Illinois 37 Delaware 38 Nevada 39 Nebraska 40 Arkansas 41 Massachusetts 42 New Jersey 43 Maryland 44 Montana 45 West Virginia 46 North Dakota 47 Maine 48 South Dakota 49 Arizona 50 New Hampshire Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United Health Foundation

TABLE 54

Occupational Injury and Illness Incidence (2022, 2023) Rank 1 Wyoming 2 North Dakota 3 Mississippi 4 New Mexico 4 West Virginia 6 Louisiana 7 Arkansas 7 South Carolina 9 Nebraska 10 Tennessee 11 South Dakota 12 Alaska 13 Indiana 14 Montana 15 North Carolina 16 Idaho 16 Missouri 18 Georgia 18 Nevada 18 Texas 18 Wisconsin 22 Oklahoma 23 Kentucky 24 Kansas 24 Maine 26 Delaware 27 Alabama 27 Iowa 27 Utah 27 Vermont 31 Hawaii 32 Virginia 33 Arizona 33 Michigan 35 Colorado 35 Florida 35 Pennsylvania 38 Illinois 38 Ohio 40 California 40 New York 40 Washington 43 Maryland 43 Minnesota 43 New Hampshire 43 Oregon 47 New Jersey 48 Massachusetts 49 Connecticut 50 Rhode Island Dist. of Columbia United States

Fatalities Per 100K Injury/Illness Per 100 Workers 2022 Private Workers 2023 12.7 2.7 9.8 No Data Available 6.9 No Data Available 6.8 No Data Available 6.8 2.6 6.4 1.4 6.1 1.9 6.1 1.9 5.8 2.5 5.7 2.2 5.6 No Data Available 5.1 3.1 5.0 2.5 4.8 3.4 4.6 2.0 4.4 No Data Available 4.4 2.6 4.3 No Data Available 4.3 3.3 4.3 1.8 4.3 2.8 4.0 2.4 3.9 2.8 3.8 2.5 3.8 4.2 3.7 2.2 3.6 2.0 3.6 3.1 3.6 2.5 3.6 4.0 3.5 3.1 3.4 2.1 3.2 2.4 3.2 2.6 3.1 2.7 3.1 No Data Available 3.1 2.6 3.0 2.4 3.0 2.2 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.1 2.9 3.4 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.8 No Data Available 2.8 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.6 1.4 No Data Available 4.4 1.2 3.6 2.4

Rank 14 N/A N/A N/A 15 40 37 37 20 29 N/A 7 20 3 35 N/A 15 N/A 6 39 11 N/A 11 20 1 29 36 7 20 2 7 33 24 15 14 N/A 15 24 29 10 33 3 27 11 N/A 3 27 29 15 N/A

Maryland ranked 43rd for the lowest fatality rate per 100,000 workers.

The state ranked 27th for reported injuries and illnesses per 100 private-sector workers.

Partisan Composition of State Governments (Nov. 27, 2024)

np = nonpartisan; v = vacant Democrats hold a supermajority in both the Maryland State Senate and House of Delegates (as of November 2024), and the Governor is a Democrat as well.

Source: National Conference of State Legislators

Gov. Party Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep Rep Dem Dem Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Dem Rep Dem Rep

TABLE 55

Senate Senate Senate House House House State Dem. Rep. Other Dem. Rep. Other Alabama 8 27 29 76 Alaska 9 11 15 20 5 Arizona 13 17 27 33 Arkansas 6 29 19 81 California 30 10 60 20 Colorado 23 12 44 21 Connecticut 25 11 101 50 Delaware 15 6 27 14 Florida 12 28 35 85 Georgia 23 33 80 100 Hawaii 22 3 42 9 Idaho 6 29 9 61 Illinois 40 19 78 40 Indiana 10 40 30 70 Iowa 15 35 33 67 Kansas 9 31 37 88 Kentucky 7 30 1 20 80 Louisiana 11 28 32 73 Maine 20 15 76 73 2 Maryland 34 13 102 39 Massachusetts 35 5 134 25 1 Michigan 20 18 52 58 Minnesota 34 33 67 67 Mississippi 16 36 41 79 2 Missouri 10 24 53 110 Montana 18 32 41 59 Nebraska 49 Unicameral/Nonpartisan Nevada 13 8 27 15 New Hampshire 8 16 179 221 New Jersey 25 15 52 28 New Mexico 26 16 44 26 New York 41 22 103 47 North Carolina 19 31 49 71 North Dakota 5 42 10 84 Ohio 9 24 34 65 Oklahoma 8 40 22 79 Oregon 18 12 35 25 Pennsylvania 22 28 102 101 Rhode Island 34 4 64 10 1 South Carolina 12 34 36 88 South Dakota 3 32 6 64 Tennessee 6 27 24 75 Texas 11 20 62 88 Utah 6 23 14 61 Vermont 16 13 1 84 59 7 Virginia 21 19 51 49 Washington 30 19 59 39 West Virginia 2 32 9 91 Wisconsin 15 18 45 54 Wyoming 2 29 6 56

Source: Federal Housing Finance Agency

TABLE 56

Housing Price Appreciation (3rd Quarter 2024) 25-year 5-year Rank Annualized Annualized 1 Hawaii 6.6% 9.8% 2 Florida 6.1% 11.8% 3 Idaho 6.0% 11.8% 4 Montana 5.9% 11.9% 5 Maine 5.7% 12.4% 6 Washington 5.7% 9.0% 7 California 5.7% 7.9% 8 Rhode Island 5.7% 11.5% 9 Arizona 5.6% 11.1% 10 Utah 5.5% 10.4% 11 New Hampshire 5.4% 11.8% 12 Vermont 5.3% 11.7% 13 Colorado 5.3% 8.0% 14 Oregon 5.2% 7.6% 15 New York 5.1% 9.8% 16 Virginia 5.1% 9.2% 17 Massachusetts 5.1% 9.3% 18 New Jersey 5.1% 10.9% 19 Texas 5.0% 8.6% 20 Wyoming 5.0% 8.8% 21 Nevada 5.0% 8.7% 22 Tennessee 5.0% 11.5% 23 Maryland 4.8% 7.5% 24 South Dakota 4.7% 9.6% 25 South Carolina 4.7% 11.4% 26 Pennsylvania 4.6% 8.9% 27 North Carolina 4.6% 11.5% 28 North Dakota 4.6% 5.9% 29 Georgia 4.5% 11.2% 30 Delaware 4.5% 9.4% 31 Wisconsin 4.2% 9.9% 32 Minnesota 4.2% 7.3% 33 Missouri 4.2% 9.8% 34 Alaska 4.2% 7.2% 35 New Mexico 4.1% 9.3% 36 Connecticut 4.1% 10.8% 37 Oklahoma 4.1% 8.5% 38 Kentucky 4.0% 9.5% 39 Nebraska 4.0% 8.8% 40 Kansas 4.0% 9.4% 41 Arkansas 4.0% 9.9% 42 Alabama 4.0% 9.6% 43 Indiana 3.9% 10.0% 44 Iowa 3.6% 7.6% 45 Ohio 3.5% 10.1% 46 West Virginia 3.5% 7.7% 47 Louisiana 3.5% 4.8% 48 Michigan 3.5% 9.8% 49 Mississippi 3.4% 8.5% 50 Illinois 3.3% 8.5% Dist. of Columbia 6.9% 2.6% United States 4.8% 9.5%

Rank 23 5 4 2 1 32 42 8 12 15 3 6 41 44 21 31 30 13 37 34 36 9 46 25 10 33 7 49 11 27 19 47 20 48 29 14 38 26 35 28 18 24 17 45 16 43 50 22 40 39

1-year 10.4% 1.0% 4.0% 5.8% 4.4% 3.1% 2.8% 8.5% 2.8% 3.5% 7.2% 3.6% 1.7% 1.9% 7.1% 6.0% 5.8% 8.2% 1.4% 6.0% 3.9% 5.4% 3.7% 3.4% 5.7% 5.5% 3.3% 4.3% 4.8% 8.4% 6.6% 3.8% 5.7% 6.5% 3.6% 8.2% 2.4% 6.1% 3.9% 5.7% 5.3% 3.9% 6.4% 4.6% 6.7% 4.2% -0.4% 6.9% 5.4% 7.1% -2.9% 4.4%

Rank 1 49 31 18 28 42 43 2 44 39 6 38 47 46 8 15 17 4 48 16 33 23 36 40 19 22 41 29 26 3 11 35 20 12 37 5 45 14 32 21 25 34 13 27 10 30 50 9 24 7

From 2023 to 2024, Maryland’s 25-year annualized housing price appreciation slightly decreased from 4.90%-4.80%. Short-term (5-year) growth improved from 7.10%-7.50%, while 1-year growth slowed from 4.40%-3.70%, reflecting a shift in the immediate housing market dynamics.

Home Ownership Rates (3rd Quarter 2019 – 3rd Quarter 2024) 2019 73.7% 78.1% 75.4% 69.8% 72.1% 73.3% 71.9% 72.1% 73.1% 67.9% 67.1% 71.5% 70.6% 73.4% 69.1% 69.6% 70.3% 69.5% 74.4% 66.9% 70.1% 68.4% 66.3% 64.4% 67.9% 65.5% 70.7% 64.5% 65.5% 69.3% 69.3% 65.1% 63.6% 66.1% 66.5% 63.2% 71.4% 59.9% 62.5% 65.4% 63.0% 66.4% 63.7% 64.7% 60.4% 63.0% 60.7% 56.6% 56.3% 51.6% 40.2% 64.8%

Change 5.1% 0.3% -0.1% 5.3% 1.6% 0.1% 0.6% 0.4% -0.9% 4.1% 4.7% -0.1% 0.6% -2.4% 1.6% 0.9% 0.2% 0.8% -4.2% 3.1% -0.1% 1.5% 2.8% 4.6% 1.0% 2.5% -2.8% 3.3% 2.2% -1.6% -1.7% 2.2% 3.5% 0.9% 0.1% 2.6% -5.6% 5.6% 2.2% -0.8% 1.1% -2.8% -0.2% -1.7% 1.9% -1.1% 0.2% 3.0% -1.3% 1.3% -1.1% 0.8%

Rank 3 30 36 2 19 33 28 29 40 6 4 35 27 46 18 25 31 26 49 9 36 20 11 5 23 13 47 8 14 43 44 14 7 24 34 12 50 1 14 39 22 47 38 44 17 41 31 10 42 21

In Q3 2024, Maryland’s homeownership rate dropped to 27th, down from 15th in 2023. Between 2019-2024, homeownership in the state declined by -2.8%, ranking Maryland 47th in the nation.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

2024 78.8% 78.4% 75.3% 75.1% 73.7% 73.4% 72.5% 72.5% 72.2% 72.0% 71.8% 71.4% 71.2% 71.0% 70.7% 70.5% 70.5% 70.3% 70.2% 70.0% 70.0% 69.9% 69.1% 69.0% 68.9% 68.0% 67.9% 67.8% 67.7% 67.7% 67.6% 67.3% 67.1% 67.0% 66.6% 65.8% 65.8% 65.5% 64.7% 64.6% 64.1% 63.6% 63.5% 63.0% 62.3% 61.9% 60.9% 59.6% 55.0% 52.9% 39.1% 65.6%

TABLE 57

Rank 1 Mississippi 2 West Virginia 3 New Hampshire 4 Vermont 5 Wyoming 6 Michigan 7 Delaware 7 South Carolina 9 Idaho 10 Virginia 11 Montana 12 Indiana 13 Nebraska 14 Minnesota 15 Alabama 16 Iowa 16 Missouri 18 Pennsylvania 19 Maine 20 Arizona 20 South Dakota 22 Kentucky 23 New Mexico 24 Illinois 25 Ohio 26 Louisiana 27 Maryland 28 Colorado 29 Florida 29 Tennessee 31 Kansas 32 Wisconsin 33 Arkansas 34 Oklahoma 35 Connecticut 36 Alaska 36 Utah 38 North Dakota 39 Washington 40 Georgia 41 Texas 42 New Jersey 43 North Carolina 44 Rhode Island 45 Massachusetts 46 Oregon 47 Hawaii 48 Nevada 49 California 50 New York Dist. of Columbia United States

Source: Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University

TABLE 58

Metropolitan Median House Price to Median Income Ratio (1990 – 2023) Rank 1 San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA 2 Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA 3 San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA 4 San Diego-Carlsbad, CA 5 Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL 6 New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA 7 Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA 8 Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA 9 Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO 10 Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH 11 Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA 12 Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV 13 Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL 14 Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA 15 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL 16 Salt Lake City, UT 17 Providence-Warwick, RI-MA 18 Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ 19 Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC 20 Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI 21 Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN 22 Austin-Round Rock, TX 23 Raleigh, NC 24 Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV 25 Jacksonville, FL 26 Richmond, VA 27 San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX 28 Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX 29 Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX 30 New Orleans-Metairie, LA 31 Birmingham-Hoover, AL 32 Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC 33 Memphis, TN-MS-AR 34 Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD 35 Kansas City, MO-KS 36 Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA 37 Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI 38 Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI 39 Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD 40 Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT 41 Columbus, OH 42 Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN 43 Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN 44 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN 45 Oklahoma City, OK 46 Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI 47 Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY 48 St. Louis, MO-IL 49 Cleveland-Elyria, OH 50 Pittsburgh, PA United States

2023 Ratio 11.23 10.36 9.16 8.89 7.89 6.62 6.57 6.40 6.30 6.29 6.18 5.99 5.73 5.60 5.53 5.48 5.26 5.23 5.07 4.94 4.88 4.82 4.70 4.69 4.64 4.57 4.42 4.42 4.33 4.26 4.21 4.20 4.11 4.11 4.08 4.06 4.02 3.96 3.93 3.92 3.91 3.81 3.81 3.64 3.46 3.36 3.24 3.23 3.08 2.88 3.12

1990 Ratio 6.20 6.21 6.25 5.15 3.07 4.33 3.41 3.93 2.52 4.04 2.44 2.94 2.70 4.03 2.68 2.21 4.19 2.75 2.21 2.56 2.70 2.41 2.76 3.07 2.66 2.56 2.37 2.67 2.16 2.67 2.97 2.64 2.87 2.37 2.28 2.44 2.99 2.39 2.95 3.82 2.61 2.16 2.30 2.55 1.88 2.11 2.69 2.59 2.58 2.28 4.89

In 2023, the D.C. Metro area ranked 24th among the 50 most highly populated metropolitan areas for the ratio of median house price to median income. The Baltimore metro ranked 34th.

State Tax Competitiveness Index (2025) Indiv.

Tax 34 1 8 39 49 18 47 42 1 31 46 11 13 16 19 27 23 33 22 45 41 14 44 32 20 10 26 7 12 48 37 50 21 17 25 28 40 38 30 24 1 1 1 9 43 36 15 29 35 1 37

Sales Tax 49 5 45 44 46 37 21 2 14 23 28 9 38 17 11 30 18 48 8 39 20 12 34 25 24 3 13 40 1 35 41 42 16 15 43 32 4 22 26 33 31 47 36 27 29 10 50 19 6 7 41

Prop.

Tax 14 30 13 19 23 36 50 1 21 34 24 3 41 5 32 29 27 16 48 35 46 28 26 38 11 18 45 7 39 43 2 47 20 4 6 15 31 9 37 42 10 33 40 12 49 22 25 17 8 44 48

U.I. Tax 18 45 2 11 25 39 40 1 10 24 49 35 43 13 33 4 34 9 19 20 47 26 42 15 5 21 3 46 27 50 16 37 7 12 14 6 41 36 48 28 22 17 30 29 8 38 44 23 32 31 25

In 2025, Maryland ranked 46th overall for state business tax climate, a decline in competitiveness.

The state ranked 37th for corporate tax rate (declining four positions) and 39th for sales tax (dropping five).

Source: The Tax Foundation

Corp.

Tax 14 34 13 15 41 10 31 50 16 12 25 21 42 8 23 27 18 29 40 37 33 9 43 6 4 19 20 39 32 44 22 28 3 7 45 5 49 38 35 11 1 48 46 17 36 24 47 26 30 1 32

TABLE 59

Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia

Overall Rank 38 3 15 36 48 32 47 18 4 26 42 11 37 10 20 25 22 40 29 46 41 14 44 27 13 5 24 17 6 49 31 50 12 9 35 21 30 34 39 33 2 8 7 16 43 28 45 23 19 1 48

NOTES

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