CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN Carter Road, Bandra, Mumbai Planning & Design Guidelines Report for Safe Neighbourhood Formulation
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Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CPTED Advisor : Mr. Mayur Naik M.Arch (Urban Design)., Dip. Arch Tech., Assoc. AIA., AIUD.
Univ Co-ordinator : Prof. Z. A. Sayed Department of Architecture, Rizvi College of Architecture
Crime Preventive Design Toolbox Working Committee Shailesh Vishwakarma Rashid Khan Vinayak Patil Sumeet Sadawarti Shailesh Vishwakarma Sujit Yede Hitesh Kacha Ansuya Pawar
Anis Parihar Suraj Oza Shankar Mohite Arkam Shaikh Nitin Utekar Zulfekar Sayyed Parin Majithia Naza Mushtawar Shailesh Mistry Working Committee belong to: 9th Semester (5th Year), B.Arch. Yashwantrao Chauhan Mumbai Open University (YCMOU), Rizvi College of Architecture, Bandra (West), Mumbai, INDIA
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Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
Contents
Foreword
1
1.0 Introduction
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1.1 Background to Crime preventive Design 1.2 Evidence for Crime preventive Design 1.3 Purpose of the Guidelines 1.4 Process for Developing the Guidelines 1.5 Application of the Guidelines
4 4 4 5 5
2.0 Objectives of the Guidelines
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3.0 Crime preventive Design
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3.1 Location and context – Carter Road, Bandra (W), Mumbai 3.2 Detailed statistics as per police records 3.3 Crime Coverage News Reports case -1 case- 2 case- 3 3.4 Surrounding cause of easy escape
7 7 11 11 12 13 14
4.0 Key Steps in Crime Preventive Design
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4.1 Step 1 – Identifying the need for Crime preventive design principles 4.2 Step 2 – Incorporating a crime risk assessment process
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4.3 Step 3 – Integrating planning and design considerations 4.4 Step 4 – Applying the crime preventive design toolbox 4.5 Step 5 – The design strategy 4.6 Step 6 – The design assessment 4.7 Step 7 – Management and maintenance 4.8 Step 8 – Monitoring 4.9 Step 9 – Security risk management 4.10 Step 10 – Proposed Policy review
19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
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Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
5.0 Crime Preventive Design Toolbox
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TOPIC 5.1 Natural Surveillance
22
5.2 Urban Structure
25
5.3 Land Use Mix
32
5.4 Activity Generators
36
5.5 Building Design, Including boundary definition
39
5.6 Lighting
42
5.7 Landscape
47
5.8 Management and Maintenance
51
5.9 Sightlines and Way Finding
54
5.10 Signage
57
5.11 Predictable Routes and Spaces Safe from Entrapment
59
5.12 Shopping, Commercial, Health and Education Centers
62
5.13 Parks and Public Open Space
64
5.14 Car parks, including Grade and Multi-Storey
67
5.15 Transit Stations, including Bus Stops and Taxi Ranks
69
5.16 Public Toilets
72
5.17 Pedestrian Routes, Laneways, Alleyways and Access way
77
6.0 Implementation
80
7.0 Reference list
81
8.0 Glossary
82
9.0 Figures
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FOREWORD
The planning and design of places, spaces and buildings can assist in reducing crime by the application of improvements to lighting, fencing, landscaping and surveillance of the area from buildings and land use. Peoples’ behavior, particularly in terms of the possibility of offending, as well as an individual’s perception about their safety, can be influenced by the design of that environment. Good design can reduce opportunities for offending and improve feelings of safety.
A mix of uses, different building designs and the creation of vibrant and inviting town centers are all effective tools in the fight against crime. The guidelines are intended to provide local government, government agencies, town centre management, the development industry and planning and design practitioners with an understanding of the principles of designing out crime and approaches to address crime prevention in their local areas. We appreciate the help of the many groups and individuals who contributed to the guidelines. These included state government agencies, local governments, planning consultants, professional, student community and research and academic institutions. We particularly thank those who made submissions and attended focus groups and information forums.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO CPTED
1.1 Background to Crime preventive design The definition of CPTED used by national crime prevention institute(NCPI) is “the proper design and effective use of built environment can lead to the reduction in the fear and incidence of crime, and an improvement in the quality of life”
Crime and fear of crime are the result of complex social, environmental and physical factors. To prevent crime and reduce fear of crime in the community, we are pursuing a multi-agency approach to crime prevention. The planning guidelines are one element of a wider strategy described in later section. A proper design and effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in the fear and incidence of crime and an improvement in the quality of life. Crime prevention through environmental design is based on the idea that people’s behavior within the urban environment, particularly in terms of the possibility of offending, as well as an individual’s perceptions about their safety, is influenced by the design of that environment. The design can reduce opportunities for offending and improve feelings of safety. Crime prevention through environmental design involves the application of a range of design principles to an area or site to minimize the potential for that site to facilitate and support criminal behavior. It recognizes that it has to be part of a holistic approach to crime prevention including community, social and environmental strategies.
1.2 Evidence for Crime Preventive Design There is strong and compelling evidence for public investment in the crime preventive design initiative. In summary, this evidence supports the positive impact of improvements to lighting, fencing, surveillance, access control, territoriality , neighborhood clean-ups and vehicular and non-vehicular movement networks. There is a growing body of research on activity support and mixed use neighborhoods where it is found that opportunities for crime are reduced by increasing the range of activities in public spaces, in other words, by putting ‘more eyes on the street’. Crime prevention and community development programs can work together to provide a greater capacity for community ownership of the public realm. Research also shows that crime prevention strategies work best when community participation and multi-agency input is optimized. It is important to note that crime cannot be completely prevented out of an environment nor can all crime be addressed through environmental design. Crime and nuisance are very specific activities and are part of a wider dynamic activities that take place in the environment. For example, design cannot address issues of irrational behavior and negative socio-economic dynamics. The types of activities that can best be addressed by these guidelines include theft from and of automobiles, breaking and entering, robbery, specific types of assault and violence and specific nuisance activity such as mischief and inappropriate graffiti.
1.3 Purpose of the guidelines The principal purpose of the guidelines is to provide local government, its agencies, town centre management, public and private sector development industry and planning and design practitioners, with a context for understanding the principles of crime preventive design and a toolbox of design criteria with approaches to address crime prevention in their local areas. The guidelines are intended to assist in the decision-making process. It is important that the relevant parts of the guidelines are incorporated in part or as a whole in local planning policies and state development control policies. Their application through this means will result in a better planning and design outcome for the community.
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1.4 Process for developing the guidelines The process for developing the guidelines involves the following steps: Step 1) The collation of personal experience and knowledge by the consultant team including a comprehensive literature and internet search identifying examples of best practice guidelines for designing out crime in various developed countries. Step 2) Assessment of the current national and state policy framework for crime preventive design, if there is any.
Step 3) Consultation with the joint client reference group to ensure the draft guidelines meet the objectives and expectations of the study. Step 4) Workshops with key groups including local government and government agencies to establish key issues and to consider the scope, content and format of the draft guidelines. Step 5) A 90-day public comment period to gain the benefit of community input including public forums in metropolitan and regional centers to explain the proposed content and potential implications of the planning guidelines to key groups including planners, police, insurance representatives, designers and developers from both public and private sector. Step 6) Drafting a planning bulletin and finalizing the associated guidelines. In the near future it could include: integration of the guidelines within the framework of development control policies;
Step 7) Integration into a government web based information system.
1.5 Application of the guidelines The guidelines are intended to be a readily useable, illustrated, reference document, which demonstrates ‘good’ and ‘bad’ examples of design in the urban environment from a crime prevention perspective. The guidelines do not override current statutory policy but rather identify concepts and approaches to improve design. The government agencies can refer to the guidelines in making decisions on relevant aspects of planning and development, including its assessment of local planning strategies, town planning schemes, structure plans, subdivision applications, review of the development control policies and even in preparation of development proposals, consultants’ briefs and corporate objectives. The guidelines encourage balanced decision-making and provide a rationale for the resolution of issues and design conflicts including elements within Livable Neighborhoods, the Residential Design Codes and ecologically sustainable design. The guidelines take into account the variations between established and green field areas and metropolitan and regional urban settlement. From a local government perspective, the guidelines are advisory only and do not override the provisions of an existing scheme or statutory policy. Accordingly it is important that the relevant parts of the guidelines can be applied at the strategic and detailed level, including: 1) Local planning strategy objectives; 2) Provisions within town planning scheme reviews and amendments; 3) Planning policies adopted under scheme provisions; 4) Structure planning; 5) Assessing of regeneration, rezoning and subdivision proposal; 6) Determining development applications.
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2.0 OBJECTIVES OF THE GUIDELINES
The objectives of the guidelines are: 1) To raise awareness of key community safety, security and crime prevention issues, crime preventive design principles and solutions. 2) To ensure that planning and detailed design for land use, development and redevelopment activity takes into consideration crime preventive design principles. 3) To aid the integration of safety and security concerns throughout the planning and development assessment process for public and private sector projects and in the management and maintenance of the public realm. 4) To encourage the incorporation of crime preventive design principles in operational aspects of community and neighborhood management; 5) To identify public and private sector roles, responsibilities and opportunities for partnerships in the planning and design process in the interest of community safety.
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3.0 CRIME PREVENTIVE DESIGN: Location and Context – Carter Road, Bandra, Mumbai
3.1 Introduction The Carter Road Promenade is a kilometer-long walkway along the sea on the west side of Bandra, a suburb of Mumbai, India. It is located along the Arabian sea on the west side of Bandra, a highly coveted location for its coastlines, restaurants, pubs, and high-street stores. Less than a decade old, having been opened up for public in January 2002. It is simultaneously a popular hang out spot next to Bandstand Promenade, a jogging track, a park and also a lovers point. The promenade is managed by Bandra West Residents' Association.
3.2 Crime Statistics 2011 & 2012 Given below is the percentage diagram for crime statistics as per police records for years 2011 & 2012. Detailed statistics are further mentioned date wise & as per type of crime. 3.2a Crime statistics summery as per police records
Snatching Chain Hurt 13% 5% Miscellaneous 8%
CRIME STATISTIC
Robbery 8% Two & Four wheel Theft 25%
Molestation 3% Hit & Run 25%
Theft 13%
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Crime Statistics
3.2b Detailed crime statistics as per police records.
Khar Police Station YEAR – 2011
Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
SR.NO.
COMPLAINT NO.
IPC
DATE OF LODGING COMPLAINT
1
21/12
392/34
15/1/2011
Carter road Robbery
2
191/2011
380,457
14/4/2011
Carter road Robbery
3
48/2011
379
31/1/2011
Carter road Two wheeler theft
4
54/2011
379
3/2/2011
Carter road Four wheeler theft
5
390/2011
379
28/8/2011
Carter road Two wheeler theft
6
423/2011
379
12/9/2011
Carter road Two wheeler theft
7
447/2011
379
3/10/1011
Carter road Two wheeler theft
8
453/2011
379
3/1/2011
Carter road Two wheeler theft
9
456/2011
379
8/10/2011
Carter road Four wheeler theft
10
469/11
379
10/102011
Carter road Four wheeler theft
11
523/2011
379
22/11/11
Carter road Four wheeler theft
12
45/2011
379
30/1/2011
Carter road Theft
13
211/2011
379
23/4/2011
Carter road Robbery
14
271/2011
379
25/5/2011
Carter road Theft
15
519/2011
379
19/11/2011
Carter road Theft
16
570/2011
324,506(2),504
28/12/2011
Carter road Theft
17
52/2011
279
1/2/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
18
55/2011
279,337
3/2/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
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73/2011
279,337
14/2/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
20
150/2011
279,337,332,184
25/3/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
21
171/2011
279,338
5/4/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
22
206/2011
279,337
21/4/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
23
236/2011
279,337
8/5/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
24
254/2011
279
17/5/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
25
269/2011
279
24/5/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
26
279/2011
279,337
30/5/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
27
319/2011
279,338
30/6/2011
Carter road Hit and Run
28
166/2011
354,323,504
3/4/2011
Carter road Molestation
29
555/2011
323,452,504,34
15/12/2011
Carter road Molestation
LOCATION
TYPE OF CRIME
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Crime Statistics
3.2b Detailed crime statistics as per police records.
Khar Police Station YEAR – 2012 COMPLAINT SR.NO. NO.
Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
IPC
DATE
LOCATION
TYPE OF CRIME
1
-
379,34
8/1/2012
Carter road
2
-
279
4/2/2012
Carter road
Two wheeler theft
3
-
279,337
14/2/2012
Carter road
Dash & drive
4
-
379
5/3/2012
Carter road
Snatching Chain
5
-
379
13/3/2012
Carter road
Hurt
6
-
379
1/3/2012
Carter road
Chain snatching
7
-
379,34
8/4/2012
Carter road
Other theft
8
-
454,457,380
21/4/2012
Carter road
Other theft
9
-
379
1/5/2012
Carter road
Other theft
10
-
381
28/5/2012
Carter road
Other theft
11
-
279
31/5/2012
Carter road
Hit and Run
12
-
279
31/5/2012
Carter road
Hit and Run
13
-
420,406,34
4/6/2012
Carter road
Snatching Chain
14
-
379,34
10/6/2012
Carter road
Hurt
15
-
324,323,504,34 26/6/2012
Carter road
Hurt
16
-
504,323,324,34 25/6/2012
Carter road
Hurt
17
-
323,324,504,506, 26/6/2012 427
Carter road
Hurt
18
-
379
30/6/2012
Carter road
Motor vehicle theft
19
-
279
27/7/2012
Carter road
Hit and Run
20
-
279
27/7/2012
Carter road
Hit and Run
21
-
392,34
5/8/2012
Carter road
Robbery
22
-
143,149
15/8/2012
Carter road
Other IPC
23
-
379
17/8/2012
Carter road
Motor vehicle theft
24
-
381
26/8/2012
Carter road
Robbery
25
-
324,34
28/8/2012
Carter road
Hurt
26
-
324,34
28/5/2012
Carter road
Hurt
27
-
324,323,504,506 6/9/2012
Carter road
Hurt
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Crime Statistics
3.2b Detailed crime statistics as per police records.
28
-
379
14/10/2012
Carter road
Two wheeler theft
29
-
379
31/10/2012
Carter road
Three wheeler theft
30
-
379
1/11/2012
Carter road
Three wheeler theft
31
-
324,498,406,34
9/11/2012
Carter road
498 (A) (Dowry)
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Crime Coverage
3.3 Crime Coverage Reports At Carter Road, Bandra
CASE 1:- SNATCHING (chains, necklaces, bags, phones, money, etc.) Fifty six year-old Yatin Dossa, a businessman from Mount Mary Road was assaulted by a sudden blow to the neck by two unidentified motorcyclists.
Yatin Dossa shows the spot where he was robbed at Carter Road Bandra resident Yatin Dossa points to the spot where he was assaulted and robbed of his gold chain by two robbers on a motorbike at Carter Road last Sunday They managed to flee with his gold chain worth over Rs 1 lakh. “I have been taking morning walks on Carter Road with three friends for many years. At around 7.20 am last Sunday, I was suddenly struck on the neck by two young boys who appeared to be in their early twenties. They sped away with my gold chain before we could react,” said Dossa.
Similar cases: 12 cases have been registered so far against a mysterious man who commands knowledge of the swampy marshland nearby, and escapes into its depths after robbing late evening walkers. People fall victim to the popular promenade’s now famous and feared serial chain-snatcher who slips into the dense mangroves with baffling agility. Bage, a newly married woman, was walking along the promenade at 9 pm, when her mangalsutra was snatched by the unidentified man.
A senior citizen, Shetty, was robbed of her gold chain. Vincent Mathias, a member of Forty five year-old the H West Federation, also had his gold chain, worth over Rs 1 lakh, snatched from Carter Road in a similar fashion. 52 year-old A Madhavan, another avid morning walker and resident of Carter Road, was accosted by two men in their mid-twenties who were in moving rickshaw. Rajesh Jain (58), another resident of Khar said that a person fitting the same description had pushed his mother Sayanben Jain and decamped with her chain near Khar Jain Mandir. Shila Varda(48), a homemaker, had her handbag, containing two mobile phones and a necklace, worth approximately Rs 1 lakh, stolen from inside her moving rickshaw
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Crime Coverage CASE 2:- BRAWL 25-yr-old man, friend attacked allegedly because he blew the lid off his cousin's affair with another man. The victims' families suspect that the perpetrators of the crime are the friends of a boy who was caught eloping with one of the victims' cousins. Around 2 pm, Sujat Malik (25) got a Call from a girl who claimed to be his cousin and asked him to rush to Carter Road as she was in trouble. Sher Mohammad Chowdhary (23), Sujat's friend, also accompanied him. On reaching Carter Road, they saw a burqa-clad girl surrounded by five unknown boys with knives and choppers. As soon as they approached the girl, the five boys stabbed them and ran away.
Sujat Malik spots his cousin, a minor residing in Kurla, with a boy
Similar cases: The incident occurred in broad daylight and no one came to help. Sujat spotted his cousin, a minor residing in Kurla, with a boy. He complained about this to his cousin's mother, who scolded her and asked her to stay away from the boy. But, on the same day, the boy tried to elope with her. The duos were caught leaving the city in a taxi and the boy was handed over to the police. This may have been the reason behind the attack. A doctor at Bhabha hospital said, "The boys are critical. The cuts are very deep and they are still undergoing treatment." Senior Inspector Mangesh Pote, Khar police station, said, "A case of assault has been registered against five unknown persons. Investigation is under way."
2The boy is handed over to the police as he tried to elope with the girl and they were caught leaving the city.
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Crime Coverage CASE 3: THEFT Trio would send cabbie for luggage, steal car In another clever ruse, the thieves would look out for cars parked for long hours, claim it was theirs and get it towed to a garage in Kurla, get the vehicle scrapped and make profits by selling the parts Three men who would steal cars from under the unsuspecting noses of drivers and onlookers have finally been nabbed by the Khar police. The accused have been identified as Arjun Mani Gounder (23), Anthony Joseph Samuel alias Raju (54) and Chandra (68). All hail from wealthy and respectable families. Officers from Khar police station revealed that Arjun and Anthony would mastermind the thefts.
Car-naama: Arjun Mani Gounder and Anthony Joseph Samuel alias Raju would plan and conduct the thefts, convincing cab drivers to part from their vehicles, and then decamp with the vehicles Modus operandi The trio had not one, but two clever ruses up their sleeve to make away with cars. On occasions, Arjun and Anthony would first look up long distance cab services for tourists on the Internet. Arjun would then book a trip using the phone number provided online. They would ask to be picked up from Carter Road in Bandra (West). When the car arrived as per schedule, Arjun would receive it, board it, and instruct the driver to switch on the AC, to prep the car for his boss. Arjun would then tell the driver to fetch the luggage from his boss’ building. As the driver went off to fetch the bags, Arjun would flee with the car. Arjun and Anthony would later change the number plate of the cab, get it repainted, and sell it in Daman & Diu. The gang also had another method – they would decide areas of their choice, on the lookout for cars parked for long hours. They would then call for towing trucks, after convincing locals that the car as theirs and had broken down. They would then have the car towed to CST Road in Kurla. Stepping in to play his part, the other accused Chandra would then get the car scrapped in his garage. Cops expressed surprise over the fact that car thieves hailed from respectable and wealthy families, one of them even owning a garage of his own. On Wednesday, cops received a tip-off from informers, telling them that Arjun and Anthony were arriving at Carter Road to conduct a theft. The two were then arrested. They divulged Chandra’s involvement during interrogations, who was then arrested. “The accused have committed many such thefts. Investigations will reveal the exact number of their crimes,” said API Nitin Patil of Khar police station. “We have arrested the accused under Sections 379, 411 and 34 of the IPC. The modus operandi of the accused is very unique, as they did not commit crimes by breaking locks of targeted cars or by duplicating keys, but directly took them away in front of people. They appeared so confident that no one got suspicious,” added Patil. Four cars have been recovered from the accused. 15 Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
Crime Coverage
3.4 Surroundings: A cause of Easy Escape Chain snatcher or culprits generally study the surrounding spaces like swampy marshland nearby slips into mangrove cover and escapes into its depths after robbing late evening walkers. Thus they successfully managed to evade cops, inspiring fear in the hearts of all those who frequent the promenade for their late evening walks. FILE PIC Case of the serial chain snatcher has bewildered cops, who claim that he lurks in inconspicuous spots along the Carter Road promenade in the evenings, stalks his victims of choice, snatches their chains and disappears into the thickets nearby. For the past one-and-a-half years, the unidentified man has successfully managed to evade cops, inspiring fear in the hearts of all those who frequent the promenade for their late evening walks. There are boards all along the promenade, alerting walkers of this chain-snatcher. Frustrated with helpless conditions, the local cops after every complaint wield their flashlights and scour the mangroves. “The snatcher slips into the mangrove cover after every crime. He is well versed with the topography of the mangrove swamp. It has become very difficult for us to nab him inside the mangroves, as it is impossible for us to negotiate its swampy terrain. He is well aware of the escape routes inside the swamp.”an officer from Khar police station said. Deputy Commissioner of Police Pratap Dighavkar said, “A special squad is being formed to nab the snatcher. Extra precautions are being taken as a lot of celebrities come for their walks here.” z
Crime Score: Comparative Stats for Crimes Reported in '08 & '09, by Mumbai Police
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4.0 KEY STEPS IN CRIME PREVENTIVE DESIGN
Key Steps: The guidelines establish a ten step process for developing crime preventive design initiatives as follows: 1. Identifying design principles 2. Incorporating risk assessment 3. Integrating planning and design considerations 4. Applying the toolbox of design guidelines and criteria 5. Preparing a design strategy
6. Carrying out design assessment 7. Management and maintenance 8. Monitoring 9. Preparing a security risk strategy 10. Reviewing policy
Chart showing Key Steps for Crime Prevention Design: 1) Identifying designing out Crime principles
2) Incorporating crime risk assessment
4) Applying the toolbox of design guidelines and criteria Generic Site specific
3) Integrating planning and design Considerations Macro – Strategic infrastructure / structure plans Meso – subdivision plans Macro – Building design
5) Prepare a design Strategy
Greenfield Redevelopment Revitalization
6) Carrying out a design assessment
7) Management and maintenance
8) Monitoring Back to Top Public Sector Both Public & Private Sector
9) Security risk strategy
10) Policy Review
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4.1 Step 1 – Identifying Design principles
There is no single prescriptive method for crime preventive design. However a recognize set of accepted principles concepts can be considered and developed at a local level as mentioned below: 4.1a 4.1b 4.1c 4.1d 4.1e
Surveillance; Access control; Territorial reinforcement; Target hardening (security measures); Management and Maintenance.
These concepts can be separated into macro, meso and micro principles of which mesco is described in brief as the Carter Road Area study falls under this category. Macro is represented in scale by structure plans and strategic infrastructure projects; Meso by subdivision plans and precinct-scaled studies; and Micro by detailed area plans and building design, building approvals and public space design (streetscapes, urban spaces and public open spaces).
4.1a Surveillance requires the location and use of design features and activities that create a perception of increased risk of detection for perpetrators of criminal activity and of increased safety and security for legitimate users. Placing physical features, activities and people in ways that maximize the ability to see what is happening discourages crime. A good example is the location of cafes and kiosks near parks. Barriers such as blank walls or building facades without windows can make it difficult to observe activity. A key thing to remember is to place less safe activities in safe areas and very safe activities in slightly less safe areas. Meso Principles:
* Lots should be located to ensure adequate surveillance of public realm spaces. * Locate uses that can provide natural surveillance wherever possible.
Mixed use activate streets
4.1b Access control involves the use of design features that deny offenders access to targets, reduce their escape opportunities and guide legitimate users through the environment. Natural access control involves the use of the environment to clearly mark borders and transitional zones to psychologically deter movement of illegitimate users into protected space. Human measures such as security guards can also be used. Further measures include security hardware, which is often referred to as target hardening. Meso Principles: * Create places and streets that support legitimate uses in full view of the legitimate community. * Avoid cul-de-sacs linked by pedestrian routes unless art of a wider open space connection with surveillance. * Avoid use of back lanes without guardian surveillance from properties. * Minimize multiple escape routes.
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Access control diagram
4.1c Territorial Reinforcement is the use of physical features designed to express ownership and control of the environment and delineate private and semi-private spaces reducing ambiguity of space ownership. Identifying intruders is much easier in well-defined space. An area that looks protected gives the impression that greater effort is required to commit a crime. Meso Principles:
Large windows promote casual supervision of sidewalk
* Create sub-neighborhoods to engender local character areas.
Porches & sidewalk encourage interaction between neighbors
* Plan and design communities with supporting facilities and land uses.
Paving & architectural treatments define public & private zones
Good pedestrianscaled lighting on street
Territorial Reinforce
Strong definition of private space Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
Low landscaping & fences define property lines without creating hiding places
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4.1d Target hardening is the physical securing of buildings and places against access from offenders. Generally, it very detailed and relate only to the micro scale, affecting building design and detailing. The issues include potential for detailed target hardening responses to have an adverse effect on public safety. Measures such as enhanced locks, bars, closed circuit television, window shutters and security fencing can contribute to reducing opportunities for criminal behavior but can conflict with other community-based activities and can also detract from the amenity of an area resulting in an increase in the perception or fear of crime approach to crime preventive design and crime risk assessment. All crime preventive design measures should be exhausted before introducing target hardening. Meso Principles:
* Consider the installation of traffic management elements to discourage vehicles enhanced break-ins to shops and commercial premises in streetscapes. * Ensure individual site security measures do not adversely affect local area security considerations.
Security grill for doors
Security grill for windows
4.1e Management and Maintenance is required to ensure the continued use of the space for the purpose intended and increased feelings of safety for users. The removal of indicators of crime and the use of positive maintenance with lighting, painting and vegetation management creates a care for environment that can reduce the fear of crime and induce legitimate behavior.
Meso Principles: * Incorporate management conditions like shopping trolley collection points where practical in planning approvals. * Ensure spatial management responsibility is clear between public and private sector organizations. * Establish systems for reporting of problems and fixing them.
Appropriate graffiti management is essential Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
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4.2 Step 2 – Incorporating a Crime Risk Assessment Process Typically, crime risk assessments or crime profiles are conducted in co-operation with trained local police. Councils, developers and local police could consider identifying the types of development which will require a crime risk assessment and preparation of a consultation protocol which can be location-based. Working closely with the police, planners need to: > Identify crime risks present in specific locations; > Identify likely consequences of these crimes for the community, institutions, companies and individuals, > Assess or take advice on priorities for crime reduction and other considerations; > Eastablish the likely causes of crime in a given are; and > Work out how these causal factors can be tackled through the planning process. In more detail the process for crime risk assessment starts with identifying the activity to be designed for, then considering the location in which it will occur. Typically, the process in an established redevelopment or revitalisation area includes a four-stage process including: > A site visit, day and night survey and safety audit (residents’ perceptions); > preliminary interviews and review with stakeholders including the local police; > crime assessment and analysis of available statistics and local demographics ( geographic information system) > design reviews including workshops and review of urban design, landscape and technical plans. Some factors to consider in established areas include: > Hot spots: areas where there is an existing high crime rate; > Footpath surfaces, gradients, kerb and sign heights; > Distance between car parks and entrances to facilities and shopping centers; > Safe facilities for children including safe movement from edges to centers; > Levels of illumination; and > Access to public transport including issue like easy mobility, cultural, gender, age, disability and accessibility The design elements to be considered are summarized in the following points: > Activity generators: creating places where people congregate for a particular purpose > Edge effects: areas with different land uses should be designed > Movement predictors: routes where there are no other alternatives like walled or fenced pedestrian access ways > Conflicting use: areas where activates conflict can increase the perceived risk and should be avoided. > Building elements: blank building walls and entrapment spots may be identified and minimized. > Government initiative: use of staged assessments, audits at concept, design and post construction stages.
4.3 Step 3 – Integrating planning and design considerations It is recommended that planning and design considerations should not contain absolute minimum standards or a finite checklist, as these may ignore the situational aspects of crime, local context community and cultural issues. There are two main ways to ensure crime preventive design considerations: Taking into account local conditions; and community and stakeholder input. Taking into account local conditions For infill and refurbishment areas it will be essential to consult local communities at the initial planning stage and during the design process. Therefore, local policy should include information on: > the local situational aspects of crime; > existing local, social and community characteristics including socio-economic and cultural profiles; > the broad causal factors of crime in the locality such as employment opportunities, community development, facilities, programs and displacement factors; and > local, environmental and climatic influences on public space use and design of buildings and site planning. Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
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responsibility of designers and local government is to encourage acceptance of creative solutions/ approaches and includes: > using appropriate simple terminology rather than jargon; > allowing free expression of community concerns and fears; > creating links between the community, police, professional designers, local service providers and local government; > building on collective ideas; > accommodating the needs of multicultural, multi-age, multi-ability communities; and involving multidisciplinary professionals.
4.4 Step 4 – Applying the crime preventive design toolbox There is no one generic solution to crime which will work every time. Instead the guidelines identify a tool box including an approach to designing out crime, key objectives, a design rationale, factors to consider and some performance criteria for a range of generic and site specific situations in later section. The guidelines place emphasis on site planning.
4.5 Step 5 – The design strategy The design strategy is formulated by private and public sector developers in response to state and local government crime preventive design principles, policies and guidance. A proposal needs to be supported by sufficiently detailed plans and needs to demonstrate the application of the crime preventive design principles. The approach may involve the community, other government agencies and a medium to long-term commitment to the safety considerations of a project.
4.6 Step 6 – The design assessment The design assessment will vary in complexity and will respond to the scale of the proposal received and the statutory considerations. It may include a review of the existing site and detailed plans, etc. to examine sightlines, movement predictors, entrapment areas and natural surveillance locations. It may also consider issues such as lighting, target hardening, finishes, etc.
4.7 Step 7 – Management and maintenance Even well designed locations will not remain safe if they are not effectively maintained and may provide opportunities for crime. Maintenance of public areas encourages people to use these areas because they are perceived as being attractive and make people feel safe. Thus it needs to be routine, regular and ongoing.
4.8 Step 8 – Monitoring Crime preventive design should be monitored and evaluated to ensure that the process and outcomes are meeting objectives and achieving a reduction in the incidence of crime or nuisance and an improvement in actual and perceived safety. Indicators of success should be simple, easy to acquire and qualitative and should only measure what the policies, strategies or action plans are trying to change. Positive outcomes may take some time; timeframes should be realistic and actions should be persistent.
4.9 Step 9 – Security risk management Risk management exercises can help to set priorities. They should be established and successfully processed for assessing its large scale development proposals such as in the redevelopment areas in partnership with the state insurance agency.
4.10 Step 10 – Policy review A policy review should be initiated following a reasonable implementation period when the degree of influence, applicability and effectiveness of the policy can be satisfactorily assessed. It may involve internal, external expertise and stakeholder input. This can be facilitated through targeted and professionally designed and facilitated questionnaires, focus groups, expert panels, case studies, site visits and through monitoring state and local performance indicators. The information gleaned from this research and analysis can be used to review, modify and augment the relevant crime preventive design policies and processes. 22 Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
5.0 CRIME PREVENTIVE DESIGN TOOLBOX
Introduction The guidelines will provide a generic list of solutions and should be considered as part of a holistic approach to crime prevention, which supports broader crime prevention strategies in Western Australia. It is also important to note that while planners, designers and developers must have regard for this guidance, designing out crime is one of a number of design objectives which may apply at any one time. Some of the following design examples, and specific text stating performance criteria and recommendations could be incorporated into local government guidelines. .
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5.1 Natural surveillance
5.1 Natural Surveillance
5.1.1 Crime Preventive design objectives: to encourage surveillance of spaces from surrounding buildings and land uses; and to improve surveillance of spaces through increased legitimate uses.
5.1.2. Rationale Using design, clear sightlines, effective lighting and landscaping to enhance opportunities for surveillance increases the risk of offenders being seen, heard, reported and potentially apprehended. It also includes the reduction of isolation, improvements to the mixture, intensity and use of space, elimination of entrapment spots and the intelligent use and placement of activity generators. People’s ability to see around and about themselves, particularly relating to what is ahead is also important. Surveillance needs to be balanced with privacy needs.
5.1.3. Factors to consider
Facilitating natural surveillance by windows overlooking the streets, public spaces (see figure 2), the sitting and design of pathways (see figure 6), the selection of lighting and landscaping (see figures 11 and 13) and the encouragement of legitimate activity (figure 16) Using plants and trees which allow for visibility through them and avoiding dense vegetation and shrubbery (see figures 2, 4, 6 and 13) Using screens and fences which are low or semi-transparent to allow movement to be perceived beyond them (see figure 9) Using formal surveillance options in the form of audio monitors, video cameras and security patrols, particularly in isolated or sensitive use areas at night, or crime hot spot locations
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5.1 Natural surveillance
Figure.1 Surveillance
Eyes on the street
5.1.4. Performance Criteria Blind corners and problem areas • Avoid blind corners in pathways, stairways, corridors, hallways, near toilets and car parks • Avoid sudden changes of grade on pathways • Ensure through visibility in tunnels and underpasses
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5.1 Natural surveillance
• Consider the use of hardware such as mirrors to improve existing situations • Avoid or minimize the effect of barriers on pathways 5.1.5. Communal or public areas • Provide natural surveillance from activity land uses and activity rooms for communal and public areas • Establish community focal points at locations where surveillance is essential • Ensure public shelters do not impede surveillance • Co-locate movement systems to encourage surveillance in public areas • Encourage mixed uses to extend hours of surveillance, ensuring compatible uses and avoiding conflicting uses 5.1.6. Entrances • Provide entries which are clearly visible. 5.1.7. Fencing • Fence design should maximize natural surveillance from the street to the building, building to the street and minimize opportunities for intruders to hide. 5.1.7. Landscaping • Avoid landscaping which obstructs surveillance, An example of illustrations demonstrating ‘good’ and ‘bad’ design in residential environments, highlighting surveillance opportunities follows.
Figure 3: Landscaping obscuring surveillance
Poor natural surveillance
Figure 4: Landscaping enabling surveillance
Natural surveillance through permeable fence
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5.2 Urban Structure
5.2 URBAN STRUCTURE When determining design decisions about any development site, be careful not move too hastily through crucial considerations which address the suitability and limitations of a piece of land for development in the first place - such as geology, hydrology, ecology, the availability of streets, utilities, and a system to handle storm water flow. These considerations should be assessed before designing a site plan. The urban fabric is constructed with many different parts. From building design, parking lots, services and utilities, to streets, parks, drainage ways, and natural areas, everything unites to form a cohesive whole we call our City-Parish. This Survey illustrates solutions to some basic local standards for how to arrange these parts into sustainable developments. Goals for the functioning, health, and appearance of the Bandar carter road community depend on arranging the parts of new developments more along the lines of a traditional walk able town. This means Confronting and balancing the tendency for disconnected developments dominated by traffic, parking lots, and garages.
5.2.1. What is Urban Design? Urban design is the discipline through which planning and architecture can create or renew a sense of local pride and identity. It has great potential for enhancing the visual image and quality of neighborhoods by providing a threedimensional physical form to policies described in a comprehensive plan. Key elements of an urban design plan include the plan itself, the preparation of design guidelines for buildings, the design of the public realm - the open space, streets, sidewalks, and plazas between and around buildings and the public interest issues of buildings. These include massing, placement, sun, shadow, and wind issues.
Figure 5: Poor urban structure Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
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5.2Urban Structure
5.2.2.Crime Preventive design objectives: to promote definition of use and ownership; to promote attractive, legible and well orientated development; to facilitate safe and efficient movement of vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians; and to facilitate safe and convenient locations for recreation, work and home. 5.2.3. Rationale The essential qualities of urban structure related to crime prevention concern the human scale of development, overall layout, urban meeting places, communal areas and phasing of development. A well designed environment is one that fulfils all its intended functions. An attractive environment has evolved or has been successfully designed to meet the need of its legitimate users, providing safe and convenient means of access, opportunities for social interaction and recreational needs. The greater the legitimate use, the less the attraction for illegitimate users. A clearly defined environment is one in which there is no ambiguity as to private and public areas. There may be transitional zones or strong demarcation; however the critical point is that the responsibility for maintenance and what constitutes appropriate use are easily understood. 5.2.4. Factors to consider length of rear laneways location of public open space strategic multiple use paths legibility traffic management for crime Prevention strategic positioning of public transport Infrastructure. 5.2.5. Factors to consider 5.2.6. Length of rear laneways The concept offers potential benefits for housing growth, diversity and affordability, and a sensitive approach to increasing density in traditional character neighborhoods. 5.2.7. Length of cul-de-sacs Meaning dead-end street with only one inlet/outlet. While historically built for other reasons, one of its modern uses is to calm vehicle traffic.
5.2.8. Location of public open space In land use planning, urban open space is open space areas for "parks", “ green spaces", and other open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from fields to highly maintained environments to relatively natural landscapes. They are commonly open to public access, however, urban open spaces may be privately owned. Areas outside of city boundaries, such as state and national parks as well as open space in the countryside, are not considered urban open space. Streets, piazzas, plazas and urban squares are not always defined as urban open space in land use planning.
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5.2. Urban Structure
5.2.9. Strategic multiple use paths Since multi-use paths are utilized by a range of people using bicycles, prams, skateboards, scooters, roller blades and wheelchairs, there are a few rules of etiquette to help you use the paths safely and courteously.
Cycling track side of the foot paths and roads. 5.2.10. Legibility Being able to navigate through our environment is a strong human requirement and helps us to understand and appreciate our cities and towns. I don't know about you but I don't feel comfortable in a new place unless I have a rough idea of orientation. Not necessarily a key quality for visitors though? Participants have talked about having the time to get lost in cities like Venice – and then marvel at finding Piazza San Marco around the last corner! This is why it could be in the 'optimizer' category - fine line though. 5.2.11. Traffic management for crime prevention Over the last ten years, with the growth in crime levels, increase in public fears about safety and declining service delivery from public police (who in turn were battling with cuts in funding, manpower shortages and lack of resources). Among the more visible replacement of police in certain security functions have been those of responding to alarms; surveillance services; certain types of investigation services; security services at gated neighborhoods/enclosed areas and security villages, and vehicle security and tracking, type’ services have been the more specialized one of Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) surveillance, largely to prevent the smuggling and pilfering of diamonds and precious metals from these facilities and mines. Access control largely at commercial, retails.
5.2.12 Strategic positioning of public transport infrastructure Building design is the largest subject in the field of crime prevention and it is not the intention of the guidelines to provide finite detail on aspects of building design and security measures. However, the guidelines will provide an insight into a sound design approach, basic criteria to assess design and identify other literature and web sources providing relevant detail. The design and use of buildings can contribute significantly to the security of the public realm, by reducing opportunities for entrapment, concealment and vandalism. Defining ownership indicates the purpose of the building or space and makes illegitimate use less likely. Defining ownership is good but must not undermine other safety considerations; for example, high solid fences can inhibit natural surveillance.
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5.2 Urban Structure
Other factors • Safe, observed entrances • Proximity of other entrances which may facilitate loitering • Rear and side access points • Natural ladders (see figure 7) • Opportunities for natural surveillance of public realm • Active frontages • Semi public and, or, semi private transitional space with identified and agreed management and Maintenance regimes • involving users of space in the decision-making process if possible • defining ownership to clarify whether the space and boundaries between spaces are private, semi- public or public 5.2.14. Elements of Urban Design Signage When choosing a sign one must consider several aspects such as the desired size, type and placement of a sign.. Architecturally integrate all signs with their surroundings in terms of size, shape, color, texture and lighting so that they are complementary to the overall design of the building and are not in visual competition with other signs in the area. 5.2.15. Lighting is an important element in Urban Design. When considering a lighting design, one must take into account the type of light needed for the specific purpose of the site. Is the light designed to enhance security to the property, provide ambiance, aid drivers by increasing visibility on roadways, or used simply to illuminate a sign? Consult the UDC to determine the proper lighting for your structure or site. 5.2.16. Parking Parking is an essential element in regards to urban design and traffic circulation. 5.2.17. Landscaping The enhancement of an area’s aesthetic beauty is directly related to that area’s landscaping. All efforts should be made to enrich the visual landscape of Baton Rouge. Each parcel of land should be landscaped thereby reinforcing the area’s sense of place. Not only does landscaping add to the visual appeal and contiguity of a site, it also performs important and invaluable function relating to the reduction of pollutants and Storm water treatment. 5.2.18. Service areas When considering the placement of service areas one should remember the old maxim, “out of sight, out of mind.” Service areas should be oriented towards the rear of the building to minimize visual eyesores. In addition service areas should be screened from public view, and the best way to do this is to build a solid fence around the service area in the same style as the building to which the service area is designated. 5.2.19. Fencing It is to everyone’s advantage to construct, and maintain good solid fences between two abutting properties, especially when the abutting properties are not under the same zoning classify- action. Chain-link and barbed-wire fences are discouraged as building materials in many areas of Baton Rouge. Wood and masonry fences are preferred.
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5.2 Urban Structure
5.2.20. Transportation When planning a new development one should make transportation a foremost concern. You should incorporate into your development a sidewalk system with walkways with large enough surface area to allow at least two people to walk side by side. Attention should also be given to cyclists. You should provide an adequate number of bicycle parking spaces as well as bicycle racks which are in plain sight and easily accessible to all. Public transit should also be incorporated into development plans with new bus shelters and stops. Public transportation decreases the number of vehicles on the road, thus reducing traffic and emissions, as well as providing those without vehicles a means to travel, shop and go to work.
Performance Criteria 5.2.21 Local context • Scale, siting, orientation and connections should take into account the local context of local topography, other land uses, actual and perceived crime risk and specific project requirements 5.2.22 Street layout and land division • Consider crime reduction measures in the early stages of design • Define ownership and use of space • Avoid ambiguous space and connections • Promote legibility and orientation • Buildings should be oriented towards the main street frontage and other areas of public realm • Street furniture should facilitate surveillance and discourage inappropriate use • Cul-de-sacs should be short and straight, allow visibility from one end to the other and not be joined by networks of footpaths that are irregularly used and likely to foster criminal activity • Avoid the establishment of small, unusable pockets of land and open space as they are difficult to maintain and do not facilitate recreation
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5.2 Urban Structure
5.2.23 Movement network • Maximize surveillance of entry and exit points • Base upon primary routes and shared spaces • Minimize confusion about priorities of use on shared paths and access ways • Minimize underused and unnecessarily segregated streets and footpaths • Avoid routes which can become entrapment spots • Provide direct and clearly signed pedestrian, cycle and vehicular links to nearby destinations • Pathways and cycle ways to facilitate surveillance • Maximize legibility, sightlines and comfort to encourage use
5.2.24 Location of land uses • Minimize opportunities for conflict, especially in mixed use development • Provide active frontages of overlooked streets • Minimize blank walls and sides of buildings onto public open space and public realm 5.2.25 Regeneration and remodelling • Minimize dereliction, under utilized and under maintained spaces and places • All open space should be well defined and purposeful • Vulnerable public spaces should become more livable or be removed from public ownership
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5.3 LAND USE MIX
5.3 LAND USE MIX
5.3.1. Introduction A balanced land use mix is important in terms of safety and the perception of safety. An appropriate land use mix can facilitate a mix of activities occurring in the environment at different times during the day and night, which increase and sustain legitimate and appropriate use. Land use mix any combination of commercial (e.g. retail, office, and entertainment) and non- commercial uses, such as residential used.
5.3.2. Crime Preventive design objectives by Mix land use: Public safety, professionals and most planners recognize that land use planning and design are important tools for crime prevention. •Mix land use can help in reducing crime on roads due to active street. • To develop different types of compatible land use mix close together in appropriate locations, to shorten trips and facilitate alternative modes of transportation, such as walking, bicycling and public transportation. •Independence of movement, especially for the young and the elderly who can conveniently walk, cycle, or ride transit. • Safety through around-the-clock presence of people. • Reduction in auto use, especially for shorter trips. • Support for those who work at home, through nearby services and amenities. • A variety of housing choices, so that the young and old, singles and families, and those of varying economic ability may find places to live.
5.3.3.Crime prevention is supported by the following five overlapping principles: • Territoriality is the delineation of private space from semipublic spaces, creating a sense of ownership and stewardship.
• Natural Surveillance occurs where there is plenty of opportunity for people engaged in legitimate behavior to observe the space around them for their own safety and the protection of others. • Access Control means that appropriate public access is emphasized and encouraged, and access control is clearly delineated with design features where necessary for public safety or to prevent crime. For example, sidewalks, pavement, gates, lighting and landscaping can be used to clearly guide the public to and from entrances and exits. Similarly, gates, walls, fences, landscaping, and lighting can be used to prevent or discourage access to or from dark or unmonitored areas. • Activity Support is the presence of activity planned for the space. Development designs should locate plazas, for example, in places where they are most likely to be used for gatherings (both organized events and informal meetings). • Maintenance. Materials selection and installation should consider the need for proper maintenance. For example, landscaping, lighting, and other features can support crime prevention if they are maintained, but may actually facilitate crime if they are not maintained properly.
Encourage pedestrian passage through activity at ground promote surveillance.
Active Street Lack of activity at ground level at Carter road to promote surveillance.
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Relevant Site context – Carter Road
5.3 Land use mix
The Carter Road is around 2.5 kilometer-long walkway along the sea on the west side of Bandra, on East side of the Carter road existing development is mostly residential development like high-rise, low-rise buildings, private bungalows, railway officers quarters and police stations. There is no shopping at ground floor in the building or any shopping mall or store along with Carter road. There is no pedestrian friendly shopping experience around the road, due to that poor surveillance on the road and inactive street is resulted.
5.3.4. D.P Sheet of area along with Carter Road
From above D.P sheet it has been observed that, area along with Carter road is designated for residential user, there is no commercial zone designated for commercial activity along with Carter road. In view of above the development along with Carter road is residential development which makes Carter road inactive street. Other uses of land is as follow. R RESIDENTIAL ZONE SAS SECONDARY SCHOOL R.G. RECREATION GROUND PH / HD.H PUBLIC HOSING HIGH DENSITY HOUSING MAP MUNCIPAL PRIMARY SCHOOL E.C. EDUCATIONAL COMPLEX W.C. WELFARE CENTER KOLI HOUSING AND FISH DRY YARD G GAOTHAN AREA
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5.3 Land use mix
5.3.5. Following correction is suggested for Carter road area. • • • •
To promote Mix land use in feature development and in redevelopment project. Encourage pedestrian's usage and discourage criminal activities. Pedestrian's usage help to prevent pedestrian passage from misuse. Vacant land in the vicinity to be develop or to be protect by providing proper fencing, compound wall in order to stop encroachment on plot, otherwise it will lead to slum development on plot, hence chances of criminal activities in congested area is likely to increased which affects on the surrounding area. Provide parking zones along coastline to minimize unnecessary surface parking on main roads, which lead to traffic congestion on road and chances of road accident likely to increased.
Due to Land use mix, development like store, shops and lunch counter increase safety on road through around theclock due to presence of people.
Inactive Street
Only residential use no shop use at ground floor
Active Street Encourage pedestrian passage through activity at ground level, hence propose activity on pedestrian passage.
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5.3 Land use mix
Smart commercial and mixed–use developments are attractive and enjoyable places to work, shop and live.
Proposing commercial activity i.e. mix land use in new development.
Poor natural surveillance, hence misuse of pedestrian passage.
Suggested Natural surveillance through permeable fence.
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5.3 Land use mix
Proper parking zone is suggested to avoid parking vehicles on road by visitors.
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5.4 Activity Generators
5.4 Activity Generators 5.4.1. Introduction Activity generators are facilities that attract people, create normal activities and increase casual surveillance within a space. The purpose of activity generators or visitor attractions is to add ‘eyes on the street’; to make places more secure by populating them. Activity support increases the use of a built environment for safe activities with the intent of increasing the risk of detection of criminal and undesirable activities. Natural surveillance by the intended users is casual and there is no specific plan for people to watch out for criminal activity. This reduces opportunities for criminal activities and increases the perception of safety. Evaluations of this strategy provide preliminary evidence that opportunity for committing crime is reduced when desirable activities increase.
5.4.2. Crime Preventive design objectives by activity generators: To promote surveillance, To promote a wide range of appropriate activities, To promote community ownership and increased use of public spaces.
Open kids play along the road side for natural surveillance
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5.4 Activity Generators
5.4.3. Rationale / Fundamental reasons Activity generators are facilities that attract people, create normal activities and increase casual surveillance within a space. The purpose of activity generators or visitor attractions is to add ‘eyes on the street’; to make places more secure by populating them. This reduces opportunities for criminal activities and increases the perception of safety. Examples include recreational activities, cafes, public seating areas and community facilities, placing street vendors or outdoor eating areas near strategic locations to encourage more desirable activity . 5.4.4. Factors to consider ground level activity complementary activity generators additional space for expansion time of day specific uses 5.4.5. Performance Criteria Land use layout Locate around active edges or fringes of space to create surveillance opportunities Activity mix Balance activities which may be crime generators such as bars, night time uses, restaurants and entertainment venues in terms of scale, size and local context Access Encourage movement networks which provide surveillance without creating barriers
5.4.6. Relevant Site context – Carter Road Existing Activity support / generators at site: Public amenities like kids playing zone encourage pedestrian’s usage and discourage criminal activities due to crowds. Gathering areas for public events in open space zone encourage pedestrians usage and discourage criminal activities. Cafes, Street vendors or outdoor eating areas near strategic locations to encourage more desirable activity. Public seating areas to generate activity for natural surveillance.
On floor chess board to generate activities. Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
Buitin furniture with chess board table top.
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5.4 Activity Generators
5.4.7. Areas vulnerable to crime at site: Possible solutions for them
Gathering areas for public events in open space zone encourage pedestrians usage and discourage criminal activities.
Proposing a barrier for alternate use of temporary exibition space to prevent easy access to dense foliage for slipping off.
Landscape area not maintained resulting in heavy foliage for unwanted activities.
Deserted area at dead end during day time itself because of lack of street activities like vedors or information kiosk.
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5.5 Boundary definition
5.5.1 Building Design, including Boundry Definition Building design is the largest subject in the field of crime prevention and it is not the intention of the guidelines to provide finite detail on aspects of building design and security measures. However, the guidelines will provide an insight into a sound design approach, basic criteria to assess design and identify other literature and web sources providing relevant detail. 5.5.2 Crime Preventive design objectives: to integrate public buildings into the wider public realm; to use buildings to support surveillance of the public realm and public spaces; to use construction materials which reduce temptations to vandalise and graffiti; and to reduce the risk of public buildings contributing to crime and safety problems. 5.5.3 Rationale The design and use of buildings can contribute significantly to the security of the public realm, by reducing opportunities for entrapment, concealment and vandalism. Defining ownership indicates the purpose of the building or space and makes illegitimate use less likely. Defining ownership is good but must not undermine other safety considerations; for example, high solid fences can inhibit natural surveillance.
Figure 7: Natural ladders
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5.5 Boundary definition
F
fig. 8: Solid fencing
Figure 9: Permeable fencing allowing surveillance 5.5.4 Factors to consider safe, observed entrances proximity of other entrances which may facilitate loitering rear and side access points natural ladders (see figure 7) opportunities for natural surveillance of public realm active frontages semi public and, or, semi private transitional space with identified and agreed management and maintenance regimes involving users of space in the decision-making process if possible defining ownership to clarify whether the space and boundaries between spaces are private, semi-public or public Performance Criteria Building entrances • Ensure entrances are oriented to face open or active spaces • Ensure entrances are clearly defined, distinguishable form public walkways, secure and well lit
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5.5 Boundary definition
• Design lobbies to be visible from the exterior so that entry and exits spaces can be seen • Avoid creating entrapment spots or places where intruders may loiter or be concealed • Avoid locating ramped and elevator entrances and lifts in isolated locations • Secure non pedestrian entrances from illegal entry • Ensure staff entrances are well lit and allow maximum surveillance and sightlines 5.5.5 Building design • Consider crime reduction measures in the early stages of design • Minimise blank walls overlooking parks, car parks and other public areas • Minimise features or structures that can be used as natural ladders to gain access to higher levels, windows or doors • Optimise the variety of building design to create interesting built environments • Provide windows to overlook public areas 5.5.6 Materials and fixtures • Avoid materials and exterior fixtures which might encourage crime • Use transparent and materials in doors and walls at major entry points 5.5.7 Storage areas • Ensure surveillance and illumination of loading and storage areas • Locate delivery hatches, bins and other service facilities in a manner which does not create natural ladders or entrapment spaces 5.5.8 Retail commercial frontages • Promote after hours uses in frontage locations where public buildings front public spaces 5.5.9 Sightlines • Provide clear sightlines 5.5.10 Lighting • Illuminate entries so that access and egress visibility is maximized • Facilitate good interior to exterior surveillance through illumination 5.5.11 Employee car parking • Ensure safe and secure parking for employees near the building entry • Provide surveillance of car parking
5.5.12 Landscaping • Ensure landscape design will not provide concealment or entrapment areas • Optimise the variety of landscape to create interesting built environments 5.5.13 Building security • Secure all windows, particularly at street level but ensure that security devices do not create a “fortress like” appearance
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5.6 LIGHTING
5.6.1Lighting Up for Crime Prevention It has long been "common sense" that crime hides in darkness and that light can keep a place safer at night. Why has lighting been considered a valuable resource in crime prevention? Several of the general theories about crime developed by criminologists suggest helpful roles lighting can play. Routine activities theory views people as increasing their risks of crime victimization because their day-to-day actions put them in riskier situations and circumstances. Educating people to avoid dark and deserted places and stay in better lighted areas would be a strategy seeking to persuade those individuals to modify their routine activities. Situational crime prevention theory holds that particular places and situations are, for a variety of reasons, major attractors of crime and that remedying problems at these places or in particular situations will reduce crime. This theory suggests, for instance, that changes in lighting can reduce the attractiveness a specific place holds for criminal acts, whether the public in general is educated about it or not. Social control theory suggests that we prevent crime because we exert influence (and even control) over each other formally and informally against committing criminal acts. Under this concept, lighting helps us view each other's acts and exert whatever influence we might to promote acceptable behavior and discourage criminal acts. Positive social control builds community cohesion and pride, which has been documented (Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods) to reduce crime.
Too Much Light (GLARE) A number of people have expressed concern about excessive amounts of lighting in specific locations and excessive lighting throughout our communities. Concern has also been voiced about glare from one home to another caused by badly placed or excessive exterior lighting, about visual pollution that makes night-time driving more difficult, and about interference with astronomical and other research as a result of excessive lighting.The optimal design will also depend on whether the area will be watched directly by humans or by closed-circuit television, and on the location of the observers or cameras.
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5.6 LIGHTING
5.6.2 Factors to consider • Lighting level • Spacing • Type • Siting • Situation • Maintenance
Figure 10: Inappropriate lighting
Figure 11: Appropriate lighting
5.6.3 Performance Criteria
5.6.3.1 Situational lighting • Ensure lighting is an early consideration in site planning and design • Select lighting appropriate to local context • Ensure inset spaces, access, egress and signage are well lit • Provide adequate lighting for directional signage
5.6.3.2 Consistency of lighting • Maximize opportunities for natural light penetration • Provide consistent levels of lighting to reduce contrast and shadow • Ensure lighting supports visibility • Consider energy use
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5.6.7 Solutions and Problems: Good and bad lighting The solution to the problems of light pollution is staggeringly simple! Just make sure that your lights only shine where they are needed, and not into the sky, into people’s homes or into drivers eyes. A 100% efficient light is the perfect solution. Just point you lights down, and not out! Below are some examples of good & bad lighting. GOOD
5.6 LIGHTING
BAD
Car-park Light Fittings These inefficient lights have rounded bowls which shine light in no specific direction; they even shine light above the horizontal!
These light fittings all have cut-off designs. No light is wasted, and no light escapes above the horizontal. Street and Motorway Lights
Full cut-off motorway lights These pictures shows some excellent motorway lights. 100% of the lighting here shines onto the road where it is needed, resulting in a brighter road without contributing to light pollution.
Poor road/motorway lights This photo demonstrates the horrible orange glow given off by low pressure sodium street lights. These are very inefficient lights, as there is no obvious direction of the light towards the street.
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5.6 LIGHTING
When a security light is directed downwards, anybody standing beneath the light is clearly visible to onlookers. Needless to say, criminals avoid well directed security lights.
Glare An outward facing "security light" is a major security risk. As can be seen in this photograph, somebody standing beneath the light is barely visible - the view is dominated by glare. Homes have been broken into directly beneath such lights. Leaving an indoor light on is more effective than anyoutdoor light.
5.6.8. Placement of lighting • Select and light safe routes and spaces • Avoid placement in areas shielded by vegetation, awnings and other physical barriers • Avoid unshielded lighting at eye level • Consider light pollution • Ensure lighting falls upon the subject matter • Avoid lighting areas not intended for night time use • Consider lighting in terms of vulnerable groups, elderly, people with disabilities, children, women, • Avoid creating natural ladders with lighting fixtures
night staff
5.6.9 Types of lighting • Install vandal resistant lighting • Avoid dependence on bollard lighting as the only light source • Combine lighting along footpaths with entrance lighting wherever possible 5.6.10 Maintenance • Ensure light fixtures are routinely and rapidly maintained • Consider public notices regarding maintenance contact details
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5.6 LIGHTING Ganesh temple
Ganesh temple
The road going towards a Ganesh temple there no any provision of lamp post and because of that chances of crime takes place during night hours.
Addition of a Lights in this region is required.
Basically notice board and signage clearly visible in The day time but problem occurs in the night time If there is a no provision of spot light In this above image or notice board nobody having Difficulties to read and go ahead in the night time because there is a provision of spot light
At the place of parking provision of lamp post Should be there for the purpose of avoiding crime
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5.7- Landscape
5.7 Crime Preventive Design Guidelines - Landscape 5.7.1 INTRODUCTION Home protection and security is typically not associated with the landscape and external elements. But through a few simple steps of prevention and maintenance, a homeowner can better protect their home, family and possessions. By delineating the ownership and territoriality of the home and placing a few strategic elements about, one can better rest assured that they are better secured. 5.7.2 OBJECTIVES Put into action CPTED theory and principles, how they apply to problem solving, community planning, and safety and security assessments through maintained landscape Examine and be able to show others how to consider safer strategies for landscaping & their applications within your community Learn how to identify and pull together members within their community that have the skills and experience to identify CPTED susceptible problems and implement the best strategy to address community issues including setting goals for community crime prevention through landscape.
•
Vision inside the public spaces should clearly visible
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5.7- Landscape
•
Planting and selection of landscape material should be such that sight lines remain open and clear, and places of concealment are not fostered.
• •
Open view
Sprayed trees at eye level hiding windows vision get blocked
• •
Prune the lower branches of trees to at least seven feet off the ground If graffiti is a known problem in the area, specify thorny landscape plants as a natural barrier to deter unwanted entry.
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5.7- Landscape
•
Provide landscape and fencing that do not create hiding places for criminals. Discourage crime by creating an inhospitable environment for criminals.
•such corners allows criminal to hide •should be maintained & to be trimmed regularly for open view to avoid hiding space •
No overgrown mass planting :- Mass planting affords an opportunity for a potential criminal to conceal themselves
•Recommended design ref for corners with regular maintenance
No overgrown mass planting
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5.7- Landscape
SUCH PATCHES BECOME TOO DARK IN THE NIGHT
BARRICADE THE AREAS TO RESTRICT THE CRIMINAL ACTIVITY & REMOVE ALL UN WATED PLANTETION TO AVOID CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
5.7.3 CRIME PREVENTION CONSIDERATION FOR LANDSCAPING • BEFOR you landscape consider the natural Terrain Maximize the ability to see & to be seen • Define Private space and separate it from public space • Control access point onto and within the property • Consider any conflicts • Will the landscaping cause conflict with people? • Will it cause conflict with good activity or allow for bad activity? • Will it reduce the ability to see of to be seen? • Will landscaping interfere with lighting? • Protect/defend vulnerable areas with theory plant under the window (i.e. Bougainvillea) • Consider plant size at maturity • Will it interfere with visibility? Big busy shrubs create hiding place and block views. • Will it interfere with lighting? Trees are often planted next to light pole and ,at maturity the tree block the light ,creating shadow or darker area.
5.8. Management And Maintenance
5.8.1 Introduction Road maintenance is importance for our safety & healthy journey in addition to appealing enjoyable environment. And to achieve a long term benefit of road maintenance along with cost saving strategies, road management becomes essential. The life of an infrastructural asset can be preserved and prolonged if adequate repair and maintenance is undertaken at proper time on regular basis with proper design, regular periodical inspection and upkeep of drainage system.
Road management & maintenance include number of aspects to be taken care of like: Periodic inspection & evaluations Before rain precautions Safe roads, reliable journeys Road signages for informed travelers Data collection: speed limits, sufficient light, traffic, where delays occur, planned or otherwise technical data, road characteristics (geometry, deterioration, structure), etc. Development and review of policy and operational services Post implementation Evaluation Use of range of digital channels to communicate and engage; etc.
5.8.2 Crime Preventive Design Objectives:
To discourage graffiti and vandalism by reducing blank canvases. To facilitate prompt reporting of any damage; to ensure prompt maintenance and repairs; and to promote the perception of a well cared for area.
5.8.3 Rationale / Fundamental Reasons Management and maintenance are closely linked to a sense of safety and security and pride in a place. Good management and maintenance of a place or property can make the difference between it seeming safe or unsafe. The aim is to promote a perception that a space or property is cared for by its owner and those who use it. This in turn encourages greater use and reduces the likelihood of crime being committed.
Badly maintained road
Neatly maintained road
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5.8. Management And Maintenance
5.8.4 Factors to Consider Long expanses of blank walls or fences Landscape maintenance to prevent evolving entrapment spaces, hiding places and inappropriate visual screening Graffiti and vandalism resistant paints and finishes Other imaginative solutions to reduce vandalism, preferably involving local youth groups Signage identifying contacts for reporting crime Appropriate scale of landscape and long-term growth issues
5.8.5 Performance Criteria 5.8.5.1 Maintenance Identify emergency contacts for maintenance in public locations Promptly repair damage Consider preventative maintenance 5.8.5.2 Materials Application Use secure and enclosed service points Considering prevention maintenance Specify materials that can withstand normal hard use and be easily replaced. Provide protective heavy duty coatings in public areas and vulnerable hot spots. Avoid the use of highly vulnerable and flimsy materials and fittings which can be easily vandalized or removed in open locations. Avoid extensive and prolonged use of problem materials such as heavy duty mesh, cyclone fencing and grilles which may encourage willful damage. Avoid long expanses of non permeable walls unless there is extensive public surveillance. 5.8.5.3 Use of Emerging Repair Materials For rigid pavement: High strength and high performance concrete (HPC) using flyash and silica fume. Synthetic Resins, Magnesium phosphate cement, Magnesium Oxide Chloride cement, Sealents–Silicon and Polyurethane sealants, Sulphur and sand Mortars– Additives for obtaining very high strength Silicophosphate cement. For flexible pavements: Sand Asphalt base course Bituminous cold mixes including gravel mix Stone mastic, Fog spray, Liquid and slurry seals etc.
5.8.6 Identifying the General Defects in Roads Defects in Rigid pavements:
Defects in Flexible pavements:
Potholes Scaling Blowups Mud Pumping Spalling Loss of sealent Creacking (Longitudinal, Transverse reflection Sympathetic Corrugation etc.
Raveling Slippery surface Wheel track rutting Distortion Corrugation Shoving Upheavals Edge breaking Streaking Deformation Stripping disintegration Cracking etc.
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5.8. Management And Maintenance
5.8.7 Current Road Condition at Site:
Earlier: Badly maintained periphery of Carter Road
Earlier: Potholes, blowup, loss of sealent at Carter Road
Currently: Well maintained road span with proper divider, light posts, lane division marking, etc.
Currently: Well maintained road pavement with defined zones, light posts, etc.
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5.9 Sightlines and Way Finding
5.9.1 Crime Preventive design objectives: • To provide unimpeded sightlines, particularly along pedestrian pathways. 5.9.2 Rationale Design needs to facilitate good sightlines (see figure 13) so that the ability to see ahead and around the route is not compromised as shown in figure 12. This is known as ‘visual permeability’. Features that facilitate sightlines are low hedges and fences, gardens and benches. Way finding is the use of symbols, cues and signage to help navigate through areas, to guide appropriate use of this space and make inappropriate use obvious to others. 5.9.3 Factors to consider • Sharp blind corners • Gradient changes • Barriers, particularly along pedestrian routes • Landscape design and management which avoid the future impairment of sightlines • hardware such as mirrors in areas difficult to retro fit • importance of logical routes
Poor landscaping
Good landscaping
Performance Criteria
5.9.4 Sightlines • Avoid the use of gradients or changes in direction which impede sightlines, especially on pathways, stairs or enclosed spaces • Avoid landscape materials acting as a screen or barrier to unimpeded views of pathways • Ensure that pedestrians have a clear view ahead • Improve the sightlines in established areas through a reconsideration of routes, times of access and additional hardware such as appropriate security mirrors
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5.9 Sightlines and Way Finding
5.9.5 Way finding
• Signage should identify where assistance and key areas can be located such as taxi ranks, toilets, public transport and telephones • Signage should be visible, concise and easily maintained • Use environmental cues such as changes in footpath materials, levels of lighting and appropriate changes in grade or elevation • Use appropriate physical barriers (permeable fences) and symbolic barriers (low vegetation) to define use and ownership
Poor surveillance due to improper design of wall
Lowering the height of the wall now provides better surveillance
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5.10- Signage
5.10.1 Crime Preventive design objectives: to provide adequate, easily legible signage to assist all user groups, particularly young people, older people and people with disabilities to find their way safely; and to provide signage which indicates safe places and routes. 5.10.2 Rationale Knowing where you are and which way to go contributes to a sense of security. Signage contributes to legibility, that is, the ability of the environment to create a sense of place and give messages of orientation, direction and desired behaviors.
Poor Quality Signage
Good Quality Signage
5.10.3 Factors to consider • Strategic locations • avoiding obstruction from vegetation • Maps in large public spaces • After hours information • Illumination • Regularity of signs • Clarity of Information • Territorial Reinforcement 5.10.4 Performance Criteria
5.10.4.1 Provision of signage • Prepare a signage plan focusing on safe routes, destinations, facilities and Amenities en route • Ensure signage is easily legible at all hours • Locate signage strategically, at crossing points, junctions, activity places and other common areas • Indicate where to go for assistance • Provide maps in large public open spaces and orientate maps to be consistent with the viewers direction
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5.10Signage
5.10.4.2 Maintenance • Ensure key public signage is not obscured by mature landscape, awnings, poor lighting, too many commercial signs and vandalism • Consider reporting contacts and the process for emergency maintenance
Multiple Signage on different location.
Unique Signage
Multiple Signage with different color, different symbols and complicated graphics .
Multiple Signage with Strong colors, standard symbols and simple graphics are used for informational signs.
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5.11 Predictable Routes & Spaces Safe from Entrapment.
5.11.1 Entrapment spots Small confined areas, shielded on three sides by some sort of barrier, may be used by offenders to trap potential victims. These areas, known as entrapment spots, are often selected as the site for violent crimes against a person such as robbery, assault or rape. The physical enclosure of an entrapment spot is used by offenders to control their victims by inhibiting their opportunity for escape. Such areas often offer the opportunity for concealment during the commission of crime as they are also usually characterised by poor visibility from public space. Potential entrapment spots are more likely to be used for criminal purposes and present a greater risk when they are near a public space or route, through or along which people are likely to be moving. A predictable or unchangeable pedestrian route/path is known as a movement predictor. The creation of movement predictors should be avoided where possible by providing for multiple exit and entry points to routes/paths. The safety of movement predictors can be enhanced by providing for informal surveillance from surrounding areas and clear visibility of and along the route/path. 5.11.2 Criteria: “Avoid the creation of potential entrapment spots (which are small, defined areas generally shielded on three sides by a barrier of some sort such as a recessed entrance or a gap in tall vegetation) and areas which may isolate users of public areas from public view. Avoid recesses in external walls next to pedestrian routes / walkways / footpaths.� 5.11.3 Examples of entrapment spots:
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5.11 Predictable Routes & Spaces Safe from Entrapment.
5.11.4 To avoid potential entrapment spots the following should occur: ¡ Recesses in external walls next to pedestrian routes/walkways/footpaths need to be avoided. Any areas that are recessed should have a clear two-way view of the adjacent route or surrounding area.
Routes/paths all need to have multiple exit/entry points so as to avoid them become movement predictors.
¡ Routes / paths need to be designed so that there is clear visibility along and into them from surrounding areas.
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5.11 Predictable Routes & Spaces Safe from Entrapment.
¡ Potential entrapment areas (where people can hide) should be illuminated if they are unable to be removed or secured during the hours of darkness.
¡
Where possible, routes/paths need to be located where they are overlooked by, or visible from, other activities, rather than being located in isolated areas where they cannot be overlooked by buildings, streets and other activities.
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5.12 Shopping, Commercial, Health and Education Centers
5.12.1 Introduction Shopping centers, schools, universities and recreation centers sometimes provide the main focus for neighborhood, district and regional shopping, community, cultural, entertainment and recreational facilities. Legitimate activity in these locations confers a sense of safety. Associated active and vibrant community spaces can enhance safety as well as reduce vandalism and graffiti. Shopping malls and large enclosed developments do not generally provide surveillance of surrounding communal spaces. In redeveloping or refurbishing centers it may be possible to improve safety through encouraging a mix of uses and activities and active frontages. A risk assessment will assist in this process. It will help to identify activity patterns, potential risks and provide a strategic basis for developing safety strategies.
5.12.2 Crime Preventive design objectives: provide a safe and attractive environment for staff and users; provide range of uses suitable for all members of the community; and Ensure safe and easy access in and around the centre. 5.12.3 Factors to consider 5.12.2.1 Design and use • Provide incentives to encourage footpath activities • Explore solutions which avoid the centre ‘turning its back’ on the surrounding streets • Encourage spaces for young people to legitimately congregate • Encourage activities for diverse user groups • Provide secure storage spaces
5.12.2.2 Car parking • Design large car parks with good sightlines and clear signage • Avoid creating car parks that are too large to adequately manage and keep secure 5.12.2.3 Public transport • Locate bus and train stops at entrances of buildings rather than on edges of car parks 5.12.2.4 Landscape • Consider using ‘green screens’ in areas with high potential for graffiti • Avoid creating entrapment spaces 5.12.2.5 Maintenance • Remove obsolete and superfluous street furniture • Redevelop underused spaces 5.12.2.5 Community participation • Involve the community in the design, construction, renewal and refurbishment of community facilities
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5.12 Shopping, Commercial, Health and Education Centers
Need some movements to keep this space busy
Stall / ATM / Public Telephone Booth to be provided
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5.13 Public Parks & Open space
5.13.1 Introduction The safety of public open space is directly related to the design of the spaces and their ability to provide surveillance, sightlines, legibility and protection from entrapment. In new areas a risk assessment may be of value and in established areas a safety audit could identify issues to be resolved in a renewal programme. It is also important to design public open space to be interesting and inviting to legitimate users.
5.13.2 Crime Preventive design objectives: To encourage legitimate use by a wide range of users. To ensure the design does not create unsafe or dead environments. To ensure appropriate plan selection, materials and lighting to reduce opportunities for crime.
Figure : Design promoting sightlines
Figure : Park is visible from the street
Figure : Structure obscuring sightlines
Figure : Park is not visible from the street
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5.14 Public Parks & Open space
5.13.3 Factors to consider Design and use • Locate where it can be surrounded by a mix of land use to generate activity over acceptable extended hours • Foster legibility, orientation and amenity • Consider water safety • Consider the relationship of users to adjacent private spaces for surveillance purposes and compatibility • Avoid over designing and limiting use and under designing and creating dead zones • Locate youth recreation areas so that they are visible and use access control measures as appropriate • Avoid below grade pathways • Ensure parks are visible from the street 5.13.4 Lighting • Ensure adequate lighting of path ways, activity zones and signage
Figure : showing adequate lightning on pathways
Figure : showing adequate lightning is not design on pathways
5.13.5 Signage
Figure showing On jogging track proper signage or marking is there for Normal track, Senior track and Handicapped track.
Figure showing On jogging track there is no proper signage or marking for different track.
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5.14 Public Parks & Open space
5.13.6 Over designing • Avoid over designing and limiting use and under designing and creating dead zones
Figure : showing over designing disturbing the surrounding environment and creating dead zones.
Figure : showing perfect design without any disturbance and dead zone
• Gathering areas for public events in open space zone encourage pedestrians usage and discourage criminal activities.
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5.14 Car Parks
5.14.1 Introduction The planning and design of new car parks and the redevelopment of established parking precincts should take into account the designing out crime principles of surveillance, sightlines, lighting, landscape improvements and direct access by pedestrian pathways to destinations. Exterior and interior car parks require adequate levels of lighting that allow pedestrians to identify vehicles, objects and approaching people.
5.14.2 Crime Preventive design objectives: To encourage car park design which assists all users to easily identify their vehicles; To increase safety through optimizing visibility and clear sightlines; To encourage surveillance from surrounding land uses; and To provide safe access to and from car parks.
Car parks promoting surveillance
. When leaving, the driver would pay at an exit point according to how much time was spent in the lot as determined from the stub. A common arrangement in paid parking lots is to have a vehicle entry point with a cross gate where an entering driver presses a button to take a stub with the entry time and to open the cross gate for access
5.14.3 Factors to consider 5.14.3.1 Car park size • Should be as small a size as possible or divided into smaller sections • Avoid large expanses of car parking which may act as barriers and create surveillance issues Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
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5.14 Car Parks
5.14.3.2 Design • Integrate complementary and active land uses near car parks to prevent isolation • Clearly identify pedestrian routes in car parks
5.14.3.3 Surveillance • Encourage surveillance of multi-storey or interior car parks through placement of windows and land uses to overlook • Exterior should be overlooked from the street
5.14.3.4 Access • Access points should be visible from every car parking space • Ensure all paths to and from car parks have appropriate landscaping, lighting, signage and sightlines • Limit unauthorized entry points from the street • Ensure street level entry and exit points have maximum surveillance from adjacent uses during hours of operation • Where appropriate encourage on-street parking 5.14.3.5 Pedestrian routes • Pedestrian routes should be integrated into a walkway system • Safe routes make illegitimate use more obvious 5.14.3.5 Sightlines • Maximize sightlines • Limit support pillars which may obscure sightlines • Consider glazing and open design at access points, lifts and stairwells • Use vandal proof security mirrors as appropriate 5.14.3.6 Lighting • Maximize consistent lighting for access, egress, orientation, surveillance and sightlines during all operational hours • Illuminate parking bays and circulation routes
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5.15 Bus Stop , Taxi Stands
5.15.1 Transit stations, including bus stops and taxi ranks Safety at public transport interchanges, connections and associated facilities is of paramount importance in a community which is encouraged through government policy to use alternatives to the domestic car and for the proportion of the community which uses public transport as the sole means of transport. Public transport in these guidelines includes the use of communal taxi ranks. Public transport is used by different groups of people at different times of the day. All travelers need to be taken into account. Safe use of public transport is of particular concern to vulnerable groups in our community. In addition, a parallel supporting community strategy which empowers user groups to report suspicious or inappropriate behaviour will be of value and could be publicized by relevant authorities. Crime Preventive design objectives: To maximize the use of public transport by a wide range of people over extended operational hours; to encourage all users to feel safe by increasing safety provisions; and to promote surveillance.
Mixed use promoting safety
These posters divert the sight and thus activities are shawdowed.
Random parking of Autorickshaws due to lack of stands creating a traffic zone & barring the natural survielliance.
Junction has Taxi parks in random Thus inviting crime at night times due to activities
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5.15 Bus Stop , Taxi Stands
Sightlines and Visibility – The bus stops must be clearly visible and also the next stop since it is located nearby. Due to a compact design of the bus stop there is not much of shade and shelter to the ‘many’ of commuters do not get the ease. Apart for the ease, this creates a very low vision of sight for the people who are at distant.
Entrapment – The narrow roads which acts as the entry for the residence at few junctions of the site. These narrow roads have not public transport halt, hence a chance of crime gets on board. There must be defining stops at these prominent areas.
Signage - Due to the massive eye catching hoardings at the bus stops, there is less glance of activity happening .Thus, creating a sense of low safety and security. Provide adequate, easy to find, vandal proof signage for all user groups to assist orientation which is lacking at the moment.
Design and Maintenance – Compact design of bus stops, Inspite of very less wear and tear, the user is not able to use at the prominent level due to the flaws in design. It has just been a space for hoardings and a spot to stand in (without considering the weather) hence user ends up at standing to a distance (which can be an advantage for the crime / theft to occur) . Designing attractive landscape at stations, interchanges and stops of an appropriate scale and robust.
Lighting - Lighting is very low as only street lights have been focused as the main lighting. No digital lights at the bus stop where the identity / codes of buses are The night times are the tuff ones as the benches to sit are not even visible and you cannot know what is underneath which again needs safety measures. Also an add-on to ensure areas adjacent are appropriately illuminated (limit shadow and contrast) and protected from weather.
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5.15 Bus Stop , Taxi Stands
Other facilities – To equip associated telephones, automatic teller machines, toilets and ticket machines that are located near active frontages
Electronic Ticket Machine
Automatic Teller Machine attached to the Bustop inviting a busy bus stop even during non-working hours. Factors to consider Location • Avoid locating stations, interchanges and stops in isolated, derelict or underused locations including vacant land, car parks, alleys, wide set back zones and possible entrapment spots • Avoid locating entries and stops at different levels from the main activity zone to avoid isolation and reduced surveillance • Ensure short, safe routes to and from stations, interchanges and stops, especially near night time venues Access • Ensure access to and from public transport and other modes of transport and destinations is as direct, safe and universally accessible as possible
Phone Booth attached to Bus Stop
Surveillance • Maximize surveillance opportunities • Consider risk assessment in established problem areas • Consider congestion as well as isolation factors
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5.16 Public Toilets
5.16.1 Introduction MUMBAI, India — Men and women here in India’s largest city, a congested, humanity-soaked metropolis of roughly 20 million residents, would seem bound by at least one common misery: far too many people sharing far too few toilets.
Public bathrooms in Shivaji Nagar, a Mumbai slum where one estimate puts the ratio of toilets to people at 1 to 300.
A lack of public toilets is a public health problem, but also a gender issue.
In Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, millions of people depend on public toilets, which are usually in dark and filthy buildings that operate as male-controlled outposts. The municipal government provides 5,993 public toilets for men, compared with only 3,536 for women. Men have an additional 2,466 urinals. (A 2009 study found an even greater imbalance in New Delhi, the national capital, with 1,534 public toilets for men and 132 for women.)
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5.16 Public Toilets
The design, sitting and maintenance of public toilets can play an important role in ensuring safe and legitimate use of these facilities. The essential principle is to reduce the possibility of entrapment or inappropriate use. 5.16.2 Designing out crime objectives: • to ensure safety for all people using public toilets; • to maximize surveillance opportunities in the location of public facilities; and • to ensure prompt and effective maintenance.
5.16.3 Factors to consider 5.16.3.1 Location • Locate adjacent to high traffic and legitimate activity areas rather than in isolation
• Avoid designing in loitering opportunities such as seating , telephones, automatic teller machines which are too close or entrapment spaces such as storage, utility recesses or Under used access ways
• Consider relocating public toilets which are in established unsafe locations
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5.16 Public Toilets
5.16.3.2
Surveillance
• Ensure approaches and entrances to all toilets in
all locations are highly visible so that people cannot loiter or enter without being seen
• Ensure adequate lighting
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5.16 Public Toilets
5.16.3.3 Access • Ensure adequate signage
• Ensure doors/windows can be secured only by legitimate key holder to reduce the danger of entrapment
5.16.3.4 Maintenance
• Ensure facilities are as vandal proof as possible, well maintained and promptly repaired
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5.16 Public Toilets
A glimpse of what might be
Surveillance • Ensure approaches and entrances to all toilets in all locations are highly visible so that people cannot loiter or enter without being seen
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5.17 Pedestrians Routes, Laneways
5.17.1 Introduction The design and use of pedestrian routes including laneways, alleyways and other public access ways has a major impact on actual and perceived public safety. Risk assessment procedures could be used to address issues such as: • considering the likely movement patterns, times, user groups; • considering nearby land use influences; • considering surveillance and sightlines; and • considering the potential for entrapment.
5.17.2 Crime Preventive design objectives: Design to maximize safe pedestrian and cyclist linkages, especially at night; and Design to encourage legitimate activity.
Areas of entrapment 5.17.3 Factors to consider
5.17.3.1 Location • Locate to enhance other designing out crime initiatives • Locate as part of a collector system • Locate for views of activity as well as safety and security
5.17.3.2 Design • Provide an attractive, convenient variety of options for diverse user groups • Avoid designing in areas where little pedestrian traffic is expected • Consider appropriate closure techniques and alternative uses to remove unsafe parts of an existing network • Avoid dead ends • Consider the needs of user groups sharing the movement network
Laneways
Pedestrian ways
Overview of Carter Road, showing prominent Pedestrian routes and Laneways Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
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5.17 Pedestrians Routes, Laneways
Definite pathway allowing easy movement along with proper surveillance
Dominant Pedestrian route along with laneways providing a balanced use of Road
5.17.3.3 Surveillance • Ensure routes do not violate privacy whilst providing surveillance • Encourage appropriate surveillance especially in open space areas
5.17.3.4 Sightlines • Identify priorities for lighting
5.17.3.5 Lighting • Align lighting and pathways • Align lighting and landscape
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5.17 Pedestrians Routes, Laneways
5.17.3.6 Access • Provide direct access routes to and from destinations • Avoid designing in opportunities for short cuts • Provide a visible exit point • Provide secure cycle parking where appropriate • Ensure barrier free access • Provide clear edge definition
Provision of standardized path design for ease movement for the oldage and handicaps
Poor and faulty design resulting in the discomfort 5.17.3.8 Orientation • Design to enhance recognition of movement network during hours of use • Provide appropriate and vandal proof directional signage, maps and materials 5.17.3.9 Maintenance • Ensure private, public and transition zones and uses are clearly understood • Design with graffiti resistant, vandal resistant materials wherever possible • Ensure well maintained public areas and facilities
Poor maintenance by the local authority
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Narrowing down the lanes with improper lighting affecting surveillance
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Implementation These guidelines are intended to provide a framework for policy development and implementation. There are a number of direct or indirect implementation options available to local government. These guidelines establish the important criteria which will guide the government in its consideration of subdivision. Crime preventive design policies may guide the location, siting and design of development. Land use and built form developments are considered by local government under the provisions and policies of their town planning scheme. Some local by-laws may influence the design and siting of specific built form elements such as fencing, walls and jetties. Action plans may be an appropriate tool in designing, constructing and managing the public realm. Local government may acquire, design and manage council owned and occupied properties, businesses and assets. These guidelines provide a framework for advocacy, education and advice, including influence on private development activity. These guidelines may also influence the design and implementation strategies of the private and public land development sector, including: > Design and development briefs; > Development agreements; > Detailed area plans; and > Marketing and branding initiatives. Partnerships between the community and private and public sectors provide Implementation opportunities, such as: A definition of local responsibilities; Safety audits; and Community accords, including capacity for building partnerships and local decision making, conflict resolution and interaction.
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Reference list
7.0 Reference list Design Centre for Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design, Vancouver, http://www.designcentreforcpted.org
International CPTED Association: www.cpted.net
CPTED Ontario : www.cptedontario.ca
Crime Statistics Report : Khar Road Police Station., Mumbai – 400052.
Crime Coverage News Reports : The Times of India, Hindustan Times.
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Glossary
8.0 Glossary Active frontage Building frontage which contains uses that promote activity on the street Activity generators Features and land uses that attract people, activity and surveillance opportunities, such as picnic areas, cafes, recreation facilities and public seating areas. Blind spots Areas where vision ahead or around is restricted CCTV Closed Circuit Television
CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Diffusion Occurs when the benefits of crime prevention in one location spill over into neighboring areas Displacement Occurs where crime is moved away or drawn into new locations Entrapment Places where there are no alternative exit/exits if confronted Green screens The use of fauna shrubs to reduce opportunities for climbing and graffiti Guardian surveillance The ability for an individual or groups of individuals to see and act upon offending activities Hotspots Locations where there is an existing high crime rate
Legibility The ability of people who are unfamiliar with an area to find their way Legitimate Use any lawful and normally appropriate use of a building, facility or public space Illegitimate Use of space by those who may have a criminal intent Macro, Meso and Micro Large, medium and small scale Movement predictors Routes where there are no alternative choices, such as staircases and bridges Natural ladders Access formed by a combination of features on buildings which create a climbing frame or ladder for illegitimate use Natural surveillance/ The ability to see and hear activities surveillance Public realm Areas of common use, in local authority ownership, such as parks, playgrounds and streets Rationale An explanation of the basis or fundamental reasons Sightlines The line of sight between the viewer and viewed Target hardening Security measures Territorial reinforcement Reinforcing spatial ownership Territoriality Spatial ownership Urban design A design based approach to shaping urban environments and optimizing the performance and efficiency of neighbourhoods, towns and cities, paying particular attention to the way urban spaces work, interface between public and private realms and natural environment, cultural values, integrated movement systems and built form Visibility The ability of users of a space to see and be seen, ensuring surveillance by the maximum number of people Vulnerable groups / Individuals, or groups of people who are likely to perceive themselves or be people perceived as being unsafe or insecure or at risk of violence in the community Crime Preventive Design Guidelines
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