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Toyota Forklift 8BRU18 8BRU23 8BDRU15 Service Manual & Parts Catalog

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the upper angle, beneath which there is a large depression, bearing one rather long and thick, and four short and thick, spines; inferior upraised part with a double row of longer and thinner spines.

Cirri.—Posterior cirri with segments bearing five pairs of spines, of which the lowest pair is very minute; intermediate spines minute; spines of the dorsal tuft thin, of nearly equal size; segments not at all protuberant, elongated. First cirrus, standing far separated from the second (as in Scalpellum), with its nearly equal rami rather above half as long as those of the second cirrus. Second cirrus with anterior ramus not thicker, and scarcely more thickly clothed with spines, than the posterior ramus, but shorter than it by three or four segments; the spines not forming a very thick brush on the anterior ramus. Both rami of third cirrus with a longitudinal row of minute spines, parallel to the main pairs. Between the bases of the pedicels of the first pair of cirri, there are two closely approximate, conical flattened protuberances, like the single one to be described in Ibla.

Caudal Appendages, about one third of the length of the pedicel of the sixth cirrus, with some moderately long and strong spines at the end, and down the whole outer sides.

Ova, much pointed. Penis, hairy.

Size.—Capitulum in largest specimens half an inch long.

2. Pæcilasma aurantia. Pl. II, Fig. 2.

P. valvis 5; carinæ basi truncatâ: scutis ovatis, margine basali perbrevi, dentibus parvis, internis, umbonalibus instructo: tergorum acumine basali perobliquè truncato.

Valves 5; carina with a truncated base; scuta oval, with the basal margin very short, furnished with small internal umbonal teeth; terga, with the basal point very obliquely truncated.

Maxillæ with fine spines in the notch under the three great upper spines; caudal appendages with scattered bristles on their summits, and along only the upper part of their outer margins.

Madeira; found by the Rev. R. T. Lowe, attached to the rare Homola Cuvierii, probably a deep-water crab. British Museum.

General Appearance.—This species so closely resembles P. Kæmpferi, that it is superfluous to describe it in detail; and I will indicate only the points of difference. When the valves have been well preserved, they are of fine pale orange colour, and hence the name above given, which was proposed by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

Scuta, with the internal umbonal teeth small; basal internal marginal rim very prominent, furrowed within; basal margin short, (only equalling half the length of terga), owing to the great curvature of the lower part of the carino-tergal margin; hence, the outline of the scuta is almost pointed oval. I saw no appearance of inequality in the two sides.

Terga, rather smaller in proportion to the scuta, than in P. Kæmpferi, with the basal end very obliquely truncated, so as to appear at first simply pointed, not parallel to the occludent margin; apex considerably more pointed and produced than in the foregoing species.

Carina, almost of equal narrowness throughout, barely concave within; lower end triangular, abruptly truncated, and not crested.

Primordial valves very plain, with the usual hexagonal structure: those of the terga, rounded at both ends, instead of being square, as in the mature calcified valves.

Peduncle short, narrow, not half as long as the capitulum; paved with minute equal beads, as in the genus Dichelaspis.

Mouth.—Mandibles with the fourth tooth very small; inferior angle rudimentary. Maxillæ, with three great upper spines, beneath which

there is a deep notch bearing some delicate spines; inferior upraised part, as in P. Kæmpferi.

Cirri.—Rami of first cirrus hardly more than one third as long as the rami of the second cirrus, which latter rami are unequal in length by only two segments; the posterior ramus being the longer one.

Caudal Appendages, with only two or three lateral bristles, besides those on the summit.

Size.—Capitulum, three to four tenths of an inch long.

General Remarks.—This species has the closest general resemblance to P. Kæmpferi, and is evidently a representative of it. On close examination, however, almost every part differs slightly; the chief points being the narrowness of the basal margin of the scuta; the obliqueness of the truncated basal end of the terga and the sharpness of the upper end; the rudimentary state of the inferior angle of the mandibles; the character of the spines on the maxillæ; the proportional lengths of the cirri, and the fewness of the spines on the outer sides of the caudal appendages. The fact of Madeira having this Pæcilasma, a representative both in structure and habits of a Japan species, is interesting, inasmuch, as I am informed by Mr. Lowe, that some of the Madeira fishes are analogues of those of Japan.

3. Pæcilasma crassa. Pl. II, Fig. 3.

Anatifa crassa. J. E. Gray. Proc. Zoolog. Soc., 1848, p. 44, Annulosa, Tab. iii, figs. 5, 6.

P. valvis 5; carinæ termino basali in discum parvum infossum producto: scutis convexis, dentibus internis umbonalibus nullis: tergis pæne rudimentalibus, vix carinâ latioribus.

Valves 5; carina with the basal end produced into a small imbedded disc; scuta convex, without internal umbonal teeth; terga almost

rudimentary, scarcely broader than the carina.

Spines on the segments of the posterior cirri arranged in single transverse rows.

Madeira; attached to the Homola Cuvierii, Rev. R. T. Lowe. British Museum.

[31]

General Appearance.—Capitulum highly bullate, or thick. Valves rather thick, opaque, either pale or dark flesh-red, smooth, yet rather plainly striated from the umbones. There are a few very minute spines on the membranous borders of the valves.

Scuta highly convex, broadly oval, apex broad rounded; basal margin narrow, much curved; no internal, umbonal teeth; basal internal rim strong, running up part of the occludent margin. A slightly prominent ridge, either rounded or angular, but in one specimen a narrow depressed fissure-like line, runs parallel to the occludent margin and ends near the apex in a slight notch; this fact is of interest in relation to the structure of the scuta in P. eburnea and P. fissa. The scuta are either equally or very unequally convex; in the latter case, the occludent margin of one valve is curled, so that its umbo is not quite medial.

[31] It is stated, in ‘Zoolog. Proc.,’ (1848, p. 44,) that this species was attached to a gorgonia, from Madeira; I cannot but suspect that there has been some confusion with the Oxynaspis celata from Madeira, which is thus attached.

Terga, minute, almost rudimentary, scarcely broader than the carina, and half as long as the chord of its arc; carinal margin slightly curved; scutal margin straight, with a slight prominence fitting into a notch in the scuta; basal end bluntly pointed.

Carina, (fig. 3, a) rather shorter than the scuta, extending up only to the basal ends of the terga; moderately curved; apex moderately sharp; middle part broadest, externally carinated; internally not concave, with the inner lamina of shell, at the basal end, produced into a very small oblong disc or tooth, which is only as wide as the

narrowest upper part of the valve. The exterior keel does not extend on to this disc, which is slightly constricted at its origin.

Peduncle very short, narrow, ringed, and apparently without spines.

Size.—Capitulum four tenths of an inch long.

The following parts of the animal are described from some small and not well preserved specimens from Madeira, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. Lowe.

Mouth.—Labrum highly bullate in the upper part, with large, inwardly pointed, unequal teeth. Mandibles, with four large, pointed, equal-sized teeth, with the inferior angle very narrow, acuminated like a single spine. Maxillæ, with three (?) large upper spines, of which the middle one is extremely strong and long, beneath which, there is a deep notch with a single strong spine, and with the whole inferior part square and much upraised, so as to stand on a level almost with the tips of the great upper spines.

Cirri in a miserable state of preservation; first cirrus short, second cirrus with rami unequal, and I suspect the anterior one the longest; some of the other cirri also have unequal rami. The segments of the posterior cirri are not protuberant, they have on their anterior faces a single transverse row of bristles: in the upper segments, some of the spines in each dorsal tuft (which is much spread out), are much thicker, though rather shorter than those on the anterior face. This peculiar structure is common to all five posterior cirri.

Caudal Appendages.—I can only say that they are spinose on their summits.

Affinities.—This species is allied to P. eburnea in the rudimentary condition of its terga; in the disc-shaped basal end of its carina; and in the presence in some specimens, of a fissure-like line on the scuta parallel to their occludent margins. Its affinity, however, is closer to P. fissa, as is more especially shown by the remarkable arrangement of the spines on the five posterior cirri.

4. Pæcilasma fissa. Pl. II, Fig. 4.

P. valvis 7; scuto utroque è duobus juxtapositis segmentis formato; segmento altero intus dentato: tergis brevibus, ter aut quater carinâ latioribus: carinæ termino basali in discum parvum angustum infossum producto.

Valves 7; each scutum being formed of two closely approximate segments; of which one is internally toothed: terga short, three or four times as wide as the carina: carina with the basal end produced into a small, narrow, imbedded disc.

Spines on the segments of the posterior cirri arranged in single transverse rows.

Philippine Archipelago; Island of Bohol; parasitic on a spinose crab, found under a stone at low water; single specimen, in Mus., Cuming.

General Appearance.—Capitulum gibbous, broadly oval, nearly a quarter of an inch long. Valves white, smooth, moderately thick, marked by the lines of growth. The occludent segments of the scuta, and nearly the whole of the terga, and the whole of the carina, enveloped in lemon-yellow membrane, tinged with orange, but the specimen had long been kept dry.

Scuta formed of two, apparently always separate, segments, closely united, so that externally their separation is hardly visible, and does not allow of movement; the fissure thus formed runs almost in the line connecting the umbo and apex, (where in most species a ridge extends,) but a little on the carinal side of it. The occludent segment is narrowly bow-shaped, pointed at both ends, with the upper end projecting slightly beyond the apex of the lateral segment, and with the occludent margin regularly curved from end to end. The lateral segment is large, of an oval shape, with a narrow strip cut off on one side. Primordial valves very plain at the umbones of the lateral segments, but none are visible on the occludent segments; and this makes me believe that these two pieces are normally parts of a single valve; having only one specimen of P. fissa, I was not able to

make out quite certainly whether the two segments are continuously united at their umbones by a non-calcified portion of valve, as is certainly the case with Dichelaspis. The basal margin of the lateral segment is narrow, inflected, and blends with the carino-tergal margin; it has an internal, prominent, basal rim, and towards the occludent margin a large, prominent, internal tooth. This internal basal rim is not parallel to the outer basal margin, but rises to a point a little way up the occludent margin, in the same manner as in P. eburnea, but in a lesser degree; in this latter species the peduncle is internally almost cut off by the large disc of its carina; here, on the other hand, it is internally almost cut off by these rims and the two large teeth of the lateral segments of the scuta.

Terga sub-triangular, short, nearly half as broad as long; three or four times as wide as the carina, and rather wider than the occludent segment of the scuta; occludent margin single, arched; carinal margin slightly arched; basal angle bluntly pointed.

Carina very narrow, much arched, running up just between the basal ends of the terga; exterior ridge enveloped in membrane; heel blunt, prominent; internally, not concave, even slightly convex, produced at the lower end into a very narrow, short, imbedded disc, (or rather tooth,) which is itself a little curved downwards and blunt at the end.

Peduncle very narrow, about half as long as the capitulum; yellow, finely beaded, plainly ringed, without spines.

Mouth.—Labrum, with a row of minute teeth; palpi narrow.

Mandibles with all the lower part narrow; of the four teeth, the second and third are narrow, the fourth is pectinated and placed very close to the inferior angle, which is produced into a long thin tooth. Maxillæ unknown.

Cirri.—First pair lost. The arrangement of the spines on all is most abnormal, Pl. X, fig. 29: dorsal tuft long, arranged in a transverse line and seated in a deep notch; in the sixth cirrus, the spines on the lower segments are fine, those on the upper segments are thick and

claw-like, mingled with some fine spines; in the four anterior cirri the spines of the dorsal tufts are even thicker and more claw-like. On the anterior faces, also, of all the segments the spines form a single row; they are shorter than those composing the dorsal tuft; hence the spines on each segment are arranged in a circle, interrupted widely on the two sides: this arrangement is common to all five posterior cirri. Second cirrus, with the anterior ramus one third longer and thinner than the posterior ramus (this is the reverse of the usual arrangement); this longer ramus equals in length the sixth cirrus. Third cirrus, with the anterior ramus considerably longer than the posterior ramus; in the three posterior pair of cirri, also, the anterior rami are a little longer than the posterior: except in length, there is little difference of any kind between the five posterior pair of cirri. Pedicels of the cirri long; rami rather short; segments elongated, not protuberant.

Caudal Appendages nearly as long as the pedicels of the sixth cirrus, thickly clothed with very fine bristles, like a camel’s-hair pencil brush.

Affinities.—In the structure of the carina, and more especially of the scuta, there is a strong affinity between the present and following species; for we shall immediately see that in P. eburnea there is evidence of the scuta being composed of two segments fused together; and the larger segment is furnished with an internal oblique, strong, basal rim. To this same species there is an evident affinity in the form of the mandibles and of the caudal appendages, and in the anterior rami of the cirri being longer than the posterior rami. Notwithstanding these points of affinity, I consider that P. fissa is more closely related in its whole organisation, as more particularly shown in the arrangement of the spines on the cirri and in the presence of terga, to P. crassa than to P. eburnea. Although in Dichelaspis, the scuta are invariably composed of two almost separate segments, yet P. fissa shows no special affinity to this genus.

5. Pæcilasma eburnea. Pl. II, Fig. 5.

Trilasmis eburnea. Hinds. Voyage of Sulphur, 1844, vol. i, Mollusca, Pl. xxi, fig. 5.

P. valvis 3; scutis acuminatis, ovatis; ad pedunculum pæne transversè spectantibus; dentibus internis umbonalibus fortibus: tergis nullis: carinæ termino basali in discum amplum oblongum infossum producto.

Valves 3; scuta pointed, oval, placed almost transversely to the peduncle; internal umbonal teeth strong: terga absent: carina with the basal end produced into a large, oblong, imbedded disc.

Spines on the upper segments of the posterior cirri, arranged in three or four approximate longitudinal rows, making small brushes.

Habitat.—New Guinea, attached to the spines of a dead Echinus. Brit. Mus., and Cuming.

General Appearance.—Capitulum flat, pear-shaped, placed almost transversely to the peduncle. Valves white, smooth, moderately thick.

Scuta: the basal margin, as seen externally, is narrow, and can hardly be separated from the carinal margin; but an internal basal rim, (fig. 5, b) (along which the imbedded disc of the carina runs,) shows where, in the other species, the basal and carinal margins are separated. This basal internal rim is not parallel to the external basal margin, but runs upwards to the occludent margin, leaving beneath it a large triangular space, to which the membrane of the peduncle is attached; and this makes it appear as if the rostral umbones of these valves had grown downwards; but, judging from the allied species, P. fissa, I have no doubt that the primordial valves really lie on the umbones, and that the growth has been in the usual direction, that is, exclusively upwards. The occludent margin is curved, and blends by a regular sweep into the carinal margin, so that there is no acute upper angle. A distinct line can be seen, as if two calcareous valves had been united, running from the umbo to

the upper end of the valve, thus in appearance separating a slip of the occludent margin; internally this appearance is more conspicuous; this structure is important in relation to that of P. fissa.

The pointed umbones are divergent, and internally under each, there is a large tooth. The two valves are equally convex.

Terga, entirely absent.

The Carina (Tab. II, fig. 5, a, c), including the disc, is three fourths as long as the scuta; it is placed almost transversely to the longitudinal axis of the peduncle; it is narrow and internally convex; the imbedded disc is very large, forming a continuous curve with the upper part of the carina; this disc runs along the internal basal rim of the scuta, and hence almost separates, internally, the peduncle from the capitulum; it equals one fourth of the total length of the valve, and is thrice as wide as the upper part; it is oval, externally marked by a central line, and with a slight notch at the end, giving a divided appearance to the whole, and indicating how easily a fork might be formed from it. The carina is thick, measured from the inner convex to the exterior surface, which is carinated; heel prominent.

Peduncle, narrow, very short, not nearly so long as the capitulum.

Mouth.—Labrum considerably bullate, with the lower part much produced towards the adductor muscle; crest with small bead-like teeth; palpi small, pointed; mandibles, with the first tooth standing rather distant from the second; inferior angle spine-like and bifid; maxillæ (Pl. X, fig. 15), with two considerable spines (only one is shown in the Plate) beneath the upper large pair; the inferior upraised part bears seven or eight pair of spines, and its edge is not quite straight; close to the main notch, lying under the four upper spines, there are two minute notches, with the interspace bearing a tuft of fine spines and a pair of larger ones.

Cirri.—The rami in all are rather unequal in length, the anterior rami being rather the longest; the anterior rami of the second and third

cirri are not thicker than the posterior rami. The segments in the three posterior cirri are not protuberant; the upper segments bear three or four pair of spines, with some minute intermediate ones, and with the lateral marginal spines unusually large and long, so as to form, with the ordinary pairs, a third or fourth longitudinal row; hence a small brush is formed on each segment. The dorsal tuft is large and wide, so as to contain even fourteen spines, of which some are as long as those in front. In the lower segments of these same posterior cirri, the lateral marginal spines are not so much developed (nor is the dorsal tuft), and hence the segments can hardly be said to be brush-like. The first cirrus is placed rather distant from the second pair. The second and third cirri differ from the three posterior pair, only in the bristles being slightly more numerous, and in the dorsal tufts being more spread out.

Caudal Appendages about half the length of the lower segments of the pedicels of the sixth cirrus; truncated and rounded at their ends; thickly clothed with long excessively fine bristles, so as to resemble camel-hair pencils.

The Stomach, I believe, is destitute of cæca; in it was a small crustacean.

General Remarks.—I was at first unwilling to sacrifice Mr. Hind’s genus, Trilasmis, which is so neatly characterised by its three valves; moreover, the present species does differ, in some slight respects, from the other species of Pæcilasma; but under the head of P. fissa I have shown how that species, P. crassa and P. eburnea are tied together. The absence of terga, which are rudimentary in P. crassa, (and we shall hereafter see, in Conchoderma, how worthless a character their entire absence is,) and the arrangement of the spines in the upper segments of the posterior cirri, are the only characters which could be used for a generic separation.

Genus—Dichelaspis. Plate II. Octolasmis.[32] J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosophy, vol. x, new series, p. 100, August 1825.

Heptalasmis. Agassiz. Nomenclator Zoologicus.

Valvæ 5, quæ ferè pro septem haberi possent, scuto in segmenta planè duo, ad angulum autem rostralem conjuncta, diviso: carina plerumque sursum inter terga extensa, deorsum aut disco infosso aut furcâ aut calyce terminata.

[32] From [Greek: dichêlos], bifid, and [Greek: aspis], a shield, or scutum. The name Octolasmis was given by Mr. Gray under the belief that there were eight valves. Leach (as stated in the ‘Annals of Philosophy,’) had proposed, in MS., the name Heptalasmis, and this is now used in the British Museum by Mr. Gray, and thus appears in Agassiz’s ‘Nomenclator Zoologicus.’ Although, strictly, there are only five valves, I continued to use, in my MS., the term Heptalasmis, until I examined the D. orthogonia, where it was so apparent to the naked eye that there were only five valves, the scuta in this species being less deeply bifid, that I was compelled to give up a name so manifestly conveying a wrong impression, and hence adopted the one here used.

Valves 5, generally appearing like 7, from each scutum being divided into two distinct segments, united at the rostral angle; carina generally extending up between the terga terminating downwards in an imbedded disc, or fork, or cup.

Mandibles, with three or four teeth; maxillæ notched, with the lower part of edge generally not prominent; anterior ramus of the second cirrus not thicker than the posterior ramus, not very thickly clothed with spines; caudal appendages uniarticulate, spinose.

Distribution.—Eastern and Western warmer oceans in the Northern hemisphere, attached to crustacea, sea-snakes, &c.

Description.—The capitulum appears to contain seven valves; but, on examination, it is found that two of the valves on each side, are merely segments of the scutum; these are united at the umbo, in three of the species, by a narrow, non-calcified portion of valve, where the primordial valve is situated; in D. orthogonia, however,

the junction of the two segments is perfectly calcified, and of the same width as the whole of the basal segment. The capitulum is much compressed, broad at the base, and extends a little beneath the basal segments of the scuta. The valves are very thin, often imperfectly calcified, and generally covered with membrane. They are not placed very close together, and in all the species a considerable interspace is left between the carina and the two other valves: in the D. Grayii the valves are so narrow that they form merely a calcified border round the capitulum. The membrane between the valves and over them, is very thin, and is thickly studded, in some of the species, with minute blunt conical points, apparently representing spines. The valves in the same species present considerable variations in shape; in their manner or direction of growth, and in the position of their primordial valves, they agree with Lepas and Pæcilasma.

Scuta.—In three of the species the two segments, named the occludent and basal, appear like separate valves, but these, by dissection, can be most distinctly seen to be united at the rostral angle. The primordial valve, formed of the usual hexagonal tissue, is elliptic, elongated, and placed in the direction of the occludent segment; calcification commences at its upper point, so as to form the occludent segment, and afterwards at its lower point, but rectangularly outwards, to form the basal segment; in the minute space between these two points of the primordial valve, there is, in four of the species, no calcification; so that the two segments are united by what may be called a flexible hinge; in D. orthogonia the two calcareous segments are absolutely continuous. The occludent segment is longer than the basal segment; it either runs close along the orifice, or in the upper part bends inwards; both segments are narrow, except in D. Warwickii, in which the basal segment is moderately broad; the two segments are placed at an angle, varying from 45° to 90°, to each other. The capitulum generally extends for a little space beneath the basal segments of the scuta, where it contracts to form the peduncle.

The Terga present singular differences in shape, and are described under the head of each species; scarcely any point can be predicated of them in common, except that they are flat and thin.

The Carina is much bowed, narrow, and internally either slightly concave or convex and solid; the upper end extends far up between the terga; the lower end is formed by a rectangularly inflected, imbedded, triangular or oblong disc, deeply notched at the end, or as in H. Lowei, of a fork, the base, however, of which is wider than the rest of the carina, so as to present some traces of the disc-like structure of the other two species; or lastly, as in D. orthogonia, it terminates in a crescent-formed cup.

Peduncle.—This is narrow, compressed, and about as long, or twice as long, as the capitulum; in D. Warwickii it is studded with minute beads of yellowish chitine.

Size.—Small, with a capitulum scarcely exceeding a quarter of a inch in length.

Filamentary Appendages.—None. There are two small ovigerous fræna, which, in D. Warwickii, had the glands collected in seven or eight little groups on their margins.

Mouth.—Labrum highly bullate, with small teeth on the crest; palpi small, not thickly covered with spines. Mandibles narrow, with three or four teeth. Maxillæ small, with a notch beneath the two or three great upper spines; lower part bearing only a few pair of spines, generally not projecting, but in D. orthogonia largely projecting.

Outer maxillæ, with their inner edges continuously covered with bristles.

Cirri.—First pair short, situated rather far from the second pair; second pair with the anterior ramus not thicker than the posterior ramus, and hardly more thickly clothed with spines than it, excepting sometimes the few basal segments. All the five posterior pair of cirri resemble each other more closely than is usual. In D. Lowei, the

segments of the posterior cirri bear the unusual number of eight pair of main spines.

Caudal Appendages.—Uni-articulate, spinose; in D. pellucida they are twice as long as the pedicels of the sixth cirrus, but I could not perceive in them any distinct articulations.

Distribution.—Attached to crabs at Madeira, and off Borneo; to sea-snakes in the Indian Ocean. The individuals of all the species appear to be rare.

General Remarks.—Four of the five species, forming this genus, though certainly distinct, are closely allied. I have already shown, that although the characters separating Lepas, Pæcilasma, and Dichelaspis are not very important, yet if they be neglected these three natural little groups must be confounded together. Dichelaspis is much more closely united to Pæcilasma than to Lepas, and, as far as the more important characters of the animal’s body are concerned, there is no important difference between them.

Consequently, I at first united Pæcilasma and Dichelaspis, but the latter forms so natural a genus, and is so easily distinguished externally, that I have thought it a pity to sacrifice it. The carina, (which seems to afford better characters than the other valves in Dichelaspis,) from generally running up between the terga and in ending downwards, in three of the species, in a deeply notched disc or fork, more resembles that in Lepas than in Pæcilasma; in the manner, however, in which the imbedded disc, in D. Warwickii and D. Grayii, nearly cuts off the inside of the capitulum from the peduncle, there is a resemblance to Pæcilasma eburnea. In the extent to which the valves are separated from each other, in the bilobed form of the scuta, (the two segments in Dichelaspis, perhaps, answering to the upper and lateral projections in the scuta of Conchoderma virgata,) and in the basal half of the scuta not descending to the base of the capitulum, there is a considerable resemblance to Conchoderma; in both genera the adductor muscle is attached under the umbones of the scuta; but the structure of the mouth and cirri and caudal appendages shows that the affinity is not stronger to Conchoderma than to Lepas. It appears at first probable, that Dichelaspis would

present a much closer affinity to Pæcilasma fissa, in which, owing to the scuta being formed of two segments, there are seven valves, than to any other species of that genus; but in P. fissa the primordial valve is triangular and is situated on the basal segment, whereas, in Dichelaspis, it is elliptic and is seated between the two segments, and is more in connection with the occludent than with the basal segment; and this I cannot but think is an important difference: in other respects, P. fissa shows no more affinity to Dichelaspis than do the other species of the genus. Finally, I may add that Dichelaspis bears nearly the same relation to Pæcilasma, as Conchoderma does to Lepas.

1. Dichelaspis Warwickii. Pl. II, figs. 6, 6 a, b.

Octolasmis Warwickii. J. E. Gray. Annals of Philosophy, vol. x, p.

100, 1825; Spicilegia Zoologica. t. vi, fig. 16, 1830.

D. scutorum segmento basali duplo latiore quam segmentum occludens: tergorum parte inferiore paulò latiore quam occludens scutorum segmentum.

Scuta, with the basal segment twice as wide as the occludent segment; terga, with the lower part slightly wider than the occludent segment of the scuta.

Mandibles, generally with four teeth.

Off Borneo, attached to a crab (Belcher): China Sea. British Museum.

General Appearance.—Capitulum much compressed, elongated, with the valves not very close together, the carina being separated by a rather wide space from the scuta and terga. Valves variable in shape, very thin and translucent, covered by thin membrane, which, over the whole capitulum, is studded with minute blunt points.

Scuta.—Segments without internal teeth or an internal basal rim; the occludent segment long, narrow, pointed, not quite flat, sometimes

slightly wider in the upper part; about one third of its own length longer than the basal segment; occludent margin slightly arched; basal segment about twice as wide as the occludent segment, triangular, slightly convex; in young specimens (Pl. II, fig. 6 b), the carinal margin of the basal segment is protuberant, and the occludent margin hollowed out; in old specimens the occludent margin of the basal segment is straight, and the carinal margin much hollowed out. In very young specimens the basal segment is very small compared to the occludent.

Terga, variable in shape; flat, lower part wider than the occludent segment of the scuta; occludent margin double, forming a considerable rectangular projection, as in the terga of Lepas; scutal margin deeply excised at a point corresponding with the apex of the scuta, a flat tooth or projection being thus formed; there is sometimes a second tooth (fig. 6 b) a little above the basal point.

The terga, in the first variety, somewhat resemble in shape the scuta of Conchoderma aurita.

Carina, much bowed, narrow, slightly concave within, (in the Borneo specimen, rather wider and more concave,) extending up between the terga for half their length, terminating downwards in a rectangularly inflected, deeply imbedded, oblong, rather wide, flat disc, at its extremity more or less deeply notched. This disc is externally smooth; internally it sometimes has two divergent ridges on it; it extends across about two-thirds of the base of the capitulum (fig. 6 a, as seen from beneath, when the peduncle is cut off), to under the middle of the basal segments of the scuta.

Peduncle, narrow, flattened; united to the capitulum some little way below the scuta; about as long as the capitulum; the membrane of which it is composed is thin, externally studded with bluntly conical beads of yellowish chitine, of which the largest were 1/2000 of an inch in diameter; on their internal surfaces these are furnished with a small central, circular depression, apparently for a tubulus; the arrangement of the beads varied in concentric zones. Similar conical points on the capitulum have an internal concave surface about

1/3000 in diameter, with a central circle 1/12000 in diameter, for the insertion, as I believe, of a tubulus.

Size.—The largest specimen had a capitulum a quarter of an inch long.

Mouth.—Labrum highly bullate; crest with not very minute, blunt teeth, which towards the middle lie closer and closer to each other, so as to touch. Palpi rather small, with a few very long bristles at the apex.

Mandibles, narrow, produced, with four teeth, and the inferior angle tooth-like and acuminated; in one specimen, on one side of the mouth, the mandible had only three teeth.

Maxillæ, small; at the upper angle there are two large spines and a single small one, beneath which there is a deep notch, and beneath this a straight but projecting edge, bearing a few moderately large and some smaller spines. Outer maxillæ sparingly covered with bristles along the inner margin.

Cirri.—First pair far removed from the second pair, and not above half their length; segments rather broad, with transverse rows of bristles not very thickly crowded together; terminal segments very obtuse, and furnished with thick spines. The segments of the three posterior pair have each three or four pair of spines, with a few minute spines scattered in an exterior, parallel, longitudinal row; dorsal tufts, with four or five long spines. The second cirrus has its anterior ramus not thicker, but rather shorter than the posterior ramus; the former is only a little more thickly clothed with spines, owing to those in the longitudinal lateral row being longer and more numerous, than is the sixth pair of cirri. Bristles not serrated.

Caudal Appendages, narrow, thin, slightly curved, about half as long as the pedicels of the sixth cirrus; in young specimens, the appendage bore seven or eight pair of long bristles rectangularly projecting; in some older specimens, there was a tuft of bristles on the summit, and two other tufts on the sides.

I at first thought that the Borneo specimen was a distinct species, but after careful comparison of the external and internal parts, the only difference which I can detect is, that the terga are slightly larger, and that the carina, to a more evident degree, is wider, more especially in the middle and lower portions.

2. Dichelaspis Grayii. Pl. II, fig. 9.

D. scutorum segmento basali angustiore quam segmentum occludens; longitudine pæne dimidiâ: tergis bipenniformibus, margine crenato, spinâ posticâ, manubrio angustiore quam occludens scutorum segmentum.

Scuta, with the basal segment narrower than the occludent segment, and about half as long as it. Terga like a battle-axe, with the edge crenated and a spike behind; the handle narrower than the occludent segment of the scuta.

Mandibles with three teeth; cirri unknown.

Attached to the skin of a sea-snake, believed to have been the Hydeus or Pelamis bicolor, and therefore from the Tropical, Indian or Pacific Oceans; associated with the Conchoderma Hunteri; single specimen, in a very bad condition, in the Royal College of Surgeons.

General Appearance.—Capitulum much compressed, elongated, formed of very thin membrane, with the valves forming round it a mere border. Valves thin, imperfectly calcified, covered with membrane.

Scuta formed of two narrow plates at very nearly right-angles to each other, one extending along the occludent, and the other along the basal margin; both become very narrow at the point of junction, and are there not calcified, but are evidently continuous and form part of the same valve; the basal segment is about half as long and narrower than the occludent segment, flat and bluntly pointed at the end; occludent segment slightly curled, and therefore the whole

does not lie quite in the same plane; narrow close to the umbo, with a very minute tooth on the under side; apex rounded. In the upper part, the occludent segments leave the membranous margin of the orifice, and run in near to the terga, bending towards them at an angle of 45° with their lower part. I was unable to distinguish the primordial valves.

Terga.—These valves are of the most singular shape, resembling a battle-axe, with a flat and rather broad handle; the upper part consists of an axe, with a broad cutting crenated edge, behind which is a short blunt spike. The spike and cutting edge together answer to the double occludent margin of the tergum in Lepas. The whole valve is flat, thin, and lies in the same plane; the carinal margin is nearly straight; the scutal margin bulges out a little, and at a short distance above the blunt basal point is suddenly narrowed in, making the lowermost portion very narrow; the widest part of the handle of the battle-axe, is narrower than the occludent segment of the scuta. The two spikes behind the cutting and crenated edges of the two terga, are blunt and almost touch each other; above their point of juncture, the membrane of the orifice forms a slight central protuberance.

Carina, very narrow throughout, concave within, much bowed; upper point broken and lost, but it must have run up between the terga for more than half their length; basal portion inflected at nearly right angles, and running in between, and close below, the linear basal segments of the scuta, so as almost entirely to cut off internally the peduncle and capitulum. This lower inflected and imbedded portion, or disc, gradually widens towards its further end, which is, at least, four times as wide as the upper part of the carina, and is deeply excised, but to what exact extent I cannot state, as the specimen was much broken. On each side of this elongated triangular disc, there is a slight shoulder corresponding to the ends of the basal segments of the scuta; and on the upper surface of each shoulder, there is a small tooth or projection. The middle part of the disc is barely calcified, and is transparent.