Vernacular architecture of Southern Italy - Seminar paper/

Region South

Abruzzo, Apulla, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise

name of students Jovana Marinkovic Mathilde Vogelaer Filip Wojciechowski Janina Zell Wasim Wafai

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Napoli

Matera

Region South Abruzzo, Apulla, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Molise

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Pic. 01 Regions

Pic. 02 Distribution of the cities due to terrain Pic. 03 Population‘s density due to terrain

Pic. 04 Water networks Pic. 05 Ambients with specific flora and fauna

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Region South Analysis

Region South Analysis

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Topos South Italy is divided into 6 regions : Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Apulla, Basilicata and Calabria. By adding the region of Sicilia, South Italy regions with an insular subregion composed of Sicily and Sardinia are known as Mezzogiorno - Italian term for “midday” or “noon,” used because of the intensity of sunshine there at midday here.

The topography of Southern Italy is mainly flat.

The only exception that can be noted, is the area around the Napoli‘s gulf.

The city has been built at the bottom of the Vesuv volcano on the ruins of the roman city Pompei. The strong volcano activity has permit the region to get exceptional fertile lands. In the other hand, the topography is mostly composed of small mountains, hills and dry plains. This geology and hot climate was profitable for the development of intensive farming. The farmlands were based on the roman latifundia‘s model : farmlands ruled by a rich owner who lives in its fortified farm and exploits slaves to run the farm.The production of the fields in South Italy was mainly wine, crops and olives.

This topography; the hills and mounts are cutting the country of Italy in two parts. The people have settled at the bottom of the mountains in the valley or between hills.T hat‘s why a concentration of cities and a high density of inhabitants can be seen along the coasts : for the asset of living close to the sea, and for the easier settlement than in mountains‘ topography.

Southern region is bordered by three different seas : the Adriatic, Ionan, and Tyrrhenian seas which provided several climate, atmosphère and references. The Gulf of Salerno, the Gulf of Naples, the Gulf of Policastro and the Gulf of Gaeta are each named after a large coastal city that was founded there to use the advanices of the water connections that South Italy has.

Several rivers are flowing through the region such as This situation provided good condition for trees and National Parcs : the Basento, the Ofanto, the Biferno, the Trigno; the Volturo.

The regions are mainly composed with low terrain relief and widly naturally irrigated areas. Indeed, thanks to those chraracteristics, most of Italian Natural protected reserves are here, such as the National Parc of Sila, national parc of Pollino, National parc of Murgia( Basilicata) is famous as its landscape - natural caves in gravina has been transformed over the centuries by man, but it preserved a fauna and flora of great interest.

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Region South Analysis

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Climate

The Climate of the Mezzogiorno Region is largely charatcteriezed by a typical Mediterranean climate made by mild and rainy winters and hot, dry summers.

Only along the Apennine mountains the climate becomes continental to switch, on the highest peaks, to Alpine climate with cold, snowy winters and mild summers.

Coastal areas, which comprise the main towns and cities, have a typically Mediterranean climate, which means mild winters and hot, dry summers Along the coastline of the Tyrrhenian Sea the climate is mediterranean, with warm, long, hot and very dry summers.The length and intensity of the summer dry season increases towards the south. The peninsular region of the east coast is not as wet as the western coast of Italy. The Adriatic sea coast often experience cold and gusty winds, especially towards the north. These ice cold winds are very strong and originate in the central parts of Europe. These winds typically blow in Winter and Spring, but are not as strong as found in Northern cities. Along The driest areas of southern Italy are the southern coasts of Sicily and Sardinia, where there are also values of less than 300 mm per year. In general, the rainfall amounted to around 500/600 mm per year, which are usually concentrated between autumn, winter and spring. The entire peninsular part of Italy and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily have highly unpredictable weather, especially in the Spring, Autumn and Winter. This is in sharp contrast to the rather predictable hot days of the Summer months. In the Winter, it is not uncommon to have intermittent warm sun as well as rainy cold. Snow is just present during the winter across the Apennines normally at altitudes above 1500 meters.

Solar radiation In southern Italy, the solar radiation intensity is particularly high; it reaches a global radiation that is up to 80% higher than in the sunniest locations in Germany. Due to these outstanding figures, Italy is one of the most important future markets for investments in solar energy systems in Europe.

In the Mezzogiorno region Puglia and Calabria have the highest solar radiation per year.

Percipitation The western coastline of the Mezzogiorno region has a higher annual Percipation rate than the eastern coast. Campania and Calabria expericene the highest percipitation of the region.

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BORA

Region South Analysis

Pic. 08 Sustained Winds V (m/s)

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Abruzzo

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Pic. 11 (left) Hot summer Mediterranean climate Bari, Puglia

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Region South Analysis

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Climate Sustained Winds Prominent wind systems in the region of Mezzogiorno are the mostly the Tramontana, Libeccio, Scirocco and Mistral.

Tramontana is a northeasterly or northerly winter wind that blows from the Alps and Apennines to the Italian coast. It is very prevalent on the west coast of Italy and Northern Corsica. It is caused by a weather system from the west following a depression on the Mediterranean. It is strongest before sunrise, when it can reach speeds of 70 km/h. Thus the tramontana blows most frequent in winter, but may occur from mid-September through April.

Libeccio is the westerly or south-westerly wind which predominates in northern Corsica all year round; it frequently raises high seas and may give violent westerly squalls. In summer it is most persistent, but in winter it alternates with the Tramontane (north-east or north). The word libeccio is Italian, coming from Greek through Latin, and originally means â&#x20AC;&#x153;Libyanâ&#x20AC;?.

The Scirocco arises from a warm, dry, tropical airmass that is pulled northward by low-pressure cells moving eastward across the Mediterranean Sea, with the wind originating in the Arabian or Sahara deserts. Sirocco winds with speeds of up to 100 kilometres per hour are most common during the autumn and the spring. They reach a peak in March and in November when it is very hot, with a maximum speed of about 100 km/h.

The Mistral is a strong, cold and usually dry regional wind, coming from the north or northwest. The mistral is usually accompanied by clear and fresh weather. It can reach speeds of more than ninety kilometers an hour, its average speed during the day can reach about fifty kilometers an hour, calming noticeably at night. The mistral usually blows during the winter and spring, though it occurs in all seasons.

The most common subclimate in the Mezzogiorno region is the hot summer mediterranean climate. Only Molise and Abruzzo have a oceanic climate with mild winters, which is influenced by the Tramontana and Scirocco winds.

Campania and Calabria are the areas with the highest precipitation during autum and winter, from November to February. During summer these are the areas with the lowest the precipitaton. In general the western coast of the Mezzogiorno region shows extremer differnces in percipitation and warmth.

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Region South Analysis

Magna Grecia Illyrians Roman Empire

Illyria

Byzantin Emprie Longobards Saracens Normans Kingdom of two Sicily Italy Pic. 15 Historical influences

>50 50-75 75-100 100-125 >125 Pic. 16 Domestic product per capita Pic. 17 Organized crimeâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s areas Gallo - Italic ofBasilicata Central Italian Southern Italian varieties (Neapolitan) Sicilian and related variteties Albanian Greek Ooccitan(Provencal) Croatian Pic.18 Distribution of languages Pic. 19 Transport connections

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Region South Analysis

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Culture The regions of South Italy were subjected to different historical influences than the rest of the peninsula(Pic 15), starting most significantly with Greek colonisation in the 8th century BC. Magna Graecia was the name of the coastal areas of Southern where the Greek settlements were developed, particularly the Achaean ones of Sybaris,and Neapolis.

West coast was also exposed to the influences of the Illyirians during this time.

Following the Pyrhic War in the 3rd century BC, Magna Graecia was absorbed into the Roman Republic and whole southern Italy stayed part of Roman Empire until the 4th century AF when it became aspired area of both West and East Roman Empires. It was held by the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Rome , but with coming of Longobards from the north in the 6th AF. and later Saracens from north Africa in 9th AF, it was constantly separated between Byzantine, Lombardy, and the Islamic Caliphate, until the Norman conquests of the 11th. Each of these cultures left their own mark on the south of peninsula, for which reason today each South Italy region is unique.

Later, Southern Italy stayed as an entity subjected to rule by the new European nation states, first the Crown of Aragon, then Spain, and Austria.

The Spanish had a major impact on the culture of the South, having ruled it for over three centuries. In the moment of Italian unification 1861. it was the largest of the Italian states.

The southern economy greatly suffered after the Italian unification and the gap between north and south is noticable even today.

South Italy is actually the poorest and most unstable of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (Pic 16) Therefore it was convenient location for development of organised crime - which even today has high influenceon administration of South Italy( Pic 17) Abruzzo and Molise have are progressive regions and therefore they are declaring themselves as North Italy.

Transport connections with the rest of Italy but within it also are not developed. Two biggest harbours Naples and Bari, in the same time two airports-cities are the only “accesable“„ cities.(Pic 19) This isolation and diference from the other part of peninsule is noticable also by the distribution of the dialects. The languge spoken in this part of Italy – Napolean differs a lot from the official Italian.The diversity of historic influences and connections buy the sea rather then roads are seenable today as all minority languages that belong to other Indo-European branches in Italy are to be found here such as Arbëresh (Albanian), the Serbo-Croatian (Slavic), and Griko (Hellenic).(Pic 18) 15

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Region South Analysis

a. historical: 1. Greek house 2. Roman house b. representing: PESCHICI

1. Single house 3. Row house

ALBEROBELLO

4. Slope house

PONZA ISCHIA CAPRI

5. House with courtyard

SALERNO

ORSANO

7. Agglutainte hauses c. specific: 8.

9.

Trulli houses

LIPARI

Matera cave house Pic. 20 Distribution

Andronitis-room for men Peristyle - courtyard Shop Pastas - main corridor Okios -main room Kitchen Gynaikonitis- room for woman Pic. 21 Functions Pic. 22 Axenometry with diagrams of sustainability Vestibulum- entrance corritdor Impluvium - courtyard pond Alae - left, right wing Tablinum - living room or study Hortus - garden Taberna - shop Atrium -open roof courtyard Pic. 23 Functions Pic. 24 Axenometry with diagrams of sustainability

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Region NSouth Analysis

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Type In Southern Italy the prevalent type of dwelling is the single-storey rural home. As a result of the abundance of sunshine in the south and the ´´outdoor´´ lifestyle, combined with the need to keep the house as cool as possible indoors, many houses are provided with porticoes, terraces, roof-gardens or pergolas. These elements were used already in antic time by Greeks and Romans who inhabited this territory. Influence that antic Greek, and then antic Roman house had on the later house types is undoubtful.

House with courtyard is directly developed from typical Pompeian house.

Other ones like slope house have recognisable elements, but their form is result of adaptation to the terrain and surrounding. Agglutinante house is the most interesting model, developed by merging of all other types.

It is to be found on specific places where context demanded creativity.

Two exceptional types developed in South Italy with unique characteristics. Cave houses of Matera – Sassi and limestone cone huts of Alberobello– Trulli are examples of an outstanding contextual architecture used over centuries.

Historical Types Ancient Greek townhouse Greek city houses were usually modest in scale and built of relatively inexpensive materials. They varied from two or three rooms clustered around a small court to a dozen or so rooms. City house exteriors presented a plain facade to the street, broken only by the door and a few small windows set high.

In larger houses the main rooms included a kitchen, and even small room for bathing . As well as having sparate roles in life, men and woman generally kept to separate parts of home too,with an area known as the gynaikon or gynaikonitis associated with women‘s activities such as cooking and textiles workand an area restricted to men called the andron. They were designed to keep people cool in the long summer and to hold the heat in winter Ancient Roman townhouse - Domus The form of the Pompeian domus is derived from Greek townhouses. The houses were entered from a narrow windowless street facade.The vestibulum (entrance hall) led into a large central hall: the atrium, which was the focal point of the domus. Leading off the Atrium were cubicula (bedrooms), a dining room triclinium where a tablinum (living room or study) and tabernae (shops on the outside, facing the street).

Early Italian houses grouped around the atrium, with a small garden, the socalled hortus, at the back. The classic Roman house, however, was divided into the atrium and the peristylium, developed out of the earlier hortus.

The atrium and the peristylium were perfect adaptions to the heat of the Mediterranean. They provided circulation offresh air among the corridors and rooms.

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PESCHICI

ALBEROBELLO PONZA ISCHIA CAPRI

SALERNO

ORSANO

LIPARI

Pic. 25 Spatial positioning and distribution Pic. 26 Plan and elevation of single house

Pic. 27 Plan and elevation Row house in Positiano

Pic. 28 Plan, section and elevation Slope house in Ischia

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Region South Analysis

Region NSouth Analysis

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Agglutinate types This type of buildings it can be found on islands and on steep coastal regions in south Italy (pic.25). The reason for this phenomenon that the intervention area in this regions are restricted, therefore they had no chance but to use each suitable place for building. therefore the topographic nature define the building area and give it a special form and a expandable direction. and this form is differentiate too according to the house type if it is built alone in an open area or in a tight parcel. That is why it can be found in a different type of houses in south Italty.As single house in Belvedere - Positano which build in the Agricultural area as a service building for framer and built from clay (pic. 26).Another type is the Row houses - Positano,it is formed when the plot extends on a slope in the width and the building adjusts to typography of the slope, this type is characterized with the algin cubic cells (pic. 27). Slope House this kind of houses built in rare cases. It found usually in a tiny intervention area and useful in a very steep hillside locations, because of the low cost of construction,that in slope house the wall of the lower floor used as support for the higher floor and the roof of the lower floor used as terrace. As example for this type is the house groupe in the steep between the harbour street and the church in Procida and house in Porto Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;ishia (pic. 28). House with courtyard it is a mix between horizontal and vertical extension and a good example of this type located in Positano, in a steep slope in via Boscarello (pic. 29) the house divided to two parts, the entrance of the Ost part is reached throw a courtyard in ground floor and the entrance of the west complex is reached from the upper floor. From the courtyard are two living rooms, with vaulted ceiling and ton, and a kitchen on the west side with a wood beam ceilings,(pic.29/c).In second floor is the night zone, on the west side of the house there are sleeping and living room (29b ). In third floor located three sleeping roo Most houses in south Italy are characterised with white color and have a terraced roof. This is, once again, a feature derived by the necessities imposed by the climate: white notoriously reflects light and heat away, keeping the inside of the house cooler, whereas flat roofs were useful surface to help collect rain water, often essential in areas of water lacks.

Tufa is widely used for walling, within a framework of reinforced concrete, provided the climate is mild, snow and heavy rain are rare and the soil rests on a limestone deposit or is very permeable and of volcanic origin. ln view of the existence of a dry season -especialIy in the south and on the island -the storage of water is a necessity. This explains the fairly wide use of the typical flat or vaulted roof, which is certainly a basic feature in the designing of rural houses intended to allow of optimum adaptation of climatic conditions

Pic. 29 Plan and axenometry House with courtyard in Positiano

Pic. 30 Photo example of agglutianate type in Capri

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Pic. 31 Spatial positioning and distribution Pic. 32 Plan and axenometry Sassi of Matera

Pic. 33 Typologies Grotta naturale Grotta tamponata Lamione

Pic. 34 Spatial positioning and distribution Pic. 35 Plan and axenometry Trulli

Pic. 36 Typologies rectangular structure with pyramid roof circular strcuture with ogival roof rectangular strcture with conical roof

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Region South Analysis

Region NSouth Analysis

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Specific vernacular types Cave houses -Sassi of Matera The Sassi are cave houses typical for city of Matera, on the territory of Murgia whose deep ravines with natural holes caused development of this vernacular type. Typical materan house is a cave closed by a simple wall on the entrance. The first dwellings were the natural caves-grotta naturale, but soon inhabitants started adapting caves- grotta tamponata and digging “artificial” ones and using the material they obtained during the exclavations for construction of entrance and separation walls. Lamione- extension dwellings of the caves were the last developed type.

This way the negative city was formed with more then ten overlaping “floors” on slopes of Matera. It consisted of the houses whose doors and windows were shaped with specific angles in order to permit the rays of sunshine to enter during winter and to avoid it during summer and that had developed system for the collection of water, making it the as UNESCO declared outstanding example of a troglodyte settlement in the Mediterranean region, perfectly adapted to its terrain and ecosystem. What distinguishes Sassi from the other cave dwellings in the world is temporal continuity of the presence of man, who thought up system and technic to tame the nature respecting it.

Pic. 37 Model of Sassi

Pic. 38 Section with diagrams of sustainability

Cone huts- Trulli The trulli are traditional limestone dwellings in the Itria Valley, of Murge area in Apulia. Rural isolated trulli can be found througnout the valley, but there are also whole settlements of connected houses, city of Alberobello being the biggest one of them.

Drywall construction is a prehistoric building technique still in use in this region. The limestone used for this type of construction is collected from surrounding fields. It is believed that building technique was chosen so that houses could be easily dismantled and later reconstructed, in the case of war, but also in order to avoid taxation.

The walls were made from a double row of stone blocks, while for roofs the wedge-shaped limestone pieces (Voussoirs) laid under and limestone tiles (Chiancole) laid above are used There are three types of trulli houses: rectangular structures with pyramid roofs, circular structures with ogival roofs and the typical Alberobello rectangular-plan building with conical roofs. They can be found as single-storey independent building or merged series of round buildings that serve as living quarters or as farm buildings.

UNESCO declared them as exceptional example of vernacular architecture emphasizing the fact that what makes these case unique is that buildings are still occupied.

Pic. 39 Postcard of Trulli

Pic. 40 Section with diagrams of sustainability

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Books -

Internet -

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Region South Analysis

Gramsci ,A. | The Southern Question (La questione meridionale) | Rome: Editori Riuniti, 1966 Collectif d‘auteurs | Atlas géographique | Paris, 2013 La Regina, F. |The rural vernacular architecture of Italy| ICOMOS, 2013| Web. 27.1.2016 http://www.icomos.org/monumentum/vol15-16/vol15-16_13.pdf Oliver, P. | Encyclopedia of vernacular Architecture of the World | Vol. II Cultures ans Habitats |Cambridge University Press | 1997 Picuno, P.|Vernacular Farm Buildings in Landscape Planning: A Typological Analysis in a Southern Italian Region| Licensee PAGEPress, Italy, 2012.

Picone, R. |Vernacular architecture in Campania Felix : Values and conservation problems | Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future – Mileto, Vegas, García Soriano & Cristini Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2015. | Academia.edu , 2015 |Web. 27.1.2016 https://www.academia.edu/8331033/Vernacular_architecture_and_farmhouses_in_Naples_and_in_Flegrean_Fields._Values_and_conservation_problems Scholz, H|Die Trulli Apuliens Beiträge zur Siedlungsgeographie von Süditalien|Kümmerly & Frey, 1956 UNESCO | The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera . Advisory body evolution| UNESCO, 1993 | Web. 27.1.2016 http://whc.unesco.org/ en/list/670/documents/ UNESCO | The Trulli of Alberobello. Advisory body evolution| UNESCO, 1996 | Web. 27.1.2016 http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/787/documents/ Velling, M. and Oliver, P. and Bridge ,A.|Atlas of vernacular Architecture of the World | 2007 Wido, L. Die Agglutinierende Bauweise im Italienischen Mittelmeerraum Berlin:TU Berlin, 1971 Britannica: Mezzogiorno: http://www.britannica.com/place/Mezzogiorno Illustrated history of Roman Empire: http://www.roman-empire.net/society/ soc-house.html ISTAT: http://demo.istat.it/index_e.html Klimadaten für Städte weltweit: http://de.climate-data.org/ Lifeinitaly: Dwellings in Itally http://www.lifeinitaly.com/lifestyle/dwellings-italy Made in South Italy: http://www.madeinsouthitalytoday.com/a-bit-of-history. php Natural parcs of Italy : http://www.parks.it/Findex.php TimeMaps : History Atlas http://www.timemaps.com/history/italy-750ad World Atlas : http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/it.htm UNESCO : http://whc.unesco.org/

Region NSouth Analysis

Stella, S.| April 2011.| https://www.flickr.com/photos/simpli58/5669289119/ Vög, M. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://mapsof.net/italy Vög, M. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/ countrys/europe/it.htm Vög, M. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://www.italytravelescape.com/ map_italian_population_density.htm Vög, M. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/ Vög, M. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://www.parks.it/Findex.php Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://burnanenergyjournal.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/Solar-irridation.jpeg Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://burnanenergyjournal.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/Wind-speed-.jpg Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://www.klbict.co.uk/interactive/geography/italy/cmap1.jpg Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://de.climate-data.org/ Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://de.climate-data.org/ Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://de.climate-data.org/ Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://de.climate-data.org/ Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://de.climate-data.org/ Zell, J. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: http://de.climate-data.org/ Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.| Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: eurostat, 2012 [Map] http://epp. eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Regions_of_Europe Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Unknown, 2012 [Map] https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mappa_del_Pizzo.svg Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Susana Freixeiro, 2011 [Map] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_of_Italy.png Wafai, Wasim| Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Unknown, w.d. [Map] http://www. seat61.com/images/Italy-map.jpg Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Wido, L. 1971 img 25 Wojciechowski, F. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Personal study notes, 2013 [Drawnings of Typical Greek House] Wojciechowski, F. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Personal study notes, 2013 [Drawnings of Typical Greek House] Wojciechowski, F. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Personal study notes, 2013 [Drawnings of Typical Greek House] Wojciechowski, F. | Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Roman technologies [Drawings of heating in Roman House – Hypocaustus] http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~jpm55/AE390/A5/hypocaust4.bmp

1.1

Pictures Title image: Matera,Basilicata 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 24

11

1.1

Region South Analysis

25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Wafai, W.| Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Wido, L. 1971 img 25 Wido, L. 1971 img 9 Wafai, W.| Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Wido, L. 1971 img 7,8 Wafai, W.| Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Wido, L. 1971 img 13,14 Wafai, W.| Januar 2016.| Adapted from: Wido, L. 1971 img 15,16 Vareen, D. 2012 http://www.vareen.com/Travels/Capri.htm Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Sassiweb, wd [Map] http://www. sassiweb.it/matera/mappa-di-matera/il-territorio/orografia-del-territorio/ Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Demetrio, R. 2014 P. 63. [Drawing] Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: UNESCO, 1993 [Drawings]| http:// whc.unesco.org/en/list/670/documents/ Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Ruggiero,G. et al, 2013 [Map] http:// www.agroengineering.org/index.php/jae/article/view/jae.2013.e13/466 Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Confortini,L. wd [Drawing] http:// www.lorenoconfortini.it/pic/215/trullo_con_forno.html Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016[Drawing] Battista, T. 2008. https://www.flickr.com/photos/tizianatami/3146519817/ Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Laureano, P. 2006 . [Drawing] http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/ekocd/spanish/italy.html Unknown, 1950 [Postcard]: https://www.pierreseche.com/trulli.htm Marinkovic, J. | Januar 2016.|Adapted from: Torricelli,R. wd [Drawing] http:// www.liceotorricelli.it/TorricelliWeb/premiati2010_file/Uomonatura/pagine%20 web/trullo.htm

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