Open process landscapes - Anna Rodriguez Gimeno Wiggin-2017

OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPES designing for the informal city with open processes and ecological succession

PAISAJES DE PROCESOS ABIERTOS proyectar con procesos abiertos y sucesion ecológica el paisaje en la ciudad informal

GENIUS LOCI

OPEN PROCESS

NATURAL SUCCESSION

RESILIENT SYSTEM

Ana Rodríguez-Gimeno Wiggin

OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPES DESIGNING FOR THE INFORMAL CITY WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Table of Contents

2. Opld in informal settlements (opld in is)

Abstract / scope, approach and method

Aproach

Foreword:

Slums around the world: South America/Africa/Asia

What are landscapes for? the spirit of the place again

Basic ingredients of opld for informal settlements

Landscape perception and the mental map. Mutual disturbances between landscape and art.

M´Hammid. Mind shapes the territory.

2.1 Case studies. Learning from informal settlements •

PETARE .Understanding the armature- genius locci

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KIBERA. Fostering the delivery of economically accessible disturbances in the environment to engage feasible open responses and evolution towards a resilient landscape (necessarily an intrinsic aspect of the process).

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HALLER PARK. Invasion –succession with OPLD to manage a resilient system

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ZIMBABWE.Self-construction manuals and participatory - cooperative processes. Practical Tool for Neighborhood Development

1.1.2. Invasion succsession processes

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PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- Geeta Mehta. Social and ecological invasión succession process

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Ecological succsession

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The concept of ecological succession in urban enviroments

PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- URBZ. Opld in participatory processes with rationalization of means: Participatory design processes as instruments for creating opld disturbances in the landscape and letting it respond to the medium to which it belongs in the informal city.

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Ecological succsession in urban enviroments

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PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- Alan Berger. Social and ecological invasión succession process

1.Open process landscape design (opld): Designing resilient landscapes with open processes and ecological succession 1.1.1. Open process design •

The void. Brown fields, rough green , managed green .Infrastructures

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Concepts of open process design. Disturbances, porosity, multiplicity, mobility of structures…

1.1.3. Resilient systems.

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Resiliency, transitions and resilient landscapes

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Climate change and practices in food production as a reference for resiliency in landscape architecture

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Circularity- cradle to cradle

1.2 Case studies .From the genious loci to ressilience.

1.2.1 DUISBURG: Latz on rubble landscapes & the unfinished open-ended project 1.2.2 M´HAMMID UNESCO EARTH VILLAGES . The unfinished open-ended project.

1.2.3 THE UNRESILIENT HOUSING WORLD BANK POLITICS. From the ignorance of the genious loci to unressilience.

3. Bibliography, links and references

A BSTRACT/ SCOPE A ND

METHOD

Learning from the Third World and cooperation methods applicable to formal landscape design.

The intention to this thesis is to show how methods and concepts that are being used in landscape design are intrinsic to the resolution of problems in informal settlements , and how the discipline of landscape design can learn from the world of cooperation and vice versa in the same way that the First world can learn from the Third world and vice versa.

The scheme Genius Loci- Open process design-Ecological succession which terminates in a Resilient system is explained in the first part of this thesis from the point of view of the discipline of landscape design. Also the concept of cultural landscape, where the mind shapes the territory as much as the territory shapes the mind and understanding how ecological succession can be used as a anthropological metaphor referred to social changes in the urban network.

This scheme is explained through various case studies, in Peter Latz´s work in Duisbourg, in my own experience in a cooperation project in M´Hammid and finally as a failed example in the World Bank housing politics.

The second part of the thesis is an investigation of various case studies in informal settlements. What is happening there and how can we learn from projects where concepts such as open process design or participation are compulsory to the success of the project?

The interest here is in unveiling relevant elements of open process landscape design in informal settlements to reach conclusions many out of the presentation of significant case studies selected from situations all over the world.

FOREWORD WHAT ARE LANDSCAPES FOR? THE SPIRIT OF THE PLACE AGAIN Landscape architecture> what it is and what it is for.

Mutual disturbances between landscape and art.

As John Beardsleay puts it “Landscape architecture is neither art nor science, but art and science; it fuses environmental design with biological and cultural ecology… emergence of environmentalism and the ethic of sustainable design… Intensifying suburban and exurban sprawl requires new strategies for landscape management and open space preservation. Continued population growth, especially in the Third World, is heightening the need to develop minimum standards for the provision of urban green”.

In many ways art is the expression of a moment in time. For instance, the paintings of William Turner subtly describing the 18th century industrial landscape around him are a clear example of the use of art to describe the world at a specific moment and place. The paintings show the landscape at the time as interpreted by the painter living in it, it is both the reflection of reality and also somehow an expression of the way in which that reality was shaping the culture of the people living in it.

Landscape and genius loci Landscape is always a consequence of those many aspects we see in it, but it has got a charácter, a genius loci, the spirit of the place.

For Norberg Schulz the landscape in which people live is not just a flux of changing phenomena but contains a constant structure and meaning that phenomenological explication can reveal and interpret.

Peter Latz explains “ When I start a project I analise at least three aspects of the place less makes the project boring ,to omany turn the project into a chaos . The project must emerge from this previous analisis ” In aproaching this analisis and to be able to understand the extreme complexity of territorial analysis with its many layers of information we see the point of borrowing analytical methods from many, if not most sciences ,and scientific disciplines, and certainly from the humanities .

The frase “Jack of all trades master of none “ acquires a positive connotation in the work of a landscaper that can feed from a multidisciplinary experience or team.

Landscape perception and the mental map

The films of Pier Paolo Pasolini show an innate tension between nature and culture.

The urban and rural landscapes for Pasolini’s documentary film become so central to the characters’ stories that they begin to function as individual entities themselves. Whether it is in the Roman borgata or the compagna in the South, these locations embody the essence of the people who inhabit them.

Pier Paolo Pasolini: Archaic Values in a Modern Landscape Courtney Griffin

"Man creates around him an environment that is a projection into nature of his abstract ideas. It is only in the present century that the collective landscape has emerged as a social necessity."

The landscape of Man (Jellicoe) “Landscape is composed of not only what lies before our eyes but what lies within our heads” – D.W. Meinig (1979) Designing with the Aesthetics of waterHerbert Dreiseitl’s work http://edepot.wur.nl/293775

''Landscape is not the opposite of the town,‘’ says Latz, ''Landscape is culture.‘’ “Landscape is basically history. There are only two possibilities: To obliterate that history or to make it your partner.”

A cultural landscape is defined as "a geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.“ wikipedia The concept of cultural landscape can be understood as a physical description when thinking of natural or constructed environments and their appearance, but it also has a more abstract dimension that relates to the psychology of a society. A cycle in which landscape shapes man which shapes landscape which shapes man...

https://collegefilmandmediastudies.com/pier-paolo-pasolini-archaic-values-in-a-modern-landscape/ _

FOREWORD LANDSCAPE PERCEPTION AND THE MENTAL MAP. MUTUAL DISTURBANCES BETWEEN LANDSCAPE AND ART .

Mutual disturbances between landscape and art.

Chinese calligraphy and poems gave shape to earliest landscape images and later on to Mahler´s lied.

Georges Braque, Bateaux de pêche, 1909, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX, USA, Autumn Rhythm (N. 30) Jackson Pollock New York 1950

Twin Pines, Level Distance; ca. 1310 Zhao Mengfu (China, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clpg/hd_clpg.htm

When Debussy described a moonlight or the sea, and Copland paid tribute to American sounds landscape entered in your mind through your ears. Jazz’ images worked often the same way “Jazz, in which one variation flows into the next with temporal freedom, is susceptible to the question: When is this over?”.

“Joachim Patinir presented Landscape as an Image of the Pilgrimage of Life”00 and developed Weltlandschaft. The supreme landscapes of Velazquez, were produced by a the painter who “wet his brushes in the light and the sky ”.

“The Sun was God” with JMW Turner. Light in the landscape is a definite proof of its never completed appearance: “The landscape changes the light, light changes the landscape”. https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/stuart-davis--jazz-an-equation-that-doesnt-explain-this-chilly-modernmaster/2016/11/17/3404f1f0-ab79-11e6-8b45-f8e493f06fcd_story.html?utm_term=.77b267a7944f

Landscape is in Shakespeare´s The Tempest and everywhere in his work, and in the Wasteland of T. S. Elliot, and the influence of written art reverberates, surely, “disturbing” the souls of landscape designers of postindustrial environments: ''Landscape is not the opposite of the town,‘’ says Latz, ''Landscape is culture.‘’* “Landscape is basically history. There are only two possibilities: To obliterate that history or to make it your partner.”** Arthur Lubow The Anti Olmsted NYT 5, 16, 2004; https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/magazine/the-anti-olmsted.html

Joachim Patinir Norham Castle, Sunrise, about 1845, JMW Turner. Oil on canvas, 35 3/4 x 48 in. Tate: Turner Bequest 1856. Photo © Tate, London 2014 https://www.dutchlight.nl/project/clip-durgerdam/ Reindert L Falkenburg

Today algorithmic, “inspired recreations” like the non-Mondrían Victory on the right “develop” the original equation. with technological tools in a way that could have been present in other reinterpretations, of landscape shape, form and space,, however “fake “given the premises of artistic production.

It is telling to see what they do: “Design landscapes are expansive drawing surfaces.

In this case, the surface stretches infinitely in two dimensions with several layers of depth throughout.

Mondrain was influenced by the cityscape around him, and here these themes play out as a navigable map that stretches in all directions.”

“XIX c Landscape and the romantic tradition of northern Europe originated modern abstraction in art, moving from C D Friedrich to Rothko. The coordination of the artistic vanguards early in the xxth c. led to all sorts of (https://github.com/dribnet/victory), mutual “disturbances” and invasión successions among all disciplines including landscape architecture later on. Github is a developing platform

used by 31 million developers in the world

FOREWORD M´HAMMID. MIND SHAPES THE TERRITORY.

Mind shapes the territory in the same way as territory shapes the mind.

The genious loci is composed both by biological and cultural conditions. The understanding of the genious loci through analitical methods is basic to compose a resilient system.

Morrocon inmigrants that return from France implant the european model transforming their territory.

"The new growth of cities, entirely built of block, generate a desolate landscape, where the urban fabric is a copy of the European, with large avenues that lack shadow (essential in this climate) and where public space is made unlivable. “ file:///C:/Users/Usuario/Downloads/Dialnet-LaFormacionPracticaComoHerramientaParaLaPreservaci-5385958%20(2).pdf

Old M´Hammid

New M´Hammid

OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPES DESIGNING FOR THE INFORMAL CITY WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Table of Contents

1.OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPE DESIGN (OPLD): DESIGNING RESILIENT LANDSCAPES WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

1.Open process landscape design (opld): Designing resilient landscapes with open processes and ecological succession 1.1.1. Open process design •

The void. Brown fields, rough green , managed green .Infrastructures

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Concepts of open process design. Disturbances, porosity, multiplicity, mobility of structures…

1.1.2. Invasion succsession processes •

Ecological succsession

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The concept of ecological succession in urban enviroments

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Ecological succsession in urban enviroments

1.1.3. Resilient systems.

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Resiliency, transitions and resilient landscapes

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Climate change and practices in food production as a reference for resiliency in landscape architecture

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Circularity- cradle to cradle

1.OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPE DESIGN (OPLD): DESIGNING RESILIENT LANDSCAPES WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION 1.1.1. OPEN PROCESS DESIGN. THE VOID The void The void would be seen as an essential feature of landscape (nothing, emptiness…) which is at the core of the concepts of space, and time, and in that sense participates of and shapes the project as well as its establishes the caracteristics of its possible disturbances which are in a way the basis of design as fundaments of the potentialities of the site The identification of its topological characteristics and the strategies of the void expressed in diagrams showing the territorial structure and cultural purpose should lead to not only to being able to refer to the spatiality of the void but also to delimit some sort of time frame .

The void. Brownfields, rough green, managed green, green infrastructure Brownfields as a noun is referred to contaminated soils and on “previous industrial sites typically have compacted soil, considerable erosion, and either high alkalinity or high acidity”; in RTT Forman terms: Brownfields are typically an early successional mosaic habitat, with numerous plant species, pollinators, and other animals feeding and nesting/denning. ..Not surprisingly the brownfield habitat is continually changing, often rapidly, and usually contains patches of different successional stages.

The so called rough green biotope participates of some of the characteristics of brownfields but it is a wider more embracing type of open spaces. "Rough green" often arises from left alone 'ruderal or industrial areas where nature can take its course. It generally consists of reclaimed lands or building areas that are more or less left to their fate. In this dynamic landscape pioneer species find their place. Over time, appear more and more plants on the bare ground and changed the habitat through natural succession in a rough area. The duration in which the region is left alone determines the degree of development flora. Because of the nutrient-poor character of these areas biodiversity in plant species can be very large. This type of habitat is often a refuge for species that have seen their shrinking habitat in the surrounding area.

That category contrasts with the more or less managed green “Lots of greenery in the city is heavily used and managed. Not only parks and gardens as well as cemeteries, allotments and sports parks make a significant contribution to the green experience in the city.

“Besides green adhered to infrastructure and water there is another related category infrastructure green that goes beyond the mere and extensive corridors accompanying infrastructure there are two types of green infrastructures: the natural ones (such as ecological corridors) and those consisting of artificial elements with ecological value (for example green and multifunctional areas, green roofs and walls, cycling routes with environmental functions).

These networks, if properly implemented and managed, bring several environmental, social and economic benefits. From the environmental point of view, they contribute to biodiversity conservation by maintaining existing habitats and offering new natural ones for animal plant and species. Moreover, they contribute to climate mitigation and environmental quality improvement.”

Richard T.T. Forman: Urban Ecology; Science of Cities Harvard University / Cambridge University 2014 https://www.amsterdam.nl/bestuur-organisatie/volg-beleid/groen/florafauna/ biotooptypen/beheerd_groen/ Habitat Type: Rough green 22 Nov. 2016 Evelien van Dijk Habitat Type: rough green; dynamic landscape. Etc. https://3ftfah3bhjub3knerv1hneul-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/07/De_lotto__Esopi__Sturla_-_The_value_of_green_infrastructures_in_urbanized_areas.pdf

1.OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPE DESIGN (OPLD): DESIGNING RESILIENT LANDSCAPES WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION GIACOMETTI 1.1.1. OPEN PROCESS DESIGN. CONCEPTS OF OPEN PROCESS DESIGN.

AU-DELÀ DES BRONZES Les chefs-d’œuvre en plâtre et autres matériaux 28.10.16 — 15.01.17

Concepts of the open process design.

Disturbance (also of the void), is central to the ecological theory., and as such is a concept influenced by the will of man or the will of nature.

“Disturbance is an event that causes a significant change in an ecosystem or urban area” TT Forman Urban Ecology ”Disturbance is an event that causes a significant change in an ecosystem or urban area. .. If the cause of change is protracted or continuous, it is usually considered to be a stress rather than a disturbance or perturbation” Concepts coming from other disciplines (medicine, chemistry and biology) such as porosity are aplicable to landscape. We can therefore speak of permeable systems, both urban and natural and in these systems we can speak about the permeability of boundaries ,permeability of internal structures and permeability of the material constituents ( substrata, pavements, vegetated areas). It is a concept that undoubtedly affects water systems (hydrological natural network: “the blood vessels of the earth and the main infrastructure of the landscape ecosystems.

“The natural wetlands alongside a river act like a sponge which can modify the water quantity to mitigate drought or floods … porosity should not seek in all directions but has to have a structure.” Porous City: From Metaphor to Urban Agenda edited by Sophie Wolfrum.

Porosity is a structural concept of landscapes affecting movements of air, fauna, seeds and all sorts of natural cultural interchanges and disturbances.

Multiplicity “Qualitative multiplicity is composed of several heterogeneous states which permeate and flow into one another ” and change in this kind of multiplicity is measured by Bergson in terms of time as “it is only qualitative changes of state, differentiations, that can account for the appearance of the new” Bergson Time and Free Will.

One source of multiplicity in landscape is “The transdisciplinary landscape concept is based on five dimensions of landscapes: the spatial entity, the mental entity, the temporal dimension, the nexus of nature and culture, and the systemic properties of landscapes” https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/capitalising-on-multiplicity-a-trandisciplinarysystems-approachAs to the mobility of structures , Simon A Levin presents it as the outcome of the research on a model developed to relate community structure to level of environmental disturbance in systems in which the effects of disturbance are localized in space and time. In general these disturbances create a pattern of spatio-temporal heterogeneity by renewing a limiting resource, thereby permitting utilization by species that are not dominant competitors.

The proposed model predicts the frequency distribution of these renewed areas, with regard to size and age (colonization stage). The model thus allows one to relate overall system pattern to the local biology within these areas, to compare various areas with different levels of disturbance, and to predict the effects of new disturbance”.

Disturbance, Patch Formation, and Community Structure; SIMON A. LEVIN AND R. T. PAINE.

The temporality of the project tends to mean in landscape design sense of time as it is experienced, in phenomenological terms, and as such builds on concepts like: tempo, process, duration, imagination and layers; these are coupled with sources like: Phenomenological time in designed landscapes, Temporality as process, Temporality in motion and tempo, Imagination in heritage and living, Temporality in narrative and memories.

Temporality in Designed Landscapes, thesis by Lee Heykoop, U. of Sheffield

Responses of ecosystems and species to disturbance patterns / Richard T.T. Forman: Urban Ecology; Science of Cities Harvard University / Cambridge University 2014

1.OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPE DESIGN (OPLD): DESIGNING RESILIENT LANDSCAPES WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION GIACOMETTI 1.1.1. OPEN PROCESS DESIGN The unfinished project Open ended-ness implies that impulse that generates disturbance is completed.

AU-DELÀ DES BRONZES Les chefs-d’œuvre en plâtre et autres matériaux 28.10.16 — 15.01.17

An Open-ended Design (OeD) is seen as a project able to change, according to the changing context. It is characterized by its inner flexibility due to the voluntary incomplete definition of its features, also defined as its Imperfection.

We see in the graphic (lower right)what could be needed to end up with an ecological landscape design where each of the four boxes is filled with processes that are not and should not be deterministic.

With that context starting processes implies an open ended character, the method should describe an itinerary which could be reversed at any point to reconsider the direction of the path always without loosing on the way the main aims and results of the project. Starting therefore implies creating disturbances which can be managed again within the open project perspective Designing potentials necessarily means anticipation. One must envision the process but again the project is open, James Corner (Landscape Strategy Now HDM) puts it this way: “Both landscape and ecology serve as useful strategic models for three primary reasons: 1) they accept the often messy and complex circumstances of the given site, replete with constraints, potentials, and realities, and they have developed techniques—mapping, diagramming, planning, imaging, arranging, and so on—for both representing and working with the seemingly unmanageable or inchoate complexities of the given; 2) they both address issues of large-scale spatial organization and relational structuring among parts, a structuring that remains open and dynamic, not fixed; and 3) they both deal with time open-endedly, often viewing a project more in terms of cultivation, staging, and setting up certain conditions rather than obsessing on fixity, finish, and completeness. Landscape and ecology understand projects as dynamic, grounded temporalities, as contextspecific unfoldings—becomings, durational emergences, themselves seeding potentials that go on to engender further sets of effect and novelty. Landscape architects tend to view the specificity of a given site—its environment, culture, politics, and economies-as a program unto itself, a program that has an innate tendency or propensity with regard to future potentials. This is why practices of agriculture, silviculture, horticulture, and other techniques of adaptive management of material systems is so interesting and pertinent to urbanism.

TT Forman Urban Ecology: Urban habitats vegetation types and their potential of occurrence following: site conditions (water in the substrate etc), Collateral potentialities of that are related to disturbances on heat island, mental health etc: “Growing up in a green environment has an impact on better mental health as an adult. A study conducted by researchers at the University of Aarhus, Denmark, concludes that children who are in contact with nature have a 55% lower risk of developing various psychiatric illnesses, such as anxiety or depression, later in life.(La Vanguardia 26/2/19)”

Subsequently, once seeded, set up, or staged, ecological succession presents one site state that establishes the conditions for the next, which in turn overwrites the past and precipitates a future, not necessarily in foreseeable or prescribable ways. In a sense, the landscape project is less about static, fixed organizations than it is about—to borrow biologist Stuart Kauffman’s terms—“propagating organizations,” provisional sets of structures that perform work to construct more of themselves in order to literally propagate more diverse and complex lifeworlds. I use lifeworld intentionally here to invoke imaginative, programmatic, and urban, as well as the natural or biological, dimensions.”

The incorporation of randomness “the quality or state of lacking a pattern or principle of organization; unpredictability” according to the Oxford dictionary would be coherent with the idea of a project being in a way disturbed by singularities that are purposefully searched for. Randomness in this sense and context becomes a design resource Randomness is crucial in landscape ecology determining essential aspects of the appearance and disappearance of species and the consequences of the specific mixture of them in a particular site.

FILIX ÇILIK Framework for Ecological Landscape Design (ecology concepts left; ecological design concepts right

1.1.2. INVASION SUCCSESSION PROCESSES ECOLOGICAL SUCCSESSION Ecological succession in natural enviroments The process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time. Two different types of succession—primary and secondary—have been distinguished. Primary succession occurs in essentially lifeless areas—regions in which the soil is incapable of sustaining life as a result of such factors as lava flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. Secondary succession occurs in areas where a community that previously existed has been removed; it is typified by smaller-scale disturbances that do not eliminate all life and nutrients from the environment.” The graphic of next page depicts an example of a bog lake succession as it appears in the classic book Communities and Ecosystems. The graphics below have also got the efficient simplicity of Britannica. Three models of succession are established ,in accordance with the reaction of earlier species: facilitation, tolerance and inhibition succession are the three categories, if respectively that is the reaction of previous to the potentially succeeding species .

“The stages of secondary succession are similar to those of primary succession; however, primary succession always begins on a barren surface, whereas secondary succession begins in environments that already possess soil. In addition, through a process called old-field succession, farmland that has been abandoned may undergo secondary succession.” https://www.britannica.com/science/ecological-succession/media/178264/229017 Robert H Whittaker Communities and ecosystems; MacMillan, New York 1975

https://www.xsectionjournal.com/international-2015/2015/11/18/urban-disturbance-ecology

1.1.2. INVASION SUCCSESSION PROCESSES THE CONCEPT OF ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN URBAN ENVIROMENTS The concept of ecological succession in urban enviroments The concept of ecological succession used in landscape design in natural enviroments is directly transferable as a metaphor and tool in urban enviroments; in that sense we could study gentrification as an example of that sort of succession.

Even today defenders of urban ecology argue “that fundamental categories (such as organism, population, and community) retain their significance…and discover merit in a scale-sensitive ‘ecosystem approach’ to understanding and planning the city”.

One could accept that “the ecosystem approach retains the emphasis on place, and this brings back the environment into consideration”, and also that the terminology of plant ecology is being used by urban sociology to describe dynamics of community processes. Terms like succession or invasion are ingrained in the sociological study of phenomena as gentrification in complex urban societies.

Vasishth, Ashwani & David C. Sloane. 2002. “Returning to Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach to Understanding the City,” pp343-366 in Michael Dear (ed.), 2002, From Chicago to LA: Making Sense of Urban Theory, Thousand Oaks, SSHS: Sage Publications.

Taking all that into consideration one could put the focus on the application of the ecosystem approach to complex societies and see how it could be of assistance in dealing with aspects of community life in informal cities, and do so in the hope that, as it was said, the emphasis on place would help to “bring back the environment into consideration” •

Human societies are characterized by competition and consensus: •

· Made up of interdependent individuals competing with each other for economic and territorial dominance and for ecological niches, have competitive cooperation with its resulting economic interdependence)

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· At the same time, involved in common collective actions, existence of a society presupposes a certain amount of solidarity, consensus and common purpose

• Competition: mechanism of society to regulate population and to preserve balance between competing species, gives rise to domination, invasion and succession, also ecological principles •

Domination: result of the struggle among different species

• Invasion: introduction of new species would upset old balance where there would then be a struggle for dominance with a process of succession • Succession: various stages or the orderly sequence of changes through which a biotic community passes in course of its development, e.g. territorial succession of immigrant groups Remembering ecological succession categories we could metaphorically say something similar of succession in sociology “

https://www.dustinstoltz.com/blog/2015/12/02/burgess-concentric-zone-model-of-urban-development http://revistainvi.uchile.cl/index.php/INVI/article/view/1070/1266 http://urbanspatialanalysis.com/portfolio/predicting-gentrification-using-longitudinal-census-data/

1.1.2. INVASION SUCCSESSION PROCESSES ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN URBAN ENVIROMENTS

Ecological succession in urban environments.

In “studying neighbourhood change taken as ecological succession” by RTT Forman points out: “Ecological succession implies change over time ( in an ecological community or vegetation) following major disturbance, even vegetation clearing. Ecologists usually focus on changing vertical, horizontal and/or biological structure; ecological processes rather than human management or activity, predominate in ecological succession…we refer to successional habitats as sites in an early stage of succession, normally characterized by abundant herbaceous vegetation that may contain shrubs plus tree seedlings and saplings”…

Spontaneity in succession situations . RTT Forman describes “eleven alternative forms of urban successional habitats” .present in cities all over the world that attending at ecologically related variables present in them show very diverse ecological behaviour, “some sites appear to be far better ecologically than others” “Eleven contrasting forms or types of ecological succession sites seem to characterize urban areas worldwide.

These range from microsites, such as window box or the base of a sign, to long discontinuous corridors along railways and highways. The prime causative mechanism differs for each of the successional forms . All 11 cases have little or no human maintenance, and manifest vegetation change in the early phase of ecological succession (before a site is essentially covered by a canopy of woody plants). Also all cases are dominated by “spontaneously” colonized (unplanted) plants, mostly herbaceous. These early successions are on small and large patches in diverse locations, as well as on many types of corridors….Such sites (variously labeledneglected, abandoned, fallow or ruderal) are largely covered with “spontaneous ” herbaceous vegetation , often with scattered shrubs, even small trees, present….Cumulatively such early succession sites are probably extremely important ecologically in urban areas. Together they maintain high plant species diversity . The provide dispersed sites for pollinators. They may function as stepping stones and corridors for species movement across urban areas. By beginning succession at different times and escaping human maintenance and disturbance for varied lengths of time, together with the ecological succession sites sustain many examples of all stages in early succession…The 11 forms or types based in 28 ecologically related variables suggests several patterns of interest “(positive and negative roles)….Those variables “were roughly grouped into three categories : general; air, soil, and water; vegetation, plants, and animals.. The 11 succession forms are most clearly differentiated by negatives and positives in the vegetation, plants, and animals category” Richard T.T. Forman: Urban Ecology; Science of Cities Harvard University / Cambridge University 2014

1.1.3. RESILIENT SYSTEMS. RESILIENCY, TRANSITIONS AND RESILIENT LANDSCAPES Resiliency, transitions and resilient landscapes Resiliency in ecology is related to disturbances in very clear terms as follows: Ecological resilience, also called ecological robustness, the ability of an ecosystem to maintain its normal patterns of nutrient cycling and biomass production after being subjected to damage caused by an ecological disturbance (Britannica).

It is in fact a concept that allows for measuring the departure from one stable state hopefully for another: “In 1973, C. S. Holling introduced the word resilience into the ecological literature as a way of helping to understand the nonlinear dynamics observed in ecosystems. Ecological resilience was defined as the amount of disturbance that an ecosystem could withstand without changing self-organized processes and structures (defined as alternative stable states).

Other authors consider resilience as a return time to a stable state following a perturbation. A new term, adaptive capacity, is introduced to describe the processes that modify ecological resilience.

Two definitions recognize the presence of multiple stable states (or stability domains), and hence resilience is the property that mediates transition among these states. Transitions among stable states have been described for many ecosystems, including semi-arid rangelands, lakes, coral reefs, and forests. In these systems, that are taken based upon incomplete understanding, and it allows managers to affordably learn and change.” ecological resilience is maintained by keystone structuring processes across a number of scales, sources of renewal and reformation, and functional biodiversity. In practice, maintaining a capacity for renewal in a dynamic environment provides an ecological buffer that protects the system from the failure of management actions When we adopt resilience to transition between stable states we are claiming for a plan and in dealing with landscapes that has to be provided by landscape architecture in many senses by controlling the impact of disturbances (provided or otherwise “allowed”, including climate change)

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http://www.conservationofchange.org/resilience/ https://www.resalliance.org/

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Vol. 31:425-439 (Volume publication date November 2000) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.425

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Lance H Gunderson: Ecological Resilience—In Theory and Application Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics

1.1.3. RESILIENT SYSTEMS. CLIMATE CHANGE AND PRACTICES IN FOOD PRODUCTION AS A REFERENCE FOR RESILIENCY

IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Climate change and practices in food production as a reference for resiliency in landscape architecture As a recent article was pointing out summarising aspects of food production today: “The effects of climate change • make it necessary to review traditional crops to look for varieties that are more resilient to fluctuating climate • conditions and to implement new technologies that help farmers to be more efficient and sustainable.”

References for resilience the small number of species increase the risk of damaging plagues 88% of conifer woodland represented by 5 species 72% of broadleaved woodland represented by 5 species

• http://www.planetainteligente.elmundo.es/planeta-en-accion/los-cultivos-se-adaptan-a-los-nuevos-patrones“Global warming is causing a rethinking in the planting of certain crops traditionally associated with certain regions climáticos of Spain. The constant increase of temperature, the shortage of rains and the greater frequency of adverse • https://www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/pistachio-producing-countries.html / Do nearby pistachio meteorological phenomena require of a constant investigation to predict the yield of the crops. Reports, such as that trees couple via their roots? (Courtesy: iStock/erdinhasdemir) made by the United Nations Organization for Agriculture (FAO), indicate that the impact of climate change will affect • https://physicsworld.com/a/pistachio-trees-talk-to-their-neighbours-reveals-statistical-physic five important crops worldwide, such as rice, wheat, corn, soybeans and soybeans. peanut. Adaptation and efficiency are essential to face the uncertain future of many plantations. "All crops will be affected and in Europe, the southern region and the Mediterranean will be the most affected areas (Vanessa Sánchez, LIFE Agri Adapt Global Nature Foundation). reliable data favour that measures can be taken ... of efficiency and substitution, -The greatest challenge is the uncertainty of more extreme episodes / "the modification in sowing dates or work with scientific predictions. the crossing of climatic data from past years, the evaluation of each crop against the climate and future projections make possible the anticipation, as well as the extraction of conclusions ... the cereal is more vulnerable than the sunflower or that in cereals, such as corn, the sowing date must be advanced, as long as it has rained in Crcularity autumn " Reuse of resources, zero waste concepts and many others of the like are embedded in the idea of circularity in socioecological systems. The following graphs show the work of theses principles in circular economy contexts "Due to prolonged droughts in California, almonds or pistachios are implanted in Spain instead of herbaceous crops • https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distinction-between-biological-and-technical-cycles-in-the-Cradle-to-Cradle-design_fig2_322555840 ... diversifying towards these plantations with high yields",

The number of nuts on pistachio trees in any given year could be explained with a model from statistical physics that is normally used to study magnetic materials. That is according to researchers led by Alan Hastings, a mathematical ecologist from the University of California, Davis…. Neighbouring spins interact with each other via their magnetic moments, but they can also be influenced by an external applied magnetic field…. the trees talk just strongly enough that, in the absence of strong weather effects, they are just on the border of synchronization. Maybe the trees gain some other benefit by communicating, but would pay a big penalty for locking together so much that they can’t adapt to climate variations.”

OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPES DESIGNING FOR THE INFORMAL CITY WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Table of Contents

1.2 CASE STUDIES FROM THE GENIUS LOCI TO RESSILIENCE.

1.2 Case studies .From the genius loci to ressilience.

1.2.1 DUISBURG: Latz on rubble landscapes & the unfinished open-ended project 1.2.2 M´HAMMID UNESCO EARTH VILLAGES . The unfinished open-ended project.

1.2.3 THE UNRESILIENT HOUSING WORLD BANK POLITICS. From the ignorance of the genious loci to unressilience.

1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.2.1 FROM THE GENIOUS LOCI TO RESSILIENCE. LEARNING FROM LATZ. DUISBURG NORD: LATZ ON RUBBLE LANDSCAPES & THE UNFINISHED OPEN-ENDED PROJECT Duisburg is at the west of Ruhr region and is still the largest steel location in Europe. The Ruhr regional strategy includes the Emscher Landscape Park system of regional open spaces implemented along the Emscher river valley including a cycle trial going from Bergkamen in the east to Duisburg and the Rhine in the west of the region, as well as a network of connecting paths and trails. Special attention is given to the creation of a continuous open space system to flexibly integrate different free space functions and uses. Central to this is the Emscher Landscape Park.

Preventive measures are also intended to limit the impact of flooding. Latz´s Landschaftspark Duisburg Nord is associated to that strategy in the very west extreme of the region just by the floodplains of Rhine river in the confluence of Emscher river. (see larger image at the bottom https://naturvation.eu/nbs/essen/emscher-landscape-park-programme)”

” 200-hectare site of the former iron and steel plant Duisburg-Meiderich in Germany, the design makes an aesthetic and political strategy out of revealing site disturbances. At the heart of the project are the preserved blast furnaces. Like other relics of heavy industry, these structures seem at once terrible and awe-inspiring.

The vision of Latz + Partner enables the new park to continue to rust and erode as well as regenerate; to reverberate meanings through the depth of old and new layers of history; to engender an ongoing conversation between past, present, and future. In the Latzes' words, "We are not changing the abandoned industrial sites.

Instead, these sites are changing our way of thinking and the philosophy of our profession.

The Garden in the Machine the Duisburg-Nord Landscape Parkhttps://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=landscapearchitecture_pubs http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/post-industrial-landscape-architecture/ https://assets.latzundpartner.de/media/publications/pdfs/TO84_086-109.pdf

Several remediation techniques have been employed at Duisburg, depending on site conditions. The most toxic remnants, including the old sintering plant, were dynamited and buried. Elsewhere contaminated materials were left in place. Several large slag heaps with low-level hydrocarbon pollution, already in stable condition and colonized by plants, were left undisturbed. They are available for limited access and use while they are gradually decontaminated through bioremediation. Retaining the piles has two advantages: it prevents further dispersal of the pollutants, and it creates compelling memorials to site disturbance. Such “found” landscapes produce some of the park’s most intriguing images, such as that of an ore cart—still in its tracks—sprouting vegetation Just as important, although less obvious, Landscape Park Duisburg North is an example of social as well as environmental restoration. A place that no longer had any real value to society and that otherwise would have been an eyesore has been given an entirely new life, one that few might have imagined it could have. In a region with little open space, the park offers significant and unusual opportunities for recreation: the blast furnace can be climbed to height of about fifty meters; the cooling tanks are used for swimming, the concrete chimneys for climbing. At a more speculative level, the park offers a lesson in the environmental costs of modern industrial policies and an occasion to wonder about future appropriate choices as effacing the site’s history and erasing its contradictions would have been far less compelling.

As Peter Latz says, “The point is, where is the imagination most challenged, in a state of harmony or in a state of disharmony? Disharmony produces a different statement, a different harmony, a different reconciliation… . The seemingly chance results of human interference, which are generally judged to be negative, also have immensely exciting, positive aspects.”5…In such circumstances the role of the designer is to decide what to retain, what to transform, and what to replace. Disharmony, discontinuity, contradiction: these are the conditions driving the development of a contemporary language of landscape architecture.”

1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.2.1 FROM THE GENIOUS LOCI TO RESSILIENCE. LEARNING FROM LATZ. DUISBURG NORD: LATZ ON RUBBLE LANDSCAPES & THE UNFINISHED OPEN-ENDED PROJECT

From rubble to a resilient system “ I used the preexisting rubble in Duisbourg as a gardener would use soil , of course!... anything can be used as a base in landscape “. Peter latz The preexisting rubble was classified in a metal grid by types, old rusted metal components, concrete rubble etc… a grid of different rubble landscapes left to their own evolution and adaptation to the enviroment . A space for spontaneity once again.

Primary succession always begins on a barren surface, pioneer species those most adapted to the preexisting conditions and therefore more resilient invade each square of the grid creating a variety of self-evolving and unplanned landscapes.

“Duisbourg has been a project built during 15 years , we had a certain amount of money to spend on it each year, as the project evolved we adapted our design to the new circumstances that appeared each year not only ecologically but also socially. As people started to use the project in unimagined ways we adapted our design providing the necessary elements for these new uses. We where surprised when after the park appeared in newspapers we had to change the design as a consequence of this publicity.”Peter Latz

1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.2.2FROM THE GENIOUS LOCI TO RESSILIENCE. LEARNING FROM THE THIRD WORLD .

M´HAMMID UNESCO EARTH VILLAGES . THE UNFINISHED OPEN-ENDED PROJECT.

The M’Hamid Oasis is the last of the palm groves in the Drâa Valley, in Southern Morocco. The 13 villages (ksar/ksour in Arabic) in M’Hamid share many sociological, urban, and architectural similarities with the ksour located in the pre-Saharan valleys. These similarities range from environmental threats, such as extreme climate, to the current social and economic model. As a result, the settlements are being abandoned, and the tangible and intangible heritage of the Drâa Valley is in a progressive disappearance.

To deal with the complexity of this problem, a progressive approach beginning at the territorial scale must be developed. In this regard, a lasting solution can be found only by promoting development that integrates nature, culture, and architecture, as well as by finding a new balance of these elements within the current social and economic requirements.

Since 2012, the activity of the Terrachidia Association has focussed on the study, promotion, preservation, and restoration of the architectural and cultural heritage of M’Hamid. The main activity of the association focusses on the organization of workshops, which are attended mainly by university students and professionals from around the world.

In total, 13 workshops were organized since 2012, thanks to the engagement of the local population. In this period, around 300 participants from more than 15 different countries attended these workshops, working with approximately a 100 local craftsmen. All of them share a similar commitment to the work that Terrachidia is developing. These workshops allow the participants to know places and people in a way hardly achievable through conventional tourism. At the same time, this awareness is also achieved in the local population, and cultural exchange strengthens its identity The purpose of the workshops organized by Terrachidia is manifold, and the participants actively take part in the restoration works while they interact and exchange experiences with a reality that is generally unknown in western societies. The local population also benefits from this cultural exchange by strengthening their identity, which is linked to architecture, and demonstrating the economic possibilities of conservation through responsible tourism.

And these aims are achieved through a self-managed project, which benefits all involved.

1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.2.2FROM THE GENIOUS LOCI TO RESSILIENCE. LEARNING FROM THE THIRD WORLD .

M´HAMMID UNESCO EARTH VILLAGES . THE UNFINISHED OPEN-ENDED PROJECT.

Understanding the social genius loci.

Territorial analisis methods help understand the complexity of a territory such as M´Hammid in Moroco . In cooperation a special emphasis is made to get to know the antropological preconditions of a territory . Whithout this knowledge of the different human agents that interact with the territory the project is not viable as the lack of the necessary funding to fullfill it makes the cooperation of the population unavoidable.

CENTRO DE DESARROLLO Y GESTIÓN

1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.2.2FROM THE GENIOUS LOCI TO RESSILIENCE. LEARNING FROM THE THIRD WORLD .

M´HAMMID UNESCO EARTH VILLAGES . THE UNFINISHED OPEN-ENDED PROJECT.

The intrinsic precondition of cooperation also makes unavoidable the design of the project as a process ,programed to the detail through a matrix of temporal human actions that will guide the project through time adapting constantly to the unavoidable changes of the human agents.

The Ksour inhabitants are abandoning the old villages inspired by new housing concrete models coming from Europe. Concrete block housing which is not adapted to the extreme climate conditions of the desert, obliging these same inhabitants to wait for years till they can afford an air conditioning system to inhabit their new houses. The project proposes creating a new model for them in their old ksour rehabilitating their interiors , a seed project that should expand like a virus managing to incorporate the population in the rehabiliatation of their own UNESCO HERITAGE earth villages.

Inmmersed in the 50º C of the Sahara, ecological succession is the only way the population of M´Hammid could survive. Food production depends on this ecological succession . Along the Draa river Palm trees substituted the old holm oaks providing shade to the fruit trees below, these consequently also provided shade to the lower bush and herbaceus strata that contain the soil humidity and avoid evaporation. The natural succession from un rainfed system (palm trees )to one of higher water requirements ( fruit trees) allowed the population of Draa Valley to survive for centuries.

M´Hammid and its extreme climate conditions is a lesson for humanity as a sustainable , climate adapted resilient system, where concepts as cradle to cradle and circulatory economy are mandatory.

1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.2.3 THE UNRESILIENT HOUSING WORLD BANK POLITICS. FROM THE IGNORANCE OF THE GENIOUS LOCI TO UN-RESSILIENCE.

In 2003, the United Nations Human Settlements Program issued an alarming report on the status of the world’s urban poor. Called The Challenge of Slums, it concluded that nearly a billion people, primarily in the developing countries of the global South, live in circumstances that fit the classic definition of slums, circumstances characterized by overcrowding, substandard and/or informal housing, inadequate access to clean water and sanitation, and insecure tenure. The megacities of Asia, Africa, and Latin America lead the world in sheer numbers of squatters and tenement-dwellers: Mumbai (India), Mexico City, and Dhaka (Bangladesh) have about ten million apiece, followed by Lagos (Nigeria), Cairo, Karachi (Pakistan), Kinshasa-Brazzaville (Congo), São Paulo, Shanghai, and Delhi, with between six and eight million each. Upwards of 90% of urban residents in some places—Ethiopia, Chad, Afghanistan, and Nepal, for instance—live in slum conditions, while slum-dwellers constitute over 37% of the urban population in China, 55% in India, 79% in Nigeria, and 84% in Bangladesh. The number of slum-dwellers is expected to double by 2030; slums are now the dominant form of urban land use in much of the developing world.

Globalization, it seems, is intensifying economic inequality, producing archipelagos of wealth in oceans of poverty— with potentially catastrophic consequences.

Social Order / Mental Disorder Anglo-American Psychiatry in Historical Perspective Andrew Scul UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1989 The Regents of the University of California Design for asylums at Leavesden Woodside, near Watford, and at Caterham, near Croydon, 1868. This drawing shows a typical example of the pavilion asylum, the third basic type developed in the late nineteenth century to provide efficient storage for pauper lunatics. The emphasis on a healthy environment in a "country setting," as well as social distance from the town, is well illustrated in this drawing. From: The Builder , 25 July 1868, 551. https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft9r29p2x5;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print

Mike Davis In a chapter called “The Treason of the State,” examines watersheds in the urbanization of poverty, notably the mass country-to-city migrations of the mid-20th century, a period of import-substitution industrialization,colonial counterinsurgency, and independence. In most places, government efforts to accommodate urban migrants fell far short of their goals—if they had any goals. Bad situations were worsened in a process Davis describes as “Haussmann in the tropics”: massive slum clearance and forced relocation of residents, often to distant locations far from employment and social services.

When families are forced to move, they lose not only their land and houses, but neighborhoods, communities and social networks. The psychological stress caused by months of uncertainty and the health effects alone can be devastating. Children often lose months of school and their parents often travel long distances to get to work.

Anthropologists have demonstrated that relationships of mutual aid and social networks are dismantled as populations disperse. These social networks are a critical survival tool for the urban poor who must constantly weather economic fluctuations and uncertainty. Even when families receive compensation for lost homes, these social relations are virtually irreplaceable. Finally, displacement carries a very high risk of impoverishment. This is especially true for those who lack legal title to their land because they generally do not receive compensation.

Today, Mumbai’s slum rehabilitation scheme is the authorities’ chief response to the challenge of improving the living conditions of slum-dwellers. It encourages private developers to clear areas classified as slums by the municipality and build high-rise housing blocks in which each family receives a free 225-square-foot unit. In exchange, the developer gets valuable “transferable building rights” on public land. This has led to the most toxic kind of developer-government nexus. A government report on the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme described it as “nothing but a fraud, designed to enrich Mumbai’s powerful construction lobby by robbing both public assets and the urban poor.”

Moreover, the quality of housing produced through the scheme has been widely described as appalling, the new buildings quickly becoming less livable than the slums they replace. Many original “beneficiaries” of the scheme have moved back to slums and sold their free flats to middle-class families who simply cannot find anything else in their budget. After decades of failed policies, the official slum population keeps rising. Today, 62 percent of Mumbaikars live in slums, according to the latest census.

Mumbai slum upgrading Anuj Puri, chairman of Anarock Projects Consultants said, ''Mumbai can easily replicate the success story of Singapore's Housing and Development Board which remained laser-focused on eradicating slums. With effective PPP models, higher incentives to the stakeholders and good financial structuring, the slums in Mumbai can be eradicated faster than envisaged.'' https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-escalate-work-on-pending-slum-rehabilitation-govt-2558749

1.2 CASE STUDIES 1.2.3 THE UNRESILIENT HOUSING WORLD BANK POLITICS. FROM THE IGNORANCE OF THE GENIOUS LOCI TO UN-RESSILIENCE.

Ignoring the social genius loci.

Not taking into account the “genius loci� of slums has produced many failed social housing projects all over the world. Where there is no money the necessity of social networks where the population learns to survive by mutual cooperation is essential for the end system to be resilient in time. The knowledge of the fragility of this network is essential to the success of social housing politics.

Displacement as explained above has brought with it many unexpected problems but also the substitution of horizontal slums for vertical block social housing projects. Public space , the street and the horizontal connection between housing and public space is essential to a very fragile slum economic system where many families manage to survive daily thanks to this inmediate connection to the street. https://nextcity.org/informalcity/entry/how-architects-and-planners-can-lead-from-behind

OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPES DESIGNING FOR THE INFORMAL CITY WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Table of Contents

2. OPLD IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (OPLD IN IS)

2. Opld in informal settlements (opld in is) Aproach Slums around the world: South America/Africa/Asia Basic ingredients of opld for informal settlements

2. OPLD IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (OPLD IN IS) APROACH

Approach Imagine a territory and upon it, all the layers that time has deposited, and someone there coming with the idea, after a period of hard thinking, that those artefacts, the infrastructure, buildings, agricultural and forestation practices placed there are but a part of a cultural landscape and as such are witnessing the ways and manners of communities living hardships there over centuries.

Imagine that an institutional system charged with shaping the environment, be it a sort of a World Bank, for sure very efficient in its approaches, would endeavour in carpeting territories, settlements and metropolis with some kind of alien international style developments, overwhelming culture and nature alike.

Imagine that you yourself, are in one of those unique “deprived” areas in America, Africa ,Asia, or another continent., and are being charged with the responsibility of making sense of the environments of a community living in informal misery and, suddenly, that efficient institution pops up to the rescue.

What would you do?. What method would you apply, presupposing that you could actually be let to carry on one out, but not without putting in practice your experiences in fieldwork and in academia and with prestigious masters.

Perhaps the formula would start by, with humility letting go of your control to include the participation of the community and therefore return the power of deciding to those who know and care.

The solution therefore would come about unavoidably as an open-ended process, where once again ecological and social succession properly guided will give way to a resilient system.

We learn from Nature that sedum develops better on an old and porous tiled roof ;this as it should be explained to the developing institution and to the people, is an ecological invasion succession growing on our heads.

Participation ,the method´s open process and its time frame:

The method starts with identifying the stakeholders ( the social genius loci) followed by a deep exercise of communication rather than persuasion.

A communication often through graphics that must be simple and comprehensive both to understand the project but also its phases , allowing the community to debate and decide and also alter the project as it evolves , the whole process of decision taking in a cyclic , dynamic time frame, producing and reviewing whatever was previously decided .

This open incremental system is let to be developed so as to make sure that the community can see the outcome of partial developments, in a permanent contrast with the “surviving” guidelines, checking its degree of compliance with the objectives.

We are once again talking as in jazz of the mobility of a structure .

2. OPLD IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (OPLD IN IS) APROACH

Poverty comes together with many other undesirable consequences. There are rankings, for instance of Most Polluted Cities written like that in capitals: “Peshawar ranks second in WHO report”… “Using a toilet in informal settlements is one of the most dangerous activities for residents and women and the children have the biggest problems,” Axolile Notywala, of the Social Justice Coalition (SJO), a campaign group fighting for better sanitation in Cape Town’s informal settlements, told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.”

All that and more shapes the landscape of the global slum today, and landscape architecture must address those circumstances.

It must be said from the start that my interest is on those slums produced by migrants the so called informal settlements as opposed to those others resulting from policies of institutions like World Bank or even UN Habitat, based on denying both culture and the spirit of place, and often at odds with common sense. The alternative solutions for the so called “vertical slum”.

Human battery hen

Peter Wolf inside HK vertical slum

Favela in Rio de Janeiro

Affordable Housing Mumbai

Petare, El Gran Barrio South America

Dharavi slum Mumbai

”

2. OPLD IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (OPLD IN IS) SLUMS AROUND THE WORLD: SOUTH AMERICA. The origin of slum neighbourhoods replicates all over Latin America. A 1967 study of the U. of Miami describes ithttps://www.minube.com/fotos/rincon/99879 in a rather gravitational manner: “In the life of Latin American cities the rapid expansión of slum neighbourhoods has emerged as a compelling problem. The inability of city authorities to provide adequate and inexpensive Petare El Gran Barrio Caracas…. housing for rural-to-urban migrants, as well as for those economically poor persons and raised in the city, has clashed with the tremendous growth of the population and its drive to urbanization. The impoverished families must settle wherever they can. Scattered throughout Mexico City, for instance, on vacant lots adjoining factories or on the periphery of the metropolitan area are shack homes built on miscellaneous materials, known as jacales, or the rows of single-story concrete, brick, or adobe dwellings called vecindades. Beyond Mexico City, there are the villas miserias of Buenos Aires, the favelas on the rocky promontories of Rio de Janeiro, the barrios clandestinos of Bogotá, the barriadas marginales of Lima, the ranchos of Caracas, and the callampas (mushrooms) of Santiago” Different local, national or UN programs attend tourism and need, but not so much place, ecology and culture

• Barrios:

• Favelas: Rio do Janeiro Rocinha….

https://www.oddizzi.com/teachers/explore-the-world/country-close-up/brazil/rio-south-east/living-in/houses/ http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3453 https://favelissues.com/2010/04/15/favelatourism-rocinha/ https://favelapainting.com/ https://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Rio.pdf https://lithub.com/what-happened-to-nicolas-maduros-socialism/

2. OPLD IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (OPLD IN IS) SLUMS AROUND THE WORLD: AFRICA « Latest estimates by UN-Habitat suggest that, in Africa, 62% of the urban population is living in slums.” “ Slums grow because they provide something poor people need: affordable housing near to work, schools and public transport. Perversely, for such a poor continent, African cities tend to be sprawling and car-dependent. From Lusaka to Lagos, suburban housing estates and shopping malls, seemingly transplanted from Houston or Atlanta, are springing up at the edge of cities. But the vast majority of Africans cannot afford cars. In Nairobi slums are among the very few places close to jobs where it is possible to go shopping, watch a film and get a street-side meal, all without having to get into a vehicle.”

The need to be near jobs helps explain why slums often sit next to staggering wealth. Africa’s slums are full of enterprising people. But they are also deeply dysfunctional places, where much of the population lives in a Hobbesian world of exploitation. It is not just electricity that is provided by violent cartels; so is water, rubbish collection and security. The state scarcely enters: in most slums, health care and education are provided privately or by charities, if at all. Diseases such as cholera and HIV are rife.

There is often little in the way of a legal system to protect property rights. Instead, well-connected landlords make fortunes renting tiny patches of land to people who have nowhere else to go.”

Exploitation and short-sightedness in Africa’s slums; The Economist April 20th 2017

KENYA Kibera Nairobi (ph. J Miller), Haller Park and informal settlements at Mombasa

Clara Town (Liberia): Located on a swamp. Clara Town is a network of haphazard, rubbish-strewn streets, many of which are flooded most of the time. This slump is in the Barshod Island in Monrovia, the capital of Liberia. Via Wikipedia.org

ZIMBAWE

Masiphumelele, Cape Town: 38,000 people live in abject poverty, separated from the affluent community of Lake Michelle by marshland and an electrified fence. Johnny Miller Sean Fleming A bird’s eye view of urban poverty and social inequality WEF 17 Aug 2018 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-urban-poverty-and-social-inequality

2. OPLD IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (OPLD IN IS) SLUMS AROUND THE WORLD: ASIA Asia fares high in the ranking of the largest slums of Asia with Pakistan being at the top of the list. The fast econo0mic development of India and most of all China is introducing important changes in approaches, policy and techniques on slum upgrading. China is always a difficult subject for análisis due to the secrecy and withholding of information; the hutongs in Beijing and lilong of Shanghai are quickly getting out of the picture by systematic demolition argumenting ugliness and llack of higyenic conditions, but both in Beijing , Guangzhou and other big cities there are manifest pockets of migrant settlements both underground an in so called villages. India is a vast field subject to generic conclusions its complexity advices to concéntrate in relevant case studies never claiming general application of outcomes; Dharavi in Mumbai is the largest slum of India and one of the best studied, and in that sense a good candidate as a reference of the informal settlements in the country

Pakistan Karachi Orangi Town 1,2 million China Hutong, Lilong and “village” slums

The largest slum in Asia is probably Orangi Town in Karachi. Apart from policies of demolition of sub-standard houses and substitution by block housing, the other main issue is sanitation and here is often tackled by empowering communities with DIY systems of self incorporation of infrastructure

India Mumbai (Dharavi) (from 300K to 700K) Dharavi´s history specially since the british substituted the portugeese to today, its ecological conditions, the existence of active community practices opposing the local administration plans. The complexity of its demographic base and the availability of numerous and interesting sources of information help to draw a picture of relevant aspects of the settlement.

“China doesn’t have slums”…”Most of China gets too cold in the winter to support visible slums. The migrants who cram into Chinese cities have to find housing indoors, behind the blank walls of former villages, in basement warrens beneath upscale apartments and in the long faceless blocks around the wholesale markets in the bleak outskirts.”” Lucy Hornby “In 1949, by the Beijing city administration’s own numbers, there were 3,050 hutong.

By 1990, this was down “Cto 2,250; by 2004, to 1,300, and by 2012, to 900. “ Paul French hina's informal settlements—villages inside urbanized areas—are often characterized by local governments as dirty, chaotic, and dangerous places. This negative discourse inevitably leads to recommendations for demolition.

2. OPLD IN INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS (OPLD IN IS) BASIC INGREDIENTS OF OPLD FOR INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS

The interest here is in unveiling relevant elements of open process landscape design in informal settlements to reach conclusions many out of the presentation of significant case studies selected from situations all over the world.

Where there is no money cooperation between people and the rationalization of means is obligatory, it is the only way to advance and solve problems . The intrinsic open-ended character of participatory design processes is therefore unavoidable as is in many cases fostering the delivery of economically accessible disturbances and letting them respond to the medium to which it belongs in the informal city ,evolving towards a resilient landscape (a quality by necessity an intrinsic aspect of the process).

The seed is planted, the means are given for it to evolve, the future is managed rather than maintained

Elements of open process landscape design in informal settlements.

• - Opld in participatory processes with rationalization of means: Participatory design processes as instruments for creating opld disturbances in the landscape and letting it respond to the medium to which it belongs in the informal city.

• - Fostering the delivery of economically accessible disturbances in the environment to engage feasible open responses and evolution towards a resilient landscape (necessarily an intrinsic aspect of the process).

• - Managing opld: The seed is planted, the means are given for it to evolve, the future is managed rather than maintained.

• - Opld in the context of positively disruptive urban planning in settlements • - Self-construction manuals and participatory - cooperative processes.

• - Seed projects: A model is created that the community accepts as its own and replicates; a model as a virus that expands.

OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPES DESIGNING FOR THE INFORMAL CITY WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Table of Contents

2. 1. CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SET TLEMENTS

2.1 Case studies. Learning from informal settlements •

PETARE .Understanding the armature- genius locci

•

KIBERA. Fostering the delivery of economically accessible disturbances in the environment to engage feasible open responses and evolution towards a resilient landscape (necessarily an intrinsic aspect of the process).

•

HALLER PARK. Invasion –succession with OPLD to manage a resilient system

•

ZIMBABWE.Self-construction manuals and participatory - cooperative processes. Practical Tool for Neighborhood Development

•

PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- Geeta Mehta. Social and ecological invasión succession process

•

PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- URBZ. Opld in participatory processes with rationalization of means: Participatory design processes as instruments for creating opld disturbances in the landscape and letting it respond to the medium to which it belongs in the informal city.

•

PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- Alan Berger. Social and ecological invasión succession process

3. Bibliography, links and references

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PETARE .UNDERSTANDING THE ARMATURE- GENIUS LOCI

Petare Petare is located within the metropolitan area of ​Caracas as can be seen on the right in the map of MA of Caracas represented in brown . Located at the foot of the venezuelan coastal mountain range the city grew at the sides of the main water lines in a constant adaptation to topographyPetare was one of the so called ”reducciones” settlements designed for grouping the original inhabitants around the colonial checkboard city of Caracas, and in many ways replicating the layout of the head capital (see map and picture of colonial church on the right The population of Petare is 369,000. It is regarded as one of the largest and most dangerous slums in the world.A settlement carpeting a ridge is in itself a culture of using space. One should look at those lines of trees growing on every wet crack or creek on the slope. Urban ecology of informal settlements should imagine the purposse of the application to these spaces of concepts like: urban armature, invasión-succession, thermodynamics, sun exposure, sanitation and recycling, connectivity, systemic structure, resilient ecosystems and so forth. But landscape designers in rehabilitation programs should be concerned also about risks like most of all fire, landslides, flooding, earthquakes etc. and unfortunately crime .

The tropics are working the miracle of nature invading Petare providing “Petareños” with some of the benefits that are so looked for by landscape technicians and designers. Both geology and sismic conditions work against settlement sustainability and layout, building conditions and topography match each other despite the well known problems and solutions that add complexity to the severe slopes of the site. Some recent studies put the emphasis on the relevance of ecological analysis of the slum fabric and one should underly the risk of applying ready made so called strategic solutions unless a profound study of the place is at the basis of it

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PETARE .UNDERSTANDING THE ARMATURE- GENIUS LOCI How to understand the complexity of a territory like Petare.

On the other hand we have to emphasize the use of big data in planning exercises, It has been said that “big data has advantages of revealing individual characteristics rather than a general feature by traditional statistics, and it is consistent with the idea of people-oriented urbanization and urban–rural planning”. The research progress of big data has advanced tremendously . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2226585615000217

The lack of enviromental data, topographical references etc… make necessary the use of new analitical methods, First hand knowledge based on fieldwork is considered a crucial sine qua non in informal settlements, the use of overlays and the interpretation of relations between different sets of data is used to overcome those deficiencies with the reference of uncoordinated maps (in terms of scale , limits and precision), that have to be adapted to be able to deliver analysis of the site. An example of this is the use of a map of homicides in Petare to understand the An example of the use of GIS an BIG Data when recolecting demographic data in IS . the street system as can be seen below.

“The definition of accessibility in this case is related to the fact that the whole settlement works as an island whereVolunteers in an IS had to recolect information on the number of people living in each household. The complexity formal public transport only reaches the edges. Consequently, to transit inside the slum informal buses (jitneys orof the settlement and lack of adetailed maps made it impossible for the volunteers to know where they where. An camioneticas) are used and cost three times the price of the subway. Even though there are many risks when livingApp was instaled in their mobile telephones which throughgeolocation fed the information directly into GIS in informal settlements, danger is defined as those hotspots where homicides have taken place. Finally, publicproducing a detailed demographic map of the settlemnt. spaces as understood by the local government are public squares, parks, boulevards and sports facilities. On the other hand, ‘spontaneous public spaces’ are defined as those places where the community has build their own facilities or simply acknowledges as community spaces.”

The dendritic organic layout of both the system of “calles and veredas” and public spaces as well as the “forest” intermingling with urban structure gives way to an ecological armature recommended in landscape architecture manuals; and all in all resembles the structure of so many Mediterranean settlements as can be seen in regions of Southern Spain The use of Gis The use of GIS in IS usually produced in the context of lack of environmental data, topographical references etc., The physical and ecological framework of the place is identified by description of variables like probability of risks (flooding, stability, health hazards and the like images on the upper right), and characteristics like levels of accessibility, location and features of open (public and private), space etc. as well as social data on density, social relations, crime etc..

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PETARE .UNDERSTANDING THE ARMATURE- GENIUS LOCI Landscape Strategies For Informal Settlements: Creating Armatures to Shape Urban Form Informal ecology: an emergent approach towards landscape integration in caracas, venezuela https://scenariojournal.com/landscape-strategies-for-informal-settlements-creating-armatures-to-shape-urban- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natacha_Quintero/publication/323555417_INFORMAL_ECOLOGY_AN_EMERGENT_APPROACH_TOW ARDS_LANDSCAPE_INTEGRATION_IN_CARACAS_VENEZUELA/links/5adae140a6fdcc293588624b/INFORMAL-ECOLOGY-AN-EMERGENTform/ APPROACH-TOWARDS-LANDSCAPE-INTEGRATION-IN-CARACAS-VENEZUELA.pdf?origin=publication_detail Leo Robleto Constate explains how a landscape urbanism armature could function in informal settlement upgrading, or as a pre-emptive design solution. ”The armatures should assist the informal settlements in achieving what they have difficulty in doing on their own. Perhaps the most important roles that the armatures can play are: First, providing appropriate land for the initial occupation to occur; tapping into the energy and assets of the existing urban areas; avoiding risks and the loss of resources and lives which occur when unfit sites are spontaneously occupied; taking advantage of the site’s assets; and protecting fragile ecosystems that should be free of urbanization processes.

The armatures also begin to shape a system of predominantly open spaces and uses which are crucial for the sustainable growth of the informal settlements, which would not occur spontaneously. These components would remain in the public realm as the settlements mature, but they should have the ability to adapt to the changing conditions and demands of the settlements Lastly, including components and fostering processes that will the best performance of the system in terms of management, governance, access to information, best use of energy and resources, economic drivers and anchors of identity, just to mention a few”

“Knowledge about informal systems continues to be a challenge in achieving integrated landscapes, this study explores how the linking of the fields of urban ecology and urban informality can lead to systematic approaches towards understanding urban informal ecosystems. In that way, this think- piece theorizes on alternatives to approach the socio-natural processes taking place in informal settlements to demonstrate their capacity to adapt to prescribed ecological frameworks and ease their way into ecological scrutiny.”

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS KIBERA. FOSTERING THE DELIVERY OF ECONOMICALLY ACCESSIBLE DISTURBANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT TO ENGAGE FEASIBLE OPEN RESPONSES AND EVOLUTION TOWARDS A RESILIENT LANDSCAPE (NECESSARILY AN INTRINSIC ASPECT OF THE PROCESS).

“My senses confronted me with two thoughts when I first entered Kibera. My eyes and ears told me that this has got to be the most entrepreneurial place on Earth. But my nose told me that it had got a serious sanitation problem. Nowadays Kibera has the dubious honour of being one of the largest slums in the world. Nobody knows for sure how many people live there. Estimates range from 200,000 to two million. Umande Trust put it at around half a million. Whatever the number, the density of humanity is extraordinary. In two square kilometres there are enough people to populate a medium sized city. And it’s not just in Kibera; 60% of Nairobi’s population live in slums, but they occupy less than 6% of the city’s residential land….( Slums de Nairobi and Mombasa)

The Haller Foundation Mombasa etc.

Haller has developed a tried and tested methodology that equips smallholder farmers with water security, materials and knowledge to build sustainable livelihoods at scale and lift themselves out of poverty. We call this the Haller Journey. It starts with the community, who apply to work with Haller, and continues with digging of dams and building of wells and bio-loos, then grows with localized R&D, farmer training, and connecting communities to health and other services, and finally scales via innovative mobile technology enabling us to reach millions of farmers globally with sustainable, affordable farming knowledge.

- The Haller Model: our blueprint for a sustainable ecological and economical future.

1. Have Passion and Belief Live your passion and believe in what you do.

2. Think Big, Start Small Think big but start small – this allows you to test your actions and learn from your mistakes without risking great damage.

3. Create Self-Sustaining Eco-Systems Aim to create an eco-system where plants, animals and technologies are inter-dependent and self-sustaining. So, for example, not just tree planting on its own – and no monocultures!

4. Waste Nothing In nature there is no waste – it is man’s invention. If you see waste, think how to reduce it and ultimately how to use it 5. Think Biological Not Chemical Use biological systems not chemical ones.

6. Use Animal Perspectives Look at problems from an animal or plant’s perspective and imagine what is needed to make them grow and flourish – reducing animal stress will increase their resistance to disease.

7. Seek the Indigenous Try to use indigenous plants and animals – foreign ones are likely to import problems.

8. Be Inventive Be prepared to come up with and try out new ideas.

9. Use Local Knowledge Find out what people in the area already know – learn from their wisdom, consult and involve them whenever possible.

10. Create Incentives Provide incentives for people to do the right thing – for example, encouraging people to value wildlife and their habitat, both intrinsically and as a source of income.

11. Think Local Don’t get too big and centralised – it makes sense to have production close to the source of the material.

12. Make Economic Sense Make sure that whatever is done makes economic sense – sometimes one project on its own won’t pay back but in conjunction with other projects it will.

People in urban slums recreate what they had in the village: they grow their own vegetables; they have a fish farm They have chicken and get food and an income from them. The whole ecological system runs in terms of circular economy with zero waste. With the help of basic technology they produce electricity from solar energy and 1,5 hours of cooking gas. Solar energy kills bacteria of plastic water bottles exposed 6 h. to the sun. The nutrients produced in farming activities feedback into the system Urban Slum Garden The Haller Foundation tuesday, 3 de april 2012 12:24 EST Labels #fish aquaponics, #fish farming, #slums, #poverty alleviation, #Kenya, #Africa, #farmer training, #alternative energies, #solar power, #biogas, #sustainable farming, #water harvesting, #haller, #haller foundation, /https://vimeo.com/39711382

urban/slum concept model showcases how to grow food in a urban/slum setting using many of the principles of sustainable farming we currently teach to smallholder farmers. The project has a typical urban dwelling of 3 m2 with a 5 m2 garden plot and demonstrates over 30 different ways to grow food and earn a living. It incorporates fish farming, poultry, using tyres as raised beds, growing fruit, vegetables and medicinal plants in sacks, composting, water purification, rainwater harvesting, cooling systems and the use of biogas and solar energy.

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS HALLER PARK. INVASION –SUCCESSION WITH OPLD TO MANAGE A RESILIENT SYSTEM

THE TREE AND THE MILLIPEDE “Dr. Rene Haller came to Africa in 1956 to supervise a coffee plantation on Mount Kilimanjaro before the Bamburi Cement Company recruited him to produce fruit and vegetables for its workers.

In 1970, he persuaded Bamburi to give him access to acres of its disused limestone quarries. It was wasteland: abandoned and forgotten. But Dr. Haller believed he could bring life there again. First he needed to find a pioneer tree robust enough to survive this limestone desert. He planted 26 different types of tree in the barren ground and over time, he carefully nurtured their growth. But most failed to take hold, their roots too weak to penetrate the soil. Only three of them survived and of those, the Casuarina, a type of pine, had the most potential. Dr. Haller strengthened their root systems by introducing nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms taken from healthy Casuarinas (growing on sand dunes) and soon these trees began to grow. And as they grew, they would shed tiny pine needles onto the parched earth. Dr. Haller observed how red-legged millipedes feeding on these needles would secrete droppings that could potentially be used as soil. He introduced more millipedes and after five years, as the Casuarinas spread across the land, the ground beneath them began thickening with nutrientrich humus. Within ten years, the Casuarinas were thirty metres high. After twenty years, some collapsed but that only fuelled the abundance of fertile soil that now held the seeds of new life. Today, Haller Park – as it is now known – is home to a million trees, monkeys, birds and insects. 30 species identified by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as endangered flora and fauna can also be found there, symbolizing a miraculous cycle of regeneration: A forsaken place where once nothing grew is now a refuge for living things.”

Ecology for Economy “To date, Haller has embarked on five-year partnerships with 49 communities and each programme has a clearly defined exit plan. This is vital. We apply a model for sustainable living by helping communities rejuvenate their land until they can grow food and generate a source of income. At that point, with the foundations of a sustainable future in place, it is time for us to step away. Many communities have now moved beyond our support structure and they are going from strength to strength.”

Urban Communities “We apply a similar holistic approach to our work in the city. As Mombasa has urbanized, its population has surged and thousands of people are now living in informal settlements well below the poverty line. We provide infrastructure that helps these densely packed communities build capacity and resilience.”

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS ZIMBABWE.SELF-CONSTRUCTION MANUALS AND PARTICIPATORY-COOPERATIVE PROCESSES. PRACTICAL TOOL FOR NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT One of the main and most difficult incidences in informal settlement upgrading is related to providing accessibility to all parcels so as to be able to reach with construction technology to incorpórate infrastructure like sanitation.

Christa Belford has produced a mathematical algorithm that ennables individuals or entities to solve this problem in real situations once they have a parcel plan to be able to modify.

The examples brought here illustrate the type of studies (comparativelly) and the end result of a reblocking procedure carried out within a program of upgrading which is the case in the informal settlement of Eoworth 10 Kms to the centre of Harare (Zimbawe) https://media-openideo-rwd.oiengine.com/attachments/914b76cd-5eb3-46c7-9bb4-ab35cf358aba.pdf “Fig. 1 Topology of places and city block complexity.

(A) Schematic city block (top) with one internal place (red outline) and its characterization in terms of a hierarchy of weak dual graphs, S1, S2, and S3 (bottom). (B) New York City. (C) Prague. (D) Construction of nested dual graphs for a block in the Epworth neighborhood in Harare (Zimbabwe), with block complexity kmax = 3. In this case, internal parcels are only one layer deep relative to existing accesses. Data sources are described in Materials and Methods.

Fig. 2 Neighborhood topology and the access networks of informal settlements.

(A) An informal settlement in Khayelitsha, a township of Cape Town, South Africa. As is typical of most informal settlements, services provided by the city, including power, water, toilets, and trash collection (yellow, blue, orange, and green symbols, respectively), are located exclusively by existing road accesses along the periphery of the block. In contrast, public spaces created by the community, such as a religious and community center (red), are located near the block’s center. Image Credit: DigitalGlobe, copyright 2018. (B) Parcel layout for (A) showing many internal places to the block, outlined in red (top). The corresponding odd-numbered weak dual graphs Sk (see Fig. 1) are shown in different colors, from black to orange, with the latter corresponding to the lowest value of k for which the Sk is not a tree, entailing block complexity kmax = 9.

Fig. 3 Growing efficient street networks in underserviced city blocks.

(A) The topologically optimal solution for the Epworth block of Fig. 1D, with additional street segments shown in blue. The resulting dual graph shows that the S2 dual graph (blue) is now a tree (middle). The parcel-to-parcel travel cost matrix ℑ (right) shows that all parcels are connected but that some remain distant from each other over the network. Each entry of ℑ, Tij shows the minimum on-network travel distance from i to j, where blue and green entries are shorter distances and orange and red entries are longer distances. The matrix has been reordered using a hierarchical clustering algorithm to reveal parcel clusters with short distances over the network. (B) The topological solution for the Khayelitsha neighborhood of Fig. 2, the resulting weak dual graphs (middle), and the corresponding minimal travel cost matrix, ℑ (right). (C) The result of the geometric optimization for (B), where four new bisecting paths (red, orange, yellow, and green) were added (left), resulting in substantial decreases in Embedded Image (middle) by introducing 81 m of new roads and reducing the average parcel-to-parcel travel distance, Embedded Image, from 214 to 145 m (right). Details of the topological and geometric constrained optimization problems and other examples are given in sections SE and SF. Fig. S6. Epworth (Harare, Zimbabwe) before and after reblocking. A Many blocks in Epworth in their original layout before reblocking. B The planned outcome of the re-blocking procedure proposed by the resident community.

Parcels highlighted (red) do not have direct road access. This community-driven re-blocking process has created access to the vast majority of internal parcels.”

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- GEETA MEHTA. SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL INVASIÓN SUCCESSION PROCESS “Because it is a peninsula, Greater Mumbai faces a peculiar problem every monsoon. If torrential rain is accompanied by high tide, the water cannot escape and backs up in the city, causing floods and stranding hundreds of people. This is exactly what happened that July: the downpour was over the northern suburbs, which were virtually cut off since train tracks and roads were flooded.”

“It was only after the floods that the authorities and citizens alike awoke to the crucial role that the Mithi river plays in ensuring Mumbai’s drainage and began to take steps to rehabilitate the river. Since 2005, encroachments along the Mithi – which include illegal units that recycle engine oil, often letting unused effluents leak into the river – have been removed and the river dredged to keep it clear.

Mumbai’s geography has been completely ignored by planners .”The island city, some 100 sq km in area, has a large proportion of reclaimed land. Originally, this took place during the British Raj when seven islands were reclaimed to the accompaniment of much scandal”.

Mumbai, an ecological nonsense . Sorting out Dharavi is a problem with a territorial solution based on reversing history. Dharavi´s site in the middle of the two northernmost of the seven original islands suggests an ecological potential that would approximate the development of the area in history to a complex and unique ecological and social invasion succession model.

“Dharavi one of the largest, wealthiest and the most complex slums in the world, is faced with critical challenges of overcrowding, unsanitary living conditions, lack of water supply and electricity, deteriorated creeks and mangroves. Several attempts at rejuvenating and formalizing it by various governmental bodies, have seen very little success. Existing densities in Dharavi are already high at 100,000 people per sq km and current guidelines are likely to prompt a gentrification of sorts with unheard of densities, causing a further deterioration to the quality of life.”

(Dharavi Timeline http://architecturelive.in/book-reinventing-dharavi-ideas-compendium-urban-design-research-institute/ http://www.sra.gov.in/upload/SlumClusterMapShowingBoundariesofCompetentAuthority.pdf http://www.storytrender.com/66347/unequal-scenes-abstract-aerial-photographs-highlight-the-split-between-rich-and-poor/ https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/dharavi-slum-india-rubbish.html https://qz.com/india/1396785/drone-photos-capture-the-staggering-inequality-in-mumbai/

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- GEETA MEHTA. SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL INVASIÓN SUCCESSION PROCESS Dharavi´s site in the middle of the two northernmost of the seven original islands suggests an ecological potential that would approximate the development of the área in history to a complex and unique ecological and social invasión succesion model.http://architecturelive.in/book-reinventing-dharavi-ideas-compendiumurban-design-research-institute

Reclamation projects carried out by the government between the years 1816 -1890 https://www.alanmberger.com/3964504-around-the-bay-of-mumbai http://www.bdlmuseum.org/collections/index.html

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- GEETA MEHTA. SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL INVASIÓN SUCCESSION PROCESS Ecology and urbanity . Michael Conard, Geeta Mehta, Kate Orff, Marielly Casanova https://issuu.com/gsapponline/docs/dharavi-web-preview2

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- URBZ. OPLD IN PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES WITH RATIONALIZATION OF MEANS: PARTICIPATORY DESIGN PROCESSES AS INSTRUMENTS FOR CREATING OPL D DISTURBANCES IN THE LANDSCAPE AND LETTING IT RESPOND TO THE MEDIUM TO WHICH IT BELONGS IN THE INFORMAL CITY.

User Generated Cities (URBZ) http://www.urbz.net/: “Through their collaborative platform in URBZ, the three members gradually developed methods of contradicting the traditional planning apparatuses such as “the heavy CAD maps and the GIS surveys” and concentrated mainly on participatory resourceful workshops. They also examined the two principal concepts in Dharavi’s reality – the predominant “toolhouse” and the “organic city,” which they called a “user-generated city”– and set them in the context of architectural theory by introducing Dharavi in academic discussions.

The “tool-house” is a multifunctional building that can serve both residential and economic purposes. Its flexible structural arrangements, which grant the inhabitant an opportunity to live and work in the same place, facilitate the economic spirit and productivity of the area in various creative ways.

“A tool house emerges when every wall, nook, and corner becomes an extension of the tools of the trade of its inhabitant – when the furnace and the cooking hearth exchange roles, and sleeping competes with warehouse space.”

In Mumbai, the “tool-house” model came about after the closure of mills, when many workers who had lost their jobs started running businesses in their places of residence. Similar models of living and working can be found across Asia.715 Of interest to URBZ was one of the Indian tool-house’s main advantages: the ease of transition to this model without a change of environment. Realizing the importance and the value of this type of accommodation for urban areas in Asia, Echanove and Srivastava acquired an office space in one of the several tool-houses in Dharavi in 2009 in order to explore the unique features of this model. This structure can host over 17 people, as shown in a drawing by URBZ” The collection of several tool-houses in one area is what the URBZ terms a “user-generated city.” Such a city is generated incrementally, without following any specific design or master plan. The “user-generated city” is a spinoff of the concept of the organic city, which is usually understood as an informal or unplanned urban area that develops spontaneously as a result of people’s need for housing.716 The organic city is “often culturally dynamic and creative” and has all the potential of becoming an inextricable part of modern cities.717 In URBZ’s approach, Dharavi is a combination of several tool-houses and has evolved into a typical organic city. The importance of the tool-house and organic city models is based on the fact that both were generated in an age of information through a local population’s need to live and work in an urban area.

The replacement of this complex “labyrinth” of pedestrian streets “packed with small vendors” (the predominant model in an organic city) with high-rise homogeneous apartments is “not as much an urban makeover as an economic takeover.”718 Well-designed development driven by real estate interests rather than incremental change according to local needs jeopardizes the social, cultural, and economic character of these neighbourhoods. https://urbz.net/articles/kumbharwada-pottery-village http://www.urbantyphoon.com/koliwada.htm https://www.academia.edu/13747494/PhD_Dissertation

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- ALAN BERGER. SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL INVASIÓN SUCCESSION PROCESS Riparian architecture . Alan Berger https://www.alanmberger.com/3964504-around-the-bay-of-mumbai

2.1 CASE STUDIES. LEARNING FROM INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS PROPOSALS FOR DHARAVI AND MUMBAI- ALAN BERGER. SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL INVASIÓN SUCCESSION PROCESS

https://www.alanmberger.com/3964504-around-the-bay-of-mumbai

OPEN PROCESS LANDSCAPES DESIGNING FOR THE INFORMAL CITY WITH OPEN PROCESSES AND ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

Table of Contents

3. BIBLIOGRAPHY, LINKS AND REFERENCES

3. Bibliography, links and references

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LINKS Foreword What are landscapes for? the spirit of the place again - https://www.dutchlight.nl/project/clip-durgerdam/ -Reindert L Falkenburg -Arthur Lubow The Anti Olmsted NYT 5, 16, 2004; https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/16/magazine/the-anti-olmsted.html -https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/stuart-davis--jazz-an-equation-thatdoesnt-explain-this-chilly-modern-master/2016/11/17/3404f1f0-ab79-11e6-8b45f8e493f06fcd_story.html?utm_term=.77b267a7944f -Today algorithmic, “inspired recreations” like the non-Mondrían Victory on the right “develop” the original equation. with technological tools in a way that could have been present in other reinterpretations, of landscape shape, form and space,, however “fake “given the premises of artistic production. It is telling to see what they do: “Design landscapes are expansive drawing surfaces. In this case, the surface stretches infinitely in two dimensions with several layers of depth throughout.

Mondrain was influenced by the cityscape around him, and here these themes play out as a navigable map that stretches in all directions.” (https://github.com/dribnet/victory), Github is a developing platform used by 31 million developers in the world -John Banville, Shroud (cited by A. Vergara Who was Patinir? What is a Patinir?)

-Twin Pines, Level Distance; ca. 1310 Zhao Mengfu (China, Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/clpg/hd_clpg.htm -Norham Castle, Sunrise, about 1845, JMW Turner. Oil on canvas, 35 3/4 x 48 in. Tate: Turner Bequest 1856. Photo © Tate, London 2014 -Hollands Licht / Dutch Light https://www.dutchlight.nl/project/clip-durgerdam/ -Georges Braque, Bateaux de pêche, 1909, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX, USA, -Autumn Rhythm (N. 30) Jackson Pollock New York 1950 https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/worksof-art/57.92/ -http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/9462/1/Musicology%20Ren.pdf; Stuart Davis = jazz: An equation that doesn’t explain this chilly modern master The Washington Post / -Piet Mondrian: landscape near Amsterdam -http://www.janbrueghel.net/object/allegory-of-touch-hearing-and-taste Beardsley, John: A Word for Landscape Architecture. Harvard Design Magazine n` 12 . Sprawl and Spectacle http://www.harvarddesignmagazine.org/issues/12/a-word-for-landscape-architecture D.W. Meinig (1979) Designing with the Aesthetics of water Herbert Dreiseitl’s work http://edepot.wur.nl/293775 Rosenblum, Lawrence D. : See What I'm Saying: The Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses – U of Ca Riverside (2010)

1. Open process landscape design (opld): Designing resilient landscapes with open processes and ecological succession

Invassion succession in ecology and sociology: Types and stages -https://www.britannica.com/science/ecological-succession/media/178264/229017 -Robert H Whittaker Communities and ecosystems; MacMillan, New York 1975

OPLD with ecological succession / - spontaneity and open process design Richard T.T. Forman: Urban Ecology; Science of Cities Harvard University / Cambridge University 2014 Invasion-succession and the structure of cities Vasishth, Ashwani & David C. Sloane. 2002. “Returning to Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach to Understanding the City,” pp343-366 in Michael Dear (ed.), 2002, From Chicago to LA: Making Sense of Urban Theory, Thousand Oaks, SSHS: Sage Publications. https://www.dustinstoltz.com/blog/2015/12/02/burgess-concentric-zone-model-of-urbandevelopment http://revistainvi.uchile.cl/index.php/INVI/article/view/1070/1266 https://www.xsectionjournal.com/international-2015/2015/11/18/urban-disturbance-ecology http://urbanspatialanalysis.com/portfolio/predicting-gentrification-using-longitudinal-census-data/ - Resiliency, circularity and climate change http://www.conservationofchange.org/resilience/ https://www.resalliance.org/ The crops adapt to the new weather patterns (El Mundo, Planeta Inteligente 12/10/2018) http://www.planetainteligente.elmundo.es/planeta-en-accion/los-cultivos-se-adaptan-a-los-nuevospatrones-climáticos https://www.mapsofworld.com/world-top-ten/pistachio-producing-countries.html / Do nearby pistachio trees couple via their roots? (Courtesy: iStock/erdinhasdemir) Alan Hastings, a mathematical ecologist from the University of California, Davis…. https://physicsworld.com/a/pistachio-trees-talk-to-their-neighbours-reveals-statistical-physics/ Lance H Gunderson: Ecological Resilience—In Theory and Application Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. 31:425-439 (Volume publication date November 2000) https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.425 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Distinction-between-biological-and-technical-cycles-in-theCradle-to-Cradle-design_fig2_322555840

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LINKS -The void and disturbances -Anish Kapoor – Landscape Void, 1990 -Van Thi Diep Speaker at the World Design Summit 2017 and from her article: Van Thi Diep, “The landscape of the Void: truth and magic in Chinese landscape painting,” Journal of Visual Art Practice,17.1 (2017): 77-86 -The fourfold”—a convergence of relationships bringing together the earth, the sky, divinities, and mortals / Andrew J. Mitchell, The Fourfold: Reading the Late Heidegger, North-western University Press, 2015, 372pp., $34.95 (pbk), IBSN 9780810130760.

-Jiahua Wu LANDSCAPE Morphology A Comparative Study Of Landscape Aesthetics Thesis Sheffield University 1992 Richard T.T. Forman: Urban Ecology; Science of Cities Harvard University / Cambridge University 2014

Brownfields, rough green, managed green, green infrastructure Berlin´s Plan BFA index Biotope Area Factor Richard T.T. Forman: Urban Ecology; Science of Cities Harvard University / Cambridge University 2014 https://www.amsterdam.nl/bestuur-organisatie/volg-beleid/groen/florafauna/ biotooptypen/beheerd_groen/ Habitat Type: Rough green 22 Nov. 2016 Evelien van Dijk Habitat Type: rough green; dynamic landscape. Etc. https://3ftfah3bhjub3knerv1hneul-wpengine.netdnassl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/De_lotto__Esopi__Sturla__The_value_of_green_infrastructures_in_urbanized_areas.pdf

1.2 Case studies - Duisburg: Latz on rubble landscapes & the unfinished open-ended project The Garden in the Machine the Duisburg-Nord Landscape Park https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=landscapearchitecture_pubs http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2011/08/post-industrial-landscape-architecture/ https://assets.latzundpartner.de/media/publications/pdfs/TO84_086-109.pdf https://naturvation.eu/nbs/essen/emscher-landscape-park-programme)” https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=landscapearchitecture_pubs https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/761853/parque-gleisdreieck-atelier-loidl https://assets.latzundpartner.de/media/publications/pdfs/TO84_086-109.pdf Duisburg Nord Google maps

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LINKS 2. Informal Settlements South America https://www.oddizzi.com/teachers/explore-the-world/country-close-up/brazil/rio-south-east/livingin/houses/ http://mirror.unhabitat.org/pmss/listItemDetails.aspx?publicationID=3453 https://favelissues.com/2010/04/15/favela-tourism-rocinha/ https://favelapainting.com/ https://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-projects/Global_Report/pdfs/Rio.pdf https://lithub.com/what-happenedto-nicolas-maduros-socialism/ https://www.minube.com/fotos/rincon/99879 David Cameron (Getty images) Petare (Caracas) Venezuela Wikipedia (Petare) https://www.fau.ucv.ve/trienal2011/cd/documentos/hp/HP-9.pdf https://www.arepa.info/delirious-petare/#.XCXSzFxKg70 https://www.pinterest.es/pin/110971578293974918/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/donperucho/3365022045 Pimentel´s 1567 plan of Caracas Caracas (Bolívar y Ponte), 1772 Google maps Petare (Caracas) https://www.slideshare.net/SICCACA/sicca-saneamiento-petare https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Natacha_Quintero/publication/323555417_INFORMAL_ECOLOGY_A N_EMERGENT_APPROACH_TOWARDS_LANDSCAPE_INTEGRATION_IN_CARACAS_VENEZUELA/links/5adae1 40a6fdcc293588624b/INFORMAL-ECOLOGY-AN-EMERGENT-APPROACH-TOWARDS-LANDSCAPEINTEGRATION-IN-CARACAS-VENEZUELA.pdf?origin=publication_detail https://scenariojournal.com/landscape-strategies-for-informal-settlements-creating-armatures-to-shapeurban-form/ https://www.stocksy.com/711357/a-serene-and-peaceful-upwards-stairway-in-the-tropical-junglevenezuela Depth to rock and sediments in Caracas Valley (WESTON GEOPHYSICAL, 1969) http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc08/papers/papers/pap_2177.pdf, ESRI: Sustainable Solutions for Upgrading Squatter Developments https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2226585615000217 https://grass.osgeo.org/screenshots/lidar/ Africa Exploitation and short-sightedness in Africa’s slums; The Economist April 20th 2017 Via Wikipedia.org Sean Fleming A bird’s eye view of urban poverty and social inequality WEF 17 Aug 2018 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/a-bird-s-eye-view-of-urban-poverty-and-social-inequality

Kenya Urban Slum Garden The Haller Foundation tuesday, 3 de april 2012 12:24 EST Labels #fish aquaponics, #fish farming, #slums, #poverty alleviation, #Kenya, #Africa, #farmer training, #alternative energies, #solar power, #biogas, #sustainable farming, #water harvesting, #haller, #haller foundation, /https://vimeo.com/39711382 https://media-openideo-rwd.oiengine.com/attachments/914b76cd-5eb3-46c7-9bb4-ab35cf358aba.pdf Asia http://www.chinafile.com/conversation/beijing-migrants-crackdown https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02723638.2013.778694 India (Dharavi) http://www.sra.gov.in/upload/SlumClusterMapShowingBoundariesofCompetentAuthority.pdf https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/asias-biggest-slum-dharavi-may-finallyget-a-makeover/challenges-ahead/slideshow/66782425.cms Britannica / Google maps / Incredible India /Dharavi demography C 3 / http://ramasampathkumar.blogspot.com/ http://www.storytrender.com/66347/unequal-scenes-abstract-aerial-photographs-highlight-the-splitbetween-rich-and-poor/ https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/dharavi-slum-india-rubbish.html https://qz.com/india/1396785/drone-photos-capture-the-staggering-inequality-in-mumbai/ https://www.alanmberger.com/3964504-around-the-bay-of-mumbai http://www.bdlmuseum.org/collections/index.html Mumbai Dharavi: Scenarios For Development eds. Michael Conard, Geeta Mehta, Kate Orff, Marielly Casanova The Columbia University . https://issuu.com/gsapponline/docs/dharavi-web-preview2 http://www.urbz.net/: https://www.academia.edu/13747494/PhD_Dissertation Dharavi in F&P /Systematica 2008 proposal (http://www.systematica.net/projects/) http://architecturelive.in/book-reinventing-dharavi-ideas-compendium-urban-design-research-institute https://blog.realestate.cornell.edu/2018/03/20/dharavi/ Imperial Towers, a twin-tower residential skyscraper complex in South Mumbai, are built on former slum land. Surrounding the luxury towers are rehabilitation buildings for former slum dwellers.

(Photo by the Yue Zhang, January 2016.) https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-slum-free-mumbai https://www.alanmberger.com/3964504-around-the-bay-of-mumbai http://www.thisisplace.org/i/?id=878788fc-1354-410a-8de7-81a08e5e094a https://www.alanmberger.com/3964504-around-the-bay-of-mumbai