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CHAPTER 2

Small Business Management, Entrepreneurship, and Ownership

TEACHING TIPS

Use the progressive Figures (2.1, 2.2, and 2.3) of the entrepreneurship/small business management model to explain the differences and similarities between entrepreneurs and owners of small businesses. The person is separate from the process. Begin the class discussion by asking students to describe entrepreneurs they know or have read about.

Ask students why they want to go into business for themselves rather than work for someone else Compare their responses to Figure 2.4.

Use Reality Check to illustrate the vast differences in ways businesses begin.

Ask students about traits or personal characteristics needed to be a successful entrepreneur.

Use the case, What Would You Do? No.1, to help students make the choice of form of ownership for Zoo Doo (great case!)

This chapter is a natural fit to have an entrepreneur visit class have him/her discuss the different challenges/environments/ and problems faced at different stages of their business development (as seen in the model of Entrepreneurship/Small Business Management.)

The chapter closing case features small business owners who are struggling with problems regarding their business model. Have students read the case setup before class and have students make a commitment on what they recommend. Then you can either begin class discussion with the whole group or break the class into groups of three or four and have them brainstorm strategies before opening discussion to all.

Opening Vignette: Sara Blakely, founder of Spanx

Sara looked for the solution to a personal problem (like most entrepreneurs do) and created flattering undergarments for females Spanx now has a business valuation of $1Billion - and Blakely owns 100 percent of it

Concept Module 2.1 The Entrepreneur–Manager Relationship LO1 Articulate the differences between the small business manager and the entrepreneur

While there is an overlap between entrepreneurship and small business management, there are enough differences to study each separately. Entrepreneurship and small business management are both processes, not isolated incidents.

A What Is an Entrepreneur?

An entrepreneur is a person who sees an opportunity and assumes the risks (financial, material, and psychological) of starting a business to take advantage of an opportunity or Copyright

© Houghton Mifflin Company All

idea. Behaviors generally associated with entrepreneurship are creation of a business; innovation of a new product, process, market, material, or organization; risk assumption; general management of the business and its resources; and performance intention of profit and/or growth.

B. Entrepreneurship and the Small Business Manager

Entrepreneurship involves the startup process. Small business management focuses on running a business over a long period of time.

Entre-Perspectives Are You Ready?

The point of this quiz is to begin discussion by comparing students’ responses with responses of entrepreneurs in general The instrument used is not intended to be predictive of who will or can become an entrepreneur it is a compilation of entrepreneurial tendencies The questions are designed to be thought provoking and will provide some personal insight for class discussion.

Concept Check Questions

1. What do entrepreneurs do that distinguishes them from any other person involved in business?

Entrepreneurs assume the risk involved in starting businesses. The entrepreneur, unlike employees, is the one who puts forth the initial effort in creating a new business.

2. Imagine that the principal from the high school you attended (and graduated from) called to invite you to make a presentation to the newly founded entrepreneurship club. What would you tell this group of high school students about owning their own business as a career option?

One could imagine talking about the commitment required for self-employment, about perseverance, about creativity and financial organization that are all needed at the same time.

Concept Module 2.2 A Model of the Startup Process

LO2 Discuss the steps in preparing for small business ownership

The processes of entrepreneurship and small business management can be thought of as a spectrum with six distinct stages. The entrepreneurship process includes the innovation, triggering event, and implementation stages. The small business management process includes the growth, maturity, and harvest stages. (Figure 2.1, The Startup Process illustrates the six primary stages. Figure 2.2, Environmental Factors Affecting the Startup Process shows the stages plus the different environments faced in each. Figure 2.3, A Model of the Entrepreneurship/Small Business Management Process illustrates the stages, environments, and personal, organizational, and sociological characteristics that differ from stage to stage.)

Concept Check Questions

1. Describe the significance of triggering events in entrepreneurship. Give examples.

A triggering event is something that happens to the entrepreneur that causes him or her to bring an idea to reality. This is important to bring the organization to life (i.e., the loss of a job, extra income, education, job dissatisfaction) otherwise ideas are not brought to fruition.

2. How is small business management different from entrepreneurship?

Entrepreneurship involves the startup process of an organization. Small business management focuses on running a business over a long period of time.

3. Why would an entrepreneur be concerned about harvesting a business that has not yet been started?

One of the keys to being effective in life is “beginning with the end in mind.” Entrepreneurs don’t want to start a business that is going to fail. By viewing the business as an investment and keeping in mind how to get out of it, an entrepreneur can better increase the value of a business and decrease chances of failure at the same time.

Concept Module 2.3 Your Decision for Self-Employment

A Preparation for owning a small business

B Pros and Cons of Self-Employment

Advantages and disadvantages include:

1. Opportunity for Independence Control over one’s life is an attraction to selfemployment (See Figure 2 4, Independence Is the Primary Reason Most People Go into Business.)

2. Opportunity for a Better Lifestyle The ability and desire to use one’s own skills and enjoy life and work more is common motivation.

3. Opportunity for Profit Few other occupations provide such a direct link between performance and compensation strong motivation.

4. Risks of Self-Employment Personal liability, uncertain income, long working hours, and frequently limited compensation are all risks.

Reality Check

Small Biz on Campus

This box highlights students who are running their own businesses before their college graduationgood classroom discussion fodder Ask your class if they believe this is a good idea or if they think that a student trying to go to college and start a business can’t do their best at either

For more examples see Inc.s newest Coolest Campus Startups at www inc.com/coolest-college-startups-2011/index.html

C. Traits of Some Successful Entrepreneurs

While personal traits and characteristics are not predictive of who will be a successful entrepreneur, some commonality exists Important characteristics include passion for the business, determination, knowledge of product and markets, a need to achieve, internal locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity, tolerance for risk, and incredible tenacity

'Trep Connections

Let's See It... John Goscha developing IdeaPaint

What’s the point? Students will probably not recognize the company IdeaPaint, but it is an inspiring story of a successful company as a college freshman after recognizing an opportunity while working in

a study group The point of the story is entrepreneurial success with a business started while the owner was still in college.

D. Preparing Yourself for Business Ownership

1. Experience and education are both needed to start and run a business, but the type and amount of each depends greatly on the business. Entrepreneurs and small business owners have higher education levels than the general public. (See Figure 2.5, Education Level of New Business Owners.)

2. A good question can be asked here: “Can entrepreneurship be taught?” Personal traits and characteristics cannot, but the analytical and relational skills needed can be.

Concept Check Questions

1. Why might personality characteristics may be good predictors of who will be a successful entrepreneur?

Personal characteristics and traits are not useful in predicting who will be a successful entrepreneur. However, personal characteristics such as a high tolerance for ambiguity, a strong need to achieve, and a willingness to accept risk are important throughout the entrepreneurship process.

2. If a friend told you that entrepreneurs are high risk takers, how would you set the story straight?

Although there are many risks involved in entrepreneurship, financial as well as emotional, there are factors that make those risks worth taking. These include the opportunity for independence, the chance for a better lifestyle, and the potential for significant profit. Entrepreneurs, contrary to popular opinion, do not take risks just for the sake of taking them. They carefully analyze what steps can be taken to decrease the risk to a moderate level (or at least to the point where it is worth taking)

3. Explain why people who own a small business may not enjoy pure independence. Pure independence equals total liability, and some people may not want to take this total responsibility Owning your own business does not mean pure independence, since you still have to answer to many “bosses” like customers, employees, and regulators.

4. If personal characteristics or personality traits do not predict who will be a successful entrepreneur, why are they significant to the study of entrepreneurship or small business management? Which characteristics do you think are most important?

Although there are not any characteristics or traits that predict who would be a successful entrepreneur, studies have found shared characteristics among individuals who tend to be at the top of any profession. The most important characteristics or traits are determination, knowledge of the field, and innovation.

5. Think of an activity that you love to do; it could be a personal interest or a hobby. How could you turn your passion for this activity into a business? What questions would you have to answer for yourself before you took this step? What triggering events in your personal life would it take for you to start this business?

For example, a student who has the hobby of photography – it could be turned into a business by opening a portrait studio, by selling stock photos, or by taking fashion photographs for magazine or professional sports team. Questions to answers are “Do I have enough talent to create photos that enough people will pay to get?” or “Do I have the skills to sell my photos?”

Concept Module 2.4 Forms of Business Organization

LO4 Describe the three main forms of ownership - sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporationand their unique features

A. One of the first decisions to be made in starting a business is choosing a form of ownership. There is no single best form of organization. The decision depends on individual needs and preferences, tax consequences, and liability concerns. (See the following figures: Figure 2.6, Ownership Forms of U.S. Businesses; Figure 2.7, Sales Revenue by Ownership Type; Figure 2.8, Net Income by Ownership Type; and Figure 2.9, Growth in the Business Population.)

B. The Sole Proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned and operated by one person.

1. Advantages include independence, easy to set up and easy to close, and payment of taxes as an individual.

2. Disadvantages include unlimited liability (you can lose more than you invest), limited resources and skills, and difficulty in continuity of the business. (See Table 2.1, Balancing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Sole Proprietorships.)

WHAT WOULD YOU DO?

Zoo Doo, a Memphis, Tennessee-based company that sells composted animal manure to gardeners

1. Put yourself in Pierce Ledbetter’s shoes (and watch where you step)! Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of organizing Zoo Doo as a sole proprietorship, a partnership, or a corporation. Think of all the possible factors that might influence your choice.

The advantages of Ledbetter staying a proprietorship are simplicity and stability. The disadvantage of staying a proprietorship is the biggest problem he faces (and may not even realize it) and that is of the potential liability if a customer contracted e-coli contamination from Zoo Doo (a long shot, but possible) The only advantage to bringing a partner into an existing business is if Pierce had some deficiency that only another person could provide. The disadvantage would be giving up equity and control that he had worked hard to build. The corporate advantage is providing the limited liability lacking in the proprietorship. The corporate downside is the added expense and complexity.

2. Now that you’ve looked at the various ways to organize Zoo Doo, it’s time to convince your management professor at Cornell University of your decision. Write a letter describing the approach you’ve decided to take in organizing your Zoo Doo business and why.

Ledbetter would most likely organize by product line and distribution channel – such as mass merchandisers, specialty garden centers, and catalog/online sales channels.

C The Partnership

A partnership is an association of two or more persons who are co-owners of a business.

1. Advantages include pooled talent, access to more resources, relatively easy to form, and taxes paid as individuals.

2. Disadvantages unlimited liability, potential for management conflict, less independence, and problems of continuity of the business. (See Table 2.2, Balancing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Partnerships.)

3. The Limited Partnership a structure designed to increase investments and resources of a business where limited partners may retain limited liability as long as at least one general partner retains unlimited liability

4. The Uniform Partnership Act (UPA) legislation designed to settle problems that arise in partnerships.

5. Articles of Partnership a contractual agreement that defines the terms and conditions, obligations, and responsibilities of partners.

D The Corporation

A corporation is a business structure that creates an entity separate from its owners and managers. Many small businesses that incorporate form closely held corporations in which the stock is held by a relatively few people and is not available for sale to the general public.

1. Advantages include limited liability (unfortunately, many small business owners must use their personal possessions as collateral for business loans, which effectively negates limited liability), increased access to resources, and ease of transfer of ownership.

2. Disadvantages include the expense and complexity of starting and maintaining the corporation, and double taxation. (See Table 2.3, Balancing the Advantages and Disadvantages of Corporations.)

3. Forming a Corporation Articles of incorporation must be filed with the Secretary of State in the state in which the business is formed. A board of directors must be appointed, bylaws adopted, officers elected, and stock issued.

Discussion topic - The Buy-Sell Agreement

One of the smartest documents for owners of multiple-owner businesses such as partnerships and corporations is a Buy-Sell Agreement. A buy-sell is useful if one or more of the owners wants out of the business, wants to retire, goes through personal bankruptcy, wants to sell his shares to someone else, goes through a divorce, or passes away. A good teaching moment is to do a Google search in order to bring in an example of such an agreement

E Specialized Forms of Corporations

A small business may form a C corporation, an S corporation, or a Limited Liability Company (LLC). A competent tax advisor should be consulted to assist this decision.

1. S Corporation The primary advantage of an S corporation is that owners pay taxes as individuals rather than the corporation paying taxes separately Income and expenses “flow through” to shareholders in proportion to the number of shares they own. Restrictions exist in the formation of an S corporation.

2. Limited Liability Company (LLC) Owners of LLCs are taxed as partners and offer a more flexible structure than S corporations.

3. The Nonprofit Corporation Nonprofit corporations are tax-exempt organizations formed for religious, charitable, literary, artistic, scientific, or educational purposes.

Concept Check Questions

1. Sole proprietorships make up 76 percent of all U.S. businesses and generate 6 percent of all business revenue. Only 18 percent of all sole proprietorships are incorporated, but they generate 90 percent of all revenue. What do these statistics tell you about the two forms of ownership?

Although most businesses are proprietorships, they are smaller than corporations. Fewer companies are incorporated, but they generate the most revenue.

2. Under what conditions would you consider joining a partnership? Why would you avoid becoming a partner?

Answers will vary, but students may say that they would join a partnership if they needed extra funds, physical help, or specialized skills when starting up an organization.

3. When would forming a limited-liability company be more advantageous than creating a C corporation or a partnership?

A limited liability company provides more protection than a sole proprietorship and offers the advantage of compiling capital from outside sources without losing any control over management You should choose an LLC if you need flexibility in your organization, yet still need liability protection and desire to be taxed at the partnership rate.

EXPERIENCE THIS…BONUS STUDENT EXERCISE

Do you really know what it is like to start a business? Interview a person you consider an entrepreneur to get some insight. Because time is valuable, have a set of questions prepared before the interview. The following set may be a place for you to start:

1. How did you develop a vision for your business?

2. How long did you envision this business before you took action to start it?

3. What triggering event prompted you to take action to start this business?

4. What are the most important entrepreneurial characteristics that have helped you succeed?

5. What were your biggest challenges?

6. What would you do differently the next time you start a business?

Answers to this exercise will vary based on students’ findings during their interviews

CHAPTER CLOSING CASE

1. We read in this chapter that entrepreneurs try to build competitive advantages for their businesses by being unique. How will these partners know if their Fluzzle Tube idea will stand out, or sink?

Ultimately the measure of a product is if people will actually purchase it The partners can take sequential steps to build sales like participating in trade shows to find distributors, wholesalers, and retailers to sell their Fluzzle Tubes. Of course price is always a factor for products such as Fluzzle Tubes so the partners need to look for ways in decrease their production and operating costs in order to efficiently use the revenue generated from sales.

2. Put yourself in the position of Whitehead and De Arkos. What should these partners to next?

Student responses will vary but there should be no shortage of approaches they come up with. Lead class discussion about channels of distribution, pricing, additional product lines

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Samassa silmänräpäyksessä soivat tuomiokirkon kellot.

Kello oli yksi.

"Käsitättekö, mikä ihmeen huuto tuo on?" kysyi norjalainen. Hän seisoi yhä revolveri kädessä valmiina ampumaan, mutta oli antanut kätensä vaipua alas.

"En ole koskaan kuullut tuollaista", jatkoi hän.

"En ole koskaan kuullut pöllönhuutoa tässä vankilassa", vastasi vanhus. Kuulosti siltä, kuin hän olisi täydellisesti unohtanut revolverikohtauksen.

"Se on siis pöllönhuuto."

"Niin, se on tietenkin merkinanto."

"Tai myöskin varoitushuuto."

"Ei sekään mahdotonta. Muutaman minuutin kuluttua saamme kyllä ratkaisun arvoitukseen."

He seisoivat aivan liikkumatta ja kuuntelivat useita minuutteja. Harald Vikin oli vallannut omituinen mieliala. Hänen sydämensä tykytti aivan kuuluvasti.

Suuren kaupungin melu oli nyt vaimennut melkein täydeksi hiljaisuudeksi. Vain silloin tällöin kuului huudahdus tai vierivän vaunun kolina. Ja pimeys ja hiljaisuus lepäsivät vankilaryhmän, "mustan tähden", yllä.

Mutta nyt he kuulivat kirkaisun uudelleen. Tällä kertaa se tuntui lähtevän ryhmän toisesta nurkasta, nimittäin itäisestä osasta. Siihen

vastattiin lännestä.

"Tämä mahtaa olla merkki kapinan alkamisesta", kuiskasi vanhus. "Kuulkaa… kuulkaa!"

Merkillistä kolinaa kuului alhaalta vankilanpihalta.

Vanhus juoksi räystäskourun luokse ja viittasi norjalaiselle.

Hän osoitti alas.

Kaukana portin luona he näkivät joitakin valoja, jotka häilyivät edestakaisin. Melu kuului sieltäpäin. Harald Vikistä tuntui siltä, kuin ovia olisi murrettu auki. Oli selvää, että alhaalla oli liikkeellä paljon ihmisiä, sillä alinomaa ilmestyi uusia lyhtyjä. Äkkiä kuului pari revolverinlaukausta.

Vanhus hätkähti.

"Vielä sellainen laukaus ja kaikki on hukassa", sanoi hän.

Mutta useampia laukauksia ei ammuttu. Meteli vain eneni suuren portin seutuvilla. Harald Vik oli kovin kiihtynyt. Mutta vanhus seisoi tyynenä rikkinäisessä, likaisessa, savun mustaamassa viitassaan ja katseli näytelmää kuin kenraali, joka katselee taistelun alkua ja on varma voitosta.

"Aivan oikein", puheli hän, "nyt loistavat tulet hallintorakennuksessa.

Näettekö valoja, jotka hitaasti liikkuvat ikkunasta ikkunaan?"

"Ovatko ne kapinallisia vai sotilaita?"

"Sitä en tiedä vielä. Kolmen minuutin kuluttua voin sen sanoa teille."

He odottivat ja katselivat merkillisiä tapahtumia. He eivät voineet erottaa olioita, he näkivät ainoastaan valojen liikkuvan.

"Kolme minuuttia on kulunut", sanoi vanhus, "ja minä olen nyt varma asiastani. Kapinalliset ovat vankilassa herroina. Ilmeisesti ovat monet vartijat jo saaneet surmansa ja johtaja on otettu vangiksi."

"Tai murhattu?"

"Luulen, että hän on vain vankina. He ovat siksi viisaita, että pitävät hänet panttivankina."

"Mitä nyt tapahtuu?" kysyi Harald Vik äärimmäisessä jännityksessä.

"Se tulee yhä selvemmäksi", vastasi tiedemies. "Ja minä pääsen vähitellen voitolle kaikissa otaksumisissani. Nyt näen tulta kriminaalimuseossa, asekammioita ryöstetään. Kapinallisilla on vain yksi teko jäljellä. Heidän täytyy syöksyä kaupunkiin, ryöstää, mitä käsiinsä saavat, ja sitten hävitä maan kaikille kulmille. Tietysti joutuu suurin osa jälleen kiinni. Mutta kaikki tietenkin toivovat kuuluvansa niihin, jotka pääsevät pakoon."

"Ja tämän kauhean kapinan te aiotte hillitä?"

"Niin, mekolmeehkäisemme sen."

Norjalainen säpsähti.

"Vihdoinkin", mutisi hän, "te siis suostutte pelastamaan tuon nuoren, kuolemaantuomitun tytön?"

Vanhus vastasi soinnuttomalla, matalalla äänellä:

"Rakkaani, teillähän on revolveri."

Hän kääntyi ympäri ja meni katolle. Harald Vik seurasi.

He ryömivät molemmat alas piippuun, jonka kautta he pääsivät kuolemaantuomitun kopin lähettyville, tiedemies oli etumaisena.

Päästyänsä pimeään käytävään he kuulivat allaan kovaa kolinaa. Oli aivan kuin he olisivat olleet tehtaassa, jossa työt olivat käynnissä.

"Vangit pääsevät ulos", kuiskasi vanhus. "Kiiruhtakaa, meillä ei ole sekuntiakaan hukattavissa."

He saapuivat kopin luo, ja vanhus kävi työkapineineen heti lukon kimppuun. Sisäpuolelta he kuulivat pelästyneen naisäänen kysyvän, mitä oli tekeillä. Kymmenen minuutin ankarain ponnistusten jälkeen lukko aukeni, ja norjalainen ensimmäisenä työnsi särkyneen oven syrjään ja astui koppiin.

"Olemme ystäviä", huusi hän tytölle, joka peloissaan oli lyyhistynyt kopin nurkkaan, "olemme tulleet teitä pelastamaan".

"En tunne teitä", kuiskasi nais-anarkisti.

"Se on yhdentekevää. Vankilassa on tehty kapina. Vartijat ovat surmatut."

"Yhdymmekö me kapinallisiin?"

"Siitä ei ole mitään hyötyä. Tunnin kuluttua on kapina kukistettu. Mutta me pelastamme teidät joka tapauksessa. Luottakaa meihin ja tulkaa kanssamme!"

"Luotan teihin", sanoi nuori tyttö ja tarttui Harald Vikin käsivarteen.

Vanhus oli jäänyt seisomaan kopin ovelle ja kuunnellut kärsimättömänä sananvaihtoa. Nyt hän kiirehti heitä ja kulki itse edellä käytävässä.

Piipun lähellä jokin törmäsi heitä vastaan pimeässä ja pysähdytti heidät. Tuntematon ampui revolverilaukauksen tiedemiestä kohti, mutta ei osunut. Silmänräpäyksen kuluttua vanhus antoi hänelle kovan iskun päähän, niin että hän tunnottomana tupertui maahan.

Revolverinlaukauksen lyhytaikaisessa valossa he olivat tunteneet vanginvartijan tunnusomaisen virkapuvun.

"Piru parka", mutisi vanhus, "hänen on onnistunut päästä pakoon noiden petojen kynsistä, ja nyt hän juoksee suoraan suuhumme. Hänen takaa-ajajansa seuraavat varmaankin heti jäljessä, meidän on kiiruhdettava."

Hälinä vankilarakennuksessa oli nyt suuresti yltynyt. He kuulivat vihaisia ääniä aivan alapuolellaankin olevista kerroksista.

Ei kestänyt kauan, ennenkuin he olivat tulleet piipun sisään. Jonkun minuutin kuluttua he kaikki kolme seisoivat katolla.

Anarkisti veti täysin siemauksin sisäänsä puhdasta, virkistävää yöilmaa.

"En vielä ole oikein selvillä", sanoi hän, "uneksinko vai olenko valveilla. Olin menettänyt kaiken toivon ja odotin joka aamu, että pyöveli tulisi noutamaan minut sähkötuoliin. Ja nyt… Nyt koittaa pelastus ja vapaus minulle!"

Norjalainen tarttui hänen käteensä.

"Olen nähnyt teidän kasvonne ristikkoikkunan takaa", sanoi hän. "Olen vannonut joko pelastavani teidät tai sitten heittäväni henkeni koettaessani toteuttaa aiettani. Olkaa urhoollinen ja väkevä, ja se onnistuu."

Vanhus oli sillä välin ryöminyt puhelinjohtojen luokse. Toiset seurasivat häntä ja katselivat hyvin tarkkaavasti hänen kokeilujaan.

Nuori tyttö ei käsittänyt hänen puuhiaan, mutta Harald Vik tajusi heti, että hän tahtoi puhelimitse varoittaa kaupunkia siitä suunnattomasta vaarasta, jossa se oli.

"Selvä", mutisi vanhus. Sitten hän painoi johtoa ja asetti tekaisemansa kuulokojeen korvalleen.

Hän kuunteli kauan, mutta nähtävästi hän ei saanut mitään vastausta, koska vanhuksen täytyi toistaa liike.

Kuunneltuaan kolme minuuttia hän nousi nopeasti seisomaan. Harald Vik voi hänen liikkeistään päätellä, että jotain vakavaa oli kysymyksessä.

"Onko jokin hullusti?" kysyi hän huolestuneena.

Tiedemies vastasi hieman vapisevalla äänellä:

"Keskusasemaltaeivastata."

XVI.

Viimeiset laukaukset.

Sillä välin melske kasvoi kasvamistaan vankilassa. Minuutti minuutilta kävi asema yhä vakavammaksi kolmelle katolla-olijalle.

"Ellen nytkään pääse keskusasemalle, voimme pitää tuumamme tyhjäksi rauenneena, eikä meillä silloin ole muuta tehtävää kuin —."

"Halloo", huusi hän samassa puhelimeen, "onko keskusasemalla?"

Hän oli nähtävästi saanut myöntävän vastauksen, sillä hän jatkoi kiivaasti:

"Yhdistäkää linnoituksen päävahtiin!"

Odottaessaan vastausta hän sanoi norjalaiselle:

"Nyt on kaikki niinkuin olla pitää. Muutaman tunnin kuluttua olemme kaikki vapaita. Ehdotan puolestani, että söisimme aamiaista New Carlton'issa."

"Mainiota", sanoi Harald Vik ilosta loistaen ja puristi vielä kerran nuoren tytön kättä. He seisoivat hiljaa vierekkäin ja katselivat hyvin tarkkaavasti vanhuksen kokeiluja.

Nyt hän taas puhuu puhelimessa:

"'Mustan tähden' vankilasta puhutaan", sanoo hän. "Vangit ovat tehneet kapinan. He ovat ottaneet haltuunsa kriminaalimuseosta aseet, ovat ottaneet vangiksi, ehkä surmanneetkin johtajan ja muut virkailijat ja ovat nyt isäntiä vankilassa — —."

"Ei", jatkoi hän, "en voi antaa enempiä tietoja, mutta kapinanjohtajain aikomus on hyökätä kaupunkiin ja ryöstää se".

Vanhus poistui nyt puhelinjohtojen luota.

"Puolen tunnin kuluttua voivat ensimmäiset joukot olla täällä", sanoi hän. "Meillä on vielä hiukan toimitettavaa ennen niiden tuloa.

Ehdotan, että neiti toistaiseksi jää tänne katolle. Kun kaikki on ohitse, noudamme hänet täältä. Hän olisi muuten vastukseksi. Meidän molempien täytyy taas lähteä savupiippua myöten alas."

Harald Vik tahtoi vastustaa tytön jättämistä. Tiedemies raivostui siitä, ja he olivat vähällä joutua taas riitaan.

Tyttö ratkaisi kuitenkin asian sanoen:

"Jään tänne. Luotan vanhukseen."

Tiedemies nyökkäsi kiitollisena hänelle:

"Hyvä on", sanoi hän, "siis me menemme".

"Minkä savupiipun me tällä kertaa valitsemme?" kysyi Harald Vik. "Edelleenkö jonkun kuolleista?"

"Ei, meidän on mentävä tuota piippua pitkin, jonka näette tuolla ja josta muuten tavallisesti nousee sauhu."

"Minne se johtaa?"

"Johtajan keittiöön!"

Pari minuuttia myöhemmin olivat molemmat kömpineet alas savupiippuun.

Hälinä vankilassa oli nyt käynyt kammottavaksi. Kuului huutoja ja kirkunaa kaikissa käytävissä, ja ovia paiskeltiin taukoamatta kiinni ja auki. Harald Vikistä tuntui siltä, kuin koko vankila olisi muuttunut suunnattoman suureksi muurahaispesäksi, joka oli täynnä kuohuvaa elämää.

Tähän savupiippuun laskeutuminen tuotti paljon suurempia vaikeuksia kuin mihinkään kuolleeseen piippuun, koska noki, jota taukoamatta putoeli, teki heille paljon kiusaa.

Vihdoinkin he lähenivät pohjaa, kun vanhus, joka koko ajan oli ryöminyt edellä, äkkiä pysähtyi:

Silloin he kuulivat allaan ihmisäänen huutavan:

"Armoa! Armoa!"

Huutoa seurasi isku ja karkea mörinä. Sitten ääni jälleen huusi:

"Armoa! Säästäkää henkeni!"

"Tuo on nainen, jonka huudon kuulemme", kuiskasi Harald Vik. "Kiiruhtakaa, vanhus!"

Tiedemies käski hänen olla vaiti. He kuulivat vielä pari kertaa rukoilevan äänen, jonka pari vahvaa, raakaa kirosanaa keskeytti. Sitten kaikki kävi hiljaiseksi.

Molemmat pakolaiset pyrkivät edelleen alaspäin. Vihdoin he olivat turvassa suunnattoman savupiipunhormin päällä.

He olivat suuressa keittiössä. Oli vielä pimeä, ja ikkunaluukut olivat suljetut, mutta keskellä lattiaa paloi pieni lyhty, ja sen niukan valon avulla, joka tästä lyhdystä levisi, he voivat nähdä vilauksen suuressa huoneessa olevista monista esineistä.

Lyhdyn likellä makasi kolme ihmisolentoa sidottuina. Pari heistä päästeli korisevia ääniä, joista päättäen heillä oli suukapulat.

Muuten ei ristinsielua ollut koko keittiössä.

Vanhus hypähti nopeasti lattialle ja kiiruhti lähimmän olennon luo. Se näytti olevan mies.

Vanhus kumartui hänen puoleensa, ja Harald Vik, joka mielenkiinnolla oli seurannut hänen liikkeitään, näki nyt, kuinka hän yllätettynä peräytyi taaksepäin.

Norjalainen kiiruhti sitten myöskin olennon luo.

"Kuinka ovat asiat?" kysyi hän.

Vanhus osoitti ihmisolentoa.

"Ettekö tunne häntä?" kysyi hän.

Harald Vik kumartui katsomaan.

"Hyvä jumala", huudahti nuori mies, "sehän on johtaja itse! Onko hän surmattu?"

Vanhus poisti kapulan, joka oli pantu johtajan suuhun, ja vapautuksen huokaus pääsi tämän huulilta.

"Vettä", mutisi onneton.

"Enkö minä sitä arvannut", kuiskasi vanhus. "Senkin veijarit, he ovat olleet siksi viisaita, etteivät ole häntä surmanneet."

Hän hääri hetken keittiössä ja sai käsiinsä tilkan vettä.

Sillä aikaa Harald Vik katkaisi toistenkin pidätettyjen siteet. Ne olivat alijohtaja ja hänen vaimonsa.

Johtaja näytti olevan pahimmin kolhittu, mutta virvoitettuaan itseään vedellä voi hän sentään seistä pystyssä.

Alijohtaja oli melkein heti ennallaan.

Näiden kolmen henkilön hämmästys oli sanoin kuvaamaton, kun he näkivät, ketkä heidän pelastajansa olivat.

Johtaja nosti lyhdyn tiedemiehen kasvoja vasten ja oli vähällä lentää selälleen kauhusta.

"Te!" huudahti hän. "Oletteko kummitus vai ihminen?"

"Ihminen", vastasi vanhus hymyillen.

"Mutta tehän olette molemmat karanneet?"

"Niin, kopeista kylläkin, mutt'ei vankilasta. Sen saamme kuitenkin myöhemmin selittää. Toistaiseksi täytyy meidän varjella itseämme ylläköltä. Missä vartijanne ovat?"

"Ne ovat kaikki menneet viinikellariin", puuttui alijohtaja puheeseen. "Pari oli täällä meitä silmällä pitämässä, mutta kun he huomasivat, että ryhdyttiin ryöstämään viinikellaria, läksivät he mukaan."

Vanhus osoitti ovea.

"Suljettu ulkoapäin", mutisi johtaja. "Emme pääse pois."

"Se ei liioin ole välttämätöntä", sanoi tiedemies, "mutta me voimme puolustautua täällä, sanokaamme, neljännestunnin?"

"Oven särkeminen vie vähintään neljännestunnin, kun salpa on sisäpuolella eessä. Odotatteko te apua?" jatkoi johtaja.

"Voimme minä hetkenä tahansa odottaa sotaväkeä".

"Mutta sehän on mahdotonta. Kuka on kutsunut vahtikomennuskunnan?"

"Minä olen sen tehnyt."

"Ja millä tavoin?"

"Puhelimitse."

"Mutta kapinallisethan ensi töikseen katkaisivat puhelinjohdot."

Vanhus kohautti olkapäitään.

"Olemme käyttäneet omaa puhelintamme", sanoi hän.

"Ja siten te siis pelastatte vankilan", sanoi johtaja ihaillen.

"En ainoastaan vankilaa", vastasi vanhus, "vaan myöskin kaupungin. Kapinallisten suunnitelmaan kuuluu kaupungin ryöstäminen. Hiljaa, mitä se on?"

Kamala melu tunkeutui heidän korviinsa. Vanhus nauroi.

"Se ääni pitäisi minun tuntea", sanoi hän. "Ne ovat tykinlaukauksia. Sotamiesjoukot ampuvat portin puhki. Arvoisat herrat, tällä laukauksella on kapina tukahdutettu."

Nyt syntyi kauhistuttava hälinä ulkopuolella, ja ovea alettiin lyödä nyrkeillä.

"Päästäkää sisään meidät", kuului huuto.

Sitten kuului ääni sanovan: "Kurjat naudat, joiden piti vartioida heitä, ovat humalassa. Katsokaa, tuolla ne hoipertelevat. Ampukaa niitä, toverit!"

Väki huusi ja kirkui raivossaan ulkopuolella, ja useita pistolinlaukauksia kuului.

Vihdoin kaikki huudot yhtyivät yhdeksi voimakkaaksi, jymiseväksi:

"Lyökääovetsisään!"

Mutta lankut olivat paksuja, ja rautasalpa vahva. Luodit, jotka, laukaistiin ovea vasten, eivät tunkeutuneet lävitse.

Tykinlaukaukset, jotka panivat rakennuksen tärisemään, hämmensivät väliin melun kuulemattomiin.

Vihdoin onnistui kapinallisten saada siksi suuri aukko oveen, että henkilö, joka kumartui aukosta sisään, voi ulkoapäin työntää salvan syrjään.

Pieni mustakasvoinen mies koetti temppua heti, mutta johtaja antoi hänelle vasaralla iskun, joka vei miehen tainnoksiin.

Kapinalliset antoivat oikein satamalla sataa revolverinluoteja mieheen.

Hän hoiperteli syrjään, usean ampuman satuttamana.

"Sotamiesjoukkojen täytyy olla täällä puolessa minuutissa", huudahti johtaja kalveten, "muutoin olemme hukassa".

Silloin tarttui tiedemies Harald Vikiä käsivarteen ja sanoi:

"Nyt tahdotte kai?"

"Mitä minä tahdon?"

"Revolveri! Ase, jossa on neljä panosta. Antakaa se minulle takaisin."

Norjalainen antoi hänelle kiireesti aseen. Samassa silmänräpäyksessä koetti toinen ulkopuolella olevista kapinallisista tunkeutua aukosta heittääkseen syrjään salvan.

Vanhuksen ei kuitenkaan tarvinnut mennä ampumalinjaan estääkseen sitä.

Hän tähtäsi huoneen toiselta sivulta ja ampui. Kapinoitsija kaatui kuolleena toveriensa syliin. Nämä päästivät kauhistuttavan raivonkirkauksen, ja revolverinluoteja laukaistiin umpimähkään huoneeseen — mutta osumatta.

"Kummallinen laukaus", sanoi johtaja ja katsoi ihaillen vanhusta. "Te osasitte suoraan päähän."

"Aivan oikean silmän yläpuolelle", vastasi vanhus levollisesti, "— tai aivan niinkuin toivoin".

Raaka ääni kuului äkkiä oven ulkopuolelta.

"Joutukaa, toverit. Meidän täytyy iskeä kyntemme johtajaan. Hänen henkensä voi pelastaa meidänkin henkemme."

Uusi kapinallinen näyttäytyi aukossa, mutta vanhus ampui hänet silmänräpäyksessä. Vielä yksi yritti ja sitten neljäs järjestyksessä.

"Nyt menee viimeinen panokseni", sanoi vanhus. Hän tähtäsi, eikä hänen kätensä vapissut hiventäkään. Hän ampui.

"Osui", mutisi hän ja heitti revolverin välinpitämättömänä lattialle.

Nyt kuului ulkopuolelta äkkiä aseiden kalsketta. Kuului valitushuutoja, sapelinkalinaa ja laukauksia.

"Jumalan kiitos", huudahti johtaja, "sotajoukot ovat saapuneet".

Silmänräpäystä myöhemmin oli kapinallisilta riisuttu aseet, ja univormuun puettuja sotilaita tunkeutui sisään.

Johtaja vaipui päällikön syliin.

* * * * *

Vanhusta ja norjalaista juhlittiin kuin sankareita. Vähitellen saapuivat kaikki kaupungin viranomaiset vankilaan, ja ylituomari kysyi, oliko tiedemiehellä jotain toivomusta; siinä tapauksessa hän tekisi kaiken voitavansa täyttääkseen sen.

Vanhus katsahti norjalaiseen ja sanoi: "Minulla on vain yksi toivomus, ja sen täyttäminen ei teille suuria merkitse."

"Sanokaa, mikä se on."

"Haluaisin lähteä täältä vihreässä automobiilissa."

Ja vanha tiedemies, mustakutrinen tyttö ja Harald Vik läksivät vankilasta vihreässä automobiilissa.

Omituisesta kohtalon sallimasta kai johtui, että se oli sama vihreä auto, jota Asbjörn Krag käytti "ylhäisenä matkustajana" tehdessään vierailun vankilassa.

* * * * *

Harald Vik matkusti Norjaan morsiamensa, mustatukkaisen tytön kanssa, jonka hän oli pelastanut kuolemaantuomittujen kopista.

Vanhus hävisi taas suurkaupungin vilinään, suuriakaan välittämättä itsestään tai tovereistaan. Viimeinen vilahdus hänestä, joka jäi hänen toveriensa mieleen, oli hänen likainen, harmaa viittansa.

Harald Vik rouvineen asuu nykyisin pienessä huvilassa Stavangerin lähellä. Kristianialainen salapoliisi Asbjörn Krag on jo kauan pitänyt

tapanaan käydä heitä tervehtimässä ja hän on viettänyt monta rauhallista viikkoa tuossa kauniissa kodissa. Asbjörn Krag muistaa vallan hyvin "vanhuksen" — yksinäisen, omituisen olion, joka on tehnyt paljon rikoksia, mutta joka myöskin — nerokas kun oli — on saanut suuria aikaan. Hän kauhistutti aikoinaan koko Kristianiaa insinööri Barra-nimisenä. Hän matkusti herkeämättä kaikissa maissa ollen kansainvälisen rikolliselämän merkillisimpiä ja nerokkaimpia ilmiöitä. Asbjörn Krag uskoi varmasti vielä kerran tapaavansa hänet.

Joka kerta kun tulee puhe Asbjörn Kragin kokeesta pelastaa maalaisensa "Mustasta tähdestä", sanoo salapoliisi ilman vaatimattomuuden hiventäkään, tavalla, joka ihastuttaa hänen ystäviään: "Hän pääsi katolle. Ja viranomaiset luulivat, että pako todella oli tapahtunut. Siten tämäkin juttu todistaa, ettei mikään yritykseni voi täydellisesti mennä myttyyn."

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