MSc advanced architectural studies dissertation maryam sabzevari

Syntactic analysis of the “bazaar” in traditional Iranian cities– Examination of principals of centrality as a process on Iranian bazaars

by

Maryam Sabzevari

September 2014

A Dissertation submitted in part fulfilment of the Degree of Master of Science Built Environment Advanced Architectural Studies

Bartlett school of Graduate Studies University College London

Declaration: I, Maryam Sabzevari, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis.

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Abstract Bazaar complexes are one of the most significant elements in traditional Iranian cities.

They are perceptually and functionally considered as the most socio-economic important structures in the cities. However their external representation bears the absence of any representation of monumentality and theatricality. The architecture of the bazaar complexes although well designed and decorated within, do not promote its magnificent from outside. Therefore the aim of this study is to conduct spatial analysis based on the hypothesis that suggests the bazaar claims its central role in the structure of the city by spatial characteristics associated with centrality in the spatial configuration of the city as a whole.

By a comparative analysis of five case studies all of which were organic Iranian cities located on the ancient Silk Road (Tabriz, Kerman, Semnan, Zanjan, Hamedan) based on the theory of space syntax and measurements introduced and used by other researchers in the same scope, this thesis tries to investigate the embedded spatial properties of the bazaar suggestive of its socio-economic role in Iranian organic cities.

Also the presented research investigated the spatial characteristics of each element in bazaar and compared it with socio-economic function and description of each element in the bazaar complex.

The key proposal in this research is that there is always embedded spatial properties associated with different elements in the bazaar complex and distinct parts of the bazaar in the configuratioanl system of the cities based on their functional and economic requirements. The argument that suggests the Iranian bazaars cannot be assumed a centre or the contrary in any given time and stage of development as in different scales and radii the bazaar and its elements acts distinctively in respect to the structural properties of the spatial configuration of the city as a whole concluded the research.

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Acknowledgments During my studies many people have contributed and supported me when I needed the most.

Firstly, I would like to express my appreciation for kind and most helpful academic advises and encouragements to my supervisor, Dr Sam Griffiths in the course of my dissertation and the whole year through.

Secondly, I would like to thank all of lecturers and tutors in MSc advanced architectural studies faculty and especially Professor Bill Hillier for his inspirational and memorable lectures and academic advises during my course. The outstanding faculty of MSc AAS have though me how to think scientifically and evidence-based, improved my research skills and supported me as a team member in broader academic environment so I would like to express my gratitude for kind academic contribution of Dr Keyvan Karimi, Professor Laura Vaughan, Dr Kerstin Sailer, Dr Sophia Psarra, Kinda AL-Sayed, Tasos Varoudis and all my dear friends and colleges in the course, to my life.

Last but not least, I would like to thank and express my gratefulness for the love and support my loving husband Mahyar has provided me during my studies. Also my dear Parents for supporting and encouraging me in every possible way without which this would have not been conceivable.

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Table of content Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................4 Table of content...............................................................................................................................5 Table of figures ...............................................................................................................................6 Table of Tables................................................................................................................................6 Table of graphs................................................................................................................................7 Table of maps ..................................................................................................................................7 Chapter One: Introduction...............................................................................................................8 1.1

- Iranian urbanism and the role of bazaar in traditional cities ........................................8

1.2

- The role of bazaar in different periods of history .........................................................9

1.3

- The socio-economic character of bazaar ....................................................................11

1.4

– The morphology of the bazaar ...................................................................................12

1.5

– The elements of the bazaar ........................................................................................13

Chapter Two: Literature review ....................................................................................................18 2.1 - Bazaar as centre of the city and the centrality principles:.................................................18 2.2 - Space syntax studies within the scope of the research:.....................................................21 2.2.1 - Core space syntax concepts: ......................................................................................21 2.2.2 - Studies on Iranian bazaars using space syntax: .........................................................23 Chapter Three: Methodology ........................................................................................................27 3.1 – Methodology of the analysis ............................................................................................27 3.1.1 - The spatial measurements in space syntax theory: ....................................................27 3.1.2 - Explanation of detail spatial analysis: .......................................................................28 3.2 - The Case Studies ..............................................................................................................33 Chapter four: The Spatial Analysis of the Bazaar Complex and Its Elements ..............................35 4.1 – The examination of centrality principles..........................................................................35 4.1.1 - Local Grid Condition .....................................................................................................35 4.1.2 – The Part-Whole Problem ..............................................................................................36 4.1.3 – The role of bazaar complex in the structure of the cities ..............................................44 4.2 – The Analysis of Elements of Bazaar Complex ................................................................53 Tabriz ....................................................................................................................................53 Kerman .................................................................................................................................56 Semnan .................................................................................................................................59 Zanjan ...................................................................................................................................61 Chapter Five: Conclusion ..............................................................................................................63 Index A..........................................................................................................................................66 5

Morphogenesis of Iranian cities ................................................................................................66 Index B ..........................................................................................................................................68 The limitations of the study ......................................................................................................68 Index C: .........................................................................................................................................69 Introduction to the bazaar complexes and their elements .........................................................69 Tabriz: ...................................................................................................................................69 Kerman: ................................................................................................................................71 Semnan: ................................................................................................................................72 Zanjan: ..................................................................................................................................74 Bibliography..................................................................................................................................75

Table of figures Figure 1: the diagram of the city in Sassanid Empire .....................................................................9 Figure 2: the diagram of the city in Islamic period .......................................................................10 Figure 3: photo - A ceremony in the bazaar ..................................................................................11 Figure 4: Photo - Raste ..................................................................................................................13 Figure 5: Photo - Charsouq ...........................................................................................................16 Figure 6: Photo - Caravansary.......................................................................................................16 Figure 7: Diagram - Qaysariye ......................................................................................................17 Figure 8: Photo - Timche ..............................................................................................................17 Figure 9 : Photo - The integration of bazaar with neighboring buildings .....................................19 Figure 10: Internal architectural decoration of bazaar ..................................................................54

Table of Tables Table 1: General description of The case studies ................................................................... 33 Table 2 : The average segment length in bazaar complex ....................................................... 35 Table 3: Radius range of embeddedness ............................................................................... 38 Table 4: Global and Local spatial values of studied cities ...................................................... 42 Table 5: The difference factor of local and global integration in case studies........................... 43 Table 6: The difference between local and global integration of the bazaar and the city ........... 44 Table 7: NACH and NAIN in different cities in case studies .................................................. 45 Table 8: The combination of NACH and NAIN in case studies .............................................. 49 Table 9: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Tabriz .............................................. 53 Table 10: Maximum NACH values of the elements - Tabriz .................................................. 54 Table 11: Visual integration values of the elements -Tabriz ................................................... 55 Table 12: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Kerman.......................................... 56 Table 13: Maximum NACH values of the elements - Kerman ................................................ 57 Table 14: Visual integration values of the elements -Kerman ................................................. 57 Table 15: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Semnan.......................................... 59 Table 16: Maximum NACH values of the elements - Semnan ................................................ 60 Table 17: Visual integration values of the elements -Semnan ................................................. 60 Table 18: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Zanjan ........................................... 61 Table 19: Maximum NACH values of the elements - Zanjan ................................................. 61 6

Table 20: Visual integration values of the elements -Zanjan .................................................. 62

Table of graphs Graph 1: Kerman Radius Plot .............................................................................................. 36 Graph 2: Zanjan Radius Plot ............................................................................................... 37 Graph 3: Hamedan Radius Plot............................................................................................ 37 Graph 4: Semnan Radius Plot .............................................................................................. 37 Graph 5: Tabriz Radius Plot ................................................................................................ 38 Graph 6: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Kerman ............................................................... 39 Graph 7: Kerman Integration R5 vs Rn ................................................................................ 39 Graph 8: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Semnan ............................................................... 39 Graph 9: Semnan Integration R3 vs Rn ................................................................................ 40 Graph 10: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Zanjan ............................................................... 40 Graph 11: Zanjan Integration R4 vs Rn ................................................................................ 40 Graph 12: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Hamedan ........................................................... 41 Graph 13: Hamdan Integration R5 vs Rn .............................................................................. 41 Graph 14: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Tabriz ................................................................ 42 Graph 15: Tabriz Integration R5 vs Rn................................................................................. 42 Graph 16: Global and Local integration in case studies.......................................................... 43 Graph 17: NACH values – Tabriz Graph 18: NACH values - Semnan.......... 45 Graph 19: NACH values – Zanjan Graph 20: NACH values – Kerman .......... 46 Graph 21: NACH values – Hamedan ................................................................................... 46 Graph 22: four point star model of all cases .......................................................................... 47 Graph 23: four point star model of Kerman Graph 24: four point star model of Hamedan ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Graph 25: four point star model of Tabriz Graph 26: four point star model of Semnan ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Graph 27: four point star model of Zanjan ............................................................................ 48 Graph 28: The comparison of the combination of max NACH and NAIN .............................. 49 Graph 29: The comparison of the combination of mean NACH and NAIN ............................. 50 Graph 30: Maximum and mean Choice values of case studies ................................................ 51 Graph 31: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Tabriz .............................................................. 55 Graph 32: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Kerman ............................................................ 58 Graph 33: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Semnan ............................................................ 60 Graph 34: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Zanjan ............................................................. 62

Table of maps Map 1: Multi-axix bazaar .................................................................................................... 12 Map 2: the linear bazaar ...................................................................................................... 12 Map 3: specialised bazaars .................................................................................................. 12 Map 4: Cross-shaped bazaar ................................................................................................ 13 Map 5 : Google map shots of case studies ............................................................................ 34

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Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 - Iranian urbanism and the role of bazaar in traditional cities Bazaars are one of the most important structures that characterises Iranian cities. There have been many studies that emphasise the role of bazaar and symbolise it as the “heart”, “backbone” or the main “spine” of the cities (Jahad-e-Daneshgahi 2009, Shieh 2001, Pirnia et al 1990). It has always been a great deal of interest for researchers.

This thesis by a comparative approach to five case studies tries to generate a multiple configurational description on the role of bazaar in Iranian cities. The approach advocated here aims to make a dialogue between the attraction inequalities examined in Iranian cities and the social and economic role of the bazaar. Moreover it is concerned with a comparative account of syntactic evaluation of morphological elements of the bazaar and the nature of activities being conducted in each space.

The main purpose of this study is attempting to better understand the bazaar as being the centre of Iranian cities in the perception of its inhabitants. Iranian bazaars despite their socio-economic status in the life of the cities, lack external monumental representation to claim their significance and importance in visual sense when approaching to their buildings. Thus the hypothesis is that the bazaars do not proclaim their importance by monumentality and Debordian spectacle but notably spatial properties in respect to the cities’ spatial configuration. Therefore this thesis tries to examine the configurational criteria associated with centrality in bazaars and understand whether spatial properties of the bazaar and its elements confirm their social and economic status in Iranian cities.

Few studies explained in chapter two employed a same approach regarding Iranian bazaars however their description of spatial values of bazaar is limited to one state of syntactic description of the cities and their bazaars rather that approaching the problem of centrality in bazaars as a process. In addition the studies mentioned above have never attempted to explain the morphology and components of bazaars syntactically and have always been concerned with the bazaar in relation to the whole city.

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The key proposal in this research is that there is always embedded spatial properties associated with different elements of bazaar based on their functional requirements.

Also that limiting the exploration of spatial properties of bazaar to a specific stage, scale or time jeopardizes the possibility of a comprehensive account of the role of bazaars in Iranian cities distance from over-simplified conclusions.

The thesis is structured in five chapters. Chapter one explains about the nature, morphology and the component of the bazaar complex and Iranian cities in general. It drives the attention to the problem of Iranian urbanism and the socio-economic role of bazaar, the background and descriptive account of the bazaar complex and its elements. The second chapter raises the issue of centrality in bazaars also review the space syntax literature on the same subject. The third chapter explains the methodology and describes the case studies. The fourth chapter represents the analysis conducted on the bazaar in relation to the whole city and elements of the bazaar complex. The final chapter is dedicated to the conclusion and summery of findings.

1.2 - The role of bazaar in different periods of history Studying the role of bazaar in Iranian cities requires a deep understanding of the morphology of Iranian cities and the way their elements and street networks operate therefore a descriptive account of this phenomenon is presented in index A. Middle Eastern cities in general and Iranian cities in specific have mostly been analysed as Islamic cities by researchers and religion was considered as the main reason of the way they are formed. (Pirnia and Memarian (1990) & Zahedian and Moosavi (2013) & Alipoor (2012)) However the bazaars are not merely a product of Muslim cities. In pre-Islamic periods of Iranian cities, bazaar has always been a key element in the city. It is important to recognise bazaars not as a product of Islam Figure 1: the diagram of the city in Sassanid Empire

in Iranian cities but as an element that many 9

Islamic cities including Iranian cities have in common although the origin of the existence of the bazaars varies in different cities and it is site-specific. After conquering Lydia by Achaemenian dynasty money was introduced to Iranians and exchange became a valuable and important part of daily actions. The role of the bazaar as a socio-economic element of the city was emphasised and it became one of intra component of cities afterwards.

In Sassanid Empire of Persia, commercial relationships with other countries were broadened. The exchange of silk with central Asia and tusk and spice with India resulted in an internationalisation of the way Iranian bazaars were operating, their atmospheres and components.

After the Islamic army invaded the Sassanid Empire in 7th century AD, because of the vast spread of the Islamic Empire in the world from Spain to Far East Asia, economic exchanged was widened even more.

The bazaar along with the mosque and religious school became the most important parts of the city. The bazaar Figure 2: the diagram of the city in Islamic period

embraced Friday mosque in the centre

of the city and continued to the gates where caravans were welcomed to the city (Habibi 1997). Hierarchical segregated residential neighbourhoods surrounded the core of the city (Kheirabadi 2000).

The syntactical relations between cities’ elements and the use of the elements in daily behaviour of its inhabitants were as explained above until the modernisation actions took place in cities and changed the face of Iranian urban fabrics. Wide avenues and squares were constructed through every Iranian city regardless of its contextual characteristics. However the first phase of developments did not neglect the bazaar completely and access to the bazaar was still an important factor. This happened as the foundation of the bazaars being an important part of the structure in later stages of the development (Azimzadeh 2003). Many bazaars such as Tabriz, Kashan, Shiraz and 10

… survived in the socio-economic dualism between traditional bazaar and new avenues hosting westernised shops (Ehlers and Floor 1993).

1.3 - The socio-economic character of the bazaar The bazaar is a commercial institution which takes on other roles such as social, religious, political and cultural roles (Floor 1990). The bazaars can be characterise into three types, periodic bazaars, local bazaars and urban bazaars (Alipoor 2012). From this point in this research, what is referred to as the bazaar is urban bazaars as the elements of these bazaars are constructed in a more sustainable ways compare to local and periodic bazaars. The architecture of urban bazaars is more advance and well designed and it bares more importance in the urban configuration.

Historic documents from studies on “Burnt city” suggest that the Persian bazaar is dated back to 3000 BC (Soltanzadeh 2000). The name of the bazaar has been called “Aba-Cari” in ancient Iran, “Aba” meaning Social and “Cari” meaning browsing (Shafaghi 1999). This emphasises the role of the bazaar not only as a commercial structure but also as a socio-political element of the city since its beginnings. Moreover Pourjafar (2014) names two crucial roles of traditional bazaars as a unifying factor in Iranian cities as first interconnecting different parts and second acting as a sociocultural structure.

The commercial characteristic of the bazaar is a most widely recognised aspect of the city. However as mentioned above the bazaars also played a very important sociocultural role in the city life. As the main centre of the city the bazaars would host the main social activities and institutions of the city (Falamaki 2005).The bazaars worked as

the

main

media

distributing important social and

governmental

news

within society (Kheirabadi 1376). The segregation in the

bazaars

was

not

according to one’s status in society or race and religion but the type of trade one has

Figure 3: photo - A ceremony in the bazaar 11

been involved in. therefore the bazaars were a place were different groups of society could mix together and interact (Biglari 1976). Religious and social ceremonies were being held in the bazaars and local merchants hosted the ceremony in order to sustain the bazaars as an alive and active part of the city (Jahad-e-Daneshgahi 2009). However trading and working in the bazaars has always been considered as a manly job. Women were not allowed to work in the bazaars as a shopkeeper. The gender separation is also apparent in the ceremonies conducted in the bazaars when the presence of women during ceremonies is not acceptable. Many of these traditions have been preserved and practiced in present days in many cities such as Kashan, Yazd, and Nain and so on.

1.4 – The morphology of the bazaar The morphology of the bazaars can be categorized into four types.

The first, linear bazaars can be assumed to be shaped around important trade routes whether they were formed organically or by design. Part of the bazaar in Isfahan, Tehran,

Yazd

and

Kerman

were

organically grown and part of Shiraz and Kerman bazaar were designed and built Map 2: the linear bazaar

by government in days of their economic glory (Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, 2009).

The second types of the bazaars are multi-axis bazaars that comprise a vast network of parallel series of shops that embraces many caravansaries and saraies. In Tehran, Shiraz and Isfahan the central bazaar has been shaped in a multi-axis manner.

Map 1: Multi-axix bazaar

The third types of the bazaars are specialised bazaars that were located in proximity to and connected by series of caravansaries. Qazvin and Rasht’s bazaar are situated in this category.

Map 3: specialised bazaars 12

Finally, cross-shaped bazaars are formed by two crossover linier bazaars. These types of the bazaars are often planed prior to construction and built by governments. Best example for such a bazaar is built in Laar. (Mirsalim 1993) Map 4: Cross-shaped bazaar

1.5 – The elements of the bazaar The bazaars were often constituted as a series of buildings that were accommodating specific activities. Depending on the importance of the bazaar and the economic relations with national and international trade industry, few elements were stressed upon. For instance in the cities with high exchange flow of goods with other cities, caravanserais were larger in numbers to host more caravans that carried goods to the city. Understanding the role of each element of bazaar in these socio-economic relations can help to capture the role that the bazaar had in international and national relations therefore its importance by examining the type and number of elements in each bazaar. These elements are as followed: -

Rāste:

Rāste is a long series of

adjoining shops and workshops that is most often in a linear shape, it is the primary circulation space of the bazaar.

This structure usually connects the centre with other parts of the city specially gates and external roads.

Between the shops frequent intervals of the entrances to background facilities of the bazaar such as storage spaces, trade offices, caravansaries and… are to be connected to the main rāste yet each a self-contained, separate world. Rāstes 13

Figure 4: Photo - Raste

are often one story covered linear spaces which could be up to 500 meter in length and 4 to 6 meter width. It is most often covered with vaulted brick roofs and domes. Zanjan’s rāste is the longest covered rāste in the country. Some rāstes may be specialised in a specific type of trade or goods like gold rāste, copper rāste, and perfume raste and so on. “Senf” is a group of merchants who deal with the same type of goods or activities in bazaar for instance the goldsmith senf who made and sold golds. The same senf was usually aggregated in one place and their position in bazaar depended on following criteria: o Demand of the products: the more desirable the product the more it was located in shallow spaces. o Security: the more valuable and fine the product the more it was located near the space with high surveillance during the day like mosques. o Compatibility: the same and similar crafts were often situated near each other such as perfume and rosary and signet shops. The similarity and compatibility was considered based on the amount of noise, smell and customer was involved with trade. o Incompatibility: the dissimilar and incompatible trades were located far from each other, for instance religious activity, madrasa and goldsmiths were far from cooper workshops.

(Gharipour 2003, Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, 2009, Pirnia 2005, Iranian cultural heritage 2009).

Regarding the way shops are aggregated in rastas, Classic theories such as Christaller tried to describe the notion with a mathematical explanation, quantifying the number of costumer a service need to be efficient to exist (Berry 1958). Hotelling explains the aggregation of services in the city by the concept of “rational self-interested agent” that constantly re-evaluates the location of its services based on a trade-off between aggregations in a central location and being in the position of near-monopoly within a travel-constrained market (Penn et al 2009 p 222). Characteristics of central places are clarified further by Penn et al that in canters of cities not only aggregation of services is crucial also their diversity is an important matters which makes the centres 14

sustainable over time. Therefore retails locate themselves in “marginal separation by linear integration”. The analysis suggest that a linear agglomeration of diverse shops provides the required diversity enough to peruse multi-purpose and cost-efficient trips which has been emphasised on by a more recent theory by Yang (Penn et al 2009), also mentioned by Eaton in “an economic theory of central places as “indivisibility of shoppers” (Eaton et al 1982) and by Hillier when describes canters as “complexes of interdependent facilities” (Hillier 1999). On can assume that in Iranian bazaars the marginal separation by linear integration is obtained by integration of distinct type of goods and facilities along the main rāste of the bazaar which facilitates the multi-purpose trips and provides diversity and the marginal separation is gained by the separation of different senfs in peripheral rāstes connected to the main rāste of the bazaar in which the aggregation of similar goods increases the possibility of comparison and competition among different traders.

-

čahār-sū: The crossing of two important rāstes is named čahār-sū. čahār-sūs are often the most important part of the bazaars and their architecture is distinguished from other part by detailed decorations. The closer to čahār-sū a shop was the more precious its location and the more its rent. The central intersection was often octagonal and covered with an enormous dome the height of such a structure was exceeded to 20 meters and left enough space for architects to glorify the space by detailed decoration such as cornices and paintings and so on. čahār-sū were often considered as the centre of city and was adored by kings and high ranked governors as they would normally receive their international guessed in čahār-sū other than their palaces (Jahade-Daneshgahi, 2009, Pirnia et al 2005, Pakzad 2009).

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Figure 5: Photo - Charsouq

-

Caravanserais: the number of caravanserais and their capacity depends on the importace of the bazaar in terms of economic relation with international traders. Serais are courtyards surrounded with series of shops and trade offices.

Serais were built inside and outside cities. The external ones were usually to host caravans and operate as a warehouse for wholesale of goods. The ones inside did not have stalls as the carriers were kept inside the serais outside the city. In the bazaars goods were distributed by human porters. Caravanserais inside cities were often surrounded by international and local trader’s offices and the sample of goods were kept there and distributed within the bazaar. The architectural difference of distinct caravanserais is based on the shape of land they were situated in, type of Ivan and decorations also the number of stories they have. The most famous and architecturally distinct serais are in Isfahan, Qazvin and Kerman (Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, 2009, Pirnia et al 2005, Pakzad, 2009).

Figure 6: Photo - Caravansary 16

-

Qayṣarīya: Qayṣarīya is an architecturally distinct and magnificent part of the bazaars which usually has been built by kings and governments. The point of similarity in qayṣarīyas is that they have doors that kept locked during nights, also the fact that they always were plays of higher value and precious goods.

The best examples of the qayṣarīyas in Iran are in Kerman, Isfahan, Yazad, Shiraz and Qazvin.

Figure 7: Diagram - Qaysariye

-

Tīmčas: one of the most visually significant parts of the bazaar is tīmča.

Tīmčas was a place for offices of high ranked and internationally important traders. It was specialised and merely presented one type of especial fine good.

Its space is similar to serais with the distinction that tīmčas are often covered with a dome covered with detailed decorations. The most momentous tīmča is located in Kashan.

Figure 8: Photo - Timche

-

Khanbar: functioned as warehouses behind serias. As livestock carriers were not allowed in the bazaars, by a parallel route goods were transported to khanbars and were stored there and distributed through serais (Jahad-eDaneshgahi 2009, Pirnia et al 2005, Pakzad 2009).

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Chapter Two: Literature review 2.1 - The bazaar as centre of the city and the centrality principles: A wide literatures describes the bazaars as the most important part of Iranian urban structures (Karimi (1997), Sharifi and Murayama (2013) , Jahad-e-Daneshgahi 2009) connecting distinct parts of the city and creating cohesion among the foreground and background of the urban system (Pourjafar et al. 2014). It is also symbolised as the backbone of the city (Pourjafar et al. (2014) , Shieh (2001) , Istek 1999 , Bakhtiar 1974), supporting and integrating all other elements. The bazaars and its adjacent urban elements such as mosque, madresa, hammam and … create what is known as the centre in Iranian cities (Pakzad 2009, Bakhtiar 1974).

Studies such as (Soltanzadeh 2001& Mirsalim, 1993& Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, 2009, Pourjafar 2013…) have discussed the internal architecture of the bazaars in details.

However an interesting characteristic of the bazaar which is rarely mentioned in architectural and descriptive texts is the fact that Persian bazaar as a central spine running through the urban fabric hardly expresses itself in its exteriors (Mojtahedzadeh 2012).

The building with such an importance in the life of cities normally acts as a landmark and it does so by distinguishing itself from its surrounding. It manifests its importance in the life of the city by separation. Debord in “The society of the spectacle” suggested that separation is the vital component of spectacle. “The spectacle presents itself as an enormous unutterable and inaccessible actuality. It says nothing more than that which appears is good, that which is good appears.”(Debord 1967 – Par 12) In order for a building to be glorified it is important for it to be untouchable by ordinary dimensions.

In “the architecture of power”, Sudjic explains what he calls the landscape of power, the iconography obsessed with size, symmetry and materials.

In 1931 when a

competition was announced to design “a monumental structure outstanding in its architectural formulation”, a grand soviet palace, Le Corbusier’s design was not satisfactory as it was in a comparatively modest scale (Sudjic 2005). This emphasises the influence of size, unhuman scale and being inaccessible on the demonstration of power and importance. What Lefebvre refers to as the theatrical space which is both representation of space and a representational space. (Lefebvre 1991) Lefebvre 18

distinguishes between the representation of space and spatial practice and links the production of abstract spaces with the process of spectacularisation (Schmidt 2010).

The abstract space or the theatrical space in Lefebvre’s world refers to what is “merely seen”, an image, and an icy coldness (Lefebvre 1991, p286). Whereas the spatial practice involves places embodying “the relationship of local and global, actions and signs, spaces made special by symbolic means and desirable or undesirable, benevolent or malevolent, …” (Lefebvre 1991, p 231 ). As if there is no divine boundary between what is welcome and what is not in the spatial practice. A unity of what is there embracing the place and its surrounding. Heidegger associates the identity with this unity employing a sense of togetherness.

“Sameness implies the relation of “with” that is, a mediation, a connection, a synthesis. The unification into a unity. This is why through the history of western thought identity appears as unity but that unity is by no means the stale emptiness of which, in itself without relation, persists in monotony” (Heidegger1969, p25) This description stands against the unequal social relations that represents itself though materiality in capitalists societies. Power according to Michel Foucault is “internalised and transmitted through material and discursive acts that construct normative categories of belonging” (Till 2004, p335). Perhaps this confirms the Debordian proclaim that suggests “spectacle is ideology in material form” (Schmidt 2010, p285).

There exist in the spectacle a general sense of alienation and disconnectedness between the observer (lived reality) and the material (what is communicated) (Elsheshtawy 2008).

However this has not been the case for Persian bazaars. The bazaars gradually merge into the residential fabric that surrounds them. One would not apprehend the dimensions and

extensions

of

the

bazaars’ buildings as walking around it, as there is no clear boundary bazaars

between and

its

the

adjacent

buildings. Neighbouring to Figure 9 : Photo - The integration of bazaar with neighboring buildings

the main raste of the bazaar 19

there are specialised rastes and caravansaries, adjoining to the back routes used to carry the goods and this structure is surrounded by the residence of workers and traders.

The integration of adjacent buildings does not leave any space for the bazaar to be representational in its exteriors. The space is important as most of the functionally significant elements of the city are integrated within it but it does not separate itself from the ordinary. It is humane and accessible by all. It does not suggest the spectacle in Debordian sense. The significance, magnificence and importance of “within” in the whole urban system of the city do not express and promote it from outside. This is a unique phenomenon in Middle-Eastern architecture as is nicely refer to by Bakhtiar: “To the western trained architect, seeking the expression of structural system on the externals of a building, expecting to find clues of the way in which the parts of the building relate to each other from the evidence of its articulation from outside, the deliberate, even wilful use of decorated surfaces, artificial screens and grand entrances, of light-framed domes read against the sky, not corresponding with the roof of the volume they appear to enclose once the interior has been penetrated, much of Iranian architecture seems to defy the principles which he holds in regard.”(Bakhtiar 1974, P9) An entrance is the mere announcement of the point of immediate transit from outside to inside space, where the passer-by is presented with covered spaces with more or less decorated domes and roofs. There lies a difference between what is more memorable and monumental and what is more ordinary. The representation of space corresponding to the conception of what is closer to royalty manifests itself within the bazaar and its distinctly built and decorated elements. The lack of monumentality, theatricality and external representation of the bazaar despite its socio-economic importance and central location in addition to its internal magnificent draw ones attention to other dimensions of expressions representing importance and significance in respect to the city as a whole. It might begin to explain why Persian bazaars being stated as “the most important part of the urban structure” (Karimi, 2003), lack monumental representation in the city fabric. The socio-economic centrality of the bazaars might not be reflected upon its external representation but its spatial characteristics and syntactical position within the urban configurational system.

It is therefore interesting to examine whether the bazaars as centre of Iranian cities have syntactic characteristics confirming the role of the bazaar in the main urban 20

structure. Thus central to this study is to examine the notion of centrality in the bazaars in a description of spatial structure of Iranian cities but also to explore notions of monumentality and the symbolic articulation of identity.

2.2 - Space syntax studies within the scope of the research: 2.2.1 - Core space syntax concepts: The methodological and theoretical ground of this study is built on the basis of the theory of Space Syntax. This theory was introduced by Bill Hillier and Julienne Hanson in 1970s and was developed and used in broad academic and professional literature ever since. The initial aim of Hillier and his colleagues was to link the physical and social dimensions of the city in an analytic and evidence-based approach and show “how order in space originates in social life and therefore to patterns of space that need to be described and analysed” (Hillier 1984, p8). A by-product of this theory was the understanding of grid configuration as a system which in itself is the primary cause of movement generation in built environment. According to Hillier et al (1984) our movement is linear and our interactions happen in a convex space therefore the configurational - that is “relations taking into account other relations” (Hillier 2007, p2)- properties of an environment is the primary cause of human activity in that space.

This is what is called the “natural movement” theory in space syntax (Hillier, 1984).

Building on this theory, many other theories is purposed in space syntax literature.

One is the theory of “movement economy” (Hillier 1997) suggesting that the urban configuration generates movement and certain activities requiring a specific degree of movement locates itself within the network where maximizes its exposure to the desirable amount of movement. The activities shaped on the network act as the multiplier effects and attract more movement and the network adjust its spatial properties to new patterns of movement overtime and creates what is called attraction inequality meaning a network of smaller and larger centres and sub-centres developing patterns of centrality(Hillier 2005).

Syntactic analysis also found that the configurational system in most cities forms what is called “the deformed grid”, dividing cities into two spatial layer, the foreground and the background. The foreground network is consist of most integrated lines within the 21

system linked together creating a system of centres and sub-centres that facilitates the movement between different areas and from the centre to the edges. The background network is mostly residential and the background structure enables movements within areas providing interfaces between inhabitants in different social groups (Hillier et al, 2007).

A syntactic account of the notion of centrality as a process not a final image of the city in one state of its historical evolution is defined by Hillier 1999. According to Hillier, centrality is a spatial problem. What generates attraction in a centre is configurational and based on topo-geometric properties of an urban system. Centres are created where there is high value of syntactic attributes (like accessibility thus integration) regarding a specific part of the urban system as part of foreground network (global attributes) also ease of movement within and to the area due to small block sizes and grid intensification (local attributes). Two main spatial properties associated with the phenomena of centrality are explained in Hillier 1999, one being the global integration in respect to the whole city as a configurational system and another being the local grid condition. Hillier in his paper “centrality as a process” describes what he calls “Siksna process” based on a study of Australian and US cities (Hillier 1999, P108).

According to Siksna process, in centres that are depending on movement economy such as retails, the ease of movement is provided by grid intensification which means the smaller block sizes therefore a reduction in mean trip length around the centre. The inter-accessibility between the activities in the centre is obtained by the grid intensification that means from anywhere in the centre there is always an easy way to any destination in the centre without having to go back by the same route. This phenomenon is a characteristic of centres that facilitates natural movement within the centre (ibid). Taking time into the equation, centres shift, grow and diversify over time.

The main point of the theory being that centrality cannot be described and investigated in a single or multiple states of the studied phenomenon. “It is a spatio-functional process” resulting from the relation between functional and spatial dynamics drawn by socio-economic forces. In order to understand the embedded spatial properties of a centre one must study the relation between function and structure in the centre in relation to the city (Hillier, 1999, P109).

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2.2.2 - Studies on Iranian bazaars using space syntax: Few studies which are explained below taking on space syntax methodology tried to explore the spatial properties associated with the bazaar in Iranian cities.

In a comparative study Abbaszadegan et al, investigated the spatial role of the bazaar in Iranian cities’ structure in which he examined Tehran, Tabriz, Kerman and Isfahan as case studies. In his paper they suggested that although Iranian organic cities do not have a geometric organisation but a specific spatial logic is driven their form. In their studies they compared the role of the bazaar in two different periods of time in local and global scales. Their findings show that mean integration of cities increased over time in local and global scales. Also integration values are higher in pre-conceived bazaars than the organic ones. They used the difference between the global integration of the city as a whole and the bazaar in order to compare the role of the bazaar in different cities. The comparison suggests that the role of the bazaars in the structure of city decreases from Kerman then Tabriz, Tehran to Isfahan in their historical stage and from Kerman then Tabriz, Isfahan to Tehran in their current stage. Therefore they concluded that the role of the bazaar was weakened in the following order between the studied cases over time, Tehran then Tabriz, Isfahan and Kerman. The study mentioned above is an interesting comparative study in the same area as this thesis.

However the comparison in Abbaszadegan’s study is rather one-dimensional in the sense that only global integration and local integration in a single scale in axial maps of different cities were used to compare the role of the bazaar in cities. (Abbaszadegan et al , 2009) This study tries to address the shortcomings of Abbaszadegan et al’s study by employing different types of analysis and measurements to examine the role of the bazaars in distinct scales and times.

Karimi (1997) in a detailed syntactic comparison between six Iranian and six English organic cities, found a consistency in what he calls “organic order” of Iranian cities (ibid p4). In his paper he stated that the irregularity of Iranian cities are not to be interpreted as disorganisation or disorder in these cities, but the structure embedded in the organic systems enhances the readability and intelligibility of the system and facilitates the perception of the inhabitants from their environment.

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In this comparison, taking Kerman, Shiraz, Hamedan, Qazvin, Semnan and Kermanshah into close examination, based on the measures of global and local integration, connectivity and depth, it has been found that syntactical values increase from local to global scales. This is expected taking into consideration that in a larger configurational system, the depth therefore integration of each line from all other lines increases also it emphasises the fact that except in normalised measures, scale matters and in different scales the values suggest different results therefore it is important to not generalise the findings based on one scale of analysis. Also it has been found that different cities in a genotype tend to share more similarities in local levels and more variations in global level. Moreover his investigation suggested that the Iranian cities in comparison to English cities are deeper and less connected. In addition Karimi stated in his paper that the syntactic core of Iranian cities which is most often the geographical centre matches the location of the bazaars in all Iranian cases. According to his analysis although the correlation between local and global values in Iranian cities is considerably lower than English towns but the different areas of the city including the bazaars is distinguished by making a tight scatter in the local to global scattergram and higher correlation values. By a comparative account of explaining distinct elements of the city, Karimi emphasises the role of the bazaars by stating that “in all Iranian cities the most integrated line of the city passes through the bazaar”(Karimi 1997, P10). Also other major elements of cities allocate themselves inside or in the periphery of the bazaar to be close to where he refers to as “the heart of the city” (ibid).

In his study, Karimi was able to introduce an organic order based on the syntactic values with the configurational system of Iranian cities, central to which the bazaars plays an important socio-economic role. Yet a valuable understanding of the embedded spatial laws in Iranian cities was drawn from this study to relevant literatures. (ibid) Another study by Masoudi Nejad (2005) argues that in some Iranian cities that their economy is based on agriculture or production of a locally consumed product and they are not situated on an international or national merchants road such as Silk road or Spice road or Shah’s road, the bazaars are not relatively established and developed in comparison to others with the bazaar-based economy. In cities described above, the bazaar and merchants do not undertake a significant economic power, therefore they 24

have no social and cultural influences in comparison to traders in other cities as they are not able to economically sponsor the important social institutions. As a result the bazaars in these cities merely acts as a commercial establishment in the city. Masoudi Nejad then divided the bazaars in Iran into two categories, commercial bazaars and socio-commercial bazaars.

In addition in a spatial comparison between the two types, he finds that in commercial bazaars, the bazaars are in proximity with the most integrated line of the system but it is not extended along it as the studies on socio-commercial bazaars suggest. (Masoudi Nejad, 2005) Azimzadeh (2003) in an account of studying survived bazaars in Shiraz, Kermanshah, Kerman, Semnan, Qazvin, Nain, Yazd, Hamedan and Rasht, advocated that the surviving bazaars during the periods of developments of the city and modernisation of its structure, have similar configurational properties.

He argues that the intelligibility of the bazaar complex within the context of the whole city is an essential spatial property of a local area to work as the city centre. Therefore by a comparative analysis of the case studies based on the intelligibility or the correlation between global and local integration of the whole city and the bazaar complex as a subsystem, he found that in eight cities the bazaar complex created a highly intelligible subsystem compared to the whole city and the difference between the correlation R-square of the intelligibility in the whole city and the bazaar is relatively high (ibid). It is only in the city of Nain that this value is low and as the Nain’s bazaar compared to other cases in not an active bazaar. This might begin to explain the spatial difference of the surviving cities with the others as the local structure of the bazaar in Nain was compromised in the cost of global spatial configuration of the city during the developments. Also he suggested that one other spatial characteristic that surviving bazaars share is the ease of access to this bazaars in the global urban systems. Azimzadeh in his paper concludes that when global interventions, in addition to providing more accessibility to the bazaars allow a “local self-organising process� (ibid, p1) to be obtained in the bazaar areas, the bazaars have the higher chances of surviving in the developments. (ibid)

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In a comparative study based on the intelligibility of the bazaars in their contexts and the city as a whole Azimzadeh introduced a well-established account of the spatial value that can identify the surviving factor in Iranian bazaars. However he merely used one scale of local integration in his analysis. This issue needs a more analytic and evidence-based account in further comparisons. Also in his Paper Azimzadeh compares the bazaar complex together with the new streets that was the product of the new developments in the whole city. This might be problematic as the spatial values may be biased by the new streets that are found to be highly integrated in the analysis and leave the bazaars in the shadow of these streets as they have been taken as one entity. In other words when comparing the values in different cities he analysed “the spatial complexes of the existing bazaars consist of continues network of public spaces in the bazaars and in their close adjacency including the new streets� (ibid, p8) which means the results of the analysis combines the values associated with the bazaars and the new streets. Therefore there is a confusion in whether or not the findings are based on the street or the bazaars’ values.

In the studies explained above, the core concept is to establish a relationship between the socio-economic role of the bazaars and its spatial properties in the urban context as a whole. The bazaars are considered as the core of city in many cases and close to the core in few. Most of the above studies have considered the bazaars in a single state of time or scale and generalised the outcome of analytic investigation of the bazaars answering whether or not certain bazaars bear spatial properties associated with urban centres. But is it true that all centres operate in a single scale? And if a centre does not operate in the global level does this puts its centrality into question? Thus building on these questions this study aims to explore the notion of centrality as a process not as a single state but in different spatio-temporal descriptions of Iranian bazaars.

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Chapter Three: Methodology 3.1 – Methodology of the analysis 3.1.1 - The spatial measurements in space syntax theory: The methodology for this investigation is informed by the theory of “centrality as a process” proposed by Hillier 1999. The principal of this theory has been examined in studies such as Chiaradia 2009 and thesis like Rodriguez 2010 in the field of space syntax. The theory is explained in chapter two in details.

The spatial measures used in this study is borrowed from a vast literature of spatial analysis in space syntax. Space syntax in an objective epistemological stance tries to measure the characteristics of natural movement and its relation to other human activities. In order to do so it looks at the built environment and its possible routes as networks. Then objectively measures what in human behaviour is based on the network effect – “that is the emergent statistical effects on aggregated movement from the structure of the network itself” (Hillier et al, 2005, p1). The measurements associated with movement in space syntax is based upon two aspects of the nature of human movement. The selection of origin-destination spaces (to-movement) and the choice of the intermediate spaces that connects one to the other and needs to be passed in order to get from one to the other (through-movement).

In to-movement, the fact that the selection of destination from an origin is subjected to individuals’ priorities, is not deniable but in long terms this selection tends to show some “statistical preferences for closer destination rather than more remote ones” (ibid, p4). The integration value which represents “the accessibility of nodes to the neighbouring network up to a certain graph or metric distance away” is used to measure the to-movement potentials in a network of spatial configuration (ibid, p5).

This is measured by taking the spatial configuration as a network of links and nodes in which each axial line representing a route in space is a node and the intersection or the connection between nodes is considered as link in the graph. The integration value of a line is the mean depth of that line from all other lines in the system or up to certain distance (Penn, 2003). The segment model follows the same rules as the axial model 27

with difference that in segment model the lines are segmented from each intersection to other. This model provides wider possibilities in predicting movements and analysis. The integration measurement is being normalised in the segment angular analysis therefore it can be compared within scales and spaces (Hillier et al, 2012).

The NAIN showing the to-movement potential thus accessibility of spaces in the city is an important asset since the main elements of the cities as explained in chapter one and two are associated and adjacent with the bazaars or they are located within them.

Therefore being accessible is a crucial property of the bazaars and their associated elements such as mosque and hammam.

The available sequence of nodes between a selected origin and destination is based on the graph properties. As the length of the trip increases so does the ratio of through movement node count to sets of origin-destinations. In long term a pattern of spaces with higher rates of through- movement potential can be identified as there are lines and segments that are more connected to the more integrated lines that are selected as to-movement destinations (Hillier et al, 2005).

Choice or mathematical betweenness is a measure that quantifies the “movement that passes through each spatial element on shortest or simplest trips between all pairs of spatial elements in a system� (Hillier et al, 2012). The measure is often used to represent the foreground network of a city as it is the best predictor of throughmovement in configurational systems (Hillier et al, 2007).

The normalised angular choice measure is the choice value being normalised so that it can be compared in distinct spatial configurations in respect to their size and nature.

The NACH can be compared in different radii and demonstrate in what radius the value of the studied segments are maximised or kept in a high level.

3.1.2 - Explanation of detail spatial analysis: Building on the basis of the previous studies on the subject explained in chapter two, this study has employed several methods to examine the spatial properties of the bazaars and their spaces. The analysis is structure in two main parts, including analysis regarding the comparison between the spatial values related to the principals of centrality in the bazaar complex in the context of the whole city and the analysis of spatial configuration of distinct elements of the bazaar complex.

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3.1.2.1- The centrality principles in Iranian cities

The centrality principles as explained in chapter two and earlier in chapter three have been defined by various studies and literatures. This study aims to apply all measures that was mentioned previously and have been used in the studies on centrality and the role of Iranian bazaar in cities to examine what is the spatial properties of Iranian bazaars that suggests their central role in Iranian cities. The idea was drawn from the hypothesis that Iranian bazaars lacking monumentality in their exterior architectural representation may have spatial values that have their symbolic articulation of identity embedded in the spatial configuration of cities. In order to examine the centrality principals, the local grid intensification process, in and around the bazaar complex (Hillier 1999), the part-whole relation between the bazaar complex and the whole city (Hillier 2007, Karimi 1997, Hillier 2007) and the structural properties of the bazaar complex in the context of the whole city including maximum and mean NACH and NAIN and the combination of the two also choice values in different radii comparisons (Hillier et al 2007, Hillier et al 2012) was conducted. The results of the analysis is explained in chapter four and it is summarised and concluded in chapter five.

Local grid condition was examined by a comparative account between the average of segment length in bazaar complexes, the cities and 800 meter radius surrounding the bazaars. Also the difference between the average segment length in the bazaar complex and its 800 meter context was used to compare the degree of grid intensification in each city.

The part-whole problem was also examined in each case study. According to Karimi (1997), in urban systems it is important to understand not only the global and local spatial properties of the system but also the relation between its global and local characteristics. The correlation between different radiuses of integration is the main factor of revealing the part-whole relationship in an urban system (Hillier, 2007). A scattergram plotting each line in the system is used. The global and local values are represented in each axis and the degree of linearity around the regression line, suggests a good relation between the local and global measures. Hillier (2007) suggested that the correlation between local and global measures can be used to identify the urban areas. The regression line representing the sub area with a sharper steep compared to 29

the one associated with the whole city, could imply the formation of the sub-area. In a counterbalance situation the lines associated with an area is scattered through the regression line and does not represent a well-structured local intensification of a local area. In this disurbanised area of the city, the interfaces between localised and globalised movement therefore local and global structures are broken (Hillier 2007).

Thus the level of urbanity and in some cases liveability is proclaimed by this measurement (ibid).

To examine the part-whole correspondence in the studied urban systems, it is essential to systematically define the scale which best represents the local relations in the system. In order to do so the embeddedness measured explained in Yang et al 2007 was calculated for the whole urban system. This study uses the first radius range of embeddedness of each city indicative of the range in which spatial properties represent locality.

The embeddedness measure was introduced in Yang et al 2007 as a tool to identify the urban sub-areas in the system. It measures the degree to which each segment or axial line in the system is embedded in its surrounding. For instance, taking any line in the system, if then one calculates the point depth of the line at the radiuses 4 to 7, which includes all lines in the system 4,5,6 and 7 depth further than the line, it shows the node counts 4 to 7 radii from the initial line. The change rate of node counts from radius 4 to 7 indicates in what speed is the line embedded in its surrounding. By a comparative study he then suggests that the change of rate of node counts in embedded areas have a mathematical relation with the radii in which it is embedded in. The mathematical relation demonstrates that in the areas that the line is embedded, the r square of the regression line in the correlation between the node count and the radius is more than 0.99.

This is done by correlating mean node count in different radii with the radius in metric and topological steps. When the R-square of the correlation is more than 0.99, the segments are embedded below that scale and in the scale that this R-square drops from 0.99, the boundary of the embeddedness is drawn.

However as stated in Yang et al 2007, the boundary between the radiuses are not a fine line but a “fuzzy� boundary. Though this method aims to systematically purpose 30

a radius in which the city can be examined regarding their local spatial characteristics.

(Yang et al, 2007) After defining a local radii for each city, the local and global integration were correlated and the r-square value also the position of the regression line associated with the whole city and the bazaar complex was compared.

In order to compare the difference between global and local integration values in different cities the difference factor also known by Shanon’s H measure, used by Hanson 1998 to compare the integration values in different spaces in British houses was employed. The difference factor or what is known as Shanon’s H measure in mathematics is used to “quantify the spread or degree of configurational differentiation among integration values” (Hanson, 1998, P30). The measure ranges between 0 to 1 and the closer to 1 the more similar and the closer to 0 the more differentiated the values are. It is measured by the following formula: S

H= - ∑ Pi ln Pi

EH= H/ lnS

I=1

Mean and maximum NACH and NAIN values were then compared in different cities by a four-point star model, a technic used to compare different variables in cities at a time. According to Hillier et al 2012, because most of the spaces in a city are in the background network, mean NACH and NAIN represents through and to movement potential in the background network and maximum NAIN and NACH are representative of to and through movement potentials in the foreground network of the city. Mean and maximum normalised integration measures quantify ease of access in foreground and background network of the city and the mean and max NACH measures “the degree of structure in the system” (Hillier et al, 2012, p170).

Also as Hillier suggests, the required NACH value for a segment to have continues shops at the peak of 1.3 and while 1.4 suggest a significant local centre, 1.5 represents the main centre of the city. Being able to compare these values across the radii in different cities and in a city is a valuable tool that can explain the spatial properties associated with the structure of the city and the role of the bazaars in different cities (Hillier et al, 2012). So in this study the maximum NACH values in different cities were compared to the reference numbers in order to find out in each scale the bazaars acts as what kind of centre.

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According to Hillier et al 2007, the combination of integration with choice is another tool to examine the structure in different cities also to explore to what extend the bazaar complex plays an important role in the foreground structure of the cities.

Therefore in a comparative analysis the mean and maximum of the combination of NACH and NAIN values were compared to examine the structural properties of the bazaar complex.

In addition mean and max choice values were compared in the bazaar complex and in the whole city in order to figure out in what scale the bazaar complexes have higher or similar mean and maximum choice.

3.1.2.2- Spatial analysis of the elements of the bazaar complex To compare the elements of the bazaars spatially, each bazaar was investigated under a detailed analysis. The elements of the bazaars were introduced based on the information obtained from the documents in “an attempt to document traditional market in Iran” (Jahad-e-daneshgahi, 2009). Then a map of convex spaces covering the elements was drawn and the NACH, NAIN, the combination of the two, segment connectivity and axial mean depth values of the analysis of the whole city was assigned to each convex. This was done by the “push values to map” tool in Depthmap X and the option of “take average attribute value” was selected for this action. Then the average of each measure for each category of spaces was calculated and com pared.

Also in order to pick the maximum NACH values associated with each element the option of “take maximum attribute value” was used and the maximum values in each category was selected and compared.

Moreover the visibility graph analysis –measuring the degree to which each point in the system is visible from all other points (Desyllas et al 2001) - of each bazaar was analysed and the same procedure as explained above was used to assign average visibility integration to each category of elements and then they have been compared and explained regarding the social and economic characteristic of each category of space. The visibility graph analysis is used to see whether the location of each element in respect to its spatial and functional importance in the structure of the bazaars is related to degree of its visual integration.

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A point based system was employed to conclude the analysis and combine the results in order to rate the bazaars and the elements in each bazaar.

Cartographic data were drawn from maps of 5 Iranian cities, each of which are located on the ancient Silk Road. The maps were obtained from National Cartography Organisation and Gitashenasi organisation in the form of printed maps in the scale of 1:10000. These maps have been used as a base to draw axial line maps using standard mapping technics in order to conduct analysis of spatial configuration by means of space syntax segment and axial analysis.

3.2 - The Case Studies The cities studied in this thesis includes Tabriz, Semnan, Kerman, Zanjan and Hamedan. A general description of each city is presented in the following table.

Table 1: General description of The case studies

Case Studies

Population (2006 census)

Whole city segment count

Bazaar complex segment count

Tabriz

1398000 persons

40568

628

Zanjan Hamedan Kerman Semnan

349713 persons 479640 persons 515114 persons 126780 persons

8457 14440 26135 11163

340 268 195 148

The cities are located on the ancient Silk Road. The phrase “Silk road” has been used in German by Richthofen in 19th century to describe a land route that connected “China, India and Mediterranean world through Central Asia”. The pathway constantly changed depending on the type of exchange considered in the trip. The importance of the road is on the vital role it played not only in exchanging “silk, ceramic, glass, precious metal, gems and live stocks, but also disease vectors, languages, technology, religions, cultures and genes” (Christian,2000).

In typical historic maps of the Silk Road, the route does not pass through Persia (Iran), although not only Iranian raw silk but also game of polo, Sassanian silverware, Karez (the system of underground water transition from melted snow to grape vines) , rugs, carpets, castor oil beans and… was what Iranians transferred to other nations through this road (Wood, 2004). For many years French and Italians were purchasing Iranian raw silk from Armenian merchants at the Mediterranean port until 17th century that 33

Shah Abbas conquered Gilan, a silk producing area around Caspian Sea, He then persuaded European traders to purchase their goods directly from his agents.

According to (Steinmann, 1988) Shah’s agents bought the product from Gilan and brought it to Isfahan were especial agents could examine the quality of silk also supervise the exchange process. Thereafter the transaction was made silk was transported to Bandar Abbas on buyers cost instead of Hormoz port that was on the hands of Portuguese on that time. (Steinmann, 1988) As this exchange process developed so did the roads within Persia that hosted caravans carrying the goods. Therefore many caravansaries where built within and outside the cities. Caravansaries outside the city were merely temporary residents for caravans to rest during their trip and caravansaries or Khans within cities were a place for exchange of international goods adjacent to the bazaars. (Jahad Daneshgahi, 2009) Hence a common characteristic of Iranian cities that were situated on the Silk Road was more developed the bazaars with many caravansaries, international traders’ offices, important local merchants’ offices and storage spaces adjacent to it. That is the reason the argument raised in this study is confined to the cities situated on this road.

Google map shots of the cities are illustrated below for the purpose of visual comparison between the sizes of the case studies.

Map 5 : Google map shots of case studies

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Chapter four: The Spatial Analysis of the Bazaar Complex and Its Elements 4.1 – The examination of centrality principles 4.1.1 - Local Grid Condition In all case studies the average segment length is notably less comparing to the average in the whole city also the average segment length of the bazaars’ context is comparably less to the whole city and more than the bazaars’. The results show that grid intensification took place in all case studies.

According to the studies done by Chiaradia et al on centres of Inner and Outer London, the more popular centres are more sharply distinguished from their context (Chiaradia, 2009). In the case studies, in Zanjan and Hamedan followed by Semnan, the bazaar complex is notably distinguished by its segment length from its 800 meter radius context. In Kerman, the bazaar has almost the same segment length as its context.

However there is no evidence that suggests that the bazaar in Kerman is less popular than the bazaar in Zanjan and Hamedan. Yet this comparison may have more meaningful results when conducted in the same city comparing different centres and sub-centres. Regarding the case studies, such comparisons are taken into account between the bazaars and the avenue in later stages of the research.

Table 2 : The average segment length in bazaar complex

Average Bazaar complex segment length Tabriz Zanjan Kerman Hamedan Semnan

19.66 21.75 32.47 22.44 21.85

Bazaar’s 800 meter radius context 25.57 37.02 33.58 37.66 31.32

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The whole city 30.81 59.74 49.87 41.73 45.12

The difference between the bazaar and it’s context 5.91 15.27 1.11 15.22 9.47

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bazaar’s 800 meter radius context

The whole city Tabriz

Zanjan

Kerman

Bazaar complex Semnan

Hamedan

Diagram 1: The Segment length in different cities

4.1.2 – The Part-Whole Problem As was mentioned in methodology in order to investigate the part-whole correlation in the case studies, the scale representing the local relation in the configurational system needs to be systematically defined. The embeddedness measure would be a beneficial tool in this regard. The technical description of the process is explained in the methodology section.

Measuring the embeddedness with topological steps, results in the following:

12000

10000 R² = 0.9803 8000 6000 4000 2000 0

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 -2000

Graph 1: Kerman Radius Plot

36

3000 R² = 0.9634

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 -500

Graph 2: Zanjan Radius Plot 5000 R² = 0.9722 4000

3000

2000

1000

0 18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 -1000

Graph 3: Hamedan Radius Plot 4500 R² = 0.8765

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500

0 25

20

15

10

Graph 4: Semnan Radius Plot

37

5

0

18000 16000

R² = 0.9634

14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 20

18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 -2000 -4000

Graph 5: Tabriz Radius Plot Table 3: Radius range of embeddedness Axial Radius Range

RadiusRadius

Hamedan

(1,5) , (6,15)

15

Kerman

(1,5) , (6,13) , (14,17)

17

Semnan

(1,3) , (4,10) , (11,13) , (14,16)

18

Tabriz

(1,5) , (6,15)

19

Zanjan

(1,4) , (5,11)

14

Case Studies

As the table above illustrates, the radius in which each line in the system is embedded in its local surrounding varies in different cities. In Tabriz, Kerman, and Hamedan, the radius that represents the local spatial properties of the city at best is 5 step depths. In Semnan the radius is 3 and in Zanjan 4 step depths.

The part-whole relations are represented by the correlation coefficient between the global integration and the local integration in the radius that is obtained by embeddedness measures. The analysis is done based on axial map of the studied cities.

In each graph, the axial lines associated with the bazaars are illustrated with light yellow.

The part-whole relations of case studies are illustrated in the following graphs:

38

Graph 6: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Kerman

Graph 7: Kerman Integration R5 vs Rn

Graph 8: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Semnan 39

Graph 9: Semnan Integration R3 vs Rn

Graph 10: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Zanjan

Graph 11: Zanjan Integration R4 vs Rn

40

Graph 12: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Hamedan

Graph 13: Hamdan Integration R5 vs Rn

41

Graph 14: NAIN Rn _ Segment analysis of Tabriz

Graph 15: Tabriz Integration R5 vs Rn Table 4: Global and Local spatial values of studied cities The whole city Case Studies Global Mean integration

The bazaar complex

Local mean integration

R-square of correlation

Global Mean integration

Local mean integration

R-square of correlation

Hamedan

1.05583

1.67118

0.607631

1.13329

1.71456

0.812425

Kerman

1.27631

1.89391

0.633535

1.30506

1.56571

0.925793

Semnan

1.30136

1.96711

0.656667

1.40367

2.02148

0.853566

Tabriz

1.1771

1.71634

0.584074

1.30153

1.78082

0.898142

Zanjan

1.2355

1.86562

0.644918

1.1582

1.71262

0.677802

42

2.5

2

1.5

G M Int WC L M Int WC

1

G M Int B L M Int B

0.5

0 Zanjan

Tabriz

Semnan

Kerman

Hamedan

Graph 16: Global and Local integration in case studies

The mean global integration values are highest in Semnan followed by Kerman, Zanjan, Tabriz and Hamedan. The mean local integration values regarding the whole city is highest in Semnan followed by Kerman, Zanjan, Tabriz and Hamedan. The local values are generally higher than the global ones. The mean local integration of the whole city is highest in Semnan, followed by Kerman, Zanjan, Tabriz and Hamedan. The fluctuations in the local graph follow the same trend as the global values of the whole city. Regarding the bazaars in Semnan followed by Tabriz, Hamedan, Zanjan and Kerman the local integration values is highest. In general, Semnan is the most integrated and Hamedan is the least integrated city of the five case studies although the bazaar in Hamedan is relatively more integrated than Zanjan and Kerman.

The difference factors in the following table shows that the values are similar in each spatial measure. The local integration values regarding the whole city are the most similar values in the five case studies. In general, the values regarding the whole city is more similar than the values associated with the bazaar complex.

Table 5: The difference factor of local and global integration in case studies The whole city

Difference factors

The bazaar complex

Global Int

Local Int

Global Int

Local Int

0.988041

0.991594

0.98564

0.984191

Abbaszadegan et al 2009, in his paper “The spatial role of the bazaars in Iranian urban structure�, employs the difference between the global integration of the whole city and the bazaars to compare the role of the bazaars in the structure of the city.

43

Table 6: The difference between local and global integration of the bazaar and the city

Case studies

The difference between the global integration in the whole city and the bazaar complex

The difference between the local integration in the whole city and the bazaar complex

Hamedan

0.07746

0.04338

Kerman

0.02875

-0.3282

Semnan

0.10231

0.05437

Tabriz

0.12443

0.06448

Zanjan

-0.0773

-0.153

The negative values demonstrate that the bazaar complex is relatively less integrated in the city as a whole therefore the role of the bazaars is rather weak in these cases.

Building on this assumption, Zanjan’s bazaar is the least integrated bazaar in the city as a whole and in its local context. Also in Kerman, although the bazaar is rather integrated (yet with a small difference) in the whole city but it is not playing an important role in its local context. In global level, the bazaar that plays the most important role in the city as a whole is Tabriz followed by Semnan, Hamedan, Kerman and Zanjan and in local level its Tabriz, Semnan, Hamedan, Zanjan and Kerman.

However the conclusion regarding the role of the bazaars in the structure of the city cannot be based on a single measure and this method is better combined with other results to be completed.

4.1.3 – The role of the bazaars complex in the structure of the cities The table below represents the NACH and NAIN values of the bazaar complexes in five case studies across radii.

44

Table 7: NACH and NAIN in different cities in case studies TABRIZ

SEMNAN

KERMAN

ZANJAN

HAMEDAN

AVERAGE

MAX

AVERAGE

MAX

AVERAGE

MAX

AVERAGE

MAX

AVERAGE

MAX

NACH 200

0.93407

1.4739

0.951326

1.49952

0.86102

1.398588

0.868439

1.499242

0.952627

1.375212

NACH 400

0.93023

1.49581

0.97094

1.43763

0.87094

1.393635

0.864808

1.488938

0.950791

1.356658

NACH 600

0.91844

1.47247

0.961937

1.43072

0.86801

1.373673

0.852729

1.450715

0.937303

1.366419

NACH 800

0.91081

1.47201

0.95509

1.41893

0.8711

1.379537

0.846227

1.467799

0.930568

1.402379

NACH 1000

0.90023

1.47165

0.951763

1.43184

0.87179

1.375165

0.840704

1.458794

0.917137

1.411894

NACH 1200

0.89316

1.46364

0.944799

1.45111

0.87008

1.358249

0.833193

1.445443

0.906652

1.400044

NACH 1400

0.88738

1.46504

0.939765

1.45965

0.86997

1.373463

0.828687

1.424264

0.89918

1.379042

NACH 1600

0.88017

1.46603

0.93464

1.47282

0.87826

1.39293

0.824235

1.40829

0.890056

1.349087

NACH 1800

0.87559

1.45636

0.931746

1.48242

0.87567

1.383508

0.818999

1.396017

0.884701

1.324793

NACH 2000

0.87296

1.46553

0.927038

1.48964

0.87386

1.373357

0.814539

1.382531

0.881466

1.31073

NACH 2200

0.86947

1.48189

0.922678

1.49793

0.86877

1.374027

0.8103

1.375329

0.877018

1.300072

NACH 2400

0.86529

1.47748

0.92008

1.50049

0.86275

1.366874

0.807541

1.36927

0.875376

1.283704

NACH 2600

0.86238

1.47341

0.91739

1.4983

0.85964

1.368767

0.804412

1.367687

0.872747

1.27204

NACH 2800

0.85908

1.47112

0.916

1.50532

0.85852

1.368783

0.801179

1.366797

0.8699

1.263338

NACH 3000

0.85588

1.46749

0.914007

1.51089

0.85663

1.364175

0.798466

1.362046

0.866358

1.26022

NACH

0.82953

1.52583

0.908493

1.61613

0.8192

1.338473

0.769292

1.332567

0.84502

1.276542

NAIN 200

1.32273

2.14171

1.232409

2.01901

1.02946

2.059836

1.126218

2.115131

1.20468

1.839097

NAIN 400

1.23108

1.92979

1.13643

1.57814

0.83826

1.399389

1.024312

1.794632

1.123291

1.665513

NAIN 600

1.18281

1.79574

1.099929

1.46556

0.78266

1.350496

0.968463

1.44138

1.115737

1.520598

NAIN 800

1.16393

1.62775

1.120572

1.48482

0.83407

1.396497

0.954085

1.336133

1.107648

1.559381

NAIN 1000

1.15496

1.6429

1.172192

1.6709

0.85802

1.377453

0.951944

1.278379

1.106402

1.570588

NAIN 1200

1.16941

1.68024

1.213087

1.76629

0.87496

1.411941

0.958444

1.279681

1.094701

1.492182

NAIN 1400

1.18422

1.80895

1.24183

1.87387

0.90574

1.400784

0.968422

1.27172

1.07524

1.399147

NAIN 1600

1.18793

1.80739

1.262558

1.92129

0.96875

1.38773

0.978701

1.277592

1.068621

1.352449

NAIN 1800

1.2005

1.78134

1.290681

1.986

1.00307

1.343191

0.98699

1.279771

1.066839

1.381451

NAIN 2000

1.22824

1.80752

1.299718

2.00148

1.03099

1.354595

0.993852

1.312365

1.075156

1.409539

NAIN 2200

1.25403

1.93481

1.30132

1.9932

1.05484

1.425491

1.002592

1.331973

1.078882

1.414445

NAIN 2400

1.27083

1.92973

1.304469

1.98344

1.06753

1.433948

1.010993

1.336318

1.083673

1.416293

NAIN 2600

1.28858

1.89918

1.305663

1.98491

1.081

1.467602

1.015613

1.327707

1.093143

1.436384

NAIN 2800

1.30448

1.90766

1.31129

1.98556

1.10102

1.495783

1.017722

1.322985

1.097747

1.421618

NAIN 3000

1.32162

1.89375

1.306124

1.98082

1.12003

1.506983

1.017886

1.319024

1.097454

1.413694

NAIN

1.46062

2.02533

1.413963

2.15374

1.26529

1.67937

1.050308

1.336813

1.151873

1.464588

0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.9 0.89 0.88 0.87

0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 0.78 0.76

Graph 17: NACH values – Tabriz

Graph 18: NACH values - Semnan

45

0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.7

0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.8 0.79 0.78

Graph 19: NACH values – Zanjan

Graph 20: NACH values – Kerman 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.9 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.8 0.78

Graph 21: NACH values – Hamedan

The mean NACH values of the bazaar complexes in the case studies are illustrated above. The values generally decrease as the radii increases, this show that in local levels, through movement is more associated with the structure of localised attraction inequalities and in global levels is more representative of the area to area movement rather than its structure. In Tabriz, Hamedan and Zanjan the maximum NACH value is obtained at the 200 meter radius, in Semnan at 400 meter radius and in Kerman at 1600 meter radius. Kerman is exceptional in this sense and this study does not provide an explanation of why this is the case as the logic would suggest otherwise but the analysis was double checked and there is no error on that regards.

Another explanation of the values is the maximum NACH values represented in the table above. The max NACH values are associated with one segment of the bazaar complexes meaning that in each radius a segment associate with the relative bazaar obtains that max NACH value.

The four pointed star models above is presented to compare the mean and maximum NACH and NAIN values in the bazaar complexes in each city.

46

Graph 22: four point star model of all cases

Graph 23: four point star model of Kerman

Graph 24: four point star model of Hamedan

Graph 25: four point star model of Tabriz

Graph 26: four point star model of Semnan 47

Graph 27: four point star model of Zanjan

The max and mean NACH values in Semnan are higher than other four cities which mean the bazaar in Semnan is combatively more structured in the context of the whole city and comparing to other bazaars in the sample is structurally stronger.

Zanjan has the least mean NACH, max and mean NAIN and second least max NACH in the sample which means not only the bazaar in Zanjan is less integrated but also less structured in comparison to other cities.

In all cities, the mean NACH and NAIN values are less than max NACH and NAIN values, implying that the bazaar complex is less integrated and structured within the background network of the city than the foreground network. This confirms the nature of the bazaars being a structural element of the city rather than being a part of throughmovement routes within background network.

Also considering the numbers, in Tabriz all values from radius 200 to 3000 meter, the structure represent what is equivalent of a significant local centre and in radius N it reaches above 1.5 which means the main centre. In Semnan, from radius 200 to 2200 the structure works as a significant local centre and in radii higher than 2200 meter it acts as the main centre of the city. In Kerman, in all radiuses the structure of the bazaar complex is equal to continues series of shops but not a notable centre. In Zanjan, from radius 200 to 1600 meter the bazaar represents a significant local centre; from that radii on it is only a series of continues shops. In Hamedan, the bazaar is equal to a series of shops from radius 200 to 600 meter and 1400 to 2200 meters. From 800 meter 48

to 1200 meter radius it acts as a significant local centre and from 2400 meters on its NACH value in below 1.3 which would not normally suggest the aggregation of shops.

The analysis suggest that the bazaar in Hamedan works as a centre in local radiuses around 800 meters to 1200 meters (10 to 15 minutes’ walk) and above 2400 meter radius it is not a significant part of the urban structure.

According to the above analysis the bazaar complexes which are structured into the urban foreground network of the city in a decreasing order regarding their importance in the structure are Semnan, Tabriz, Zanjan, Kerman and Hamedan.

The combination of NACH and NAIN was used to compare structural properties in different case studies.

Table 8: The combination of NACH and NAIN in case studies

The whole city

The bazaar complex

Case Studies

Mean NACH+NAIN

Max NACH+NAIN

Mean NACH+NAIN

Max NACH+NAIN

Hamedan

0.53771

1.00134

0.521992

0.713331

Kerman

0.608694

1.09498

0.571778

0.871458

Semnan

0.64766

1.20294

0.65667

1.20177

Tabriz

0.631903

1.26464

0.660112

1.1083

Zanjan

0.606362

1.09909

0.464569

0.68375

The maximum values of the combination of NACH and NAIN measures in the whole city and the bazaar complex is shown in the following graph.

1.4

1 0.8 0.6 0.4

MAX NACH + NAIN

1.2

The whole city Max NACH+NAIN The bazaar complex Max NACH+NAIN

0.2 0 Zanjan

Tabriz

Semnan

Kerman

Hamedan

Graph 28: The comparison of the combination of max NACH and NAIN

As it is apparent by the above graph, the bazaar in Semnan is the only bazaar which its spatial values regarding the foreground structure is almost the same as the values for the whole city, implying that the bazaar complex acts as a strong part of the

49

foreground structure of the city. This is followed by in Tabriz, Kerman, Hamedan and Zanjan.

0.7

0.5 0.4

0.3 0.2

MEAN NACH+NAIN

0.6

The whole city Mean NACH+NAIN The bazaar complex Mean NACH+NAIN

0.1 0 Zanjan

Tabriz

Semnan

Kerman

Hamedan

Graph 29: The comparison of the combination of mean NACH and NAIN

According to mean NACH and NAIN values of the case studies, in Semnan and Tabriz the values is higher in the bazaars than the whole city which can be interpreted as that the bazaars in these cities although may not be necessarily the most important and integrated part of the main centre of the city but it is part of the foreground network.

In Zanjan, Kerman and Hamedan the role of the bazaars in the foreground structure is relatively low, especially in Zanjan that the difference between the bazaar’s values and the values of the whole city is higher than other cities in the sample.

As it was mentioned earlier in the methodology section, the choice measure is an important tool to investigate the trough movement network in the foreground structure and the way certain areas like the bazaars are or are not part of this structure. In the NACH measure because the effect of size is eliminated, the values in the bazaars and in the city are very close and cannot be distinguished sharply in order to compare them as much as the choice values for each radii.

Below is series of graphs which represents the maximum and mean choice values across radii in the bazaar complex and in the whole city for each case study. In each graph, the red line illustrates the bazaar complex and the blue line is representative of values for the whole city.

50

Graph 30: Maximum and mean Choice values of case studies 51

According to the above results, In Tabriz, Kerman and Semnan, mean choice values of the bazaar complex are more than the whole city which means these bazaars are the main part of the through movement in the background network of the city in all radii.

In Hamedan the mean choice values in the bazaars are higher than the whole city up until the radii 1200 meters, after that radius the values of the whole city is more than the bazaar complex. Also in Zanjan, the mean choice values of the bazaar complex is higher than the whole city until 2100 meter radius and after that values of the whole city exceeds the values associated with the bazaar. In the case of Zanjan and Hamedan, the bazaar complex acts as a part of background through-movement network until a certain radius. If this were the case it would weakens the role of the bazaars in facilitating the movement in-between urban areas as choice measure in higher radii demonstrates the area-to-area movement rather than movement within an area.

Hillier mentions in his paper that “centres tend to have average higher local but not global choice value�. This is the case for Zanjan and Hamedan but not true for other case studies. This might be explained by the fact that the bazaars in Kerman and Semnan and Tabriz act as significant local centre and main centre of the city in some radii but Zanjan and Hamedan’s bazaar according to maximum NACH values are associated with series of shops and less in the case of Hamedan. So in Tabriz, Kerman and Semnan the bazaars are also used as facilitating the through movement in the background network of the city.

Regarding the maximum choice values, in all cases the values is higher in the whole city than in the bazaar complex. In Tabriz until 800 meter radius, in Kerman until 600 meter radius, in Semnan until 1000 meter radius, in Hamedan until 600 meter radius and in Zanjan until 1100 meter radius the maximum choice value in the bazaars and in the whole city are similar. The analysis suggest that the bazaars in these cities are the main part of urban structure up until a certain radius and after that avenues and other major streets take over the maximum role in foreground structure. But the location of the segment having the maximum choice value not being in the bazaars does not mean that the bazaars are not part of the structure of the city it just indicates that the bazaars are not the main part of it.

52

4.2 – The analysis of elements of the bazaar complex The bazaars’ components were introduced in chapter one, introduction. Many studies mentioned above have examined the role of bazaar in spatial configuration of the urban system but rarely any tried to explain the spatial values of the bazaar complex itself.

In the following section of the research, each bazaar is introduced separately and the spatial properties associated with each bazaar is explained and analysed. However due to lack of information available to this research about Hamedan’s bazaar, this bazaar is excluded from the analysis. A discritive account on the general introduction of each bazaar is presented in the index C.

Tabriz: The technical explanation of assigning the spatial values to each element is explained in the methodology section in this research.

The following table shows the order in which each spatial value decreases from high to low in each category of elements. All values are presented as averaged.

Table 9: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Tabriz NACH

NACH+NAIN

NAIN

Connectivity

Mean Depth

Charsouq

Charsouq

Square

Charsouq

Friday Mosque

Alley

Alley

Madresa

Yard

Timche

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

Square

Madresa

Yard

Square

Charsouq

Bazaarche

Dalan

Square

Madresa

Alley

Raste

Mosque

Raste

Raste

Hammam

Alley

Saray

Dalan

Yard

Raste

Saray

Alley

Madresa

Dalan

Caravansary

Timche

Raste

Saray

Saray

Saray

Madresa

Yard

Timche

Hammam

Mosque

Dalan

Hammam

Friday Mosque

Mosque

Yard

Friday Mosque

Bazaarche

Mosque

Timche

Dalan

Mosque

Charsouq

Caravansary

Timche

Hammam

Caravansary

Hammam Caravansary

Friday Mosque Friday Mosque Caravansary

Square

According to the analysis, charsouq is the space which facilitates the through movement over background network. Also it is the most connected space in the bazaars and structurally is the most important space in the complex. As was mentioned in chapter one, charsouq is often consider the most important part of the bazaars. It is 53

the intersection of two important raste and the shops near charsouq are the most precious.

The deepest and most segregated space in the bazaars is Friday mosque. Given the nature of the religious activities conducted in this space, silence and being further from the busyness of the bazaars is important in this space. This may explain the segregation apparent in the spatial configuration of the Friday mosque.

Taking the actual values of maximum NACH into account, the spaces that have the maximum NACH values close to 1.3 are timche and raste which according to Hillier’s analysis of 50 cities around the world, this value represents series of continues shops. Also mosque, bazaarche and saray have

Table 10: Maximum NACH values of the elements - Tabriz Spaces

NACH values

Dalan

0.83608741

Caravansary

0.9637059

Yard

1.032992

Madresa

1.0442601

Friday Mosque 1.1246417 Hammam

1.1493658

Alley

1.1991684

Square

1.2062658

have values below 1.3. Sarays are spaces that host the

Timche

1.2860525

international and national trade and merchants’ offices.

Raste

1.288849

maximum NACH values above 1.5 which indicates values associated with the main centre of the city. All other spaces

Tabriz’s bazaar have 29 bazaarche which are mostly

Mosque

1.5112972

Bazaarche

1.5251961

specialised and marginal rastes, it is highly important for these

Saray

1.525833

bazaars to be structured and locate within the through movement of the city as their activity most benefits from the movement economy.

The bazaar complex lacking external monumental representation was discussed in chapter two; however internal

decorative

architectural

details

are

not

neglectable. This brings to mind the influence of visual integration of spaces for them being functional and representative of their nature. For this reason the visibility graph analysis of Kerman’s bazaar was Figure 10: Internal architectural decoration of bazaar

analysed.

The results are represented in the following table.

Charsouq as the most important element of the bazaars has the most visual integration and hammam as a space which requires the most visual privacy has the least visual

54

integration in the complex. All other elements share a correspondence between their socio-economic role and their visual integration.

Table 11: Visual integration values of the elements -Tabriz

Visual integration Elements 3.266602 Charsouq 3.073009 Rasta 2.977718 Square 2.905704 Yard 2.846331 Bazaarche 2.758617 Timche 2.744574 Dalan 2.540796 Saray 2.50088 Alley 2.490617 Madresa 2.274982 Mosque 2.076322 Caravansaray 2.052564 Hammam

Graph 31: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Tabriz

55

Kerman: The following table shows the order in which each spatial value decreases from high to low in each category of elements. All values are presented as averaged.

Table 12: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Kerman NACH

NACH+NAIN

NAIN

Connectivity

Mean Depth

Charsouq

Charsouq

Friday Mosque

Square

Madrasa

Bazaarche

Friday Mosque

Tekiye

Charsouq

Saray

Qeysariye

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

Tekiye

Hammam

Square

Tekiye

Charsouq

Bazaarche

Zarrabkhaneh (Sport facilities)

Mosque

Square

Square

Qeysariye

Qeysariye

Tekiye

Qeysariye

Timche

Friday Mosque

Caravansary

Friday Mosque

Mosque

Qeysariye

Mosque

Timche

Caravansary

Caravansary

Caravansary

Madrasa

Mosque

Madrasa

Timche

Mosque

Caravansary

Abanbar

Saray

Madrasa

Abanbar

Timche

Tekiye

Timche

Saray

Hammam

Saray

Bazaarche

Abanbar

Abanbar

Saray

Hammam

Square

Hammam

Hammam

Madrasa

Zarrabkhaneh Zarrabkhaneh Zarrabkhaneh (Sport facilities) (Sport facilities) (Sport facilities)

Zarrabkhaneh Friday Mosque (Sport facilities) Abanbar

Charsouq

As it was explained earlier, the charsouq is one of the most important parts of the bazaars. It was built by governmental orders in Safavid dynasty and its decorative architectural details demonstrate the importance of this space. Configurational properties of the charsouq represented in the table above shows that it is also the most strongly structured space in the complex.

The combination of NACH and NAIN values demonstrating the relation of spaces with the main structure of the city has the highest peak in charsouq followed by Friday mosque and bazaarche. In contrast with Tabriz’s bazaar the Friday mosque in Kerman is the most integrated and one of the most structurally important spaces in the bazaars.

A junction and two major streets being constructed just beside the Friday mosque has notable influence on this space being the most integrated space in the city as a whole.

However as this space does not have high values regarding its through movement, it is possible that the junction and streets may have acted in favour of the mosque. As it is not the subject of through movement but to-movement, it facilitates the access to the space while keeping it from the busyness of the streets.

56

Kerman’s bazaar has 22 bazaarche which is the equivalent of raste in the bazaars.

Being part of the main through movement network in the city is important in this space as it is the main circulation routes in the bazaars that also hosts many retail activities that benefit from movement economy.

Table 13: Maximum NACH values of the elements - Kerman

The deepest space in the complex is madrasa. Considering the activities conducted in this space, it needs a great deal of silence. This may explain the position of madrasa being second

Spaces

NACH values

Friday mosque

0.937417

most segregated and the deepest space in the bazaar.

Saray

0.965716

Mosque

1.051652

The following table represents the maximum NACH values

Carvansaray

1.087503

associated with each space in the bazaar. The values for timche,

Madrasa

1.128361

hammam, zarrabkhane and anbar is zero and the have been excluded from the table.

Tekiye

1.272587

Qeysariye

1.283354

Charsouq

1.318601

bazaarche

1.320623

Square

1.346023

Taking into account the actual NACH values of the spaces, the values are considerably less in comparison to Tabriz’s bazaar. The only spaces with maximum NACH values more than 1.3 are charsouq, bazaarche and squre. Their values are equal to the values of a segment with series of continues shops and are far from the main centre of the city and as it was mentioned privously in this research the whole bazaar complex lacks the spatial properties suggestive of centrality in Kerman’s bazaar.

The visibility graph analysis was conducted in the following section and the results are explained below.

Table 14: Visual integration values of the elements -Kerman

Charsouq is visually the most integrated space in the

Spaces Visual Integration Charsouq 3.3271911 Bazaarche 3.2995915 Square 3.0564692 Qeysariye 2.9096332 Madresa 2.6321955 Carvansaray 2.499182 Timche 2.2887511 Tekiye 2.1606414 Saray 2.1322324 Friday Mosque 1.8071393 Mosque 1.731913

bazaar followed by bazaarche and square. Friday mosque and mosque are the least visually integrated spaces within the bazaar. One passing through spaces of the bazaar complex can feel the transition between a commercial space and a religious space when entering mosque from the bazaar raste. The mosque not being visually integrated into the bazaar complex sustains the

spirit of its nature of activity (immortal) from being associated with trade and commerce (mortal).

57

Graph 32: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Kerman

58

Semnan: The following table shows the order in which each spatial value decreases from high to low in each category of elements. All values are presented as averaged.

Table 15: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Semnan NACH

NACH+NAIN

NAIN

Connectivity

Mean Depth

Charsouq

Charsouq

Charsouq

Charsouq

Timche

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

Mosque

Tekiye

Square

Friday mosque

Tekiye

Caravansary

Mosque

Tekiye

Square

Friday mosque

Square

Friday mosque

Tekiye

Tekiye

Timche

Mosque

Mosque

Mosque

Timche

Water reservoir

Caravansary

Water reservoir

Timche

Water reservoir

Caravansary

Caravansary

Friday mosque Water reservoir Square

Square

Caravansary

Bazaarche

Water reservoir Friday mosque Timche

Charsouq

Similar to Tabriz and Kerman, in Semnan’s bazaar the charsouq has the highest NACH and NAIN values also it is the most connected space in the bazaar, following by bazaarche which its movement economy benefits from the through movement. The Friday mosque similar to Kerman has higher NAIN than NACH values as the users of this space come to this space specifically as a destination and its movement economy is depending on to movement therefore more accessibility rather than through movement.

Timche and mosque are the deepest spaces in the bazaar. The timche is an L-shaped space. Its architectural decorations suggest its simplicity. Also as it was explained previously in case of Tabriz and Kerman, mosque based on the nature of its activity would benefit from depth in the system and being away from the busyness of the activities outside its space.

Considering the actual maximum values of NACH, one finds that bazaarche and square and charsouq are the only spaces with the NACH values almost above 1.3

59

Table 16: Maximum NACH NACH values Spaces values of the elements 1.37135 Semnan Bazaarche

which suggests them being spaces with series of shops and even bazaarche lacks the spatial properties associated with

1.334422

Square

the centrality. This is while the bazaar as a whole acts as a

1.293566

Charsouq

local and main centre for the city as was discussed in earlier

1.21126

Tekiye

1.19463

Mosque

0.969973

Water reservoir

0.93201

Caravansary

0.910791

Timche

0.563829

Friday mosque

sections.

The following table illustrates the visual integration in different elements of the bazaars. As it is apparent in the

table, charsouq and square are the most visually integrated spaces in the bazaar. Friday mosque and Hammam are the least visually integrated spaces in the complex. Privacy and silence required by their activities is the main reason for this matter.

Table 17: Visual integration values of the elements -Semnan

Graph 33: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Semnan

60

Spaces

Visual Integration

Charsouq

2.6294305

Square

2.5796862

Water reservoir

2.5577066

Bazaarche

2.4411547

Tekiye

2.407511

Caravansary

2.3267465

Mosque

2.0613081

Friday Mosque

2.0203032

Hammam

1.8274567

Zanjan:

The following table shows the order in which each spatial value decreases from high to low in each category of elements. All values are presented as averaged.

Table 18: Spatial values of different elements of bazaar - Zanjan NACH

NACH+NAIN

NAIN

Connectivity

Mean Depth

Qeysariye

Qeysariye

Qeysariye

Bazaarche

Mosque

Timche

Timche

Timche

Qeysariye

Square

Alley

Raste

Friday Mosque

Alley

Alley

Raste

Friday Mosque

Raste

Raste

Saray

Bazaarche

Hammam

Hammam

Timche

Bazaarche

Mosque

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

Square

Hammam

Hammam

Alley

Saray

Saray

Raste

Friday Mosque

Saray

Alley

Mosque

Timche

Saray

Mosque

Square

Hammam

Friday Mosque

Square

Square

Mosque

Friday Mosque

Qeysariye

The bazaar has a linear morphology therefore lacks the charsouq. However qeysariye as one of the most important and precious spaces in the bazaar has the highest NAIN, NACH and the combination of the two. It is structurally the most important space in the complex. Mosque similar to Semnan is the deepest space in the complex. Also Friday mosque similar to Semnan and Kerman has higher integration values than choice values.

The actual maximum NACH values suggest that only the main raste and qeysariye has values almost above 1.3 which is associated with series of shops. The whole bazaar as was mentioned in previous section lacks the principal properties of centrality therefore it is expected for its spaces to suggest similarly.

Table 19: Maximum NACH values of the elements - Zanjan MAX NACH

Spaces

1.3747454

Raste

1.2935631

Qeysariye

1.2849286

Saray

1.2806969

Timche

1.2182591

Bazaarche

1.0513173

Alley

1.033633

Mosque

1.0258617

Square

0.88005316

Hammam

0.62601101 Friday Mosque

61

The visual integration of different elements were measured by visibility graph analysis and the results are as followed:

Table 20: Visual integration values of the elements -Zanjan

In Zanjan’s bazaar the qeysariye followed by timche

Visual Integration Elements 3.5072375 Qeysariye 3.308488067 Timche 3.0832527 Alley 2.84518703 Raste 2.7861949 Hammam 2.668857889 Bazaarche 2.5788736 Friday Mosque 2.51769238 Saray 2.1441895 Square 2.092563733 Mosque

has the most visual integration and the mosque have the least visual integration. Zanjan’s bazaar is the least structured bazaar in the sample and its visual properties does not entirely follow the socioeconomic characteristics of the elements for instance the hammam requires the least visual integration however the square has less visual

integration in the complex. However this might be due to the small size of the model and the edge effect as the square is at the end of the complex and hammam is located within a highly integrated rasta of the bazaar.

Graph 34: The VGA analysis of the bazaar - Zanjan

62

Chapter Five: Conclusion The main purpose of this study was to examine the primary principals of centrality in Iranian bazaars and study the concept of centrality as a spatial property against the conceptual perception of inhabitants on what is known as the centre of a city.

The thesis pursued this aim by number of methods that were previously used or purposed by other researchers as a way to quantify the qualitative properties of the bazaars as the known centre of Iranian cities. It is a study attempting to hold perceptual centres against spatial centres and see to what extend the two are integrated together.

This was first initiated based on the observation that suggested the bazaars as the centre of the city in many senses, functional and perceptual, lack any external representation associated with glory, magnificent and importance. One approaching the bazaar would not be aware that the building of this important structure is near or far as the adjoining buildings and alleys do not suggest any separation representative of Debordian spectacle. The whole structure and its adjacent neighbouring is in a unity and this unity as Heidegger explains is by no means sameness. Therefore it was the task of this study to investigate whether spatial properties are the embedded characteristics of the bazaar that proclaim its socio-economic importance.

Summary of findings Five case studies were the subject of detailed spatial analysis. The result shows that it is extremely difficult to draw a line between what is centre and what is not. Even when one only takes live centres into account as there are many criteria that define and influence the attraction inequality and the degree of centrality.

The bazaar complex in Tabriz have highly intensified local grid but the average segment length associated with its bazaar is not sharply distinguished from its local context. Its mean global integration is average and its mean local integration is quiet high. The synergy between local and global integration is also quiet high. The difference between global and local integration of the city as a whole and its bazaar complex is comparatively high. Also its maximum NACH measures suggests that the bazaar acts as a significant local centre at least until 3000 meter radius but in global scale the bazaar suggest the same value as the main centre of a city.

63

The bazaar in Kerman in comparison to other cities in the sample have low level of grid intensification also its local grid condition is poorly distinguished from its surrounding. Its mean global integration is quiet high and its mean local integration is low but the correlation between the two is high. The difference between local and global values of the whole city and the bazaar in low and quiet low. Its maximum NACH values suggest a series of continues shops all along different radii.

Semnan’s bazaar have quiet small block sizes and the difference between its grid and the grid surrounding it is average comparing to other cities. Both global and local integrations are high in the bazaar and the synergy is average. The difference between global and local integration of the whole city with the bazaar is quiet high. Its structural properties suggests that Semanan’s bazaar is a significant local bazaar until the radii 2200 and above that it can be considered as the main centre of the city.

The bazaar complex in Zanjan have average grid intensification and its grid is highly distinguished from its surrounding local condition. The local and global integration is quiet low and the synergy between the two is low. The difference between local and global integration of the whole city and the bazaar is quiet low and low. Its maximum NACH values suggests that the bazaar acts as a significant local centre until 1600 meter radii and above that it is equal to a segment with series of continues shops.

Hamedan’s bazaar have quiet large segments associated with its bazaar and the grid is quiet distinguished from its surrounding. Its global integration is low and its local integration is average and the synergy between the two is quiet low. The difference between global and local integration of the whole city and the bazaar complex is average in comparison to other cities. Also the maximum NACH values suggests that the bazaar acts like series of shops until the radius 600 meters, then till 1200 meter radius it represents a significant local centre and after that the NACH values is below 1.3 and it’s a normal passage.

In order to compare the elements of each bazaar to the same category of elements in other bazaars in an order of cities being ranked based on their combination of NACH and NAIN also the maximum NACH and the visual integration a decreasing point was assigned to each category in each measure in each city. Then the points were averaged and another ranking was drawn from it. The result is as followed with a decreasing 64

trend from the space being highly ranked in the structure of the bazaar in the context of the city to the one being low in the ranking: Charsouq – Bazaarche – Qeysariye – Square – Tekiye – Madrasa – Timche – Saray – Water reservoir – Mosque – Friday mosque – Caravansary – Yard – Dalan – Zarrabkhaneh.

The results of the analysis have confirmed the social and commercial characteristic of each space in the bazaar complex explained in chapter one. The analysis shows that there is an embedded spatiality in the nature of each elements in the bazaar as its function and movement economy is distinctive.

As a conclusion it must be added that a bazaar as one of the most important urban elements cannot be assumed centre or the contrary at any specific given time and space as there is always a dynamic between different spatial properties of the bazaar that changes its role in the context of the whole city based on the amount of accessibility, visibility and movement it requires over time in each space. There is always one part of the bazaar that is structured through the main structure of the city and one part that is not also there are many integrated and many segregated spaces within the complex.

The intriguing point is that by any change in the configuration of the city as a whole this spatial properties are changed although the new development is not necessarily related to the bazaar complex or even in its proximity as it changes the configuration of the whole foreground and background network of the city. Any generalisation regarding the embedded spatial properties of the bazaar in terms of its centrality risks the possibility of the better understanding of the dynamic of spatial configuration through its existence.

65

Index A Morphogenesis of Iranian cities Studying the role of the bazaar in Iranian cities requires a deep understanding of the morphology of Iranian cities and the way their elements and street networks operate.

According to Rahimi (1977) medieval Iranian cities were constituted of three parts, the bazaar, Qal’a (governmental quarter) and Mahale (residential districts). The elements of the bazaar categorises into three distinct types, first economic elements including shops, caravansaries, workshops, warehouses and trade offices. The second group were public amenities built by governmental or private funds such as baths, ware houses, water reservoirs and so on. As all the outflow and inflow of goods were to be observed for tax purposes official representative were present in all caravansaries to observe the import and export of goods by merchants. The third group were ideological spaces such as mosque and madrasa as places of religious, political and educational activities.

These parts of the city were connected together by a street network connecting the core to the edges of the city by a series of thoroughfares that facilitate the access to the centre for residential neighbourhoods. This phenomenon always been a point of interest for Iranian and Islamic studies. Gustave E. von Grunbaum in his paper “The structure of the Muslim town” names two vital characteristics of Islamic cities as Friday mosque and the bazaar. He describes the street network of the city as a “maze of twisting streets”. This concept of irrationally irregular maze of streets has been a popular description and a common knowledge up until Bonine (1979) in his article on “The morphogenesis of Iranian cities” questioned not only the very concept of “Islamic” cities but also what the French geographer, Xavier de Planhol in “The world of Islam” refers to as “The labyrinth of twisted alleys”. Although the explanations of the authors mentioned above are figurative and merely descriptive, Karimi (1997) in his paper suggested that the irregularity of urban grid is a characteristic of the Iranian cities but the irregularity cannot be construed as lacking order and organisation.

(Karimi 1997)

66

Bonine argues that one can distinguish a “geometric configuration” in the street layout of Iranian cities. Although this was not the first time this matter has been suggested, most other researchers tried to explain the pattern by religious reasons. To name a few, Donal Wibler in “contribution in Qazvin” suggested that two leading dynamics effective on orientation of Iranian streets are “ a major artery between the palace and the Friday mosque” and “the necessity of turning the mosque so that the qibla wall would be in the direction of Mecca”(Bonine 1979). Also Abu-Lughod in his article on “What is Islamic about a city?” states that the irregular narrow alleyways of Islamic cities drives from the Islamic rules on property ownership (Lughod 1989). Bonine by a morphological account of the city of Yazd as a case study explains that the core of Iranian cities was expanded into the surrounding cultivated fields and plantations at the first place and street followed the system of irrigating channels and the width of the streets is associated with the importance of the channels and jubs in the field (Bonine 1979).

The pattern of street system described above continued to serve the city until 1930s when Reza Shah’s new plan for modernizing the cities took place. “Urban renewal of traditional centres” was the main agenda of these plans (Ehlers et al, 2007). Although destructions tend to be minimized (Bonine, 1979), many bazaars, residences and neighborhoods has been divided in parts. The urge for modernisation was not merely a respond to immigration to cities, according to Ehlers et al (2007) the bazaar merchants and city based rural landlords were the main investors in new urban developments. They moved to the new real states and their houses in the centre served a suitable place for rural immigrants to live and work near the centre (Ehlers et al, 2007). Clark et al (1973) characterizes the bazaar district in Kashan by having high density dwelling, often multi story with “a large number of adolescents who live close to their work in the shops and small textile workshops.” (Clark et al, 1973) This has left centres of cities with degradation and depreciation.

67

Index B The limitations of the study The challenges to this study was primarily the data collection procedure. There is a limitation on how much data is sold to an individual by National Cartography Organisation. The base maps were extremely expensive to purchase and the digital maps were only available in 1:25000 and 1:2000 scales. The 1:25000 map is not detailed enough to be used to draw axial maps and the 1:2000 map is too large and the number of pixels required to construct the whole map of a city increases so does the price.

68

Index C: Introduction to the bazaar complexes and their elements Tabriz: Tabriz’s bazaar is one of the most famous and referred to bazaars in the country. The project of rehabilitation of this bazaar won the Aga Khan architectural prize at 2013. The complex was added to the world heritage list in 2010. Their origin is dated back to 2500 years ago. Being located on the Silk Road and its strategic location regarding international trades between Europe and Far East Asia, Tabriz has a welldeveloped and sophisticated bazaar. After two major earthquake and wars between Persia and Ottoman empires, what is currently left from the traditional bazaar of Tabriz is dated back to 200 years ago. The bazaar complex covers 13 hectare from which 7.2 hectare is used as commercial spaces.

The bazaar was initially formed around the intersection between major routs connecting gates of the city with inner spaces. It gradually spread itself towards north, south and east of the intersection and shaped more or less what is currently the form of the bazaar complex. The following map and table shows the elements of the bazaar and their location according to the main structure of bazaar.

69

1

Caravansary

11

Madresa

21

Bazaarche

31

2

Bazarche

3

Mosque

4 5 6

Raste

41

Dalan

51

Mosque

12

Square

13

Bazaarche

22

Saray

23

Bazaarche

32

Saray

42

Dalan

52

Shrine

33

Timche

43

Dalan

53

Saray

Saray

14

Saray

15

BAzaarche

24

Mosque

River

25

Timche

34

Saray

44

Dalan

54

Saray

35

Bazaarche

45

Saray

55

Raste

Carvansaray

16

Raste

26

Dalan

36

Timche

46

Timche

56

Saray

7

Saray

8

Carvansaray

17

Raste

18

Charsouq

27

Saray

37

Saray

47

Dalan

57

Timche

28

Saray

38

Bazaarche

48

Raste

58

Saray

9

Saray

19

Bazaarche

29

Raste

39

Saray

49

Bazaarche

59

Mosque

10

Mosque

20

Mosque

30

Saray

40

Saray

50

Dalan

60

Bazaarche

61

Dalan

71

Saray

81

Bazaarche

91

Saray

101

Timche

111

Raste

62

Bazarche

72

Raste

82

Bazaarche

92

Yard

102

Bazaarche

112

Mosque

63

Timche

73

Timche

83

Mosque

93

Saray

103

Saray

113

Bazaarche

64

Alley

74

Timche

84

Madresa

94

Dalan

104

Mosque

114

Hammam

65

Mosque

75

Timche

85

Timche

95

Dalan

105

Timche

115

Saray

66

Hammam

76

Timche

86

Bazaarche

96

Saray

106

Timche

116

Mosque

67

Saray

77

Timche

87

Madresa

97

Timche

107

Dalan

117

Bazaarche

68

Bazaarche

78

Saray

88

Raste

98

Dalan

108

Timche

118

Bazaarche

69

Timche

79

Timche

89

Sara

99

Bazaarche

109

Bazaar

119

Mosque

70

Bazaarche

80

Bazaarche

90

Timche

100

Bazaarche

110

Dalan

120

Bazaarche

121

Timche

123

Bazaarche

125

Saray

127

Bazaarche

129

Mosque

131

Bazaarche

122

Bazaarche

124

Mosque

126

Timche

128

Bazaarche

130

Bazaarche

132

Bazaarche

70

Kerman: Being located on one of the branches of Silk and Spice Roads connecting the Oman see with the main Silk and Spice Road made it possible for Kerman to develop commercial relation

with

other

national

and

international destinations. Its bazaar is result of a combination of governmental constructions and organic development.

The bazaar complex is consisting of two major north-south and west-east raste that intersect in Ganjalikhan charsouq. As a result this charsouq is one of the most important spaces in Kerman’s bazaar complex.

The east-west raste of the bazaar with one kilometre length divided the core of the city into two parts of northern and southern part.

71

1

Square

12

Bazaarche

23

Qeysariye

34

Caravansary

45

Madrasa

56

Shrine

2

Bazaarche

13

Water reservoir

24

Hammam

35

Bazaarche

46

Mosque

57

Bazaarche

3

Bazaarche

14

Bazaarche

25

Madrasa

36

Bazaarche

47

Bazaarche

58

Mosque

4

Caravansary

15

Hammam

26

Caravansary

37

Bazaarche

48

Caravansary

59

Timche

5

Caravansary

16

Square

27

Bazaarche

38

Bazaarche

49

Qeysariye

60

Timche

6

Caravansary

17

Bazaarche

28

Saray

39

Bazaarche

50

Bazaarche

61

Bazaarche

7

Timche

18

Charsouq

29

8

Bazaarche

19 Zarrabkhaneh (Sport facilities) 30

Saray

40

Caravansary

51

Bazaarche

62

Mosque

Madrasa

41

Hammam

52

Tekie

63

Bazaarche

Bazaarche

9

Saray

20

Mosque

31

Bazaarche

42

Caravansary

53

10

Bazaarche

21

Madrasa

32

Madrasa

43

Bazaarche

54

Squere

11

Charsouq

22

Bazaarche

33

Mosque

44

Qeysariye

55

Mosque

Semnan: Semnan’s major production was a type of precious hand-knitted napkin which was traded with travellers passing by The Silk Road. The bazaar complex in this city was established near the Silk Road besides the Friday mosque as a west-east axis. In Qajar dynesty the city flourished due to the attention of the king to this city. He constructed a palace on northern side of the bazaar and many tekiyes (used as a religious space for gathering to pray in mass). The bazaar then was developed towards the palace in north.

The following map presents different elements of bazaar in the city.

1

Mosque

7

2

Timche

8 Friday Mosque 14 Water reservoir 20

Bazaarche 26

3

Tekiye

9

Shrine

15

Caravansary

21

Hammam

27

Hammam

4 Hammam 10

Tekiye

16

Hammam

22

Tekiye

28

Tekiye

11

Charsouq

17

23 Caravansary 29

6 Bazaarche 12

Bazaarche

18

24

5

Square

Bazaarche

13

Square

72

19 Caravansary 25 Caravansary

Mosque

30

Hammam

73

Zanjan: Zanjan in not only located on the Silk Road branch connecting the city of Rey to Azerbaijan but also near many regional trade routes connecting the city with villages and small towns in its surrounding. The bazaar complex with about one kilometre length is one of the longest bazaars in Iran. The area of the complex is about 18 hectares from with 8 hectares is allocated to commercial use and 2 hectare to circulation spaces.

The following map represents the type of spaces in the bazaar.

1 Friday masque11 Bazarche

21 Bazarche 31 Saray

41 Saray

51 Rasta

2 Qeysariye

12 Alley

22 Timche

32 Rasta

42 Rasta

52 Square

3 Hammam

13 Alley

23 Bazarche 33 Saray

43 Saray

53 Hammam

4 Mosque

14 Timche

24 Rasta

34 Rasta

44 Hammam 54 Hammam

5 Bazarche

15 Mosque

25 Rasta

35 Saray

45 Mosque

55 Bazarche

6 Rasta

16 Rasta

26 Square

36 Saray

46 Square

56 Square

7 Saray

17 Rasta

27 Saray

37 Rasta

47 Hammam

8 Saray

18 Timche

28 Rasta

38 Saray

48 Saray

9 Saray

19 Rasta

29 Saray

39 Saray

49 Bazarche

20 Hammam

30 Bazarche 40 Hammam 50 Bazarche

10 Saray

74

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