Research Centers : A guideline to the design of Research Centers

MSA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

GRADUATION PROJECT REPORT UNIVERSITY

SUPERVISEDBY:

DR. OMAR FAWZY DR. SAMEH EL-FEKI

PRESENTED BY:

AYA MOHAMMED SALEM ESRAA REFAEE HISHAM LAILA MARYAM SAEED SARA ARAB SOHAYLA SALAM TULIN MUSTAFA

JANUARY 2012

ID:080469 ID:081567 ID:085829 ID:085815 ID:080285 ID:086875 ID:076205

Acknowledgments Every word in this research is a thank you to all the professors and teaching assistants at MSA University & GREENWITCH University who made out of seven confused high school graduates, architects. Without you none of this would have been possible.

We would like to express our deep appreciation for Dr. Omar Fawzy and Dr. Sameh El-Feki, whose constructive criticism drove us on, until this research became what it is today. Thank you.

Special thanks go to the National Research Center, the Bio-equivalency research center, and the school of Biotechnology at MSA university who welcomed us into their research labs, allowing us to interview, analyze and observe while they worked.

Sincere, heartfelt gratitude is due for Architect Bedour Ahmad and Architect Rasha Sayed who gave us support, advice and encouragement when it was most needed. It takes exceptional characters for talents to be discovered. The team of researchers would also like to thank Architect Manar who took special notice of our work, guiding us in its refinement and adjustments.

Mum, Dad – thank you for the money, the coffee, the love and the patience.

Abstract Research centers must work optimally and productively. One of the factors that affect work productivity and quality is the architectural ambience.

To determine the guidelines of designing a successful research center, the relevant design issues were studied. Findings were refined with an independent research on the issue of ambience. Information was collected using interviews with twenty scientists, and two days spent living the life of an NRC researcher. Academic research labs were targeted by attending several lectures with MSA students, to observe the interaction between scholar and architecture. To reduce results inaccuracy caused by the presence of an observer in the research ambience, questionnaires were handed out, and a question was posted in a specialized online forum on what life was like as a research scientist. International case studies were analyzed to obtain a thorough understanding of the research medium.

It was found that the twenty first century scientist does not favor isolation, and in fact feels boredom or loneliness as an indirect result of the design. Moreover the birth of ideas does not necessarily occur within a laboratory, but anywhere scientists can communicate .

Designs must now cater to for higher interaction, more selective privacy , flexibility and a chance for the incremental growth needed to meet the evolving demands of research and personnel. These findings will assist in the creation of research centers that are more satisfactory to the human element.

Table of Contents Part I – Group work Introduction

The history of a research center The need for research centers

Design Issues Comfort Audibility Olfactory Convenience Flexibility Privacy Privacy Personalization Territory Image Ambience Visibility Legibility Circulation Interaction Security Safety Resource Management Maintenance Durability Energy Efficiency Economy

1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12

Sustainability in Research Centers Definition Birth of sustainable architecture Principles of sustainable architecture Understanding the place Connecting With Nature Understanding Natural Processes Checklist of sustainability Sustainable Measures in Research Centers

A research On Ambience Problem statement Aims & objectives Background Methodology Findings Regional Case studies Bio-equivalency research center Microbiology research labs Human Anatomy labs National Research Center Conclusion

13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14

15 15 16 22 22 23 24 25 26 29

Table of Contents International Case Studies

Stem Cell Research Center, Usa Brockman Hall for Physics, Usa Lowy Cancer Rsearch Center, Australia Center for scientific research , Spain Seoul Museum of Research and art, South Korea Architectural Conservation & Rehabilitation Center, Morocco Ecological Children Educational Center, Thailand Center for atmoshperic Research, USA Hydra Tesla Energy Center, Russia Massar Children’s discovery center Syria Ronal McDonald Disabled Children Research Center, Holland Beaty Biodiversity Research Center, Canada

Sites for a Research Center Syria Egypt Iraq

Recommendations

30 32 34 35 37 38 40 43 44 45 47 49

51 52 53

The Design Criteria

54

Part II – Individual Submissions

56

Aya Salem – Arts and Design Research center

Esraa Refaee- Lung cancer Treatment Research Center Hisham Laila- Disabled Children skills development center Maryam Saeed- Advanced Energy Research center

Sara Arab – Sustainable Architecture Research Center Sohayla Sallam- Allergy and immunity research center Tulin Mostafa – Skills Developmentresearch center References Apendix A Apendix b

PART 1Introduction

Introduction The birth of Research Centers

•

• Fig 1-1

A scientific revolution occurred in the 17th C, giving birth to the first science academy. This was the AcadĂŠmie Royale des Sciences, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV. This academy was an establishment for gathering scientific though & enhancing life processes.

The establishment sired the educationalresearch institute in Petersburg by Peter the Great, in the early 18C.. His plan included the further study of linguistic, philosophical & scientific instruction with a separate academy in which graduates could pursue further scientific research. It was the first institution of its kind in Europe to conduct scientific research within the structure of a university. ( A.Hatch 1998).

Fig 1-2

Why do we need research centers?

Fig 1-3

The research center studies problems both globally and nationally ,hence giving a regional & international solution that help human beings develop in the right direction..

Everyday, the world faces many problematic constraints that need to be unraveled in order to return back to equilibrium.

The mission of the research center is to address those problems and come up with a proposed plan on how to solve them. Sometimes research centers develop or enhance products.

Other times, what they produce is physically intangible but has profound effects that changes generations, taking problems and turning them into potentials or benefits.

Through the center`s search and experiments, new techniques, technologies, and knowledge develop.

Without research centers, planet earth becomes like a symphony pressed on pause.

1

PART 2- DESIGN issues

Comfort

Fig 2-1 These research labs have graduating levels of light intensity, with a central atrium, so that scientists are not disturbed by glare. The curving shell creates a homogenous light effect.

Comfort is the feeling of rest, peace & wellbeing.

Comfort in Architecture is Physical & Physiological .

Subdivision of comfort in design issues are audibility, olfactory, privacy & convenience.

• A great way to give researchers comfort, is to give them control of the immediate environment.

• Furniture must be supportive of posture.

• Light must allow for easy viewing, without intense glare.

• Scientists are often introverts, & should have access to privacy if they so need.

• Location of the research center, and its functional zoning determine the comfort of scientists in the work place.

Audibility

Fig 2-2 • •

Physiologically, space dimensions & forms must be acceptable to human perception.

Researchers should be allowed to choose.

Labs & workshops with loud experiments need to provide audibility control with appropriate sound insulation, & with libraries, these are critical zones of acoustic issues.

Audibility : Is the ability to be heard.

Audibility in architecture refers to the phonetic requirements of rooms or their demand for sound insulation & echo control. Audibility is important for privacy, comfort, concentration & consequently productivity rates.

Libraries of research centers demand serene zones, & interactive learning areas that are contained within appropriate sound levels by isolation or insulation.

Meeting rooms need only acoustic privacy, which can be designed with insulating glass offices.

Working space sound control is achieved by zoning similar sound intensity activities together, & providing quiet rest zones for retreat from noisy processes.

2

Olfactory Olfactory is the sense of smell.

Aromatherapy studies prove that scents stimulate mental creativity, concentration level s & feelings of wellbeing in employees.

(Messe 2007).

Fig 2-3

Some resources, experiments & processes taking place in a research center produce unpleasant odors which may be a health hazard. An examples is the use of animals in experiments. These must be isolated to maintain a clean atmosphere.

Research centers need refreshing air for different rooms. Natural ventilation can be enhance with the use of greens or scented flowers in courtyards.

Fig 2-4

In some research centers scientists have to be totally isolated from the atmosphere, as in diseases labs .

The spreading of odors can be prevented by isolated rooms or low/high air pressure rooms so that contaminated does not spread through ventilation ducts.( Watch 2001).

Convenience

Fig 2-5

The above Aquatic conservation research center in UAE has a convenient location & design. Immersed in water, the aquarium architecture enables marine biologists to observe spontaneous sea organism behavior.

Accessibility :Center is connected to the mainland via an underwater rail system, so that guests & scientists are able to reach the island in less than 5 minutes.

The meaning of convenience is anything that is intended to save resources like effort, time & energy.

Research centers are preferably located in urban zones, where it creates virtuous connections with a dense urban fabric.

Convenience can be achieved through the proper choice of the site, the study of the site location, its urban connections & the environment its going to be built around(community level study).

One central aspect of convenience is building placement. (Make Architects 2011) .

3

Flexibility Flexibility is the ability to bend, & reshape without breaking .

Architecturally, this translates to changing room shapes to accommodate different functions. Flexibility is a derivative of convenience.

Flexibility is especially important in research centers, as it allows for evolving research, technology, experiments & the need to house more employees or larger equipment. Research centers should have the ability of future extensions on the long run and changing room functions.

Labs , exhibitions & workshops are areas where flexibility is critical. It can be achieved with fixed equipment zones, moving modular partitions & the vertical connection of wet spaces.

Flexibility is achieved with the use of modular design, and becomes a form of economy and resource management, allowing research centers to be built incrementally. (Watch 2001).

Fig 2-6 Fig 2-1

Fig 2-7

Privacy

Fig 2-8

Fig 2-9 At the WOOD1S HALL RESEARCH CENTER, MA, privacy is created with an innocuous form, with closed offices & partition-closeable labs for private investigation.

There are two types of privacy: outdoor & indoor.

Outdoor privacy is the preservation of the whole building from unwanted visibility & access. It can be defined by the landscape, natural barriers or built elements like a fence. Noise insulation helps protect the sound privacy of the research center, while openings need to have adjustable controls for changing research center requirements.

Indoor privacy is achieved by private offices , closed laboratories or compartmentalized open floor plans.

Privacy is preferably optional, allowing scientist collaboration when desired. (Raymond 1997).

4

Personalization Personalization : Is the description of one's personal qualities.

Architecturally, this can be a achieved externally through research center image & its reference to the project theme.

For instance, sustainable architecture is reflected on a sustainable architecture center through the use of natural building material, light manipulation, green roofs, & wind mills .The principle researched components would be exhibited on the faรงade As they spend long periods of time with their studies, Researcher's need to feel connected to their work environment. This can be done using a private space, to place belongings like a family photo, or educational achievements.

Google Inc. personalized their interiors with the name theme colors, the research engine is famous for. (Cunlife 1997) .

Fig 2-10

Territory

Fig 2-11

Territory is an area of land under the jurisdiction of a ruler or state.

Architecturally, territory is achieved through the zoning, proximity & clustering of related spaces occupied by functional or department personnel, that discourages the approach of unrelated personnel.

Territory is defined by personalization, privacy & accessibility internally, & with Project Image & mood externally.

Hard enclosure or boundaries are not the only way to mark territories. Softer ways of psychologically marking corners/angles/lines can be as effective & should be used to minimize costly enclosures & maximize space flexibility. ( Sundstorm 2008).

Conclusion: Personalization is imprinting Architecture with our identity.

5

Image Image is the physical representation or appearance of a person, animal, or object photographed, painted, sculptured, or otherwise made visible. It may be the mental representation of something previously perceived, in the absence of the original stimulus.

Architecturally, image is the physical appearance of a space or building, or the mental representation of a space that was experienced.

The research centerâ€&#x;s image depends on its aim and function. It may reflect the Identity of the city, or research type taking place. The building image gives the user a message & tells the story or the philosophy behind the shapes, proportions, & architectural features of the building.

Sometimes the building image gives the city a new strong identity and makes it memorable.

Fig 2-12

Fig 2-13

Ambience

Fig 2-13 Conclusion: The image is a factor that effects the users psychology or emotional approach & attitude towards a project, because it can be recognized by the human sense. The integration of comfort, interaction, privacy, architectural image, & recreational spaces creates a mood in the research center that either enhances or decreases productivity.

Mood is the feeling at a particular time, or the distinctive emotional quality or character of a place. Mood is the mindâ€&#x;s reception or response to a stimulus. Architecturally, mood is the feeling or the emotion of the users caused by the surrounding space or building (ambience). Ambience is a resultant of image, personalization, territory, interaction safety & visibility & helps to determine comfort levels.

Setting a pleasant ambience in a research center will positively effect the productivity of the scientists while working.

The coordination of the interior spaces , its lighting & ventilation will offer the researchers with inspiration & psychological motivation . IF the working spaces are hostile or uncomfortable, the ambience is negative. ( Raymond & Cunliffe 1997).

6

Visibility Visibility is the ability to be seen under given condition or distances. visual range is the distance at which given object can be seen & identified.

Architectural, visibility is the ability to see a space or a building & can be identified by the user form a suitable distance & visual range.

Mass visibility is favorable where the architectural is commercial or institutional.

This applies to research centers, except when research processes are highly secretive or an eye sore.

Internally, a research center building should be clear for ease of way findings & visual interaction when desired to raise spirit if unity. ( Perkins & will 1995)

Fig 2-15

Fig 2-16

Legibility Layering : Wet Laboratories of research centerâ€&#x;s must be stacked vertically to save on resources & assist in cognitive zoning. If the research center is multistory, the laboratories need high pressure ventilation., to decrease crosssections of the air ducts.

Fig 2-17 Plan Recognition: Users can be helped in positioning themselves using color coding or unique functional zone forms.

Sequence: To assist in way finding, space dimensions can alter to indicate transportation between interactive & private zones.

Legibility means readability.

In Architecture a legible project is one that is easily used by customers, functions optimally & has a strong image and identity.

Legibility is improved by visibility & is highly determined by circulation.

Orientation: A good sense of orientation is important for the public nature of research buildings. Bustling scientists or new visitors need to be able to pinpoint their location & destination, possibly with unique scenery or a highly visible focal point like a landmark.

Visitors need visual connections in their approach paths to allocated zones & services.

High occupancy zones are preferably given Northern orientations in hot climates, & south facades in cold ones.

This maximizes working hours while cutting down on artificial light & temperature control budgets. (levy 2011).

7

Circulation

Fig 2-18

Fig 2-19

Fig 2-20 Parking Caters to specialized vehicles transporting & depositing materials or resources. These vehicles are characterized by research genre, & may have unique dimensioning.

Circulation Means to circulate, move around in circles, or from start to finish then back again.

Circulation in architecture describes patterns of movement & their networks.

Circulation determines security, interaction, convenience & legibility and has a hierarchal nature.

Users are divided into public customers & staff .

• public Users should easily access their desired facilities without disturbing the staff circulation.

• Vertical & horizontal Circulation should provide an easy access to different interrelated spaces according to the working environment needs.

• Corridors Must be in good orientations & size to prevent overcrowding, noise & injury.

• Materials Used in circulation must be durable to withstand heavy traffic, & slip resistant to avoid injury. Floors are preferably sound absorptive to reduce disrupting noises.

Staff need their own entrances & indoor spaces that may be partially or totally isolated from the public for security & safety of the research work.

• Pedestrian considerations in a research center apply where project masses are dispersed among other urban structures, separated by roads.

• Ideally, no crossing occurs between pedestrian paths & vehicle roads.

• If the research center is placed on a medium that gives access to different functions, but cannot be walked on, other pedestrian routes must be made available, like the underground tunnel in the aquatic research center and ecology, in UAE. (Peloquin 2006).

8

interaction

Fig 2-21 Interaction with the public can be achieved by high visibility & attraction points of recreation & education at the center.

Interaction is the action or the influence by certain condition, vision or felt by the senses.

It is the direct effect that certain particles or elements have on another..

Architecturally, interaction is the action or the effect caused by the space or the building on the users.

Research center aim to foster scientist collaboration, so they must provide chances of interaction, that lead research to a whole new level.

Public: Interaction with the public is important in raising education in the community, & gaining support.

Stairs are spontaneous points of interaction, so they should be wide enough to accept crowds.

Open plan offices encourage group work & team spirit ( peloquin 2006).

Security

Fig 2-22

Fig 2-23 Conclusion: Where as interaction is desired, a boundary free building is a utopian concept that is dangerous to the privacy of research work. The design must provide copy rights for its users.

Security is the condition of being protected from threats, unwanted intrusion, cause of danger,, or injury: Security in architecture involves providing monitored private territory so that occupants & private information are protected from theft.

Security is highly controlled by circulation, where in research centers public access must be limited, monitored & confined to low secrecy zones.

Security personnel need their own guarding & control rooms at gates & entries to private areas.

Digital monitoring, coded zones & security alarms are mandatory in high risk research faculties.

Private offices & closed labs help to raise security levels in architecture.

(Sundstorm 2008).

9

Safety

Fig 2-24

Safety is a form of security, & means to be protected from danger, risk or accidents.

Safety is a major factor because of the occupational hazards in research centers.

Radiation rooms need insulation, & high risk zones need architectural isolation with distance, fire doors & pressure controlled air circulation patterns.

Fire detection & extinguishing systems must be carefully planned, & fire escapes provided for every high risk area. Room materials should be fire resistant.

Labs with contaminating materials must discharge their air to special filters & not the atmosphere to lower disease spread. This is achieved with pressure air labs, or low pressure air labs that do not expel their air into ducts. ( Watch 2008).

Fig 2-25

Resource Management

Fig 2-26

Resource Management is helped with flexible architecture that can contain evolving technologies and varying densities of users.

Resource management is the successful use, organization and distribution of resources to reach the optimum.

In architecture, recourse include materials, money, personnel.

Equipment & even rooms.

This logistical planning is vital to research centers as they work on limited funding, unique human skills, as well as expensive machinery and time restrictions.

The planning is usually assisted by specialized resource management software. These software help in allocating supplied and required resources. Resources need maintenance & must be durable.

Their Management affect economy, energy efficiency & consequent environmental impact.( Seah N.D).

10

Maintenance Maintenance is the combination of all technical and associated actions intended to retain an item so that it can perform itâ€&#x;s required function optimally.

Low maintenance materials may have high initial cost but lower running expense, saving on resources & minimizing operational delays.

The Research center needs higher maintenance than any other building design because its labs and chemicals needs more care & products must retain quality standards. Watch 2001).

Fig 2-27

Durability

Fig 2-28

The Cambridge Health Center pictured above required a highly open design to carry out exterior experimentation. This need was met by a durable metal fabric structure, flexible and easy to install.

Durability is the ability to withstand pressure to change or break down.

Durability in architecture is the ability of a material , product or a building to maintain its intended function for its intended life expectancy with minimum maintenance. low durability leads to high cost, high maintenance, and work slow down.

High durability and low maintenance are required for research centers due to limited budgets & the need for optimal quality & production, Durable construction depends on the material, interaction of the materials, & the way materials are handled.

Factors affecting durability include how the materials are installed and the environmental conditions to which they are exposes like moisture, sunlight-Temperature & chemicals. (Peloquin 2006).

11

Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency is producing the same input of energy as output without loss.

Architecturally, energy efficiency can be achieved by using material & construction methods that do no demand continuous input of energy & rely on passive resources for comfort. Energy efficiency influences economy Energy efficiency can be achieved using thermal insulation, maximizing daylight use in the interiors & relying on natural ventilation wherever possible. Natural ventilation is only impeded in certain research labs that can not use or expel outside air.

Energy efficiency also involves its reuse. Heat produced from chemical reactions or in electronics can be recovered & used to heat water.

Another way to cut down on energy bills is to use solar panels, windmills & other energy production systems. Energy efficiency, economy & durability highly influence the total environmental impact of the research center.

Fig 2-29

Fig 2-30

economy

Fig 2-31 IV- Spaces Design: Minimum space requirements can be applied to reduce building footprint & materials. In zones that do not need complex structures, conventional building will help to economize the project construction & maintenance.

Economically designed research centers must analyze: I-Land Resources: In order to have a successful design, the natural resources that lie within that chosen location should be exploited.

II-Building Material: An economical building can be achieved through the knowledge of a country`s available building material. Egypt is rich in bricks, stones, & clay. These materials will not require a lot of money for transfer, & will also boost national production.

III-Funding: The research center does not produce enough profit to generate cash flow needed for further research. As a result, researchers proposes experiments to boost industrial production & income, seeking sponsors for these studies.

12

PART 3sustainability – THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RESEARCH CENTERS

Sustainable architecture

Fig 3-1 Sustainability in Architecture is to provide the human needs within a built environment without destroying Earth, so that the resources we used today will be available to new generations.

The birth of sustainable architecture: The architect Dean Hawkes was the first to association sustainability with architecture in his 1987 publication for Cardiff & Cambridge University.

“The industrial revolution of the 18th C produced unsustainable architecture, in which homes were machines for living ( le Corbusier) and heavily electrolyzed.” ( Hawkes 1987).

Mechanical systems immersed architecture, & replaced natural lighting & ventilation with artificial lighting & air-conditions.

After the discovery of global warming issue and the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, sustainable architecture became a must for earth lovers. Architects established a more deliberate link between buildings & the environment, in design s known as „low-energy‟, „passive solar‟, 'energy-conscious‟, „green‟, among other titles.

Principles of sustainable architecture

Fig 3-2 Understanding Natural Processes: In nature there is no waste. Recycling a product will maintain natural cycles & result in abundance of resources without creating pollution.

understanding the place: A sustainable design always begins with the understanding of the surrounding environment. The environment`s natural resources, climatic conditions, & cultur e must be studied in order to develop a plan on which sustainable design would be achieved.

Connecting with Nature Whether the building lies in an urban or country site, equilibrium must be achieved between the built & the natural. An effective design would be the use of the surrounding environment in erecting the building.

13

Sustainable architecture Sustainability checklist

Fig 3-3

1.Low-impact materials Choose non-toxic, sustainably produced or recycled materials which require little energy to process.

2. Energy efficiency: Use manufacturing processes & products which require less energy.

3. Quality & durability: Longer-lasting & better-functioning products will have to be replaced less frequently, reducing the impacts of producing replacements.

4. Design for reuse & recycle: Products, processes, & systems should be designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife.

5.Healthy Buildings: Create buildings that are not harmful to their occupants nor to the larger environment..

Sustainable measures in research centers

Fig 3-3

Fig 3-4

Accessibility: The research center needs to be easily accessible to scientist's related scientific institutes. As the research center creates a new venue for higher education , it begins to draw scholars from elite universities .

Therefore, it must not be too far from town, that the travel of its scientists & students creates pollution.. Locating the scientific center at a bus or train route is to be considered.

Energy: A research center can be sustainable in the production of its own energy. Architecturally this translates into the use of windmills, solar panels, heat insulation, biofuel production & geothermal energy exploitation. To reduce the consumption of this energy, natural sources of light and airing can be used.

Materials : Where safety requirements & technological conditions allow, local materials will be used in the structure.

Waste :All materials used in construction & experimentation should be recyclable & non-toxic.

Circulation : Organization of spaces & functional zoning of the center must provide easy horizontal circulation to decrease the vertical movement of elevators, & consequent energy consumption.

Preservation: Natural site contours & greenery should be left unharmed.

The design will have to move around obstacles instead of eliminating them.

Life Cycle: Research center needs durable design & materials & regular maintenance so that it may function optimally.

14

PART 4- a research on ambiance

Introduction “Our greatest responsibility is not to be pencils of the past. Architect Robert A. M. Stern “

Problem Statement :

Fig 4-1

Fig 4-2

The team of researchers has derived ambience as a resultant of several design issues. Namely, these are comfort, privacy, personalization, interaction with co-workers, the public and project image. In turn , all these issues are determined by varying factors, but the questions remains, are office buildings and research spaces providing the ideal ambience for productivity?

Have you ever truly enjoyed architecture?

Not the study, not the design, but the spaces bought or rented as the setting of your life?

Unfortunately, if your answer is affirmative, your are the exception to the rule. Worse still, dissatisfactory architecture heavily bleeds peopleâ€&#x;s pockets and creativity in the workplace.

In a new poll conducted by the research members, it has been found that up to 73% of MSA university students do not enjoy their study environment. Perhaps, not surprisingly, this dissatisfaction was more apparent in senior students, who have spent the largest part of five years, studying, living and socializing in an ambiance that is uncomfortable, uninspiring or even negative to the learning process.

Aims and Objectives : The aim of this research is to enhance working space designs for scientists. The objective is to determine the interior architectural factors that enhance or decrease productivity in researchers and how to alter the design for a more successful, and comfortable environment.

Biotechnology and pharmacy students at MSA University have expressed their dislikes of research zones. And their preference to study outside rather than in designated room.

15

Background The rebellion:

Fig 4-3

Fig 4-4

Why fix What isn’t broken ?

One of the reasons ambience of work space is critical and crucial to research centers is what is known by the term Gold collar Workers. Gold collar workers are highly experienced, educated or talented staff who creatively use their knowledge, skills, motivation and qualifications to create valuable work.

They are the figures who bring quality and reputation to a research center, while having high life quality standards. It is now the expectation that work spaces are efficient, comfortable and stylish. The architecture must be wholesome.

(Raymond, Cunliffe 2) .

The curiosity, dissatisfaction and a desire to rebel against the norm experienced by the research team is shared by Raymond & Cliff in their publication Tomorrow‟s Office (1997). They question : “ Too many offices disappoint. If not when brand new, then soon afterwards.

Why? Office interiors are a strange place: a great barrack with bright lights shinning down on the heads of workers regimented at groups of desks and with bits of screen sticking up around the place. At the far end, perhaps are rooms where people sit in isolation – for no very apparent reason, except that they are paid more! Windows are distant and sealed tightly shut. What kind of place is this to be in seven hours a day, 240 days a year ; when back home you have fresh air , daylight, comfortable furniture and an ambience that makes you feel good?”(1) From an opposite perspective, the architects warn against Change fatigue : people can only handle with so much at a time. A constant, unchanging environment must also be created that withstands evolution and upheaval of the work space.

Quality comes from a closer relationship with the customer (Raymond, Cunliffe 11-12).

Although there is no cutting evidence of the direct role of ambience, it is difficult to ignore the impact of physical working environment on an organization‟s effectiveness according to Eric SundStorm ( 2008). “The physical ambience influences an individual‟s satisfaction and performance, determines communication and helps form groups. “ (Sundstorm 46).

16

Background The issue of design and work efficiency is also explored by the architect and interior designer Nick Messe. Messe reinforces the hypothesis of this research, in the fact that well designed, comfortable spaces enhance work efficiency, and boost spirits, which in turn increases creative production. He adds.

“The drab traditional cubicle is like a cage to most workers. That's why you see the walls lined with pictures of family and friends. Workers are not only trying to make the space where they spend 8 to 10 hour days seem more like home, but they use these design methods to remind themselves why they are there in the first place. Offices are no longer designed with employee individuality and privacy in mind.

Isolate or share ?

Office design is at crossroads.

Apparently, isolation discourages team spirit and sharing of ideas.

Physical barriers and hierarchy in the work space bring a decline in companies output.

Fig 4-5 In Paradox, scientists have long since been architecturally established as introvert beings who thrive in private enclosuresThink of Louis khan‟s Center for atmospheric research. Hypocritically perhaps, the architects who call for transparent office s & research centers are the most obsessive of the privacy of their work & visual shielding.

Congenial Activities Involve socializing while working on solo assigned tasks or group project. Congenial activities can occur at photocopying machines, waiting for elevators or at a business lunch. Great projects can start by an idea shared while waiting for the lift.

Spaces are now provided for activities rather than individuals . Cellular offices indicate exceptional needs like privacy or concentration instead of seniority . (Raymond, Cunlife 14) Business consultant Patrick Seah elaborates on Messe‟s opinion: “The office interior design layout is most important because it is required that there be of open space , making it is easy to maneuver around quickly. This certainly does increase the efficiency of the office because it is easy to get to an employee at the opposite side of the room if needing to talk about a project. “ He stresses the point of visual connection if temporary barriers have to be set up. Meeting rooms for instance, must be at proximity to all employees and have glass walls so that it appears as though the employees inside are approachable when need be.

17

Background Physical Human needs for an efficient ambience

Light : Light should be enough but not more than one needs Contrast : work should be subtly more brightly lit than background Control : users must be given the ability to adjust the light to suit the task and current needs, through blinds, curtains or adjustable intensity lamps.

More on light is discussed at the end of the chapter.

Temperature : There is no ideal temperature that suits all workers. For a comfortable environment, temperatures must be regulated about 2 „C below optimum, to make up for extra physical activities or heavy clothing.

Furniture : Like temperature & light, furniture is ideally adjustable to its occupant needs, moveable for increased interaction, and should also help clarify desired ambience in the research center.

Physical Human needs for an efficient Ambience Communication: Communication occurs by the movement of people, paper, objects and electronic transmissions.

Movement: Physical movement occurs in Star, Grid or Ring.

Star : Centralized circulation that allows for good orientation, and is easy to monitor and secure. The pattern brings important, and meeting areas at the center, but accessibility to periphery is remote and tiring. This increases communication, consequently raising efficiency, productivity and team morale.

Grid: This configuration reduces sense of orientation in occupants, and is hard to monitor or secure. Ease of accessibility is higher than in Star configuration and meeting points are varied.

Ring: Sense of orientation is reasonable good, and accessibility is generally easy.

The ring becomes a linear meeting zone for all users.

18

Background Psychological Human needs for an efficient Ambience Interaction: The gathering of employees is critical to the formation of loyalty and motivation in an ever changing heartless world. Interaction breeds creativity, economizes on working spaces and equipment and creates the medium for inter office communication: Gossip.

Proximity : Visual proximity is more important than sound or distance proximity. So long as the colleague can be seen in 3D communicated with using eyes, gestures and body language, a relationship is created that enhances sense of belonging and camaraderie.

Spatial Integration: Innovation comes from intragroup communication, not necessarily through contimual proximity. The way a building is planned can encourage or discourage random interaction. Individuals at their desk are less approachable than when met in a corridor, lounge or other non/ light work zone. These are the areas where the greatest ideas are formed. (Raymond, Cunliffe 53) .

Distraction or stimulation?

Some people can concentrate and work through earthquakes, while others are distracted by a person crossing their line of vision. The design must give the consumer choice of blocking distractions, such as with sliding screens or make provisions for the researcher to work from home.

Security : The human need to feel secure demands clear visibility of all approaches to the work station.

On the subject of Light and work efficiency , Dr. Dieter Lorenz of GlessenFriedberg University of applied science writes : “Vision is the most important of all the five senses – and the one werely on most heavily at work.. As numerous scientific studies have shown, close links exist between the quality of lighting on the one hand and productivity, motivation and well-being on the other.

In the modern working world, however, we need more than just the right amount of light for workplace tasks. We need a succession of stimulating and relaxing situations throughout the day. So creating different lighting scenes in rooms with different functions (workrooms, meeting rooms, recreation/regeneration zones) helps boost motivation and promote a sense of well-being.

(Lorenz 3)

19

Background Cellular offices have shortest distances to windows, and the ability of the small number of individuals occupying them to adjust light to their satisfaction.

Open-plan offices need reflective glass that allows light to penetrate further into the room, but individual desk lightning becomes a necessity.

To give a group office an energizing, motivating atmosphere without compromising on clarity of structure, the lighting should emphasize the zonal layout of the room.

Combi Offices are where production teams are made to share a room or a lab, each individual works at his/her workstation, then meet at a collective zone for discussion in the communal room. The lighting should be designed to enhance spatial clarity by differentiating between zones. This helps identify the various function and enables lighting to be tailored to the relevant visual tasks.

“It is essential to ensure that the strain on the eyes from switching constantly back and forth between screen, work materials and surroundings is kept to a minimum. Monitors, paperwork or any other medium the employee needs to consult should be at s distance of 40 to 80 cm. “(Dieter Lorenz 1995).

Client Perception : Firm Practice consultant & marketing director John E. Wells brings to this study a scope previously overlooked and missed by the research team. Some research centers rely heavily on clients for success and running. Wells „ advice is to put customer comfort as a design priority, particularly in waiting spaces where first impressions are formed.

Customers need ample seating in separate chairs, because people are not eclectic to share a couch with strangers. Sound insulations is a viable design choice, reducing noise related pain and distraction in staff and visitors. (E. Wells ).

Incremental Growth: “You pay for poorly designed space every day in lost revenue potential.”

Those are the words said by architect Richard Haines of medical design international. Their architectural firm raises productivity in a scientific environment by analyzing staff schedules to maximize the number of employees who are able to practice in the office simultaneously, while minimizing the demand for space . Efficiency is also raised when space flow diagrams are analyzed and improved. In general, this involves the zoning of related facilities like preparation rooms and labs at intimate distances.

20

Background Interior Colors & productivity The concept of change is of utmost significance in productivity, according to Youngberg of the AAA paint contractors Inc. Youngberg writes: “ Our studies show that worker morale level increases positively after returning to a freshly painted environment. The positive effect is a result of the work force feeling more appreciated & more integrated in the company. Housekeeping also tends to improve as employees take pride in their new space & work hard to maintain its appearance.�

In this research, it has been deduced that safety is a contributor to the ideal research ambience. What comes as a surprise is the connection between color and being safe. AAA contractors call for background color contrast with hazardous materials, to raise safety awareness in a laboratory. Dark colors tend to camouflage contaminating or hazardous waste, like oil spills. Therefore, pale colors are a better background theme and choice for a safe ambience. (1) The effect of colors on desired architectural impact are listed below : High energy zone / social interaction : Red, orange & yellow. These colors can be overwhelming & are best used in areas of low production, like cafeterias, lockers, to discourage employees from lingering in space after break time.

Concentration / Serenity: Blue, Green or pale purple. These cool colors are ideal for production, critical concentration and maintenance areas. They have a psychologically soothing effect, and can be used as the dominant colors of premeeting lobbies to reduce nerves in presenters or staff.

Feelings of rest and restoration / concentration : Shades of whites, palest shades of green and yellow. These pale colors are ideal for zones with little natural light, hostile environment and staff de-stress areas.

Fig 4-6

Fig 4-7

Colors Conclusion: Colors become a powerful emotional stimulus in research areas, which can inspire, calm, soothe or focus the team of innovators. ( Youngberg 2).

21

Methodology To determine the impact of the architectural ambience on research centers, the correlational approach is used.

The established criteria were used to analyze the national research center. Two days were spent living the life of an NRC researcher from start to finish .

Sufficiency of Lighting levels and furniture comfort were tested. Convenience, privacy and interaction with colleagues was examined. Each research member was assigned to observe the impact one design issue on scientific behavior.

To appreciate what it means to work in the same static environment year after year, one-on-one interviews were held with twenty scientists. A further group session was used to pinpoint the exact needs of an architectural ambience for the innovative mind.

In awareness that the accuracy of results established from a two day experience and a narrow age spectrum was low, three more research centers were studied.

Those were the Bio-equivalency research center, the Microbiology research laboratory and the Human anatomy research lab.. A total of seven lectures were attended between the Anatomy laboratory and the microbiology research lab.

Interviews were held with two students from each lab, and questionnaires handed out to twenty students. The observation of interaction between student and interior architecture was of utmost importance. Understanding the value of experience, two meetings were held with teaching researchers to learn of their experience in the field, its limits, frustrations and what it was that drove them on.

All living thing interact. It was feared that the researchers preformed differently under observation. As a result, an anonymous question was posted in an online research forum about what life was like as a research scientist.

All methods were used in the aim of establishing a human dimension in the design of research spaces.

22

Findings- THE AMBIENCE OF REGIONAL CASE STUDIES

Bio-equivalency research center

3 2 4

Fig 4-8

Color Red gives energy and feelings of well being in the interaction zone. comfort and territory Needed in waiting rooms is provided by the separate seating.

Chemical Storage

Sleeping area

Comfort: In patient rooms was supplied with comfortable beds and a quiet atmosphere.

Fig 4-10

2

3

2

Fig 4-111 Staff Office is an intermediate zone between reception and labs. It becomes a security control point, and gives employees comfort through control of light Ancillary facilities were well zoned. Circulation was simple, legibility was high but the possibility of flexibility is limited in the 3 boundaries set by university campus.

23

Bio-equivalency research center 2

This was one of the best research facilities at MSA. Ambience audibility was ideal for concentration: not a single noise could be heard from the campus.

Comfort : Seating was comfortable, adjustable and room temperature was regulated at 25C.

Microbiology Research Labs Furniture & Comfort : The problem with combined teaching & research labs is the need for separate seating in lectures.

Through observation, it was noticed that student concentration was decreased by the discomfort of seating posture. They spent some of their time twitching & stretching,.

When asked to repeat what the Professor had just explained immediately after, they could not recall.

1

3

2

Visibility: The labs equipment shelves block visibility lines toward the teaching board in academic research labs.

Comfort: The lab supervisor needs special desk space instead of doing paperwork on the bench. Laboratory seating.

Colors : Flooring color was ideal in the fact that it stayed in the background Not once were the students seen gazing at the floor.

It was not possible to paint the room, thus, team chose to experiment on color effect by wearing the colors under investigation.

We became a distraction when wearing red, with students looking more frequently towards us than when wearing pale colors.

2

Casework

24

Human Anatomy & Research Laboratories at MSA 3

2

4

2

Lab with corpse stretchers Flexibility & Privacy : Closeable Teaching zone provided privacy and flexibility, enhanced concentration and gave user audibility control necessary for concentration.

This lab ambience was one of the best at the university.

3

4

Convenience : There is a lack in sufficiency of storage spaces and equipment in research lab materials. This resulted in remote, time wasting storing or messy labs.

Audibility: Laboratories are well placed on interior courtyards, so the ambience was quiet and did not suffer from interior distraction became a painful distraction through lecture.

Environmental Impact: Laboratories were unfortunately relying on artificial lighting and ventilation even when there was no need to do so. However most labs are oriented towards the north, achieving even natural lightning and comfortable temperatures.

Flexibility: Labs provide little privacy and no potentials for growth or expansion.

25

National Research Center

Fig 4-12

Fig 4-13

The Reason: This case is chosen as one of the few research centers in Egypt, to study the response of regional climatic, social & urban conflicts. It consists of 14 divisions , 111 departments covering the major areas of industry, environment, sciences and engineering studies needed for Egypt's development.

Accessibility : Problems in efficiency within the center begin before arrival.

Positioned within a crowded area, research center employees are frequently late, and try to leave early to avoid the rush hour.

Image: Projectâ€&#x;s large scale is both intimidating & impressive .

Security: With a secured gate, and narrow and single door rooms, employees have a general sense of security. Corridors overlook public spaces, so the surveillance of the building is high.

Fig 4-14

Comfort: This research has no air conditioning, and many rooms lack windows or proper ventilation, resulting in lower production levels in its workers as they waste time fanning themselves, or going outside for fresh air Communication: With a heavy work load, dysfunctional electronics and completely opaque boundaries, researchers transferred news and communication occurred through a canteen boy.

Fig 4-15

26

National Research Center

circulation : Circulation at the NRC has a grid form. Its legibility is low for infrequent visitors, but faculty distances is relatively even.

Proximity: All ancillary facilities are at the building center, making them equal accessible to all employees.

Fig 4-15

Light: Clear storey windows provide natural neutral light, but its intensity is weak on cloudy days.

Colors: Building colors were in varying shades of brown & beige. Those earth tones theoretically create serenity & comfort. However, with the lack of sufficient light , color rendering made the interiors appear unclean or depressing.

The team noted how researchers slowed down in reluctance before entering the building, & the length of their stride when leaving. This occurred even when the researchers were not working.

Privacy : An average of 6 employees shared one lab, and the scientists complained from lack of privacy in research center. Their work was disrupted by continual movement through the room and fear of copy rights infringement. Some researchers explained that had privacy been an option, they would have carried out more extensive research.

Interaction: On the other hand, sharing a single lab created close knit groups who thought and collaborated together. The continual contact with only 5 other employees limited exposure to wider human networks. There were no public spaces in the building.

27

Research Personnel the human Dimension With an aim to design for the people, a question was posted In an online forum : what is life like as a research scientist?

Sixty four answers where received. Analysis of the answers established the following criteria for the productive ambience : The need for Public Interaction & collaboration : Research scientists continuously discuss their ideas with different people, working together in their development and progress. They need collaboration, good communication and have wide people networks.

Design Scope : How can the design increase planned, or chance meeting for higher creativity?

Team Work : Graduate students are exposed to new ideas with the same aged group, gaining self confident to overcome dissertation challenges.

Design Scope : What program requirements are needed for continuous team work and project management?

Passion : Researching requires passion & makes drudgers out of people. They spend the majority of their days working, observing and thinking in different locations at the work place.

Design Scope: Can the design provide comfort and excitement in exceptionally long working hours?

LONELINESS: Teaching Researchers & Professors complain of loneliness & isolation.

Design Scope : why are professors not given interaction and recreational zones satisfactory to their needs and age group?

Economy :scholars suffer from a shortage of money due to low salaries, long working hours and school depts.

Monotony: Teaching also eventually leads to boredom. It starts out exciting, but the repetition of curricula over many semesters removes the excitement.

Design Scope : How can architects reduce feelings of boredom and demotivation in staff?

Resource Management : To operate optimally, scientists have to manage the processing and scheduling of work within a laboratory and manage the in and out cash flow.

Design Scope : Can the design ease the possibility of maximum occupancy without violating privacy or causing overcrowding.

Depressing : Unfortunately, Researching can cause depression due to the failure of experiments, lack of sponsors and the need to start all over again.

Stressful was another frequent answer, due to the long working hours needed to cover research & experimentation demands. Scientists are also plagued by fear of unemployment and continous failure.

Interaction : The long work hours makes scientists Lose interest of their personal & social life.

28

Conclusion “A Branenburg Concerto played by a fine ensemble, a magnificent sunset, a blowy day in a boat-all can make the spirits soar, the mind and body feel alive. Places too can make people feel good. The gothic nave, the hill top chapel in Greece, Granny‟s Flat, that tiny restaurant on an Indian beach under palm trees- the atmosphere of each affects the way we are. “( Eric Dundstrom 20).

Raymond ( 2007) adds “Thus it is with the office interior- sometimes.”

“Far too few organizations really use their workspaces as tools: tools to help people work better” (Cristina Monters 83).

It is a disappointment to conclude that working ambiences today are not only passive, but also negative to researchers. Through this research it has been concluded that the factors most detrimental to efficiency are : Visual interaction, furniture comfort and adjustability, the possibility of chance, spontaneous meetings resulting in the birth of extraordinary concepts and colors to bring peace, change and stamina to the long working hours.

Office design needs an evolution. Cellular offices will become increasing more rare to find, and open plan offices must provide proximity for interrelated employees .

It is a shame that architectural design today is aimed for the average employee and overlooks the comfort of different age groups or minorities.

Human beings can reach comfort through control. If furniture, spaces, light, sound , privacy and even boundaries are interchangeable the ambience becomes convenient and optimum to each individual worker.

Successful ambience design shall increase rate of productivity, draws more skilled employees and creates the kind of space scientists are proud to call second home.

29

Part 5 – International case studies

Designing on a limited space

Stem Cell Research Center Architect : Raphael Vinoly Project: Stem Cell Research Center Location: California University, San Francisco Status : Project completed January 2011 The Reason: The project is analyzed due to its ingenious response to extreme conflicts including an extreme slope, a high seismic location, & existing architecture. The ability of the architect to face all of those constraints & come up with a Gold LEED Certified design made this project impossible to overlook.

Fig 6-1

Stem cell research center integrates sustainability, tiny land and a steep slope to come up with a design that is highly enjoyable to its users.

Fig 6-2

Fig 6-3 Conclusion: Despite its small scale , area risk and steep slope, the research center had to be designed for medical center convenience.

Lessons Learnt: This case study has been inspirational in the structural responses to a steel slope, and the creation of a design that fits into a small land, without compromising issues of human comfort.

Concept: Stem cell researches are needed to complement the san Francisco university. A small area exists on a very steep slope. land prices are extravagant, and the location is convenient .

Potentials • Site is adjacent to the medical center.

• The design can be an extension of the hospital.

• Beautiful Scenery.

Constrains : • Allocated area is challenging to the required program.

• The building area is highly seismic.

• The slope is extremely steep for common foundation systems. ( Vinoly ).

Environmental Impact: Project form is designed in response to wind studies, ventilation is primarily natural.

Convenience: Buildings are connected so that Dr‟s & researchers can interact.

Stem Cell Research Center Project facilities Research Labs Researcher offices Library Cafeteria Lounges Green roof Supporting Offices

Fig 6-4

Fig 6-5

Energy Efficience: The project drops half a storey in height along with the downward slope. This allows for green roofs which saves energy through heat insulation, and natural clear storey light and ventilation.

Ambience: Internal zoning and green roof recreational area create a restful atmosphere with high interaction levels.

The architect fosters research through his manipulation of meeting spaces.

Safety : Project is carried on steel pendulum base isolators which reduce seismic vibrations.

The project drops half a storey in height along with the downward slope. This allows for green roofs which saves energy through heat insulation, and natural clear storey light and ventilation.

Brockman Hall for Physics

Fig 6-6

Architect: Kieran Timberlake Project : Hall of Physics , Rice University Research Center Location: Rice University , Philadelphia Project Status: complete 2008 The Reason: This design is studied to learn how architecture can be highly technological, but retain enough flexibility to draw the attention of tomorrow‟s scientists. The honoring of land form and green elements is an invaluable lesson for a generation of sustainable architects.

Concept : Rice University had dispersed physics facilities that were inefficient and did not cover all subject areas. A new hall was to be designed as close to the science faculties as possible.

Fig 6-7 Faculties surrounding Brockman hall for physics.

Potential : • Convenient neighboring of science departments.

• Green landscape .

• Beautiful scenery.

Constraints: • Chosen space was a little tight for the program requirements.

• No trees or greenery could be uprooted.

(Timberlake p. 5).

Flexibility: Research labs have a loft like plans, allowing for changes and personalization to be made.

Fig 6-8 Lessons Learnt: Similarly to stem cell research center, BROCKMAN hall was raised on columns instead of a steel pendulum, and the design made linear and vertical. These procedures provided ample spaces for the program requirements, even when the allocated horizontal land was very small.

Brockman Hall for Physics

Project Components: The Brockman Hall for Physics has rooms to cover the research needs of Physics , Astronomy , Electricity, Computer Engineering, atoms, and optical physics; as well as other.

Fig 6-9

Environmental Impact & interaction: The building Is raided on columns so that landscaped is sustained and outside meeting areas are created.

Energy Efficiency : The facades of the Hall have solar panels for energy production and natural light application.

Comfort: Terra cotta bricks provide thermal insulation in the south, and the windows have glare ell being.

Fig 6-10

Conclusion The design had to be squeezed into a slither of land, & leave the landscape unharmed.

Location was chosen for its price & convenience. Like the ideology of le Corbusier, the building was raised on column o preserve the valuable green life.

Visibility IS Increased by the raise of the structure and the green design makes for a good Image.

Lowy Cancer Research center

Fig 6-11

Fig 6-13

Architect: Lahznimmo + Wilsons Architects Project : Lowy Cancer research center Location: Australia, New south Wales Project Status: completed may 2010 The Reason: It is expected that 1 of the world‟s most lethal diseases would inspire brutality or hostile architecture. Lowy Research center challenges this ideology and presents a mesmerizing array of colors that aim to raise physician/ patient morale. Its blending with nature through color and landform conservation make its beauty more than skin deep.

Concept: The research center has an introverted yard as an outside leisure and healing space. its exterior facades indicate its green nature and positive atmosphere. ( Lowy Research Center p. 2) .

Potential : Corner block location.

Ambience : Each floor has lab zones, plant room and scientist lounges.

Conclusion With its consideration of human comfort and land conservation, Lowy research center has high work production levels and employee satisfaction.

Constraints: • Site trees could not be removed.

• Green area should be expanded.

Energy Efficiency: Pale façade colors and sun breaking windows reduce heat gain and minimize lightning energy.

Center For scientific Research

Fig 6-14

Fig 6-16

Fig 6-15 Architect : Fernando Hermez Project: Center for Plate tectonics and environmental research Location: Barcelona, Spain Status : Competition winner, in procurement The Reason: The project contains not one but two research facilities and claims platinum LEEED design. The buildings flexibility appeals to a world of change, turmoil and hope.

Concept : Two new research centers where needed to complete Barcelona university‟s green life program. land at Barcelona university is considered sacred. The design had to preserve natural land form, greenery and be project existence reversible.

Fig 6-17

Lessons Learnt: A new dimension in flexibility would be to enable the incremental vertical growth of research centers, so that different types of research can occur at different floors. This forms an ambience of creativity and pioneering through collaboration and competition.

Potentials : • Proximity to science campus.

• Proximity to Architecture Department.

• Proximity to Industrial studies institute.

Constraints: • Site is small, with little road access. ( Hernez p.5).

Center For Scientific Research Project facilities : Research Labs Researcher offices Library Cafeteria Court Yard Class Rooms Ventilation: Suction pipes at ground level carry cold air into the building and the pressure variation causes it to move through the building.

Flexibility: The entire building could be dissembled and moved elsewhere as no foundations root it. The ground is hardened to carry the structure instead.

Energy Efficiency : The structure has double glazing open to the sky, sucking out the heat from the building.

The glass facades contain solar panels, which intensify light onto greenery beyond, creating a green house culture.

Audibility, Privacy: Four small courtyards provide fresh air and light, while allowing for privacy control and limited audibility.

Environmental Impact/ Convenience: The architect needed to work around the landscape and create convenient approaches from related faculties.

Seoul Museum of research & art

Fig 6-19

Fig 6-18 Architect: ACME architects Project : Seoul city museum of art center Location: Seoul, South Korea Project Status: complete 2009 Reason: This project is more than just a museum. Integrating studios and a large research department, it becomes a good teacher of combining galleries with theoretical and technical studies. Furthermore, The environmental considerations of this facility, prove that being green does not mean being boring.

Concept : Seoul City needs more green public spaces as well as an art study and museum center. In response the architects had to integrate the building with the land , using courtyards. solids and voids, cantilevers, and raising the structure off the ground.

Fig 6-20

Conclusion: -The project aimed to create a space for activities and social interaction and it succeeded in creating a variety of space for various interactions.

-The building preserved the existence of the park and integrated instead of destroying it.

Constrains: • The lack of free lands to build a public building was a great challenge to the project. • Existing park greenery could not be uprooted.

Culture inspired designs

Architecture Conservation & rehabilitation Center Architect : Mustafa Habibi Project: Architecture conservation & rehab center Location: Morocco, Ouarzazate, Status : Project restored 1989

Fig 6-21

The Reason: This case study is unique in the architect‟s decision to renovate an existing structure, instead of destroying it and beginning over with modern techniques. It has no false claims to sustainability, as it recycles construction materials, and preserves natural and cultural elements in architecture.

Concept: The main concept of this building followed the ideology of forms follows function and designing around a courtyard.

This research center helps people realize the importance of their architectural heritage and its value. This promotes the growth of sustainable cities. (Le Maroc ).

Fig 6-22 Potentials • Building is a monument & tourist attraction spot.

• Raw materials found in immediate site.

• Good budget.

Constrains • Extreme climate.

• Limited raw material types.

Fig 6-23

Architecture Conservation & rehabilitation Center Research Facilities: Research Las Staff Offices Classrooms workshops Supporting facilities Storage Cafeteria

Fig 6-24

Ambience : The design is made to emphasize the importance of using local materials and vernacular architecture. The reuse of old circulation and zoning takes people back to another time and way of living.

Comfort: Is accomplished through natural ventilation and adequate indirect lighting .

Fig 6-25

Economy: The building uses clay as a building material, profiting from its excellent insulation quality.

Maintenance: Clay structures are easy to maintain, resulting in architecture that can live for hundreds of years.

Fig 6-26 Lessons Learnt: Ultra modern architecture may change the cities mental image, but t will always remain an outsider to the hearts of the locals. Vernacular architecture weaves itself seamlessly into the urab fabric.

Privacy: There is a bent entrance which is one of Morocco's privacy culture. There is a separation of zone between visitors and researchers.

Visitors do not disturb the researcher`s work and focus.

Image The building is in harmony with the surrounding environment People relate to the building, and accept it into the urban and social fabric.

Ecological children educational center Architect : 24 architects + Habitat architects Project: ecological children activity and education center Location: : Koh Kood Island, Thailand Status : Project completed in 2009 Fig 6-27

Fig 6-28

The Reason: This project‟s teaching potential comes from its use of affordable local materials, site familiar architecture, but with enhanced properties in insulation, and sustainability. The architect rediscovers vernacular architecture.

Concept: • To suit its humid tropical environment the design adopts regional architecture .

• A roof cantilever acts like a big umbrella providing protection from heavy rain.

• To reduce the building‟s energy consumption the open design with the translucent elevated rooftop and setback increase natural airflow.

Fig 6-29

Fig 6-30 Lessons Learnt: The combination of a Research center with a Resort enables a large number of children from various countries & different cultures to share and enrich the experience similar educational activities.

Using topography to shelter in cold climates, or to elevate in hot ones enables the architect to create a more sustainable and comfortable ambience.

Potentials : • Site neighbors a 6 star hotel with a heavy family clientele • Den is perched on a hill with beautiful bird eye views • The structure is made from bamboo which is sustainable and easily recyclable.

Constrains: • rocky site.

• Structural materials have low load bearing strength.

Ecological children educational center Project facilities • Auditorium/cinema, • Library, • Art room, • Music room, • Fashion room, • Chill balcony • playgrounds • Vegetable garden • Children‟s kitchen

Fig 6-31

environmental impact & sustainability: Natural materials from site are used in this structure. The structure and roof are made from local Thai bamboo, thus contributing further to the ecological approach of the resort.

The interior is made from local plantation River Red Gum wood and rattan structural elements for the inner domes. Despite the strong intensions of an ecological design seen by using local materials , but there is a lot of waste in the interior spaces which economically not acceptable.

Circulation: The main circulation axis is clear and simple and enjoys a great view to the sea , which provide visual comfort and sense of orientation when moving from one space to another.

Ambience: The different activity zones are separated in various buildings providing a feeling of adventure to the children.

Legibility: The main entrance is emphasized with a cantilever , eliminating confusion and strengthens security.

Ambience: The different activity zones are separated in various buildings providing a feeling of adventure to the children.

Introvert Designs

Center for atmospheric research Architect: Louis Khan Project : Hall of Physics , Rice University Research Center Location: USA, Colorado Project Status: complete 19

Fig 6-32

The Reason: This research center studies meteorology, climate science, atmospheric chemistry, solar-terrestrial interactions, environmental and societal impacts. The site chosen for this research center was well placed. Through the site `s surrounding environment, the research studies could be applied, which is interesting. The ability to chose a site that will help in the research approached in the center is quite genuine. ( Pei )

Fig 6-33

Fig 6-34

Lessons Learnt: Built before social & public interaction were necessities of research centers, this one pleased conventional scientists. Site was well chosen, but is too isolated for modern ideology.

Privacy: Through the research center strictly discourages social interaction, it gave introverted scientists of the previous era great job satisfaction.

Image: The exterior façade of the building fits its surrounding environment. the buildings seems like part of the mountain due to Khanâ€&#x;s choice of color and form.

Convenience: Much of the research occurring at the National Atmospheric center needs t be carried out in the chosen site.

Territory: Is achieved by placing the building in a complex surrounded by rocky mountains ( Hamid 2010).

Hydra Tesla Energy Tower Architect: Milos Vlastic Project : Hydra Energy Tesla Hydrogen research Center Location: Russia, Siberia Project Status: competition honorable mention

Project Components: • Research Facilities, • Laboratorie s, • Scientist Housing, • Mega Hydrogen Energy Batteries, • Control Rooms

The Reason: Hydra tesla is an interesting case study as architectural materials and forms are used in the production of energy.

Concept : An exoskeleton of conductive grapheme is used to conduct lighting and produce energy by electrolysis. This Idea is inspired by trees conducting lightning with their bare branches and earthling it through their roots.

Potentials : • Grapheme is 200 x stronger than steel.

• large loads can be carried.

• Project extension is possible.

• Clean Water is a byproduct of electrolysis.

Constraints: • Building material is too expensive.

• Project needs extreme vertical height.

Conclusion The conceptual project houses scientists, and provides green energy though its structure. However it does not cater to social interaction or scientist leisure.

Fig 6-35

Fig 6-36

Extrovert designdesigning for public interaction

Massar’s Children Discovery Center Architect : Henning Larsen Architects Project: discovery children for child development and behavioral research Location: Syria, Damascus Status : under construction.

Fig 6-37

The Reason: The project integrates child psychology, sustainability, urban and functional planning to come up with a design that promises great success and client satisfaction. T his sophisticated mix seems to be what it really takes for project success.

Fig 6-38

Fig 6-39

Fig 6-40

Concept : A unique Damascus rose has inspired the form of the building . Like light filtering between rose petals, a shell structure allows a playful and dazzling scenography of light into the interior spaces. Exhibition & administrative areas are arranged between the rose petals creating interior labyrinth journeys inspired by walks in the old city of Damascus. A large communal orientation space is formed around the center of the rose .

This is a gathering area where people meet, share knowledge & develop new ideas together – a cross pollination of knowledge.

Massar Children’s disCovery Center Circulation: The radial vertical circulation on ramps allows the visitor to pass through all the spaces , creating a focal gathering point from which the activities are distributed. Having ramps as the only option for circulation may be physically uncomfortable.

Fig 6-41

Sustainability: • Massar center uses local materials, skills and resources.

• Energy loads are passively reduced by building from and construction materials.

• solar gain is harnessed n the winter by heat recovery systems .

• The project recycles all water in the house, the pump system and the heating of water are driven by solar energy and a geothermal heat system produces the heating for the house.

• Sky lights and broken windows bring in neutral natural light.

Project facilities : Theater Library Educational spaces Administration exhibitions

Ronald McDonald children Disabled Research Center •Architects: Fact Architects •Project: Sports skill development Centre for disabled children •Location: Amsterdam, The Netherlands Status : Project completed in 2010

Fig 6-42 Visibility: Since safety is crucial to the projects, the corridors are situated at the glass facade for high surveillance on the children.

The reason : The project shows how to design a suitable building for disabled children , making them feel the effective part of society that they truly are. It is educational in providing architectural spaces used easily by children of all kind of disabilities in one complex.

Concept The main design goal was to communicate a sense of security to children and adolescents. Areas for socializing are provided to enhance interaction between the public, and the special children.

Fig 6-43 Constrains • Project has a regional need, so city edge makes for lower accessibility.

Potentials • On the edge of Amsterdam .

• Green surroundings.

• Low traffic.

Fig 6-44 Lessons learnt: The project emphasizes the importance of simplicity in circulation and high visibility, as well as other electronic media needed to ensure the wellbeing of the disabled child. That said, interiors must not be dull, and should excite the dormant mental powers of those infants.

Project facilities: • Indoor & outdoor Sports halls.

• Swimming pools.

• Clubhouse, & restaurant, • Computer & music rooms.

• Offices, staff rooms.

• Theater.

• Dressing rooms.

Ronald McDonald children Disabled Research Center

Fig 6-45

Legibility: Color coding increases childâ€&#x;s pleasure and ensures their sense of direction.

Fig 6-46 Safety: The swimming pool has a drowning detection system, with infrared cameras there is a 24-hour watch at the pool,

Conclusion: The center should provide security &complete supervision by administrators. The circulation should be clear & easy to be used by the children without the need for assistance.

The building s link between two oval arenas, which are surrounded by trees and grandstand stairs.

Circulation: Vertical circulation is possible via standard staircases , elevators or a huge elevator fitting an entire team of wheelchair athletes.

Flexibility: The building was constructed in a way it creates a liberal floor plan, giving the opportunity to change areas more easily in the future.

Energy Efficiency :Warmth of the swimming pool is being re-used in heat recovery system.

Fig 6-47

Beaty Biodiversity Research Center

Architect: Patkau Architects Project: Biology Research center Location: Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver Status : Project completed in 2009 The Reason: Incorporating a research center, natural museum and public library in the same university campus, Beaty center is a great teacher of circulation and architectural public welcome in to the project .

Fig 6-48

Fig 6-49

Lessons Learnt: Collecting various facilities along the courtyard creates a rich academic community.

Concept: The central goal was to attract people of the city, becoming place of mental & social interaction.

The research center includes a beautiful gallery to lure visitors . It is designed around a courtyard that is defined by beaty center on the north laboratories on the east, offices on the south and a sheltered walkway for students and visitors from the west.

Potential: • located next to Aquatic Ecosystems Research center. forming a complex of related environmental sciences. • New campus contains an exterior courtyard which is bisected by cross-campus pedestrian & bicycle tracks.

Beaty Biodiversity Research Center Project facilities • Public library • Research laboratories • Natural history museum • Employee offices • Central courtyard

Fig 6-50 Interaction : Faculty offices, digital laboratories and a variety of meeting spaces are located on the upper floors, while the large public rooms are located on the ground floor where they participate in the urban life of the campus A sky-lit open stair, located on the courtyard edge of the office & meeting rooms becomes an informal social space.

Conclusion: The center can work as piazza for people to gather & communicate . Galleries work as elements in attracting visitors. staircases form spontaneous interaction zones.

Sustainability • The Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory is certified LEED Gold Building.

Natural Light: The atrium is Glazed at the top to bring day-light deep into the interior I, which blends with generous glazing on the north side of the building and photo sensor controls to minimize dependency on artificial lighting.

Ventilation: The atrium acts as a natural ventilation stack that pulls air into the building, eliminating the need for a conventional mechanical ventilation system.

Heat retention: On summer nights the building is naturally ventilated to cool the concrete structure, which acts as a radiant cooling surface during the day.

Convenience : The Beauty Biodiversity Center and the Aquatic Ecosystems Research Laboratory are located on the spine of the University of British Columbia.

Together they form a complex of related environmental science functions; so that less transport is needed in carrying out further research. transportation: The research centers are bisected by new cross-campus pedestrian and bicycle connections.

Part 6 – sites

Damascus-Qadessya

Much of the land is unbuilt because of mountain topography and surrounding woods.

• Local Architecture has a modern look, with no reference to Syrian heritage.

• Exteriors are clad with local stone.

Chosen Site : Qadessya Background: The site is surrounded by residential areas and farm lands.

Location :the site is located in developing area in the countryside of Damascus. All buildings are residential and service center of the east community is about 2 km away from the site.

The surrounding buildings are mainly villas or 3 storey high apartment blocks.

Neighborhood 3500 people.

Negative Activity: land is used as a secured resort for government and wealthy class.

• Desertification & Deforestation of very fertile land Attitudes about the project and neighborhood: Talk to the local people of research centers is answered with surprise and excitement. It brings to them services, luxuries and recognition in an otherwise beautiful but overlooked area. The site strengths and potentials are worth sharing with the entire Syrian public.

Egypt – 6th Of October City Economical growth: 6th of October city is now the place where new technologies and advancements are positioned.

The research center will add more importance and need of access to the newly built city.

MSA university

The site

October university MUST university

` research center Zoweil Chosen Site : Land adjacent to 6th of October club Background: The site is centric to five other universities and a research center.

Location :The site is situated in front of MUST university and not far from Cairo university,6th of October University, Msa university ,Nile University, Zeil`s research center, and also next to the engineers syndicate club.

Neighborhood population: 500,00 people.

Reason for choosing this site • The site is paramount in location.it will be abele to benefit from the surrounding buildings.

• Having universities around the site gives an advantage to this site in terms of funding, post grad`s wishes to complete their masters and PhD by doing research, and offering jobs to those post grads.

• having another research center within the area, is a positive point to the site where the two centers can cooperated in a certain research point and provide aid and supplies to each other.

• Construction density and traffic loads in 6th October are light, allowing for convenient, rapid transport.

Site`s geography: The site has a flat surface all over it unless for the hill area that can be removed or used according to the design .

Baghdad - SalmanBak Vegetation: Crops grown in the area mainly consist of apples, rice fields, olives, grapes & palm s Soil Type: site consist silt & clay soil. This has good drainage but discourages basement designs and demands waterproofing for foundations. To support heavy loads, soil must be compressed. .

Site river edge

TIGRIS RIVER Factory

Housing

The site

Nuclear reactor

Architectural Pattern : Existing local architecture is easily camouflaged by site colors, with little openings & thick walls to reduce heat gain. The neighborhood learns from old Baghdad in its radial circulation . • Neighborhood Population: Although 7 million people live in Baghdad, neighborhood population is only 1500 people. • Negative Activity: Area is being recognized for its beauty & resources, & some of the lands are becoming private resorts instead of the original institutional planning.

Attitudes about the project & neighborhood: Solutions to electric problems & a dwindling economy are anticipated by the Iraqi population. Research center brings to its site a development spurt & recognition in an otherwise poorly serviced zone.

Designing in the orignial context of energy production site allows for the integration between industry and reearch Success in the project would eventually lead to the generation of energy & major contribution to national energy grid.

Part 7 – Recommendations

Design Criteria the research center must fulfill the following design criteria

As a consequence to the study of design issues, the analysis of case studies and the research undertaken by the team, the following design criteria have been established : In order of importance, the research center should.

Encourage interaction with the public through inclusive design & welcoming facades or features. Spontaneous interaction at a photocopier, in a cafeteria or in a corridor becomes the birthplace of the greatest ideas. Without interaction, collaboration &people networks become limited.

Scientists are drudgers, so interaction fulfills both psychological & functional needs.

Fig 7-1

Fig 7-2 Provide comfort Possibly through control & adjustability, outdoor spaces and recreational zones. Comfortable furniture raises attention spans, and green areas are desirable for an eye uplifting view.

Facilitate communication Visual contact has been derived as the most important communication method.

Transparency in the office eliminates barriers otherwise created by distance. contact is now eased with electronic telecommunication.

Ensure privacy where needed.

Giving the users freedom of when and where to exist makes them feel welcome. For a research center however, separate circulation is essential for security. This means private employee zones are totally separate with their own entrance and services. In this way, public services, like libraries, workshops and gathering areas can be used even if the research part is closed. labs need privacy so that studies are unsusceptible to infringement, and proceed without disruption.

Cellular offices are no longer indicators of rank: in efficient offices, private offices are provided for employees who need confidentially, privacy and higher concentration.

Design Criteria Be safe for its users and environment. Fire escapes must be meticulously planned, and escape routes easy to locate. Radioactive substance, and other emitting chemicals need special architectural insulation and isolation.

Be quiet near research zones, laboratories, library and high risk zones. This can be achieved through acoustic designs and sound insulation. Noise is a great disrupter to concentration, comfort and productivity.

Fig 7-3

Be well ventilated: Natural ventilation should be applied wherever possible, since the chemicals in the labs produce odor that need to be discharged on a regular basis. Labs may need to be aired onto different pressure ducts, in case the air discharges is dangerous.

Be will Lit : Concentration s raised when light intensity is higher on bench/ desk space.

Fig 7-4

Be accessible: This can be clarified, in the disabled children skills development center.

The building plan should extend horizontally without any leveling so that it provides easy circulation for all.

Have recreational facilities for all users : Scientists often suffer from loneliness. If research center employs a large spectrum of age groups, special care should be taken to provide services everyone can enjoy separately or in groups.

Fig 7-5

invoke Excitement and motivation: With long working hours and susceptibility to failure, the architecture of a research center should provide change, motivation & inspiration to carry on. An architect who designs a center for other creative artists or scientists must create an exciting environment that positively stimulates the innovative mind.

Design criteria 

Be legible for the scientist and external visitors. Visitors need a sense of orientation in circulation, so that they do not wonder into zones of hazard. This may be done by visually connecting the indoor with the outdoor or installing landmarks around which users circulate. If this were a children research center, color coding is encouraged so that children can depend on themselves.

Fig 7-6

Be of appropriate scale And dimensioning. For example, in a children development research center, facilities designed for children should have:  

Fig 7-7

Fig 7-8

 

Child-sized furniture appropriate to the specific age group served.

Ceiling heights should be varied, low enough for intimacy, and high enough to avoid a monotonous spatial experience Windows at children's level.

Doors, sinks, toilets, and water fountains that are "child friendly" and mounted at appropriate heights.

 Be flexible To accommodate evolving technology & research needs. Flexibility allows for creativity, exciting change and eases resource management for the user.