Srei Sophon networks- Cambodia

SREI SOPHON NETWORKS

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LUJZA HOSTAČNÁ MÁRIA HORVÁTHOVÁ ASTRID MATTELAER

TEAM MEMBERS :

LEAD BY:

CAROLINE NEWTON CECILIA CHIAPPINI

MASTER STUDIO BRUSSELS - SREI SOPHON SEMESTER 2 2021

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PROJECT OVERVIEW “SREI SOPHON NETWORKS“

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The project´s location - city of Srei Sophon, Cambodia is going through major changes at the moment due to macro scale and regional development plans for infrastructure and reconstruction. The city has witnessed a serious growth over the last years, attracting new businesses and people. This growth can be attributed to several factors such as the good location of the city and its connectivity to other major cities in Cambodia and its close distance to Thailand. It is expected that an increasing number of both internal and international migrants will move to the city and its hinterland.

However there are recognisibe challenges (architectural, urban, service,…) with which we had to deal and base our project upon - propose spatial strategies, create a more resilient and diverse urban (rural) landscape and enhance the rural urban relations, raise awareness of the potentiality of local resources and cyclic systems, optimise the production and use of local resources, allow the development of systems for locally produced (green) energy, promote production and distribution of local food, stimulate sharing and collaboration in the communities, house people in an integrated way, not only provide a dwelling space, but a space that is productive, inclusive and enables the empowerment of the community.

As a next step we defined urgencies in the city of Srei Sophon. The city is facing large number of uncertanties, problems and risks which we can turn to opportunities when solved properly and thus use them as drivers for change (circular economy, local food production etc.). From many of those we chose to foucs mainly on deforestation, growing population, annual floods and droughts, waste management, consequences of unconcious tourism, nutrution unsecurity, lack of education and lack of job opportunities.

Based on our research we tried to incorporate solutions to all of these problems in our urban and architectural design.

Firstly, deforestation in Cambodia is caused mainly by industrial concessions that are mostly given to large companies for rubber and palm oil plantations and therefore natural Cambodian flora is withdrawing from the country. Therefore we decided not only to grow our own constructional material (bamboo and timber) but with this also revive local ecosystem and make changes to the landscape in the smallest scale possible.

Secondly, Sisophone could take on a negative path as other already grown cities in Asia. With urban population explosion there comes housing shortage,

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overcrowding and pollution, diseases or poor overpopulated slums. Usually, due to fast growth, there are traditional villages and forests being wiped-out for modern housing developments which don´t followe local identity, cause river pollution, increase of flood-prone areas and land erosion due to foreign constructional techniques which are impropriate for these circumstances. For that reason we are proposing more sustainable ways to design urban development - basing on traditional concept of “houses on stilts“ combined with new technologies, no site clearing thanks to elevation above the landscape, construction of canals, usage of wetlands as natural sponges, usage of retention ponds and incorporated food pproduction as socio-economic aspect.

and tourist and locals, offer mutual culture, knowledge exchange when living together, bring locals new source of income and therefore enrich both sides.

As previously mentioned, there are many big companies taking over the land of Cambodia in order to produce outside of the country and leaving these areas with high percentage of poor and food-insecure families. Our idea is to create a development which would include food production mainly to supply its ihabitants as well as possibility to gain income from surplus sold in proposed market or processed in bistros around. The production would include local plants - rice, lotus, vegetables and fruit in paddies, fields or home gardens which would be managed by locals. This would also increase agricultural sales and incomes of rural households.

Next we dealt with serious problem of annual floods and droughts which are usually percieved as negative but with our design we tried to benefit from the issue. We are interconnecting wast and sparsly inhabited area with system of irrigation canals, wetland river branches and retention ponds to create a functioning system that is not only protecting from floods but also distributing and managing water in the territory. In chosen location in the city which is n the south directly in flooded area of river Sisophone, we are proposing a new river branch that would control distribution of water in more distatnt parts of the site and also thanks to wetland characteristics sustain water in its river-basin during dry season as well. Connected smaller wetland river branches are orthogonally leading water from the top of the area back to the original river and using gravity to naturally flow. There is also a network of irrigation canals orthogonally connected to mentioned branches which are regulating water distribution to either rice paddies, vegetable gardens, lotus fields or retention ponds during heavy rains. This principle is influenced by ancient Angkor irrigation system which was managed also by dugged linear canals, reservoirs of water of different scales.

Last topic we sorted was insuffucient number of job opportunities accompanied with bad working conditions excessive overtimes, low wage and bad office conditions.

Thus we tried to look for a industry which would combine sustainability, aesthetically pleasing environment, direct proximity to households, good source of income. So we incorporated lotus flower fields into our urbanism to create this sustainable and traditional textile industry inhancing the local culture and acting also as part of eco-tourism.

Furthermore, waste is a unsolved topic in Cambodia, it is being dumped at the streets mainly because of lack of education and recycling centres. That being the case, we are proposing a recycling centre and waste management programme and also a centre where people could be educated on this topic and hand-on-hand work on recycled products.

Another issue which had to be dealt with is growth of tourism which is nowadays being taken over by foreign companies which are sending profits abroad and thus causing damage to local economy. Coupled with snowball effect of specializing only on few attractions and increased traffic there, it is furthering visitors from local culture and authentic experience. Partial solution could be a sustainable community - tourism that would create opportunities for interactions between locals

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SREI SOPHON URGENCIES SOLUTIONS

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• GROWING OWN TREES FOR CONSTRUCTIONS • BRINGING MORE GREENERY

• EASILY BUILT (AND DISSABMLED) CONSTRUCTIONS • BULDING FROM LOCAL AFFORDABLE RESOURCES • BUILDING HIGHER • MORE COMPACT HOUSING • AFFORDABLE HOUSING • VARIETY

• NO SPECIAL TRAINING • HIRING LOCAL PEOPLE • RESTORING NATURAL WETLANDS • WATER NETWORK - DISTRIBUTION of COLLECTED WATER / FROM WET to DRY SEASON

• VEGETABLE GARDENS • FRUIT TREES • FISHING AND RICE PADDIES • LOTUS PLANT

• EDUCATION AMONGST PEOPLE • RECYCLING TO NEW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

• NEW SCHOOL • WORKSHOPS • HOMESTAY • POPULARISING SEREI SOPHON • COMMUNITY ECOTOURISM

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GARMENT INDUSTRY - LOTUS FLOWER “most sustainable fabric“

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GARMENT INDUSTRY IN CAMBODIA - 95% of all exports from Cambodia - from 15 million inhabitants it employs +/- 500,000 people (mostly women) - 90% of the owners are foreign -> corruption -> government involvement -> prisonlike police protection

excessive overtime

low wages

bad office conditions hot and toxic air malnutrition

BETTER ALTERNATIVE -> setting up firms that would work with locals respectably and sustainably -> f.e. Samatoa farms in Cambodia, Baipeng lotus fields in China = also part of eco-tourism LOTUS FLOWER - head and seeds - food production, tea, incense, soap, stem fibers - fabric - stems are usually waste -> turning into quality product FABRIC PRODUCTION - harvesting stems => collecting fibers => drying => fibers rolled into thread => weaving with frame looms TEXTILE - silk/linen like + soft + breathable + wrinkle - resistant + stain - resistant + waterproof IN NUMBERS - 4 harvests of lotus per day - 1 hectare of lake per spinner - 1 spinner can produce up to 250 meters of thread a day - Around 30kg of stems are needed to produce 250 meters of thread

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FLOODS AND DROUGHTS “benefit from the issue“

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CONSEQUENCES OF CLIMATE CHANGE temperature rising, severe droughts, flooding, rains, food insecurity => health problems, disease outbreaks, malnutrition, heat stress, respiratory diseases BLUE AND GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE collection of wet vegetative season water in river banks reservoirs and and wetlands ponds

irrigation during dry season

EDUCATION community programs teaching about amount of water usage

efficiency of irrigation

SUSTAINABILITY sustainable allocation of avaiable water

multi-purpose usage of water (waste and rain water)

BACK TO THE ROOTS (ANGKOR IRRIGATION SYSTEM)

houses on stils

building and excavating small ponds at the household level

building and excavating large ponds (trapeang) at the village level

building and excavating large reservoirs (baray) and linear channels, roads and embankments

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WETLAND REFORESTATION

“bringing back the natural to cope with seasons better“

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WETLANDS = sink into which surface water or groundwater flows from a surrounding catchment = within landscapes => “natural harvesters” of rainwater CURRENT SITUATION - large areas being destroyed => Cambodia’s fastgrowing economy - 1/2 of the wetlands have disappeared => 1/3 of the population have no access to clean water - area with a high percentage of poor and food-insecure families CREATING WETLAND FOREST AREAS

diverse and rich fauna and flora

source of natural materials

highly efficient water reservoir during dry season

fisheries

climate,erosion,flood aesthetic experience control water purification water flowing to fields during wet season

section through wetlads dry season / distribution through canals to paddies

wet season / overflowing to paddies

top view of wetlands and settlements networks

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FOOD NETWORK

“connecting urban development with nutrition security“

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CURRENT ISSUES intensification of food production, rubber and palm oil production => land degradation, deforestation and depletion of groundwater however, the area remains with a high percentage of poor and food/insecure families NUTRITION SECURITY self-efficient system

natural food production and processing

FOOD NETWORK diversifying the cropping system

adaptation to wet/dry season weather changes

rice paddies during wet season, fish/shrimp farming during dry season

local fruit trees home gardens

the lotus flower consumption

local market and local restaurant

ECONOMICAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT

increasing the incomes of rural households

increasing agricultural sales developing income-generating activities for the extremly poor households

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TOURISM

“benefitial tourism for locals“

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IMPACT OF USUAL GROWTH OF TOURISM - taking over by international companies => sending profits abroad => damage to local economy => increase in prices for locals - tours specialized on few attractions => snowball effect => increase in traffic to few spots => furthening from local culture COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM

utilizing local public transport

sustainable

interaction between locals and tourists

circulation of money

cultural exchange

authentic experience

understanding destination and people better

GLOBAL STATISTICS There are 1 billion tourists arrivals in the world every year. That´s 30 every second.

By 2022 the number will increase by 60 %.

According to booking.com’ s 2018 sustainable travel report, 87 % of global tourists say they want to travel sustainably.

A 2015 survey conducted by Nielsen found that 73 % of those born from 1977 to 1995 are willing to pay more for sustainable goods.

Ecotourism has become one of the fastest growing sectors in tourism industry, growing annually by 10 - 15 % worldwide.

Phnom Krom Eco-resort near Tonlé Sap lake

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POPULATION GROWTH “learn from other´s mistakes“

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POSSIBLE NEGATIVE PATH FOR SISOPHON urban population explosion => housing shortage => overcrowding => pollution, diseases, growing slums SOUTH-EAST ASIAN FATE wiped out traditional villages and forests for modern housing developments

no identity

river pollution

increase of flood-prone areas

land erosion

changed natural flow of river

WAYS TO DESIGN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - developing housing based on traditional concept of ‘houses on stilts‘ combined with new technologies - no site clearing - new materials for contemporary prefabricated components - construction of channels - using wetlands as natural “sponge“ - usage of retention ponds - incorporated paddy cultivation as main socio-economic activity

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WASTE

“turn it to something useful“

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How eduction can reduce waste A lot of waste is just being dumped at the streets of Cambodia. --> No understanding of environmenal problems eco-recycle programs

storage and collection

waste removal waste transportation and treatment

educational programs

recycling and reuse

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BAMBOO

“sustainable way of constructing“

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Industrial concessions causing massive deforestation in Cambodia These land concessions have been mostly given to companies from Cambodia, China and Vietnam, largely for planting rubber, sugar, and pulp and paper Solution: forestation Bamboo-plantation fast and growing (root system prevents soilerosion) problem: invasive growth (1m/day)

Giant bamboo Massive timber bamboo used widely in Indonesia, clumping

Calcutta bamboo, Bambu Batu Giant bamboo with very thick (almost solid) culms; clumping

renewable source (5 years for the right bamboo) choose the right kind for CONTOLLED GROWTH bamboo as material: hight:12m-15m diameter: 10cm

Giant thorny bamboo Widely used in southern Asia; curved, spiny culms; clumping

Bambusa balcooa South Asian clumper with superior size and strength

PROTECTION OF BAMBOO Because the natural durability of bamboo canes is low, it is necessary to impregnate the bamboo canes immediately after harvesting. For this purpose, a mixture of minerals, such as borax and boric acid, is usually used to treat our bamboo poles.

A bamboo stain should be of high quality with high resistance to moisture and ultraviolet radiation. Such stain or lacquer contains water-repellent preservatives such as wax, kerosene or resin, and a binder that minimizes weathering, shrinkage and swelling.

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Cambodia is known for its dumping places all over the roads and villages.

A network for the collection of waste will be accumulated. In that way waste will be collected from the households by waste pickers or they can bring it in themselves. This works as a reversed market: you bring in waste and gain money from it. This will motivate the community clean up their waste and collect everything. The plastic is brought to the sorting system, where it will be shredded into pieces, washed and dried. In this way its ready to be recycled to a new material. Workshops will learn how to work with the recycled plastic and are organised in the educational center and afterwards sold again on the local market.

We create a local circular economy.

This system is applied on many other products, for example the local plantations. Everything that is grown and too much for own consumption will be sold on the market again.

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INTRODUCTION TO HOME GARDENING

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A large proportion of the world´s population, particularly people who live in developing countries, do not have access to balanced diets. Many subgroups of populations subsist on staple-based diets with very few animal foods that are often lacking in diiversity, as well as quantity in some places, which may result in micronutrient deficiencies, or malnutrition.

The production of fruits and vegetables provides the household with direct access to important nutrients that may not be readily avaiable or within household economic reach. In addition, home gardening increases the diversity of foods avaiable to households, which in turn leads to better overall utilization of nutrients, including calories. With the aim of improving the overall quality of the diet, home gardens address multiple micronutrient problems simultaneously.

Equally important, home gardens have been shown to be a source of additional income for households through the sale of a part of the garden produce. Studies suggest that this additional income is generally utilized to purchase additional food items, further increasing dietary diversification. Home gardening is especially important in overcoming seasonal unavaiability of foods while promoting household self-sufficiency.

A home garden is an area around the home where vegetables, annual and perennial plants, spices, herbs, shrubs and fruits are grown seasonally or throughout the year to meet family requirements.

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The important characteristics of a home garden include the following: • It is near the house.

•It is close to a water source and other resources.

•It is on scattered or fixed plots, large or small.

•It can be utilized for year-round production.

•It can provide a combination of various crops with economic importance.

•It can sustain diversified vegetable crop production.

•It uses low-cost inputs.

•Production is primarly for household consumption.

•It uses mainly indigenous crop varietes, reducing dependence on hybrid seeds.

•It is managed by family members.

Citation: Talukder, A. et al. Handbook of HOME GARDENING IN CAMBODIA, the complete manual for vegetable and fruit production, 2003, Hellen Keller Worldwide

VEGETABLE GARDENS AND FRUIT TREES

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RICE PRODUCTION

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INTEGRATED RICE-FISH FARMING

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A rice-fish system is an integrated rice field or rice field/pond complex, where fish are grown concurrently or alternately with rice. Fish may be deliberately stocked (fish culture), or may enter fields naturally from surrounding water ways when flooding occurs (rice field fisheries), or a bit of both. Fish yields can range widely from of 1.5 to 174 kg/ha/season depending on the type of rice fish system, the species present, and the management employed.

tion impact over the weeds and micro flora. As a result, rice plants obtainincreased nutrient supply and other resources for their growth. In the similar way, fish are benefited for shelter and feeding fround in the rice field where matter and energy of rice field ecosystemare funneled towards different trophic strata for higher fish and rice production.

Rice-fish systems allow the production of fish and other aquatic animals, from the same rice field area and generally without causing reductions in rice yields. This source of animal protein may be important for household nutrition and farm income.

Citation: Gurung, T. B., Subedi, A. Rice-fish farming: an adoption for rice field productivity enhancement, 2002 Rice-fish systems. Avaiable at http://www. knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/ crop-establishment/item/rice-fish-systems-factsheet

Rice-fish integration is one of the best examples of commensalism, where both rice and fish are benefited for increased productivity of rice field without any harm. In this relationship, competition for resource use among rice plant, micro flora and weeds are reduced due to bioturba-

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PEAT SWAMP WETLANDS

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Peat swamp forests form in areas where saturated soils or frequent flooding prevent organic material from fully decomposing. As this organic material slowly accumulates, it retains even more water through capillary action: up to 13 times its weight. Acting as a giant sponge that holds in the moisture, peat swamps eventually form a dome of wet organic material that can rise above the surrounding flood levels.

biodiversity.

Large areas of the ecoregion have been drained and cultivated, but some have also been subsequently abandoned, providing potential for restoration. Up-river development and land conversion are threatening the persistence of the ecological dynamics that sustain the Tonle Sap hydrological system.

Today, the Tonle Sap–Mekong Peat Swamp Forests are a mere vestige of what it used to be; vast areas of forests have been converted and modified, and the wetlands drained for human uses. This ecoregion represents the forests that are permanently inundated with shallow freshwater around the Tonle Sap Lake and River, Southeast Asia’s largest natural lake and its river, located in central Cambodia. The ecoregion more or less forms an outer ring around the freshwater swamp forests that are inundated under a deeper water column, but also have better water flows and aeration because of the proximity to the lake and river. The poor drainage and stagnant, shallow water further out create anoxic conditions that retard decomposition of the organic matter and cause peat buildup.

Citations: Wikramanayake, E. Tonle Sap-Mekong Peat Swamp Forests. Avaiable at https://www.oneearth.org/ecoregions/tonle-sap-mekong-peatswamp-forests/ Wikramanayake, E., Rundel, P. Southeastern Asia: Southern Vietnam and Cambodia. Avaiable at https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/ im0165?fbclid=IwAR2N0Cm_bzbj_ZF9q821ANPiSxrC4t29YpUd0MGpamrLuH0HqkeMm4sgT8k Bell, L. 2014. What is peat swamp, and why should I care?. Avaiable at https://news.mongabay.com/2014/07/what-is-peat-swamp-andwhy-should-i-care/

Because these wetlands are on fertile alluvial clay sediments, many have also been converted into agricultural lands. The brackish and freshwater wetlands immediately behind the mangrove areas in Cambodia and the Mekong delta in Vietnam are dominated by dense stands of Melaleuca leucadendron, also known as paperbark swamps because of the trees’ wafer-thin bark layers that begin to peel and resemble paper.

These swamps used to cover vast areas of the Mekong delta region but have now been extensively cleared, removing the important ecosystem functions they perform, such as reducing water flows in the wet season, minimizing flooding, reducing soil acidification, and promoting -87-

PAPERBARK WETLAND RIVERBRANCH

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LOTUS TEXTILE MANUFACTURING

LOTUS FARMING

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Lotus fabric has unique properties: it is naturally soft, light, especially breathable, and almost wrinkle free. It is also a very eco-friendly fabric containing no chemicals or toxic products.

It’s probably the most ecological fabric in the world. First, because we a stem that would have turned to waste is transformed into a quality textile. Furthermore, during the entirety of the production process, there is no use of any polluting energy. Thousands of years ago, the art of creating lotus fabrics was widely spread, but then forgotten. Since then, lotus flowers were still harvested in Cambodia, but not their valuable stem that was left in the water, that can be used to weave lotus textile.

•4 harvests of lotus per day •1 hectare of lake per spinner •1 spinner can produce up to 250 meters of thread a day •Around 30kg of stems are needed to produce 250 meters of thread •1 experimented weaver can weave 1 meter of lotus fabric a day Citations: LOTUS FABRIC. Avaiable at https://samatoa.lotus-flower-fabric.com/eco-textile-mill/lotus-fabric/ Thi Minh Vo, H., van Halsema, G., Hellegers, P., Wyatt, A., Nguyen, Q.H. The Emergence of Lotus Farming as an Innovation for Adapting to Climate Change in the Upper Vietnamese Mekong Delta. 2021

Some figures around lotus textile manufacturing:

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BAMBOO: BAMBUSA BLUMEANA “avoid soil erosion”

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The application of this technology involves the following: The site should be selected along the stream banks especially where the risk of erosion is occurring. Bamboo should be planted approximately 3 meters from the edge of the bank.

Bamboo is grown to protect the bank on one side of the stream from soil erosion whilst the other side of the stream is protected by natural bamboo species.

Bamboo rhizomes should be gathered locally from the parent plants. This should amount to approximately 120 healthy one-year old rhizomes each having a considerable number of feeder roots with a length of 60 to 70cm.

Forty holes measuring 50cm x 50cm and 50 cm depth should be dug in a row leaving a gap of 5 meters between each hole along the stream bank when the bamboo’s rhizome grow up it will be cover the gap for few meters from pits ( it will take about 4-5 years). After the land has been prepared 2-3 bamboo rhizomes should be replanted in each of the holes. The refilling of the holes with soil and watering should take about one day. Planting can be undertaken in January (dry season) because soil texture in dry season is less sensitive to erosion. This is a suitable time for bamboo as the roots will propagate faster. In the dry season watering needs to be done twice a week until the rhizomes establish new roots and stems. Generally, the bamboo will grow 4-5 new stems during the first year after having been replanted, but at this stage it is still unable to protect the banks from erosion.

When the bamboo is about 2-3 years old, it will be able to grow up to three times the amount of additional stems compared to its output in the first year. At this time the bamboo’s root system is able to expand more widely and deeply which helps to bind the soil and thereby it protects the stream banks from erosion during high water -95-

levels. (They left the bush and some vegetation on the edge of the stream, clearance of bush around the planting pits only)

CULTIVATION OF BAMBOO TO AVOID SOIL EROSION SLM TECHNOLOGY: Planting technique for soil erosion to control along river banks due to soil fixation by deep and widespread roots during rainy reasons when there are high water levels and increased flow velocity;

BAMBOO PLANTATION

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BAMBOO: BAMBUSA BLUMEANA “from harvest to construction material”

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The bamboo we chose is the Bambusa Blumeana, it’s a strong wood that is easily grown in a subtropical climate. In three years the wood is ready to be used as a construction material. With 1100m2 per cluster we can provide 15 housed per year (circa 220 culms).

Step 2: Drying - By sun-drying our poles for at least 5 days, we reduce the moisture content of the pole to about 33% -- thereby preparing the pole to be able to absorb the maximum amount needed for treatment.

Step 3: Treatment - Every pole is fully submerged to absorb the maximum amount that’s needed for treatment. We use a boron or permethrin solution and this is the final guarantee against termites.

The bamboo plantations are mainly planted 3 meters next to the riverboaders, in this way also the roots can play a role in our village. The roots are that strong they can keep the earth together when there are floods and in this way avoid soil erosion and protect the planations and fields.

To ensure our bamboo is powder beetle and termite-free every piece must go through the four-step process:

Step 4: Seasoning - Finally, all our treated bamboo is carefully stowed in covered storage racks that allow for airflow while keeping the bamboo out of the sun and rain.

Treated bamboo will last as long as any treated wood. With proper design, bamboo will last a lifetime.

Step 1: Washing - Bamboo naturally contains a lot of starch. By submerging the fresh-cut bamboo completely in running water for a few days, we are able to remove the starch that the powder beetle finds so tasty.

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BAMBOO: BAMBUSA BLUMEANA “sustainable way of constructing”

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TIMBER AND BAMBOO STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS REFERENCES

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OFFICE IN WOOD Baumschlager Eberle Architekten studio Scape The office block in question is already the largest timber-frame office building in Paris and the first of its kind in the whole of France. Office in Wood has been jointly designed by Austrian practice Baumschlager Eberle Architekten and Italian studio Scape, and it provides 17,000m² of office space over nine storeys. It uses a structural beam-and-post timber frame and thereby provides an authoritative account of the advantages and limitations of a timber engineered structural solution on this building type.

CHAMANGA CULTURAL CENTRE Munich University of Applied Sciences + Portland State University + Atarraya Taller de Arquitectura + Opción Más The first floor, built in brick and reinforced concrete, responds to the community’s concerns regarding security, while simultaneously protecting natural materials from water and insects. The second floor is framed in local Guadua bamboo and wood. Clad in Guadua mats and latticework, the space is comfortably day lit and ventilated.

AMAIRIS SEWING FACTORY RUTA4 arquitectura Abundant quantities of bamboo (Angustifolia Kunth) and a neighbouring village with traditional craftsmanship of ceramic tiles and bricks, cast as relevant symbolic and constructive elements.

Citations:

https://www.building.co.uk/buildings/timber-frames-will-wesee-wooden-skyscrapers-in-the-future/5097471.article https://www.archdaily.com/953017/chamanga-cultural-center-designbuild-studio-plus-portland-state-university-plus-atarraya-taller-de-arquitectura https://divisare.com/projects/426283-ruta4-arquitectura-federico-cairoli-amairis-sewing-factory

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WASTE:

“reversed wastemarket”

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2.14 Composition of waste from shop and public buildings According to a Srei Sophon’s municipal correspondent, approximately 1.200 shops are located in the city and there are 37 public buildings: governmental, primary and secondary schools, university, health centres, and worship places (figure 2.26).

2.13 Composition of household waste Approximately 88.100 people live in the urban areas of Srei Sophon (Auris et al., 2019). The interviews revealed that each person produced an average of 0.4 kg of waste per day, meaning that the city generates 35.240 kg waste per day. GAEA claims to collect waste from around 3.000 households on the main roads and city centre (figure 2.22), leaving many areas of the city without waste collection. People who have no access to GAEA’s waste management look for alternative ways to get rid of their waste by burying, burning up or dumping it. In nearly 80% of the interviewed households, women are in charge of the waste management, meaning that they bury or burn up the waste materials.

2.13 Composition of household waste Approximately 88.100 people live in the urban areas of Srei Sophon (Auris et al., 2019). The interviews revealed that each person produced an average of 0.4 kg of waste per day, meaning that the city generates 35.240 kg waste per day. GAEA claims to collect waste from around 3.000 households on the main roads and city centre (figure 2.22), leaving many areas of the city without waste collection. People who have no access to GAEA’s waste management look for alternative ways to get rid of their waste by burying, burning up or dumping it. In nearly 80% of the interviewed households, women are in charge of the waste management, meaning that they bury or burn up the waste materials.

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Reduce Reducing your waste is the golden rule before recycling. Items such as plastic bags need a lot ofresources (e.g. petroleum) to be produced, but also to be recycled and transformed into new objects. Try to analyse the waste that you generate in a week and see areas where you can improve. You can for instance buy in bulk (at Babel Eco-shop in Siem Reap or Dai Khmer in Phnom Penh) to reduce cardboard and plastic waste.

Sort your waste Sort out your waste to make it easier for waste pickers. This is healthier for them as they might do it on the dumpsites but also save them valuable time. You can just set up different bins outside for your plastic bottles, metal cans, papers and normal waste to be picked up.

Compost Create a compost to get rid of your food waste is so easy if you have a garden or even just a balcony with some plants. If you don’t have one, you can find a place willing to take it for you. For instance, we give ours to Angkor High School for their garden (and keep the food scrap in the freezer in the meantime). If you own a hotel or restaurant, you can give your food waste to pig farms or to initiatives such as Camborea in Siem Reap who uses it for composting.

Be creative/ workshopstations Use your waste to create useful and amazing items. Old newspapers can be transformed into l bins and plastic bottles can be turned into flower pots. Take example on Coconut School!

This school is entirely built out of waste by using glass bottles, plastic bottles, etc. Moreover, the staff is actively educating the students about waste management and recycling.

We want to make sure no waste is dumped or burned all allong the city. So by creating a collection center we can create a network to the city and our cluster. Also because of the possibility of gaining money this will motivate people to make a use of this system. After this collection we can focus on the recycling process.

In this cluster we chose to focus on the recycling of plastic, the cluster next to it could focus on glass and so on...

So the sideview you see here is the ramp to go from the road level to the terrace-leveland and on the way up you can find the reversed markets which collect the waste.

We focused on a recycling center for plastic and collection of other waste which can be recycled in other clusters. First the sorting of plastic is done, then the shredding, washing and drying to make it ready to become a recycled product made in the educational center in some workshops and after sold on the local market.

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- THANK YOU -

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