Psychology in everyday life 4th edition myers test bank 1

Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition Myers Test Bank Full download at link: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-forpsychology-in-everyday-life-4th-edition-myers-dewall-13190137329781319013738/ 1 Normal visual sensation in the absence of complete visual perception is best illustrated . by A) prosopagnosia.

B) priming.

C) the difference threshold.

D) sensory adaptation.

2. The process of detecting and encoding stimulus energies by the sensory receptors and the nervous system is called A) priming.

B) sensory adaptation.

C) top-down processing.

D) sensation.

3. Jake's excellent peripheral vision enabled him to detect a brief flash of light far to his left, even though he couldn't recognize what he had seen. His experience best illustrates A) top-down processing.

B) prosopagnosia.

C) sensation.

D) priming.

4. Perception is the process by which A) stimulus energies are detected.

B) stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity.

C) sensory input is organized and interpreted.

D) nerve cells respond to specific features of a stimulus.

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5. Recognizing an odor as the familiar smell of apple blossoms is an example of A) perception.

B) prosopagnosia.

C) sensory adaptation.

D) subliminal stimulation.

6. Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

A) encoding; detection B) detection; interpretation C) interpretation; organization D) organization; transduction 7. Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.

A) absolute threshold; difference threshold B) sensory adaptation; priming C) perceptual set; sensory adaptation D) sensation; perception 8. Bottom-up processing involves analysis that begins with the A) hypothalamus.

B) sensory receptors.

C) cerebral cortex.

D) absolute threshold.

9. Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her from being able to see her mother's face. Berdine most clearly is deficient in A) priming.

B) perceptual set.

C) bottom-up processing.

D) sensory adaptation.

10. Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes is called A) prosopagnosia.

B) sensory adaptation.

C) top-down processing.

D) transduction.

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11. Patients who expect that their surgery will not have a good outcome may experience increased postoperative pain. This best illustrates the importance of A) subliminal stimulation.

B) sensory adaptation.

C) difference thresholds.

D) top-down processing.

12. Three steps that are basic to all sensory systems include the ________ of information to the brain.

A) adaptation, stimulation, and detection B) receiving, transforming, and delivering C) priming, tracking, and categorizing D) activation, transduction, and sensory adaptation 13. Which of the following represents the first of three steps basic to all sensory systems?

A) forming perceptual sets B) delivering neural information to the brain C) receiving sensory stimulation D) transforming stimulus energies into neural impulses 14. The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energies into neural impulses is called A) priming.

B) sensory adaptation.

C) transduction.

D) top-down processing.

15. The conversion of a fresh coffee aroma into neural impulses by sensory receptor cells best illustrates A) top-down processing.

B) transduction.

C) sensory adaptation.

D) priming.

16. Pain receptors trigger neural impulses in response to a sprain or a burn. This illustrates A) priming.

B) transduction.

C) subliminal stimulation.

D) sensory adaptation.

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17. The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time is called the A) sensory midpoint.

B) just noticeable difference.

C) perceptual set.

D) absolute threshold.

18. During a hearing test, many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that Mr. Antall could not detect them. These sounds were below Mr. Antall's A) perceptual set.

B) absolute threshold.

C) prosopagnosia.

D) difference threshold.

19. If a partially deaf person's hearing ability ________, his or her absolute threshold for sound ________.

A) improves; remains unchanged B) worsens; decreases C) worsens; remains unchanged D) improves; decreases 20. A subliminal stimulus is one that is A) below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

B) unconsciously persuasive.

C) presented with very soft background music.

D) repetitious.

21. Priming refers to the activation of certain A) conscious motives.

B) difference thresholds.

C) nerve cells.

D) associations.

22. Under certain conditions, people are affected by stimuli so weak that they fail to consciously notice them. This is best illustrated by experiments involving A) sensory adaptation.

B) subliminal priming.

C) perceptual set.

D) prosopagnosia.

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23. Photographs of people are rated more positively if they are presented immediately after a subliminally flashed image of kittens. This best illustrates the impact of A) sensory adaptation.

B) the just noticeable difference.

C) priming.

D) prosopagnosia.

24. Tyler formed a positive first impression of a new teacher because her facial expressions triggered memories of his favorite aunt. This best illustrates the impact of A) priming.

B) prosopagnosia.

C) sensory adaptation.

D) Weber's law.

25. People's response to subliminal priming indicates that A) they are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so.

B) their unconscious mind is incapable of resisting subliminally presented suggestions.

C) they are more sensitive to subliminal sounds than to subliminal sights.

D) they experience a sense of discomfort whenever they are exposed to subliminal stimuli.

26. Which of the following strategies best illustrates the use of subliminal stimulation?

A) A store plays a musical soundtrack in which a faint and imperceptible verbal warning against shoplifting is repeated frequently.

B) The laughter of a studio audience is dubbed into the soundtrack of a televised situation comedy.

C) A radio advertiser repeatedly smacks her lips before biting into a candy bar.

D) An unseen television narrator repeatedly suggests that you are thirsty while a cold drink is visually displayed on the screen.

27. In an experiment, researchers expose participants to subliminal recordings designed to boost their self-esteem. Based on existing research, you would be correct in predicting that the recordings will A) interfere with the participants' capacity for sensory adaptation.

B) have no more impact on participants' self-esteem than a placebo.

C) improve participants' capacity for auditory transduction.

D) have a positive and long-lasting impact on participants' mood states.

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the sword of an assassin. If one for some time had the imprudence to trust himself in the midst of a multitude, at last to perish by his own credulity, the other consulted his safety, but with no better success, in the innumerable chambers of his palace, and changed every day, to elude discovery, the place of his retirement. After they had been governed by a race of princes, remarkable for the variety of their characters, the Roman possessions were divided into two distinct empires, by the enterprising Constantine, A.D. 328. Constantinople became the seat of the eastern empire, and Rome remained in the possession of the western emperors, and continued to be the capital of their dominions. In the year 800 of the christian era, Rome with Italy was delivered by Charlemagne, the then emperor of the west, into the hands of the Pope, who still continues to hold the sovereignty, and to maintain his independence under the name of the Ecclesiastical States. The original poverty of the Romans has often been disguised by their poets and historians, who wished it to appear that a nation who were masters of the world, had had better beginning than to be a race of shepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they were indebted for their successes. Their houses were originally destitute of every ornament, they were made with unequal boards, and covered with mud, and these served them rather as a shelter against the inclemency of the seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till the age of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and many salutary laws were enacted to restrain luxury and to punish indolence. They observed great temperance in their meals; young men were not permitted to drink wine till they had attained their 30th year, and it was totally forbidden to women. Their national spirit was supported by policy; the triumphal procession of a conqueror along the streets amidst the applause of thousands, was well calculated to promote emulation, and the number of gladiators who were regularly introduced not only in public games and spectacles, but also at private meetings, served to cherish their fondness for war, whilst it steeled their hearts against the calls of compassion; and when they could gaze with pleasure upon wretches whom they forcibly obliged to murder one another, they were not inactive in the destruction of those whom they considered as inveterate foes or formidable rivals in the field. In their punishments, civil as well as military, the Romans were strict and rigorous; a deserter was severely whipped and sold as a slave, and the degradation from the rank of a soldier and dignity of a citizen was the most ignominious stigma which could be affixed

upon a seditious mutineer. The transmarine victories of the Romans proved at last the ruin of their innocence and bravery. They grew fond of the luxury of the Asiatics; and, conquered by the vices and indolence of those nations whom they had subdued, they became as effeminate and as dissolute as their captives. Marcellus was the first who introduced a taste for the fine arts among his countrymen. The spoils and treasures that were obtained in the plunder of Syracuse and Corinth, rendered the Romans partial to elegant refinement and ornamental equipage. Though Cato had despised philosophy [See: Carneades], and declared that war was the only profession of his countrymen, the Romans, by their intercourse with the Greeks, soon became fond of literature; and though they had once banished the sophists of Athens from their city, yet they beheld with rapture their settlement among them in the principal towns of Italy, after the conquest of Achaia. They soon after began to imitate their polished captives, and to cultivate poetry with success. From the valour of their heroes and conquerors, indeed, the sublimest subjects were offered to the genius of their poets; but of the little that remains to celebrate the early victories of Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler effusions of the Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for the Latin name that the splendour and the triumphs of his country are forgotten for a while, when we are transported in the admiration of the majesty of his numbers, the elegant delicacy of his expressions, and the fire of his muse; and the applauses given to the lyric powers of Horace, the softness of Tibullus, the vivacity of Ovid, and to the ♠superior compositions of other respectable poets, shall be unceasing so long as the name of Rome excites our reverence and our praises, and so long as genius, virtue, and abilities are honoured amongst mankind. Though they originally rejected with horror a law which proposed the building of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like the Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved favourable to the compositions of their countrymen. Livius was the first dramatic writer of consequence at Rome, whose plays began to be exhibited A.U.C. 514. After him Nævius and Ennius wrote for the stage; and in a more polished period Plautus, Terence, Cæcilius, and Afranius claimed the public attention and gained the most unbounded applause. Satire did not make its appearance at Rome till 100 years after the introduction of comedy, and so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind of writing, that he was called the inventor of it. In historical writing the progress of the Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and

for many years they employed the pen of foreigners to compile their annals, till the superior abilities of a Livy were made known. In their worship and sacrifices the Romans were uncommonly superstitious; the will of the gods was consulted on every occasion, and no general marched to an expedition without the previous assurance from the augurs that the omens were propitious, and his success almost indubitable. Their sanctuaries were numerous; they raised altars not only to the gods, who, as they supposed, presided over their city, but also to the deities of conquered nations, as well as to the different passions and virtues. There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, crowded with statues; the priests were numerous, and each divinity had a particular college of sacerdotal servants. Their wars were declared in the most awful and solemn manner, and prayers were always offered in the temples for the prosperity of Rome, when a defeat had been sustained or a victory won. The power of fathers over their children was very extensive, and indeed unlimited; they could sell them or put them to death at pleasure, without the forms of a trial, or the interference of the civil magistrate. Many of their ancient families were celebrated for the great men whom they had produced, but the vigorous and interested part they took in the government of the republic exposed them often to danger; and some have observed that the Romans sunk into indolence and luxury when the Cornelii, the Fabii, the Æmylii, the Marcelli, &c., who had so often supported their spirit and led them to victory, had been extinguished in the bloody wars of Marius and of the two triumvirates. When Rome was become powerful, she was distinguished from other cities by the flattery of her neighbours and citizens; a form of worship was established to her as a deity, and temples were raised in her honour, not only in the city but in the provinces. The goddess Roma was represented like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her head covered with a helmet, and a trophy at her feet. Livy, bk. 1, &c.— Cato, de Re Rustica.—Virgil, Eclogues, Georgics, & Æneid.— Horace, bk. 2, satire 6, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.—Paterculus.

—Tacitus, Annals & Histories.—Tibullus, bk. 4.—Lucan.—Plutarch, Romulus, Numa, &c.—Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 1, &c.— Pliny, bk. 7, &c.—Justin, bk. 43.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 5.— Valerius Maximus, bk. 1, &c.—Martial, bk. 12, ltr. 8.――A daughter of Evander.――A Trojan woman who came to Italy with Æneas.――A daughter of Italus and Luceria. It was after one of

these females, according to some authors, that the capital of Italy was called Roma. ♦ ‘aud’ replaced with ‘and’ ♠ ‘superor’ replaced with ‘superior’

Romāni, the inhabitants of Rome. See: Roma.

Romānus, an officer under Theodosius.――Another, poisoned by Nero.――A son of Constans, &c.

Romilius Marcellus, a Roman centurion in Galba’s reign, &c. Tacitus, bk. 1, Histories.

Romŭla, a name given to the fig tree under which Romulus and Remus were found. Ovid., bk. 2, Fasti, li. 412.

Romulea, a town of the Samnites. Livy, bk. 10, ch. 17.

Rōmŭlĭdæ, a patronymic given to the Roman people from Romulus their first king, and the founder of their city. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 638.

Romŭlus, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson of Numitor king of Alba, was born at the same birth with Remus. These two children were thrown into the Tiber by order of Amulius, who usurped the crown of his brother Numitor; but they were preserved, and, according to Florus, the river stopped its course, and a she-wolf came and fed them with her milk, till they were found by Faustulus, one of the king’s shepherds, who educated them as his own children. When they knew their real origin, the twins, called Romulus and Remus, put Amulius to death, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor. They afterwards undertook to build a city, and to determine which of the two brothers should have the management of it, they had recourse to omens and the flight of birds. Remus went to mount Aventine, and Romulus to mount Palatine. Remus saw first a flight of six vultures, and soon after, Romulus 12; and therefore, as his number was greater, he began to lay the foundations of the city, hoping that it would become a warlike and powerful nation, as the birds from which he had received the omen were fond of prey and slaughter.

Romulus marked with a furrow the place where he wished to erect the walls; but their slenderness was ridiculed by Remus, who leaped over them with the greatest contempt. This irritated Romulus, and Remus was immediately put to death, either by the hand of his brother or one of the workmen. When the walls were built, the city was without inhabitants; but Romulus, by making an asylum of a sacred grove, soon collected a number of fugitives, foreigners, and criminals, whom he received as his lawful subjects. Yet, however numerous these might be, they were despised by the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were willing to form matrimonial connections with them. But Romulus obtained by force what was denied to his petitions. The Romans celebrated games in honour of the god Consus, and forcibly carried away all the females who had assembled there to be spectators of these unusual exhibitions. These violent measures offended the neighbouring nations; they made war against the ravishers with various success, till at last they entered Rome, which had been betrayed to them by one of the stolen virgins. A violent engagement was begun in the middle of the Roman forum; but the Sabines were conquered, or, according to Ovid, the two enemies laid down their arms when the women had rushed between the two armies, and by their tears and entreaties raised compassion in the bosoms of their parents and husbands. The Sabines left their original possessions and came to live in Rome, where Tatius their king shared the sovereign power with Romulus. The introduction of the Sabines into the city of Rome was attended with the most salutary consequences, and the Romans, by pursuing this plan, and admitting the conquered nations among their citizens, rendered themselves more powerful and more formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided the lands which he had obtained by conquest; one part was reserved for religious uses, to maintain the priests, to erect temples, and to consecrate altars; the other was appropriated for the expenses of the state; and the third part was equally distributed among his subjects, who were divided into three classes or tribes. The most aged and experienced, to the number of 100, were also chosen, whom the monarch might consult in matters of the highest importance, and from their age they were called senators, and from their authority patres. The whole body of the people were also distinguished by the name of patricians and plebeians, patron and client, who by mutual interest were induced to preserve the peace of the state, and to promote the public good. Some time after Romulus disappeared as he

was giving instructions to the senators, and the eclipse of the sun, which happened at that time, was favourable to the rumour which asserted that the king had been taken up to heaven, 714 B.C., after a reign of 39 years. This was further confirmed by Julius Proculus, one of the senators, who solemnly declared, that as he returned from Alba, he had seen Romulus in a form above human, and that he had directed him to tell the Romans to pay him divine honours under the name of Quirinus, and to assure them that their city was doomed one day to become the capital of the world. This report was immediately credited, and the more so as the senators dreaded the resentment of the people, who suspected them of having offered him violence. A temple was raised to him, and a regular priest, called Flamen Quirinalis, was appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus was ranked by the Romans among the 12 great gods, and it is not to be wondered that he received such distinguished honours, when the Romans considered him as the founder of their city and empire, and the son of the god of war. He is generally represented like his father, so much that it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable of the two children of Rhea Sylvia being nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa, Faustulus’s wife, having brought them up. See: Acca.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bks. 1 & 2.—Livy, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.— Justin, bk. 43, chs. 1 & 2.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Plutarch, Romulus.

—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 3.—Pliny, bk. 15, ch. 18, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 2, lis. 342, 605.—Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 14, lis. 616 & 845; Fasti, bk. 4, &c.—Horace, bk. 3, ode 3.— Juvenal, satire 18, li. 272.

Romŭlus Sylvius, or Alladius, a king of Alba.――Momyllus Augustulus, the last of the emperors of the western empire of Rome.

His country was conquered A.D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who assumed the name of king of Italy.

Romus, a son of Æneas by Lavinia. Some suppose that he was the founder of Rome.――A son of Æmathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, and also supposed by some to be the founder of Rome.

Roscia lex, de theatris, by Lucius Roscius Otho the tribune, A.U.C. 685.

It required that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the theatre, if they were not in possession of 400 sestertia, which was the fortune required to be a Roman knight.

Roscianum, the port of Thurii, now Rossano.

Quintus Roscius, a Roman actor, born at Lanuvium, so celebrated on the stage that every comedian of excellence and merit has received his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, and he always appeared on the stage with a mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his characters without, and they overlooked the deformities of his face, that they might the better hear his elegant pronunciation, and be delighted with the sweetness of his voice. He was accused on suspicion of dishonourable practices; but Cicero, who had been one of his pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared him of the malevolent aspersions of his enemies, in an elegant oration still extant. Roscius wrote a treatise, in which he compared with great success and much learning the profession of the orator with that of the comedian. He died about 60 years before Christ. Horace, bk. 2, ltr. 1.—Quintilian.—Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor; On Oratory, bk. 3; de Divinatione, bk. 1, &c.; Tusculanæ Disputationes, bk. 3, &c.—Plutarch, Cicero.――Sextus, a rich citizen of Ameria, murdered in the dictatorship of Sylla. His son, of the same name, was accused of the murder, and eloquently defended by Cicero, in an oration still extant, A.U.C. 673. Cicero, For Quintus Roscius the Actor.――Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæsar’s army in Gaul.――Otho, a tribune, who made a law to discriminate the knights from the common people at public spectacles.

Rosiæ campus, or Rosia, a beautiful plain in the country of the Sabines, near the lake Velinum. Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1, ch. 7.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 712.—Cicero, bk. 4, Letters to Atticus, ltr. 15.

Rosillanus ager, a territory in Etruria.

Rosius, a harbour of Cilicia.――A man made consul only for one day under Vitellius, &c. Tacitus.

Rosulum, a town of Etruria, now Monte Rosi.

Rotomagus, a town of Gaul, now Rouen.

Roxāna, a Persian woman, taken prisoner by Alexander. The conqueror became enamoured of her and married her. She behaved with great cruelty after Alexander’s death, and she was at last put to death by

Cassander’s order. She was daughter of Darius, or, according to others, of one of his satraps. Curtius, bk. 8, ch. 4; bk. 10, ch. 6.— Plutarch, Alexander.――A wife of Mithridates the Great, who poisoned herself.

Roxolāni, a people of European Sarmatia, who proved very active and rebellious in the reign of the Roman emperors.

Rubeæ, the north cape at the north of Scandinavia.

Rubellius Blandus, a man who married Julia the daughter of Drusus, &c.――One of the descendants of Augustus, treacherously put to death by Nero, &c. Tacitus.――Plautus, an illustrious Roman who disgraced himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. Juvenal, satire 8, li. 39.

Rubi, now Ruvo, a town of Apulia, from which the epithet Rubeus is derived, applied to bramble bushes which grew there. The inhabitants were called Rubitini. Horace, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 94.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 266.

Rubĭcon, now Rugone, a small river of Italy, which it separates from Cisalpine Gaul. It rises in the Apennine mountains, and falls into the Adriatic sea. By crossing it, and thus transgressing the boundaries of his province, Julius Cæsar declared war against the senate and Pompey, and began the civil wars. Lucan, bk. 1, lis. 185 & 213.— Strabo, bk. 5.—Suetonius, Cæsar, ch. 32.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 15.

Rubiēnus Lappa, a tragic poet in the age of Juvenal, conspicuous as much for his great genius as his poverty. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 72.

Rubīgo, a goddess. See: Robigo.

Rubo, the Dwina, a river which falls into the Baltic at Riga.

Rubra saxa, a place of Etruria, near Veii, at the distance of above eight miles from Rome. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 64, li. 15.—Livy, bk. 3, ch. 49.

Rubria lex, was enacted after the taking of Carthage, to make an equal division of the lands in Africa.

Rubrius, a Roman knight accused of treason under Tiberius, &c.

Tacitus.――A man who fled to Parthia on suspicion that the Roman affairs were ruined.――A friend of Vitellius.――An obscure Gaul in great favour with Domitian. Juvenal, satire 4, li. 145.――An officer in Cæsar’s army.

Rubrum mare (the Red sea), is situate between Arabia, Egypt, and Æthiopia, and is often called Erythræum mare, and confounded with the Arabicus sinus, and the Indian sea. Pliny, bk. 6, chs. 23 & 24.— Livy, bk. 36, ch. 17; bk. 42, ch. 52; bk. 45, ch. 9.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 686.—Lucan, bk. 8, li. 853.

Rudiæ, a town of Calabria near Brundusium, built by a Greek colony, and famous for giving birth to the poet Ennius. Cicero, For Archias, ch. 10.—Silius Italicus, bk. 12, li. 396.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Ruffīnus, a general in Gaul in the reign of Vitellius, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 2, ch. 94.

Ruffus Crispīnus, an officer of the pretorian guards under Claudius. He was banished by Agrippina for his attachment to Britannicus and Octavius the sons of Messalina, and put himself to death. His wife Poppæa Sabina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus Crispinus, afterwards married Nero. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 12, ch. 42; bk. 16, ch. 17.――A soldier presented with a civic crown for preserving the life of a citizen, &c.

Rufiāna, a town of Gaul, now Rufash, in Alsace.

Rufilius, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, satire 2, li. 27, for his effeminacy.

Julius Rufinianus, a rhetorician, &c.

Rufinus, a general of Theodosius, &c.

Rufræ, a town of Campania, of which the inhabitants were called Rufreni. Cicero, bk. 10, Letters to his Friends, ltr. 71.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 568.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 739.

Rufrium, a town of Samnium, now Ruvo. Livy, bk. 8, ch. 25.

Rufus, a Latin historian. See: Quintius.――A friend of Commodus, famous for his avarice and ambition.――One of the ancestors of Sylla, degraded from the rank of a senator because 10 pounds’ weight of gold were found in his house.――A governor of Judæa.――A man who conspired against Domitian.――A poet of Ephesus in the reign of Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, now lost.――A Latin poet.――Sempronius. See: Prætorius.

Rugia, now Rugen, an island of the Baltic.

Rugii, a nation of Germany. Tacitus, Germania, ch. 43.

Rupilius, an officer surnamed Rex, for his authoritative manners. He was proscribed by Augustus and fled to Brutus. Horace, bk. 1, satire 7, li. 1.――A writer whose treatises de figuris sententiarum, &c., were edited by Runken, 8vo, Leiden, 1786.

Ruscino, a town of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 24.――A seaport town of Africa. Livy, bk. 30, ch. 10.

Ruscius, a town of Gaul.

Rusconia, a town of Mauritania. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 24.

Rusellæ, an inland town of Etruria destroyed by the Romans. Livy, bk. 28, ch. 45.

Ruspĭna, a town of Africa near Adrumetum. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 260.—Hirtius, African War, li. 640.

Rustĭcus Lucius Junius Arulenus, a man put to death by Domitian. He was the friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises his abilities, and he is likewise commended by Tacitus, bk. 16, Histories, ch. 26.—Pliny, bk. 1, ltr. 14.—Suetonius, Domitian.――A friend of Marcus Aurelius.

Rusuccurum, a town of Mauritania, believed to be modern Algiers.

Rutēni, a people of Gaul, now Ruvergne, in Guienne. Cæsar, Gallic War.

Rutila, a deformed old woman, who lived near 100 years, &c. Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 48.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 294.

Publius Rutilius Rufus, a Roman consul in the age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues and writings. He refused to comply with the requests of his friends because they were unjust. When Sylla had banished him from Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclamations and praises of the people; and when some of his friends wished him to be recalled home by means of a civil war, he severely reprimanded them, and said, that he wished rather to see his country blush at his exile, than to plunge it into distress by his return. He was the first who taught the Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, and by thus mixing dexterity with valour, rendered their attacks more certain, and more irresistible. During his banishment he employed his time in study, and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, and an account of his own life in Latin, besides many other works. Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 563.—Seneca, de Beneficiis.—Cicero, Brutus; On Oratory, bk. 1, ch. 53.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 6, ch. 4.—Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 9.――A Roman proconsul, who is supposed to have encouraged Mithridates to murder all the Romans who were in his province.――Lupus, a pretor, who fled away with three cohorts from Tarracina.――A rhetorician. Quintilian, bk. 3, ch. 1.――A man who went against Jugurtha.――A friend of Nero.――Claudius Numantianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According to some he wrote a poem on mount Ætna. He wrote also an itinerary, published by Burman in the Poetæ Latini Minores, Leiden, 4to, 1731.

Rutilus, a rich man reduced to beggary by his extravagance. Juvenal, satire 11, li. 2.

Rutŭba, a river of Liguria, falling from the Apennines into the Mediterranean. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 422.――Of Latium, falling into the Tiber. Lucan, bk. 2, li. 422.

Rutŭbus, a gladiator, &c. Horace, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 96.

Rŭtŭli, a people of Latium, known as well as the Latins, by the name of Aborigines. When Æneas came into Italy, Turnus was their king, and they supported him in the war which he waged against this foreign prince. The capital of their dominions was called Ardea. Ovid, Fasti,

bk. 4, li. 883; Metamorphoses, bk. 14, li. 455, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, 7, &c.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 5.

Rŭtŭpæ, a seaport town on the southern coasts of Britain, abounding in excellent oysters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some suppose that it is the modern town of Dover, but others Richborough or Sandwich. Lucan, bk. 6, li. 67.—Juvenal, satire 4, li. 141.

Ryphæi montes. See: ♦Rhiphæi. ♦ ‘Rhipæi’ replaced with ‘Rhiphæi’

S Saba, a town of Arabia, famous for frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were called Sabæi. Strabo, bk. 16.— Diodorus, bk. 3.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 1, li. 57; Æneid, bk. 1, li. 420.

Sabăchus, or Sabacon, a king of Æthiopia, who invaded Egypt and reigned there, after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a reign of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, and retired into his own kingdom.

Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 137, &c.

Sabæi, a people of Arabia. See: Saba.

Sabāta, a town of Liguria with a safe and beautiful harbour, supposed to be the modern Savona. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 461.—Strabo, bk. 4.――A town of Assyria.

Sabatha, a town of Arabia, now Sanaa.

Sabatra, a town of Syria. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 256.

Sabatini, a people of Samnium, living on the banks of the Sabatus, a river which falls into the Vulturnus. Livy, bk. 26, ch. 33.

Sabazius, a surname of Bacchus, as also of Jupiter. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 3, ch. 23.—Arnobius, bk. 4.

Sabbas, a king of India.

Sabella, the nurse of the poet Horace, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 29.

Sabelli, a people of Italy, descended from the Sabines, or, according to some, from the Samnites. They inhabited that part of the country which lies between the Sabines and the Marsi. Hence the epithet of Sabellicus. Horace, bk. 3, ode 6.—Virgil, Georgics, bk. 3, li. 255.

Sabellus, a Latin poet in the reign of Domitian and Nerva.

Julia Sabīna, a Roman matron, who married Adrian by means of Plotina the wife of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private as well as public virtues. Adrian treated her with the greatest asperity, though he had received from her the imperial purple; and the empress was so sensible of his unkindness, that she boasted in his presence that she had disdained to make him a father, lest his children should become more odious or more tyrannical than he himself was. The behaviour of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that he poisoned her, or, according to some, obliged her to destroy herself. The emperor at that time laboured under a mortal disease, and therefore he was the more encouraged to sacrifice Sabina to his resentment, that she might not survive him. Divine honours were paid to her memory. She died after she had been married 38 years to Adrian, A.D. 138.

Sabīni, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned among the Aborigines, or those inhabitants whose origin was not known. Some suppose that they were originally a Lacedæmonian colony, who settled in that part of the country. The possessions of the Sabines were situated in the neighbourhood of Rome, between the river Nar and the Anio, and bounded on the north by the Apennines and Umbria, south by Latium, east by the Æqui, and Etruria on the west. The greatest part of the contiguous nations were descended from them, such as the Umbrians, the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici, Æqui, Marsi, Brutii, &c. The Sabines are celebrated in ancient history as being the first who took up arms against the Romans, to avenge the rape of their females at a spectacle where they had been invited. After some engagements, the greatest part of the Sabines left their ancient possessions, and migrated to Rome, where they settled with their new allies. They were at last totally subdued, about the year of Rome 373, and ranked as Roman citizens. Their chief cities were Cures, Fidenæ, Reate, Crustumerium, Corniculum, Nomentum, Collatia, &c. The character of the nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and for the knowledge of herbs and incantations, was very great. Horace, epode 17, li. 28.—Cicero, Against Vatinius, ch. 15.— Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 12.—Livy, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 18.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 2, ch. 51.—Strabo, bk. 5.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 18.—Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 424.—Ovid, Metamorphoses,

bk. 14, lis. 775 & 797; Ars Amatoria, bk. 1, li. 101; ♦Amores, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 61.—Juvenal, satire 10, li. 197. ♦ Book name omitted from text.

Sabiniānus, a general who revolted in Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was defeated soon after, A.D. 240.――A general of the eastern empire, &c.

Sabīnus Aulus, a Latin poet intimate with Ovid. He wrote some epistles and elegies, in the number of which were mentioned, an epistle from Æneas to Dido, from Hippolytus to Phædra, and from Jason to ♦Hypsipyle, from Demophoon to Phyllis, from Paris to Œnome, from Ulysses to Penelope; the three last of which, though said to be his composition, are spurious. Ovid, Amores, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 27.――A man from whom the Sabines received their name. He received divine honours after death, and was one of those deities whom Æneas invoked when he entered Italy. He was supposed to be of Lacedæmonian origin. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 171.――An officer of Cæsar’s army defeated by the Gauls.――Julius, an officer who proclaimed himself emperor in the beginning of Vespasian’s reign.

He was soon after defeated in a battle; and, to escape from the conqueror, he hid himself in a subterraneous cave, with two faithful domestics, where he continued unseen for nine successive years. His wife found out his retreat, and spent her time with him, till her frequent visits to the cave discovered the place of his concealment.

He was dragged before Vespasian, and by his orders put to death, though his friends interested themselves in his cause, and his wife endeavoured to raise the emperor’s pity, by showing him the twins whom she had brought forth in their subterraneous retreat.――Cornelius, a man who conspired against Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself.――Titius, a Roman senator, shamefully accused and condemned by Sejanus. His body, after execution, was dragged through the streets of Rome, and treated with the greatest indignities. His dog constantly followed the body, and when it was thrown into the Tiber, the faithful animal plunged in after it, and was drowned. Pliny, bk. 8, ch. 40.――Poppæus, a Roman consul, who presided above 24 years over Mœsia, and obtained a triumph for his victories over the barbarians. He was a great favourite of Augustus and of Tiberius. Tacitus,

Annals.――Flavius, a brother of Vespasian, killed by the populace.

He was well known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He commanded in the Roman armies 35 years, and was governor of Rome for 12.――A friend of Domitian.――A Roman who attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews.――A friend of the emperor Alexander.――A lawyer. ♦ ‘Hipsipyle’ replaced with ‘Hypsipyle’ for consistency.

Sabis, now Sambre, a river of Belgic Gaul, falling into the Maese at Namur. Cæsar, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18.

Sabota, the same as Sabatha.

Sabracæ, a powerful nation of India. Curtius, bk. 9, ch. 8.

Sabrăta, a maritime town of Africa, near the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, about 70 miles from the modern Tripoli. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 256.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 4.

Sabrina, the Severn in England.

Sabŭra, a general of Juba king of Numidia, defeated and killed in a battle. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 722.

Saburānus, an officer of the pretorian guards. When he was appointed to this office by the emperor Trajan, the prince presented him with a sword, saying, “Use this weapon in my service as long as my commands are just; but turn it against my own breast, whenever I become cruel or malevolent.”

Sabus, one of the ancient kings of the Sabines; the same as Sabinus. See: Sabinus.――A king of Arabia.

Sacădas, a musician and poet of Argos, who obtained three several times the prize at the Pythian games. Plutarch, de Musica.—Pausanias, bk. 6, ch. 14.

Sacæ, a people of Scythia, who inhabited the country that lies at the east of Bactriana and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount Imaus.

The name of Sacæ was given in general to all the Scythians, by the

Persians. They had no towns, according to some writers, but lived in tents. Ptolemy, bk. 6, ch. 13.—Herodotus, bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 7, ch. 63.

—Pliny, bk. 6, ch. 17.—Solinus, ch. 62.

Sacer mons, a mountain near Rome. See: Mons sacer.

Sacer lucus, a wood of Campania, on the Liris.

Sacer portus, or Sacri portus, a place of Italy, near Præneste, famous for a battle that was fought there between Sylla and Marius, in which the former obtained the victory. Paterculus, bk. 2, ch. 26.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 134.

Sacrāni, a people of Latium, who assisted Turnus against Æneas. They were descended from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cybele.

Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 796.

Sacrātor, one of the friends of Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 10, li. 747.

Sacra via, a celebrated street of Rome, where a treaty of peace and alliance was made between Romulus and Tatis. It led from the amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple of the goddess of peace, and the temple of Cæsar. The triumphal processions passed through it to go to the capitol. Horace, bk. 4, ode 2; bk. 1, satire 9.—Livy, bk. 2, ch. 13.—Cicero, For Plancius, ch. 7, Letters to Atticus, bk. 4, ltr. 4.

Sacrāta lex, militaris, A.U.C. 411, by the dictator Valerius Corvus, as some suppose, enacted that the name of no soldier which had been entered in the muster roll should be struck out but by his consent, and that no person who had been a military tribune should execute the office of ductor ordinum.

Marcus Sacrātĭvir, a friend of Cæsar, killed at Dyrrachium. Cæsar, Gallic War. Sacri portus. See: Sacer portus.

Sacrum bellum, a name given to the wars carried on concerning the temple of Delphi. The first began B.C. 448, and in it the Athenians and Lacedæmonians were auxiliaries on opposite sides. The second war began 357 B.C., and finished nine years after by Philip of

Macedonia, who destroyed all the cities of the Phocians. See: Phocis.――Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now Cape St. Vincent, called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth.

Sadales, a son of Cotys king of Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a body of 500 horsemen. Cæsar, Gallic War, bk. 3.—Cicero, Against Verres, bk. 1.

Sadus, a river of India.

Sadyātes, one of the Mermnadæ, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father Gyges. He made war against the Milesians for six years.

Herodotus, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.

Sætabis, a town of Spain near the Lucro, on a rising hill, famous for its fine linen. Silius Italicus, bk. 3, li. 373.

Sagalassus, a town of Pisidia on the borders of Phrygia, now Sadjaklu.

Livy, bk. 38, ch. 15.

Sagăna, a woman acquainted with magic and enchantments. Horace, epode 5, li. 25.

Sagăris, a river of Asia, rising from mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and falling into the Euxine. See: Sangaris. Ovid, ex Ponto, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 47.――One of the companions of Æneas, killed by Turnus. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 263; bk. 9, li. 575.

Claudius Sagitta, an officer who encouraged Piso to rebel against the emperor Nero, &c. Tacitus, Histories, bk. 4, ch. 49.

Sagra, a small river of Italy in the country of the Brutii, where 130,000 Crotoniatæ were routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians. Cicero, de Natura Deorum, bk. 2, ch. 2.—Strabo, bk. 6.

Saguntum, or Saguntus, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis at the west of the Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, now called Morvedro. It had been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and by some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in its neighbourhood, with which cups, pocula Saguntina, were made, but more particularly it is famous as being the cause of the second

Punic war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight months; and the inhabitants, not to fall into the enemy’s hands, burnt themselves with their houses, and with all their effects. The conqueror afterwards rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with all the noblemen whom he detained as hostages from the several neighbouring nations of Spain.

Some suppose that he called it Spartagene. Florus, bk. 2, ch. 6.— Livy, bk. 21, chs. 2, 7, 9.—Silius Italicus, bk. 1, li. 271.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 250.—Strabo, bk. 3.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 6.

Sais, now Sa, a town in the Delta of Egypt, situate between the Canopic and Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently the capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebrated temple dedicated to Minerva, with a room cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed by water from Elephantis by the labours of 2000 men in three years.

The stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and eight high. Osiris was also buried near the town of Sais. The inhabitants were called Saitæ. One of the mouths of the Nile, which is adjoining to the town, has received the name of Saiticum. Strabo, bk. 17.—Herodotus, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c.

Sala, a town of Thrace, near the mouths of the Hebrus.――A town of Mauritania.――Of Phrygia.――A river of Germany falling into the Elbe, near which are salt-pits. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 13, ch. 57.――Another falling into the Rhine, now the Issel.

Salăcon, a poor man who pretended to be uncommonly rich, &c. Cicero, De Divinatione, bk. 7, ch. 24. ♦Salamantica, a town of Spain, now Salamanca. ♦ Placed in alphabetical order.

Salamīnia, a name given to a ship at Athens, which was employed by the republic in conveying the officers of state to their different administrations abroad, &c.――A name given to the island of Cyprus, on account of Salamis, one of its capital cities.

Sălămis, a daughter of the river Asopus by Methone. Neptune became enamoured of her, and carried her to an island of the Ægean, which

afterwards bore her name, and where she gave birth to a son called Cenchreus. Diodorus, bk. 4.

Sălămis, Salamins, or Salamīna, now Colouri, an island in the Saronicus sinus, on the southern coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis, at the distance of about a league, with a town and harbour of the same name. It is about 50 miles in circumference. It was originally peopled by a colony of Ionians, and afterwards by some of the Greeks from the adjacent islands and countries. It is celebrated for a battle which was fought there between the fleet of the Greeks and that of the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy’s ships amounted to above 2000, and those of the Peloponnesians to about 380 sail. In this engagement, which was fought on the 20th of October, B.C. 480, the Greeks lost 40 ships, and the Persians about 200, besides an immense number which were taken, with all the ammunition they contained. The island of Salamis was anciently called Sciras, Cychria, or Cenchria, and its bay the gulf of Engia. It is said that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax, who went to the Trojan war, were natives of Salamis. Strabo, bk. 2.— Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 56, &c.—Plutarch & Cornelius Nepos, Themistocles, &c.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 5, ch. 3.—Pausanias, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Lucan, bk. 5, li. 109.—Silius Italicus, bk. 14, li. 283.

Sălămis, or Salămīna, a town at the east of the island of Cyprus. It was built by Teucer, who gave it the name of the island Salamis, from which he had been banished about 1270 years before the christian era; and from this circumstance the epithets of ambigua and of altera were applied to it, as the mother country was also called vera, for the sake of distinction. His descendants continued masters of the town for above 800 years. It was destroyed by an earthquake, and rebuilt in the fourth century, and called Constantia. Strabo, bk. 9.—Herodotus, bk. 8, ch. 94, &c.—Horace, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 21.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 1.—Lucan, bk. 3, li. 183.

Sălāpia, or Sălăpiæ, now Salpe, a town of Apulia, where Annibal retired after the battle of Cannæ, and where he devoted himself to licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and of the interests of his country. It was taken from the Carthaginian general by Marcellus. Some remains of this place may be traced near a lake called Salapina

Palus, now used for making salt, which, from the situation near the sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships of superior burden.

Lucan, bk. 5, li. 377.—Valerius Maximus, bk. 3, ch. 8.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 11.

Salăra, a town of Africa propria, taken by Scipio. Livy, bk. 29, ch. 34, &c.

Salaria, a street and gate at Rome which led towards the country of the Sabines. It received the name of Salaria, because salt (sal) was generally conveyed to Rome that way. Martial, bk. 4, ltr. 64.――A bridge called Salarius, was built four miles from Rome through the Salarian gate on the river Anio.

Salassi, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who were in continual war with the Romans. They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 610, and were soon after defeated, and at last totally subdued and sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now called Val de Aousta, after a colony settled there, and called Augusta Prætoria, was situate in a valley between the Alps Graiæ and Penninæ, or Great and Little St. Bernard. Livy, bk. 21, ch. 38.—Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 17.—Strabo, bk. 4.

Saleius, a poet of great merit in the age of Domitian, yet pinched by poverty, though born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by purity of manners and integrity of mind. Juvenal, satire 7, li. 80.— Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.

Salēnii, a people of Spain. Mela, bk. 3, ch. 1.

Salentīni, a people of Italy, near Apulia, on the southern coast of Calabria. Their chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hydruntum. Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 579.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 400.—Varro, de Re Rustica, bk. 1, ch. 24.—Strabo, bk. 6.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 4.

Salernum, now Salerno, a town of the Picentini, on the shores of the Tyrrhene sea, south of Campania, and famous for a medical school in the lower ages. Pliny, bk. 13, ch. 3.—Livy, bk. 34, ch. 45.—Lucan, bk. 2, li. 425.—Paterculus, bk. 1, ch. 15.—Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 15.

Salganeus, or Salganea, a town of Bœotia, on the Euripus. Livy, bk. 35, ch. 37, &c.

Salia, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. Mela.

Salica, a town of Spain.

Salii, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars, and appointed by Numa to take care of the sacred shields called Ancylia, B.C. 709. See: Ancyle. They were 12 in number, the three elders among them had the superintendence of all the rest; the first was called præsul, the second vates, and the third magister. Their number was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families, and the office was very honourable. The 1st of March was the day on which the Salii observed their festivals in honour of Mars. They were generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of which only the edges were seen; they wore a large purple-coloured belt about the waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the observation of their solemnity they first offered sacrifices, and afterwards went through the streets dancing in measured motions, sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in different attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of the gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were accompanied in the chorus by a certain number of virgins, habited like themselves, and called Saliæ. The Salii instituted by Numa were called Palatini, in contradistinction from the others, because they lived on mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices there. Those that were added by Tullus were called Collini, Agonales, or Quirinales, from a mountain of the same name, where they had fixed their residence. Their name seems to have been derived a saliendo, or saltando, because during their festivals it was particularly requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and entertainments were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence dapes saliares is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they

declared war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. Livy, bk. 1, ch. 20.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 15.—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 3, li. 387.—Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 3.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 8, li. 285.――A nation of Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian.

Ammianus Marcellinus, bk. 17.

Salinātor, a surname common to the family of the Livii and others.

Salius, an Acarnanian at the games exhibited by Æneas in Sicily, and killed in the wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught the Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which afterwards bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 5, li. 298; bk. 10, li. 753.

Crispus Sallustius, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made himself known as a public magistrate in the office of questor and consul. His licentiousness, and the depravity of his manners, however, did not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from the dignity of a senator, B.C. 50. His amour with Fausta the daughter of Sylla was a strong proof of his debauchery; and Milo the husband, who discovered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extravagance could not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated himself from all difficulties by embracing the cause of Cæsar. He was restored to the rank of senator, and made governor of Numidia. In the administration of his province, Sallust behaved with unusual tyranny; he enriched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bought gardens, which, from their delightful and pleasant situation, still preserve the name of the gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia the divorced wife of Cicero; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an immortal hatred between the historian and the orator. Sallust died in the 51st year of his age, 35 years before the christian era. As a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history of Rome, but nothing remains of it except a few fragments, and his only compositions extant are his history of Catiline’s conspiracy, and of

the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these celebrated works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigour and animation of his sentences; he everywhere displays a wonderful knowledge of the human heart, and paints with a masterly hand the causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one was better acquainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies of the age, and the failings of which he himself was guilty in the eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly correct, and his harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character and the different pursuits of the great men in whose mouths they are placed.

The historian, however, is blamed for tedious and insipid exordiums, which often disgust the reader without improving him; his affectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also censured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of his narrations.

Though faithful in every other respect, he has not painted the character of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy which the reader claims from the historian; and in passing in silence over many actions which reflect the greatest honour on the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are two orations or epistles to Cæsar, concerning the regulations of the state, attributed to him, as also an oration against Cicero, whose authenticity some of the moderns have disputed. The best editions of Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1742; and of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1755. Quintilian, bk. 10, ch. 1.—Suetonius, The Grammarians in The Cæsars.—Martial, bk. 14, ltr. 191.――A nephew of the historian, by whom he was adopted. He imitated the moderation of Mæcenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a Roman knight, when he could have made himself powerful by the favours of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and luxurious. Horace dedicated bk. 2, ode 2, to him. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 1.—Pliny, bk. 34.――Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very intimate with the emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his integrity, and the soundness of his counsels. Julian made ♦ him prefect of Gaul.――There is also another Sallust, called Secundus, whom some have improperly confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also one of Julian’s favourites, and was made by him prefect of the east. He conciliated the good graces of the Romans by the purity of his morals, his fondness for discipline, and his religious principles. After

the death of the emperor Jovian, he was universally named by the officers of the Roman empire to succeed on the imperial throne; but he refused this great though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmities of body and old age. The Romans wished upon this to invest his son with the imperial purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed that he was too young to support the dignity.――A prefect of Rome in the reign of Valentinian.――An officer in Britain. ♦ removed duplicate ‘him’

Salmăcis, a fountain of Caria, near Halicarnassus, which rendered effeminate all those who drank of its waters. It was there that Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though he still retained the characteristics of his own. Ovid, Metamorphoses, bk. 4, li. 285; bk. 15, li. 319.—Hyginus, fable 271.—Festus, Lexicon of Festus.

Salmōne, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which the Enipeus takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40 stadia from Olympia, which, on account of that, is called Salmonis.

Ovid, bk. 3, Amores, poem 6, li. 43.――A promontory at the east of Crete. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, bk. 5.

Salmoneus, a king of Elis, son of Æolus and Enarette, who married Alcidice, by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and to receive divine honours from his subjects; therefore to imitate the thunder, he used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge, and darted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate the lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with a thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal regions near his brother Sisyphus. Homer, Odyssey, bk. 11, li. 235.—Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 9.—Hyginus, fable 60.—Diodorus, bk. 4.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 6, li. 585.

Salmōnis, a name given to Olympia. See: Salmone.――The patronymic of Tyro daughter of Salmoneus. Ovid, Amores, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43.

Salmus (untis), a town of Asia near the Red sea, where Alexander saw a theatrical representation. Diodorus, bk. 17.

Salmydessus, a bay on the Euxine sea.

Salo, now Xalon, a river in Spain, falling into the Iberus. Martial, bk. 10, ltr. 20.

Salodurum, now Soleure, a town of the Helvetii.

Salōme, a queen of Judæa. This name was common to some of the princesses in the family of Herod, &c.

Salon, a country of Bithynia.

Sălōna, or Salōne, a town of Dalmatia, about 10 miles distant from the coast of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that account called his son Saloninos, in honour of the victory. It was the native place of the emperor Diocletian, and he retired there to enjoy peace and tranquillity, after he had abdicated the imperial purple, and built a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in the 16th century.

A small village of the same name preserves the traces of its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. Lucan, bk. 4, li. 404.—Cæsar, Civil War, bk. 9.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 3.

Salonīna, a celebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and distinguished herself by her private as well as public virtues. She was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, mildness, and benevolence, Rome was indebted some time for her peace and prosperity. She accompanied her husband in some of his expeditions, and often called him away from the pursuits of pleasure to make war against the enemies of Rome. She was put to death by the hands of the conspirators, who also assassinated her husband and family, about the year 268 of the christian era.

Salonīnus, a son of Asinius Pollio. He received his name from the conquest of Salona by his father. Some suppose that he is the hero of Virgil’s fourth eclogue, in which the return of the golden age is so warmly and beautifully anticipated.――Publius Licinius Cornelius, a son of Gallienus by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the art of war. He remained there some time, till the usurper Posthumius arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus was upon this delivered up to his enemy and put to death in the 10th year of his age.

Salonius, a friend of Cato the censor. The daughter of Censorius married Salonius in his old age. Plutarch.――A tribune and centurion of the

Roman army, hated by the populace for his strictness.

Salpis, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called Salpinates. Livy, bk. 5, ch. 31.

Salsum, a river in Spain. Cæsar.

Salvian, one of the fathers of the fifth century, of whose works the best edition is the 12mo, Paris, 1684.

Salvidiēnus, an officer of the army of Augustus. He was betrayed by Antony, and put to death.――A Latin writer in the age of the emperor Probus.

Salvius, a flute-player, saluted king by the rebellious slaves of Sicily in the age of Marius. He maintained for some time war against the Romans.――A nephew of the emperor Otho.――A friend of Pompey.――A man put to death by Domitian.――A freedman of Atticus. Cicero, ♦Letters to Atticus, bk. 10.――Another of the sons of Hortensius. Cicero, Letters to Atticus. ♦ ‘ad Div. c. 11.’ replaced with ‘Letters to Atticus, bk. 10’

Salus, the goddess of health at Rome, worshipped by the Greeks under the name of Hygeia. Livy, bks. 9 & 10.

Salyes, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. Livy, bk. 5, chs. 34 & 35; bk. 21, ch. 26.

Samăra, a river of Gaul, now called the Somme, which falls into the British channel near Abbeville.

Samaria, a city and country of Palestine, famous in sacred history. The inhabitants, called Samaritans, were composed of heathens and rebellious Jews, and on having a temple built there after the form of that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the people of Judæa and of Samaria, so that no intercourse took place between the two countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of reproach, and as it were a curse.

Samarobriva, a town of Gaul, now Amiens, in Picardy.

Sambūlos, a mountain near Mesopotamia, where Hercules was worshipped. Tacitus, Annals, bk. 12, ch. 13.

Sambus, an Indian king defeated by Alexander. Diodorus, bk. 17.――A river of India.

Same, or Samos, a small island in the Ionian ♦ sea near Ithaca, called also Cephallenia. Virgil, Æneid, bk. 3, li. 271. ♦ ‘sear’ replaced with ‘sea’

Samia, a daughter of the river Mæander. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.――A surname of Juno, because she was worshipped at Samos.

Samnītæ, or Amnitæ, a people of Gaul.

Samnītes, a people of Italy, who inhabited the country situate between Picenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient Latium. They distinguished themselves by their implacable hatred against the Romans, in the first ages of that empire, till they were at last totally extirpated, B.C. 272, after a war of 71 years. Their chief town was called Samnium, or Samnis. Livy, bk. 7, &c.—Florus, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 18.— Strabo, bk. 5.—Lucan, bk. 2.—Eutropius, bk. 2.

Samnium, a town and part of Italy inhabited by the Samnites. See: Samnites.

Samochonites, a small lake of Palestine.

Samonium, a promontory of Crete.

Samos, an island in the Ægean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, from which it is divided by a narrow strait, with a capital of the same name, built B.C. 986. It is about 87 miles in circumference, and is famous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called Parthenia, Anthemusa, Stephane, Melamphyllus, Anthemus, Cyparissia, and Dryusa. It was first in the possession of the Leleges, and afterwards of the Ionians. The people of Samos were at first governed by kings, and afterwards the form of their government became democratical and oligarchical. Samos was in its most flourishing situation under Polycrates, who had made himself

absolute there. The Samians assisted the Greeks against the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Europe, and were reduced under the power of Athens, after a revolt, by Pericles, B.C. 441. They were afterwards subdued by Eumenes king of Pergamus, and were restored to their ancient liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, Samos became a Roman province. Juno was held in the greatest veneration there; her temple was uncommonly magnificent, and it was even said that the goddess had been born there under a willow tree, on the banks of the Imbrasus. Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 4.— Plutarch, Pericles.—Pliny, bk. 5, ch. 31.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 1, li. 20.—Thucydides.――The islands of Samothrace and Cephallenia were also known by the name of Samos.

Samosăta, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates, below mount Taurus, where Lucian was born.

Samothrāce, or Samothrācia, an island in the Ægean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it is distant about 32 miles. It was known by the ancient names of Leucosia, Melitis, Electria, Leucania, and Dardani. It was afterwards called Samos, and distinguished from the Samos which lies on the coast of Ionia by the epithet of Thracian, or by the name of Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or only 20 according to modern travellers. The origin of the first inhabitants of Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, suppose that they were Thracians, and that the place was afterwards peopled by the colonies of the Pelasgians, Samians, and Phœnicians. Samothrace is famous for a deluge which inundated the country, and reached the very top of the highest mountains. This inundation, which happened before the age of the Argonauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of the waters of the Euxine, which the ancients considered merely as a lake.

The Samothracians were very religious; and as all mysteries were supposed to have taken their origin there, the island received the name of sacred, and was a safe and inviolable asylum to all fugitives and criminals. The island was originally governed by kings, but afterwards the government became democratical. It enjoyed all its rights and immunities under the Romans till the reign of Vespasian, who reduced it, with the rest of the islands in the Ægean, into the form of a province. Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 12.—Strabo, bk. 10.—

Herodotus, bk. 7, ch. 108, &c.—Virgil, Æneid, bk. 7, li. 208.—Mela, bk. 2, ch. 7.—Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.—Florus, bk. 2, ch. 12.

Samus, a son of Ancæus and Samia, grandson of Neptune. Pausanias, bk. 7, ch. 4.

Sana, a town of mount Athos, near which Xerxes began to make a channel to convey the sea.

Sanaos, a town of Phrygia. Strabo.

Sanchoniăthon, a Phœnician historian, born at Berytus, or, according to others, at Tyre. He flourished a few years before the Trojan war, and wrote, in the language of his country, a history in nine books, in which he amply treated of the theology and antiquities of Phœnicia, and the neighbouring places. It was compiled from the various records found in the cities, and the annals which were usually kept in the temples of the gods among the ancients. This history was translated into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign of the emperor Adrian. Some few fragments of this Greek translation are extant. Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, while others contend that they are true and authentic.

Sancus, Sangus, or Sanctus, a deity of the Sabines introduced among the gods of Rome under the name of Dius Fidius. According to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, or Sabinus, the first king of the Sabines.

Silius Italicus, bk. 8, li. 421.—Varro, de Lingua Latina, bk. 4, ch. 10.

—Ovid, Fasti, bk. 6, li. 213.

Sandace, a sister of Xerxes.

Sandaliotis, a name given to Sardinia, from its resemblance to a sandal.

Pliny, bk. 3, ch. 7.

Sandalium, a small island of the Ægean, near Lesbos.—A port of Pisidia. Strabo.

Sandanis, a Lydian, who advised Crœsus not to make war against the Persians.

Sandānes, a river of Thrace near Pallene.