The Photograph As A Site of Mnemonic Return by Martina Cleary Projects

The Photograph As A Site of Mnemonic Return

Phase I - Remember To Forget

Martina Cleary - Mixed - Media Collage Family album photographs & road kill (50 x 120 cm) October 2012

Martina Cleary - Mixed - Media Collage Photographic Emulsion Lifts, letters and found objects (Dimensions variable) October 2012

Martina Cleary Collection of album photographs, as starting point for the series Remember To Forget November 2012

Martina Cleary Experiments with Photographic Emulsion Lifts on a variety of surfaces. October - November 2012

Martina Cleary Photographic Emulsion Lift on postcard. Digital collage from album images. (1 # 10) November 2012.

Martina Cleary Photographic emulsion lifts on postcards. Digital Collage from album images and thread. (Collection of 10) November 2012

Martina Cleary Photographic Emulsion Lift from digitally altered album image # (17 of 68) Each image (30 x 42 cm) March 2013

Martina Cleary - Helsinki Album 68 photographic Emulsion Lifts, bound into Artist Book (above right) (38 x 50 x 4 cm) May 2013

Martina Cleary - Helsinki Album Handmade artist book (38 x 50 x 4 cm). Photographic Emulsion Lifts, ink, thread. May 2013

Martina Cleary - Some Spectral Muse Mixed - Media Collage on Paper Each piece (30 x 40 cm) July 2013

Martina Cleary - Some Spectral Muse # (7 of 16) (above) Handmade Artist Book (left) (7 x 8 x 2 cm) July 2013

Martina Cleary - The Suitcase Archive, Exhibition Installation, The Courthouse Gallery Ennistymon, August - September 2016

Martina Cleary - Bloodbook (detail) Photographic Emulsion Lifts, wax, thread, blood, paper Artist book (15 x 30 x 3 cm) September 2013

Martina Cleary - Bloodbook Photographic Emulsion Lifts, wax, thread, blood, paper Artist book (15 x 30 x 3 cm) September 2013

Martina Cleary - Memory Skins (2 - 6) Photographic Emulsion Lifts, thread, text Each piece framed (20 x 26 cm) September 2013

Martina Cleary - Memory Skin no. 1 Photographic Emulsion Lifts on Fabric (54 x 160 cm) February 2014

Martina Cleary - The Suitcase Archive Exhibition Installation The Courthouse Gallery Ennistymon August - September 2016

Martina Cleary - Places That Cannot Be Said Digital Collage (Series of 12 images) Each (10 x 15 cm) November 2013

Martina Cleary Archival Digital Print # (1 of 10) Each (40 x 50 cm) January 2014

Martina Cleary Archival Digital Print # (4 of 10) Each (40 x 50 cm) January 2014

Martina Cleary Archival Digital Print # (7 of 10) Each (40 x 50 cm) January 2014

Martina Cleary - Remember To Forget Handmade Artist Book, including 18 archival printed photographs, text & memory maps 15 x 25 x 2 cm) April 2014 Please refer to Appendix (ii) Remember To Forget - A Prototype Photobook from Phase I, for final edition of this book.

Phase II - Postcards From A Life

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind Miixed - Media Drawings & Prints Series of 30 images (Sizes variable) July 2014

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind Drawing, Solarplate Prints, Intaglio Prints & Photo Etchings Dimensions variable August - September 2016

Martina Cleary Mixed - Media Collage with found and printed postcards (60 x 140 cm) August 2014

Martina Cleary Archival Digital Print # (1 of 4) Each image (15 x 45 cm) July 2014

Martina Cleary Archival Digital Print # (2 of 4) Each image (15 x 45 cm) July 2014

Martina Cleary - Postcards From A Life Selection of source images, gathered on site, found, or digitally collaged from archival sources. December 2014

Martina Cleary - Postcards From A Life Day # 1 Archival Digital Print # (1 of 10 ) (60 x 100 cm) January 2015

Martina Cleary Archival Digital Print # (3 of 4) Each (15 x 45 cm) July 2014

Martina Cleary - Postcards From A Life Day # 2 Archival Digital Print # (2 of 10) (60 x 100 cm) January 2015

Martina Cleary - Postcards From A Life Day # 3 Archival Digital Print # (3 of 10) (60 x 100 cm) January 2015

Martina Cleary - Postcards From A Life Day # (1 - 4) Exhibition Installation August - September 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 1 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 2 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 3 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 4 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 5 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 6 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 7 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 8 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 9 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind # 10 Archival Digital Print (60 x 60 cm) July 2016

Martina Cleary - Hypermap # 1 Archival Digital Print (90 x 90 cm) August 2016

Martina Cleary - Hypermap # 2 Archival Digital Print (90 x 90 cm) August 2016

Martina Cleary - The Blue Wind (1 - 10) & Hypermap (1 - 2) Exhibition installation The Courthouse Gallery Ennistymon August - September 2016

Please refer to Appendix (iii) The Blue Wind - A Prototype Photobook from Phase II for full textual narrative of this piece.

Phase III - The Suitcase Archive

Martina Cleary (2016) Collaborative photobooks made with Michael O’Donohue, Tess Diviney, Ann O’Donnell and Colm Mac Lochlainn, Archival Digital Prints, each 12x16x4cm.

Martina Cleary - Extracts from Collaborative Photobook made with Ann O' Donnell Archival Digital Print Photobook (11 x 16 x 3 cm) March 2016

Martina Cleary - Collaborative Photobook made with Ann O' Donnell Archival Digital Print (11 x 16 x 3 cm) March 2016

Dorothea Lange - Nora Kenneally with her youngest son Michael at the home near Cloonanaha Circa 1954. Courtesy Gerry Mullins © The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Martina Cleary - Collaborative Portrait made with Ann O'Donnell and her son James O' Donnell at home in Kilkeedy Archival Digital Print (60 x 70 cm) February 2016

Ann O' Donnell Tuesday 29th Jan 2016 My mother was a very strong character, a slight woman but very strong. Very bossy, but kind when people were in trouble, like deaths and illness or accidents. She was very good with stock and had a lovely herd of Galway ewes which she would lamb herself in the Spring. She had cattle and we had one person, a cousin who lived in and worked, and had to be paid every week which she often found a strain. But her one thing when I was growing up was that my brother was going to work the land, but I was going to get away and have a better life than the land demands of you. She was about thirtyseven when she became a widow. She married when she was thirty-three and my father was fifty. She never had any intention of marrying again, she had her life there. My mother would have stock to sell, but women weren’t allowed, it was a tradition. As with Irish folklore there’s very little written down, it’s all word of mouth. Normally women had family, brothers or very often if it was a young widow, her father would do the trading for her. Women were just not allowed to trade, in anything. But my mother was well able to cope. She was very quick and had cuteness about trading, through sheer necessity. She died in hospital at eighty-one and had made a good living off the land.

I was sent to Seamount, the boarders. Strange to say my brother would have loved to have gone out into the world. He would have been very good at engineering. All I wanted to do, and this is why I’m back here now, is stay. I never wanted to leave. But even though she was a woman running the farm, she would have never thought of handing it onto me, and letting my brother go to school. She always said, it was no work for a woman. It was too hard. But you see it was all hard, physical work then. Today any woman can drive any machine as well as a man. My mother never thought of marrying again. She liked her land, and once she got the hang of it she really enjoyed managing it. Of Lange’s images, the ones that evoke most memory for me include one of a woman standing looking out the door about to leave. And there’s another of the postman, he was so important. The two girls, Catherine and Ann O’ Halloran in front of the kitchen dresser. Those fancy jugs were actually what they called jam mugs. When jam was sold at that time you bought those and they were full of preserved jam, and then you had the jug afterwards. They all evoke. The hands of Eleanor O’ Halloran, born in 1871. She’s obviously a very old lady, but the hands are quite big for a ladies hands, but it’s purely from hard work.

Dorothea Lange - O’Halloran’s Circa 1954. Loan from the collection of Gerry Mullins, © The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Martina Cleary (2016) Storylines #1– (Upper section) images for collaborative photobook made with Ann O’Donnell, (lower section) my photographic response to her story, (on shelf) finished photobook made with Ann, Archival Digital Prints, sizes variable, and Lange. D. (1954) three framed prints on loan from the personal collection of Gerry Mullins.

Martina Cleary Interim Exhibition Installation, Glór Ennis (Left) April 2016. Final Exhibition Installation, The Courthouse Gallery Ennistymon (Right) August - September 2016. Including selected works by Dorothea Lange, and extracts from her Fieldnotes in Ireland.

Michael O’ Donoghue Sunday 10th Jan 2016 Images of the stonewalls on my farm, walls that are into the area that are not from here, but if it were not for there for over two hundred years. They’re only on the them, then the population would be much worse. The limestone plateau because we moved all the walls on house where I was born, my father and my grandfather the grazing area before that. Well you see they and my great-grandfather lived there. I’m not too sure if represent a sense of history and some things we have my great-grandfather was born there, but he definitely lost. In the old days our farm would have had a massive lived there. At the time farmers were tenants, and they amount of walls, but in the spirit of increasing farm moved around. We located some remnants of our family output, they were removed from the arable areas in the in other areas. One of the anomalies is what happened 1970’s. The memories of the walls in the fields bring to our name. In the 1950’s when there was a revival of back hardship, raising stones and stock, bushes and the Irish, the O’ was re-introduced to O’ Donoghue, briars growing beside them. Now on the limestone whereas in all the official documents it would still be pavement there isn’t sufficient soil for them to grow, and Donoghue. And all the graveyards and gravestone they’re nice to look at, and not difficult to maintain. I names are Donoghue. I think it was a pity that the name possibly was at the fair in Tubber that day when Lange changed, I’d have preferred if it hadn’t, but it’s built in passed through. I wouldn’t have been one of the now and there isn’t much you can do. It came from the attractions there, she was concentrating on older Irish, but we have census records of 1855 and 1824 and people. I would have been twelve years old at the time, the name that was used Donoghue. The biggest so a sightseer at the fair rather than an active person. I change, looking at Lange’s work is of course manual was born in 1939, and have been here every year since. labour, it has almost disappeared. Machinery and Her images bring back memories of the type of clothes, electronics have changed the type of farming we're the vests the farmers wore at the fairs, and the doing completely. The income of a farmer was based on inadequacy of those clothes for the weather. Heavy cold the amount of labour that was used in those days, coats with no rainproof garments or things like that. Also because their best paying crops were either market pictures of people walking to mass, which were taken garden, sugar beet, or corn. When machinery wasn’t as back near Inagh. The numbers that were going to mass advanced, it was manual labour that produced most of back then, and how it has changed in a short lifetime. those. An of course horses were the most important. Very little is the same today. The biggest example is the The harvesting was by far the most important thing. It population that was there then. It has really disappeared was the test of your strength, your income and your in those areas since. People have emigrated. Our ability to farm within the year. The amount of food you population in this area is now about four hundred. We could produce at harvest time, which would feed have figures going back to four thousand in 1880. There livestock also. The people were absolutely dependent were nine hundred in 1961. A lot of people have moved

on it.

Dorothea Lange - Cattle Fair Ennistymon Circa 1954. Courtesy Gerry Mullins © The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S Taylor.

Martina Cleary (2016) Storylines #2 – (Upper section) images for collaborative photobook made with Michael O’ Donoghue, (lower section) my photographic response to his story, (on shelf) finished photobook made with Michael, Archival Digital Prints, sizes variable, and Lange. D. (1954), loan from the collection of Gerry Mullins.

Tess Diviney Wednesday 29th Dec 2015 The bank was cleared off with a spade and the sleán was used to cut the turf. Then that was laid up on the bank, and then made into mullacháns. That was left for a number of months or so, until it was dried out, then formed into reeks. It was a big preparation and our fueling for the winter, which was either wood or turf. We didn’t use coals, so we depended on the turf. Lange’s photographs of making the hay brought back memories as well, because it was then cut with a finger mower. My father had a tractor so he cut for the neighbours as well. At about three or four in the morning he began for himself, and that was let lie for a day or so, then we turned it. Again we had a big meitheal, and on a good sunny day we’d tram all the hay. The women of the house brought the food to the meadow, and when we went down we were asked to pull the butt of the tram, and make súgáns for over them. That tied down the tram in case of a storm or wind. It was left in the meadow to season. About six weeks later it was brought home, and that was another big day. The men brought it in. Some would fork the hay, others push it in out around the eye of the shed, until it was filled. That was our hay saved for the season, to keep the cattle over the winter.

Dorothea Lange - Work on Tottenham's Farm Circa 1954. Courtesy Gerry Mullins © The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Martina Cleary - Extracts from collaborative Photobook made with Tess Diviney Archival Digital Print Photobook (11 x 16 x 3 cm) March 2016

Martina Cleary (2016) Collaborative Portrait with Tess and Tony Diviney on their farm near Gort, Archival Digital Prints, 50x50cm, and 60x70cm.

Bernie O’ Grady Wednesday 29th December 2016 The first image by Lange that comes to mind is of the fair in Tubber, and the neighbour who was just up the road from us at home. Patch Flanagan was his name. He was a character and his brother Joe even more so. They had another brother who was a teacher, and four sisters who were nuns. That’s the first image I saw in the book, and I couldn’t believe he was actually there, because I personally knew him. Other images which are evocative are within the home of the O’Halloran family. They recall the work some women still do, the chores within the house. I would say life for women has changed immeasurably since Lange visited Ireland, and for the better. When you look at her work, a lot of the women, the majority, were still within the home and didn’t have an outside outlet or job. Whereas now anyone of my age, that I know, many work outside the home, including the farmers wives, even on a part-time basis. They’re independent, they drive, and they’ve a lot going for them. I think they have the best of both worlds really. In most households women still take care of the house and the family. Many farm women also look after the books. Some women still help out in the dairy for example, from time to time. But there aren’t so many anymore involved in the day to day work on the farm, that’s changed quite a lot.

Dorothea Lange - Patch Flanagan at Tubber Fair Circa 1954. Courtesy Gerry Mullins © The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Martina Cleary - Memory Boxes, Helsinki, Paris, Clare Mixed Media research artefacts (Dimensions variable) 2013 - 2016

Colm Mac Lochlainn Sunday 10th Jan 2016 Those boys on bicycles, they kind of remind me of my childhood. We were better off than these people, but my own recollection of the 1950’s – I wouldn’t go back there for anything. Everybody doesn’t agree with me you know. My wife grew up at the same time but she doesn’t have the same memory of it. I don’t think any real proper light entered into my life until I heard the Beatles, which was about 1962-63. So when I look back, it probably wasn’t all grey. The evocative images by Lange, there are a few. The shoemakers – I can smell that. The thatcher’s, the graveyards, places where you can always learn a lot by just walking around looking at gravestones. The creamery and the flyboys. They’re the ones the guards were looking out for at the dances, smarter than the average. The photographs of the O’Hallorans at Mt. Callan. There’s something about it, because he’s got his back to the camera. It’s like looking back and looking forward at the same time, and also time going back. Because you’ve got the three looking directly at the camera. The three girls are focused on what’s in front of them and the boy is half turned around. There’s not many of the people like that left, because people have left the land. Others buy the land or get the use of it, but the youngsters that are working as farmers now, many are qualified in agricultural science. There’s all sorts of backup and assistance and not many living that hard life anymore. A lot of the young women can get employment in Ireland and stay now. They’re far better educated and opportunities for women in rural Ireland are far better these days.

That’s all the O’Halloran girls could do really, emigrate. The chances are they would have been going into domestic service in America, whereas nowadays if our young women emigrate, they go to high-powered jobs. And it’s a choice. They don’t all go to the same place, they go to London, Australia, New Zealand, all sorts of places. Their choice is way better. Also they’re far more independent than they used to be. The people also come back. One of my daughters went off for a year and travelled through South-East Asia and Australia. The other made a trip around New Zealand when my granddaughter was a baby. They just do these things. Lange’s images reminded me of the place I am now, of what it used to be like. But doing this project and meeting people who actually know people, or who could even be related to people who are in the photographs made it very personal. On one level here’s this Dubiner, the Johnny come lately type, landing into rural County Clare. And I didn’t know any of these people at all. I didn’t really even think that I would have a connection with them. So I was looking at them sort of objectively, as an outsider. But when you meet people who can tell you, oh, such and such a person lives there, in Boston, or his brother in law, or his son in law... you know, people related to those who are in the photographs, who can tell you about the real individuals in them, that was a revelation to me. It makes the whole thing very immediate, very relevant and very contemporary.

Dorothea Lange - Girl at a Hurling Match Ennis Circa 1954. Courtesy Gerry Mullins© The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Martina Cleary Extracts from collaborative Photobook made with Colm Mac Lochlainn Archival Digital Print Photobook (11 x 16 x 3 cm) March 2016

Elaine Dalton Friday 1st Jan 2016 An image of hardship, the grandmother sitting at the fireplace, her eyes are dancing in her head but I can see from her clothes and her hands that she is no stranger to very hard work. It reminds me a bit of myself, insofar as no matter what is happening to you, it’s not that you keep the bright side out, but it’s about survival instinct and you’ve got to survive. Whatever your current circumstances are. Or that you can find the fun in some things in life. Or that you find things to be, I don’t know if the right word is grateful for, but relieved about. Relieved that there are some things that you don’t have to worry about, like that bag of coal coming in, or the food on the table. They would have been very worrying times and I’m sure it was much more common then, but at the same time maybe there was a closer sense of community among women. I think women have become quite isolated out from each other now. We have modernized in terms of accessibility to transport and technology, but some of that has created distance in communities. For example in my current circumstances I consider my place of residence to make me more like a commuter. I live in the community, but I don’t participate in it. If that was forty years ago, I would have no choice but participation, because I wouldn’t have been able to get more than two or three miles beyond it. So I suppose Lange’s images evoke a curiosity in me about the sort of kinship there was then, and maybe women realizing the hardship of other women, and acting accordingly. I think things probably have changed somewhat. Time doesn’t stand still and life doesn’t stand still.

It doesn’t mean that societies can’t go backwards, and in a way I suppose, in my experience things are actually going backwards somewhat. But we’ve got a lot more issues to deal with now. I think there’s still disproportionate discrimination against women who work on the land. When it comes to the law and legal systems, and ownership. So women can do a massive amount of work, untold hours on farms, and in agricultural life and still not get recognized for doing that. Sometimes by family members, but by the law also, which essentially is the thing going to stand on your side, or not. There are also the unwritten rules of society, in terms of what is acceptable and what was acceptable back then, regarding women’s place. Things have changed with the demise of the church, but there are still some fundamental rules that are not politically correct to talk about. I’ve seen it recently in an instance where initially the community was very supportive, but after a tragedy suddenly fell away, and things returned to analyses of the moral aspects, or supposed moral aspects of a situation. And so the community speaks again, but in a silent way. I think there’s great benefits to technology, being able to get out of your location, but it brings additional problems that have never been addressed. Once you could just pop over to your neighbours to lend a hand, but you probably wouldn’t even know your neighbour now. It’s that individualization that has come along with technology and science. I do see a loneliness, not among women, but by women’s separation from each other.

Dorothea Lange - The Hands of Ellen O' Halloran Circa 1954. Courtesy Gerry Mullins© The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Dorothea Lange - Town Circa 1954. Photonegative, AP.137.54027.1 © The Dorothea Lange Collection, the Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Martina Cleary - Fashion Show at Finnerty's Pub Archival Digital Print (60 x 70 cm) December 2015

Martina Cleary Saturday 2nd Jan 2016 It’s the images of the O’ Halloran girls about to emigrate to America that really evoke the most memory for me. Their fate has been that of so many Irish women. There’s no other choice but to leave, because you’re either excluded from inheritance, or don’t fit into one of the more expected societal roles. And these are the ones that are usually forgotten, because they went away, or they were women. There were three O’ Halloran girls who left, Catherine, Anne and Maureen. Two of them are dressed up in their very best for Lange, their travelling clothes. I recognize in that image something of the excitement but apprehension of immanent departure. A threshold state, because you are literally on the edge of worlds, both here and about to leave, potentially forever. I left for the first time when I was seventeen, for London. There was the huge anticipation at that age, of being finally free, of going out into the world. That was enough to distract me from the fact that I had to go, that there wasn’t enough opportunity here to build a decent life. That there wasn’t really a choice in it. The threat of having to leave to survive, is I feel a constant in Ireland. And once you let go of your foothold in the place, it’s really difficult to find it again. I was gone for over thirteen years and returned to a different world. Friends had moved on or away, or settled into lives I had very little in common with anymore. As a woman, if you haven’t settled down or had children the difference is more marked, because that’s still a significant defining characteristic of identity and position for women in Ireland. So a huge chunk of regular existence just isn’t there, which alienates you further. But the tradition of

sending the single woman out goes back generations. Right back to the Famine, the young women without husbands or children, were the first on the side of the road, thrown out even from the workhouses. Hundreds were sent off on ships. The attitude, even up to today is find yourself a husband to look after you. My own mother took that position. I didn’t need an education, women don’t because they will marry anyway. It’s an everyday way of excusing neglect and discrimination, from the individual instance right up to governmental structures. You would like to believe that kind of thinking is gone, but it hasn’t. It’s just beneath the surface and evident in access to opportunity. It's about having a chance of survival, being able to stay and live in the place where you were born. That’s where you’re up against it. And it’s not so easy to change perceptions of what a woman can or cannot be in a modern society, founded on tribal memories and affiliations that go back centuries. It’s like trying to cling onto a rock between two roads. One leads up to the coast, out onto the small boats and to the larger ships that brought you to America, or Australia or further. The other is the one carved into the land and memory by starvation or deprivation, or the threat of it. There’s something very sad about the image of the three sisters, as they stand against the wall of turf in the yard. The older sisters would go first, with the younger one eventually following them to America.

Dorothea Lange - O’Halloran’s Circa 1954. Photo negative, A67.137.54138.10 © The Dorothea Lange Collection, The Oakland Museum of California, City of Oakland. Gift of Paul S.Taylor.

Martina Cleary - The Suitcase Archive Archival Digital Prints Each image (60 x 70 cm) December 2015

Martina Cleary - The Suitcase Archive Mixed - Media Object, including Artist Book (above) (Dimensions variable) August 2016 Please refer to Appendix (iv) The Suitcase Archive - A Prototype Photobook for full textual narrative in Phase III.

Martina Cleary - Memory Lines Artist Book, Shredded Photographs, Text & Maps (26 x 40 x 50 cm) August 2016

Martina Cleary Exhibition installation, including selection of Dorothea Lange prints, loan from the collection of Gerry Mullins The Courthouse Gallery Ennistymon August - September 2016

The Photograph as a Site of Mnemonic Return Appendix (i) Catalogue of Practice Based Research Outcomes; Phase I - Remember To Forget Phase II - Postcards From A Life Phase III - The Suitcase Archive Documentation of exhibition installation at The Courthouse Gallery Ennistymon, County Clare, August - September 2016. In addition to original works by Martina Cleary, the exhibition included thirty works by Dorothea Lange, courtesy of Gerry Mullins and The Oakland Museum of California. Additional collaborative photographs listed were created during fieldwork, and the collaborative community based project Kilkeedy A Space Between, funded by the Clare Arts Office, Art Space Grant 2016. Original Artwork and Texts © Martina Cleary 2017.