Marshall Magazine - Spring/Summer 2023

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LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN

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GENERAL VAN FLEET AND THE GREEK CIVIL WAR, 1947–1949

by David Cocoris Introduction by David Hein

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PROPAGANDA POSTERS

by Matt Luther

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“THE CHARACTER OF THE MAN” Remarks from the 2022 George C. Marshall Foundation Awards

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FOUNDATION NEWS AND DONORS

Marshall is the magazine of the George C. Marshall Foundation. We encourage the reproduction and use of articles contained herein, as well as submissions. Direct correspondence and requests to P.O. Box 1600, Lexington, VA 24450.

Telephone: 540.463.7103 Website: www.marshallfoundation.org Editor: Glen J. Carpenter Email: editor@marshallfoundation.org Contributors: Glen J. Carpenter, David Cocoris, Melissa H. Davis, David L. Hein, Paul A. Levengood, Matt Luther, Kevin Remington, Bennett L. Ross, John J. Wranek III

Cover:

Left:

General George C. Marshall and

Detail of a poster by French artist

General John Palmer consult a map

Kenna Terrizan in support of the

of Belgium, 1944.

Marshall Plan, 1950

LETTER FROM THE CHAIRMAN

DEAR FRIENDS, I am honored and humbled to chair the Board of the George C. Marshall Foundation. Leading a board of any organization can present daunting challenges. But for an organization whose mission is to perpetuate the legacy of George C. Marshall, the task comes with an added responsibility. Marshall’s commitment to his country, his strength of personal character, and his leadership in war and peace remain the gold standard of public service—a legacy the Foundation exists to preserve and promote.

In his essay “Swift, or the Capacity for Reason,” historian Jacques Barzun wrote: “When in our weariness we look back to the great ages shining in history by their art, science, and the merged glory of worthy lives and deeds, we long for their clear outlines and envy their unchallengeable merit.” While some historical figures may, in Barzun’s words, exist as “only another mirage induced by distance and desire,” Marshall’s legacy serves as a durable example that current and future generations should emulate.

To ensure that Marshall’s legacy does not fade from public consciousness, the Foundation is unveiling a robust program to educate and inspire younger audiences about George C. Marshall’s pivotal role in history and his selfless character. The first part of that program will feature a specialized, week-long professional development seminar for secondary school teachers, who are ideally situated to instruct young people about Marshall.

Stay tuned for other educational initiatives that the Foundation will be launching in the coming months. These initiatives are only made possible by the generosity of the Foundation’s supporters, for which we are extremely grateful.

Bennett L. Ross, Chairman of the Board

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MARSHALL SCHOLAR

EFFECTIVE SYNERGY GENERAL JAMES A. VAN FLEET AND THE GREEK CIVIL WAR, 1948–1949

by Chris Cocoris INTRODUCTION

by David Hein The Marshall Foundation Scholars Program continues strong, and Melissa Davis, Director of Library and Archives, and I look forward to building this program further in the years ahead.

We are contemplating new initiatives, including expanding this educational venture to include MA and PhD students in history and cognate disciplines; and we are heartened by our enhanced ability to offer overnight accommodations to student researchers, possible publication in this magazine, and awards for the best papers. An annual dinner or luncheon with a notable speaker is also under consideration. Supporters of the Marshall Foundation have been generous with their

financial gifts and their encouragement, and we thank them for their expressions of confidence in this program.

Undoubtedly the best way to express both our gratitude to the friends of the Foundation and our commitment to sharing the legacy of General George C. Marshall is to bring you another paper by one of our young but already quite able scholars. Indeed, readers of Marshall magazine have made it clear that these occasional papers are among their favorite features, not only because of the fresh research and writing they represent but also because of the witness these published articles bear to the engagement of rising genera-

Opposite: General Marshall visits the front lines in Korea, flanked

by Generals Ridgway (rear left) and Van Fleet (rear right), June 8, 1951.

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tions of young adults. The Marshall legacy must be transmitted successfully to young people now in their teens and twenties. Our education programs lie at the heart of this vital mission.

The author of this article on General James A. Van Fleet and the Greek Civil War is Chris Cocoris, who wrote his paper while a senior at the Virginia Military Institute. He graduated in May 2023 with both Institute and departmental honors, as well as a bachelor’s degree in history (with a concentration in military history), a minor in national security, and a minor in Spanish.

Born and raised in Athens, Greece, to an American father and a Greek mother, Chris served as president of VMI’s chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, the national honors society in history, and as executive officer of First Battalion. His principal focus has been the study of asymmetric warfare—a valuable approach implemented during the Cold War, involving not only military and intelligence capabilities but also psychological and economic weapons.

Chris has studied in particular insurgencies and counterinsurgencies, an interest which led to his senior thesis and Marshall Foundation Scholars paper on the Greek Civil War, which was one of the earliest insurgencies of the postwar era.

His research paper, from which this article was developed, is titled “Suppressing the Red Tide: Greek-American-British Counterinsurgency Efforts in the Third Phase of the Greek Civil War, 1945–1949.” In this larger work, Chris highlights the ways in which the Greek government, with British and American assistance, defeated the communist insurgency in Greece. The article that follows focuses on the efforts of General Van Fleet, commander of the American advisory group in Greece.

The documentary sources of this article are not visible to readers, but rest assured that it is based primarily on original research conducted at our Marshall Research Library. The James A. Van Fleet Papers proved instrumental in the development of Chris’s thesis and article, giving him ac-

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cess to operational plans, maps, correspondence, and intelligence reports related to the Greek Civil War and to the activities originating in Van Fleet’s headquarters.

This article provides a glimpse of the crucial role played by an American lieutenant general in the early months of the Cold War, when Van Fleet was called upon to execute the Truman Doctrine and to help thwart communist aggression. Van Fleet performed well, not only in providing advice but also in adminstering millions of dollars in military aid.

In conclusion, I’ll add just one final comment about this article and its author: Chris Cocoris was easy to work with. In fact, he’s a self-starter and made my time as an academic advisor pretty easy. General Marshall greatly appreciated officers who demonstrated intelligence and initiative, and he undoubtedly would have been proud to have his name associated with the outstanding work displayed here. He also would have been heartened by the fact that young people of the caliber of Chris Cocoris—lacking neither professional skills nor historical perspective—are going into the U.S. military. Chris has been commissioned into the United States Army as an active-duty second lieutenant of infantry.

For information about the Marshall Foundation Scholars Program, visit https://bit.ly/42LnwoB

David Hein, PhD, FRHistS, is Senior Fellow at the George C. Marshall Foundation and Distinguished Teaching Fellow at the Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal. His publications include 10 books and 75 articles.

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ollowing the carnage of the Second World War, multiple communist-inspired subversive organizations that had resisted Axis powers’ occupations increased their strength and attempted to seize political control of their nations. One of the first cases of a Cold War internal conflict between communist insurgents and a government, the Greek Civil War resulted in a rare victory for a government against an insurgency.

This conflict pitted the royalist right-wing Greek government of King George II (and of King Paul after George’s death) against the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and its military arm, the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE). The Greek communists reconstituted their strength

ELAS fighters in Greece, 1944. Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs photo. from the remnants of the Greek People’s Liberation Army (ELAS), defeated in 1945 by the combined Greek and British forces defending Athens. In 1946 the KKE and the DSE engaged in conventional warfare to seize control of Greece and to establish an independent communist state.

Through the support of the United States and the United Kingdom and by means of combat-proven counterinsurgency methods, the Greek government managed to suppress the communist insurrection, despite the insurgents’ successes during the war’s initial phase.

One of the Greek Civil War’s most influential counterinsurgency initiatives was the advisory assistance provided by the Joint United States Military Advisory and Planning Group Greece

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(JUSMAPG). Led by the orchestrator of victory, United States Army Lieutenant General James A. Van Fleet, the American advisory program brought necessary changes to the Greek National Army (GNA), allowing the Greek state to regain the initiative and suppress the communist insurgency.

Instrumental to General Van Fleet’s ability to influence the Greek armed forces was his friendly and professional relationship with the Greek royal family, who were willing to support the American general’s initiatives. Through his assistance with operational planning and the Greek National Army’s professionalization, Van Fleet’s leadership proved critical in enabling the Greek government to achieve victory. Observing the unprofessional Greek armed forces, Van Fleet made several changes in their training and leadership.

He introduced the GNA to modern infantry tactics, provided personal mentorship to officers and non-commissioned officers, and relieved of command unprofessional Greek commanders who lacked aggressiveness.

The Greek Civil War raged for three years before Van Fleet arrived in Greece. During the war’s two opening years, before the U.S. intervention, the United Kingdom provided advisory Secretary of State Marshall, flanked by Under Secretary of State Robert Lovett, testifying before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on European Recovery, November 10–11, 1947.

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and financial assistance to the Greek government.

Facing an economic crisis and domestic upheavals, the United Kingdom had to withdraw its financial and military support to Greece, leading to American intervention. Through the declaration of the Truman Doctrine in 1947, the United States solidified its commitment to supporting the Greek government. A key part of the U.S. intervention was the JUSMAPG, which Major General William G. Livesay initially led. Although Livesay was an experienced officer with several years of combat experience in both world wars, the JUSMAPG and the Greek armed forces could not produce the desired results and defeat the communist insurgency.

On November 20, 1947, during the wedding of Prince Philip of Greece and the British Princess Elizabeth, Queen Frederika of Greece conveyed to Secretary of State George C. Marshall her concerns regarding the JUSMAPG’s inability to professionalize the Greek National Army. Frederika requested a more aggressive and combat-oriented leader for the JUSMAPG, telling Marshall: “You have sent us a supply officer. We need a combat general who can train our soldiers to fight the communist bandits.”

Recognizing the issue at hand and attempting

to satisfy Frederika’s request for a combat leader, Marshall approached Van Fleet and asked him if he was willing to support the Greek government. Van Fleet accepted, assuring Marshall that if the Greeks had the will to win, he could train them to be victorious. Following his assumption of JUSMAPG’s command, Van Fleet arrived in Greece the next day. Marshall informed Frederika: “I arranged to have Lieutenant General James A. Van Fleet sent to Greece as the senior military official. This action was taken to benefit the Greek government, particularly the Greek Army, from the advice of probably the most aggressive and hard-driving Army Corps Commander we developed during the war.”

General Van Fleet’s good relationship with the Greek royal family would allow him to impose changes on the Greek National Army’s chain of command, operations, and training. Marshall advised Van Fleet that his priority upon his arrival in Greece should be to meet with King Paul and Queen Frederika and win their trust. He told Van Fleet: “Get them involved with the war. Take them along with you when you visit the front, so that the soldiers and the people know that the royal family stands behind you.” Van Fleet followed Marshall’s advice, and the Greek govern-

ment’s support enhanced the American advisory group’s legitimacy. It allowed Van Fleet to use the royal family’s executive power to increase the validity of the JUSMAPG’s planning, to ensure the Greek military’s cooperation, and to increase the morale of the Greek forces.

Van Fleet formed another crucial relationship with Greek Prime Minister Themistoklis Sophoulis, who was ill when Van Fleet arrived in Greece but managed to meet with the American general in the hospital. There he declared his unconditional support, stating: “General Van Fleet, I look upon you as our savior and will support you in any way you wish, to save Greece.” In addition, Sophoulis warned Van Fleet of potential intelligence breaches by secret communist supporters within the Greek government and the military chain of command. Sophoulis told the general: “Please do not tell the Greek Cabinet what you are doing, and, most of all, do not tell the Minister of War your operations. If you tell one Greek, the Greek character is such that he cannot keep a secret, and the enemy will learn about the operation before morning. Please, do not even tell me.”

Van Fleet and Sophoulis established a sound relationship based on mutual respect and on a firm understanding that both shared the common Left: King Paul I and Queen Frederika of Greece visit the USS Providence, May 1947. US Navy photo.

Right: Greek Prime Minister Themistoklis Sophoulis, no date. Wikimedia photo.

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U.S. Gen. James Van Fleet and Greek War Minister Kanellopoulos walk between lines of soldiers.

Makronisos Island, ca.

1948–49.

(Everett Collection Historical / Alamy Stock Photo)

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objective of saving Greece from a communist takeover. Van Fleet would take Sophoulis’s suggestions to heart, thus enhancing the operational secrecy of the Greek National Army.

Instilling aggressiveness in the Greek soldiers would be one of Van Fleet’s primary focus areas.

The American advisors determined that the principal reason for the GNA’s failures against the insurgents was the officers’ reluctance to take the initiative and exploit advantageous battlefield situations. After a series of unsuccessful battles against the DSE in 1947, Major General Stephen Chamberlin, the United States Army’s G-2 (senior intelligence officer), observed that the principal reason for the GNA’s inability to achieve battlefield victories was the Greek officers’ passive

nature, defective unit training, and deteriorating soldier skills. As a result, GNA units often managed to break the insurgent defensive lines but failed to exploit their breakthrough, instead choosing to pause offensive operations and regroup. To accomplish the task at hand, Van Fleet changed the GNA’s leadership from the National Army commander to divisional commanders, thereby promoting competition among Greek officers and ensuring that the GNA was led only by capable, aggressive battlefield commanders.

In July 1948, Van Fleet established the Organization, Training, and Equipment Section to improve the GNA’s performance. This new JUSMAPG section increased the quality of the GNA’s personnel by extending basic training

from six to seventeen weeks, by establishing training plans for officers and non-commissioned officers, and by developing a program for sending Greek officers to military education centers in the United States and the United Kingdom.

The most effective means of training the Greek National Army platoons was the creation of demonstration platoons. The Joint United States Military Advisory and Planning Group’s demonstration platoons consisted of a Greek rifle platoon with a supporting mortar section led by a Greek platoon leader, a United States advisor, and a British advisor. Before returning to their divisions, the ten demonstration platoons undertook infantry training run by the JUSMAPG. Once the demonstration platoons accomplished the

JUSMAPG infantry training, they would return to the GNA field and mountain divisions, serving as a training unit for the remaining maneuver platoons.

While the JUSMAPG’s ability to fire Greek commanders prompted the Greek leadership to pursue more offensive operations, the JUSMAPG employed various means to professionalize the GNA officer corps. The main approach incorporated personal mentorship, direct orders, and disciplinary actions, focusing on enforcing the idea that the Greeks, not the Americans, were responsible for defeating the insurgency.

Based on mutual respect and shared hardships, the U.S. advisory field groups developed strong relationships with their Greek counter-

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parts. JUSMAPG advisors were in the field alongside their assigned Greek formations, experiencing the same harsh conditions and dangers. The personal relationships developed by the JUSMAPG and GNA maneuver units allowed the Greek commanders to be more receptive toward American guidance and mentorship. Greek officers began to ask for American advice and suggestions during the planning phases of operations, while the American advisors took responsibility for planning in order to mitigate security leaks by communist sympathizers within the Greek armed forces.

In addition, Van Fleet and the JUSMAPG advisors employed personal mentorship to address the problem of command and control during operations. The general determined that the lack of control derived from the Greek General Staff’s lack of preparation and tracking of unit locations during operations. Van Fleet and the American advisors used their close relationships with the General Staff and upper-echelon Greek military officers to ensure that staff officers knew their subordinate units’ locations and activities.

Through “battle tracking,” the Greek General Staff and Van Fleet were able to improve interservice coordination between the Greek National Army and the Royal Hellenic Air Force, which mitigated the risk of the air force accidentally targeting friendly ground units. Enhancing coordination between the GNA and air force allowed the effective use of close air support against insurgent targets, significantly increasing the GNA’s firepower in operations in 1949.

Even though personal mentorship and direct orders to Greek officers promoted the JUSMAPG’s objective of professionalizing the Greek officer corps, Van Fleet and the American advisors also employed disciplinary punishments and the removal of officers who failed to demonstrate military competence and aggressiveness in combat situations. The JUSMAPG determined that one of the primary reasons for a series of unsuccessful offensives in 1948 was Lieutenant General

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Panagiotis Kalageropoulos’s ineffective leadership of the “B” Corps. General Van Fleet used his close relationship with the Greek royal family and Sophoulis’s government to relieve Kalageropoulos of his command and replace him with the “B” Corps Deputy Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Stylianos Kitrilakis.

Marshall’s initial advice to Van Fleet to gain the royal family’s trust proved instrumental in enhancing the general’s ability to impose disciplinary punishments. Van Fleet replaced several underperforming generals from the Greek General Staff and divisional headquarters, thus increasing professionalism in the GNA’s chain of command and boosting the Greek commanders’ support of the JUSMAPG’s operational plans.

In conclusion, General James A. Van Fleet’s leadership of the Joint United States Military Advisory and Planning Group Greece was crucial for the success of the Greek government in defeating the communist insurgency in Greece. He had assumed the Joint United States Military Advisory and Planning Group’s command in 1948 after General Livesay, his predecessor, failed to produce the desired results in 1947.

To enable the Greek government to prevail without deploying U.S. combat forces, American advisors focused on expanding and professionalizing the Greek armed forces, primarily the Greek National Army, which was conducting most of the fighting against the insurgents. Van Fleet created the JUSMPAG Organization, Training, and Equipment Section to teach the Greek National Army modern infantry tactics based on those of the United States military.

In addition, Van Fleet and the Joint United States Military Advisory Group professionalized the GNA through personal mentorship and shared hardships. As a result, the American advisors and their assigned units were on the battlefield together, sharing the dangers of combat. At the same time, General Van Fleet frequently visited the front lines, observing the ever-changing situation and congratulating Greek soldiers.

One of Van Fleet’s primary initiatives was firing incompetent Greek commanders, who frequently lacked aggressiveness in combat. To avoid a backlash by the Greek population while firing commanders, Van Fleet’s relationship with the Greek royal family of King Paul and Queen Frederika and Prime Minister Themistoklis Sophoulis proved crucial because it extended the Greek government’s executive power to Van Fleet himself.

Two years after this successful counterinsurgency in Greece, Van Fleet arrived in Korea to replace General Matthew Bunker Ridgway and assume command of the United States Eighth Army and the United Nations Forces. In contrast to the Greek Civil War, the Korean conflict did

not have a decisive outcome; instead, it produced an ambiguous peace that would become common in other conflicts during the Cold War. 

Chris Cocoris graduated from VMI with a BA in history in 2023. He was comissioned into the United States Army as an active-duty second lieutenant of infantry.

General Van Fleet and Hellenic Army Lieutenant General Thraysvoulos Tsakalotos pose with a young girl in Korea, ca.

1952. Photo by Paul Condoyiannis.

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FROM THE ARCHIVES

PROPAGANDA POSTERS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE MARSHALL FOUNDATION

by Matt Luther

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he George C. Marshall Foundation archives contain hundreds of thousands of documents, including correspondence, photos, and ephemera from some of the most important figures of the twentieth century. Among these are 516 posters, chronicling the evolution of imagery and messaging in civilian-targeted wartime communications across numerous countries and two world wars.

In 2022, graduate student Matt Luther wrote analyses for the dozens of posters lining the halls of the Marshall Foundation building in Lexington, Virginia. We hope the following selection of eight popular posters encourages you to view his project in full on www.marshallfoundation.org.

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BEAT BACK THE HUN WITH LIBERTY BONDS Frederick Strothmann, USA, 1918 Unknown publisher Frederick Strothmann was a talented illustrator with an extensive career prior to World War I. He illustrated three of Mark Twain’s works and spent time working for Harper’s Magazine, The Saturday Evening Post, Good Housekeeping, Colliers’, and Life magazine. He designed this poster as part of a contest for the Fourth Liberty Loan Drive during World War I. Much like their World War II counterparts, Liberty Loan Drives were the sale of bonds to the general public in order to finance the war effort. Americans who purchased bonds could cash them in at a higher price several years later.

Strothmann submitted this design as part of a nationwide contest and was one of nine submissions selected to be mass produced as posters. Strothmann played upon the fears of the American people by depicting a German soldier as a monster, with bloody hands crushing the ruins of city and blood dripping from his bayonet. The term “Hun” was a slang term used to refer to German soldiers and was derived from a speech given by Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1900. In a farewell address to his troops as they left to go help quell the Boxer Rebellion in China, Wilhelm II encouraged his soldiers to be as ruthless as the Huns, a nomadic group that invaded eastern and southeastern Europe in the 4th century A.D. The Huns gained a reputation as ruthless and fierce warriors and frequently clashed with the Roman Empire in the 5th century A.D. Wilhelm II’s evocation of the brutal Huns was a public relations nightmare for Germany and when the First World War broke out, “Hun” became the prejorative term used to describe Germany in Allied propaganda.

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FIRE AWAY! BUY EXTRA BONDS Georges Schreiber, USA, 1944 Publisher: U. S. Government Printing Office This poster is promoting the 5th War Loan Drive in the United States. The drive lasted from June 12 to July 8, 1944, and raised well over its $16,000,000,000 goal. The poster is based on a painting by Belgian-born artist Georges Schreiber. Schreiber and another artist, Thomas Hart Benton, were tasked by the navy to spend time with the crew of the USS Dorado, a newly commissioned submarine, in 1943. While the crew sailed four short cruises to test the ship (known as shakedown cruises), Benton and Schreiber created numerous paintings depicting life aboard the submarine. After the shakedown cruises, the two artists returned to their homes to complete the paintings and the Dorado sailed for the Panama Canal. The Dorado never reached Panama, and one of Schreiber’s paintings entitled “Who Are You?” was chosen by the War Department to help advertise the 5th War Loan in 1944. The top left corner of the poster memorializes the ship. Various theories circulated about the fate of the Dorado, but the U.S. Navy decided that the submarine had been accidentally hit by a U.S. patrol bomber on its way to Panama.

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ENTRE LE MARTEAU…ET L’ENCLUME! Jean Carlu, France, 1944 Publisher: McCandlish Lithographic Corporation, Philadelphia This Second World War poster depicts the breaking of Nazi Germany between the hammer and anvil of Allied forces. The hammer is composed of the United Kingdom, the United States, France, and the Soviet Union. The anvil is Free France, denoted by the Cross of Lorraine, which appeared on its flag. Free France was the French government in exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the war. It was distinct from the Nazi puppet government of Vichy France, which was led by Marshal Philippe Pétain.

Translation: Between the Hammer and the Anvil!

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HAVE YOU REALLY TRIED TO SAVE GAS BY GETTING INTO A CAR CLUB? Harold von Schmidt, USA, exact date unknown Publisher: U. S. Government Printing Office Once the United States entered the Second World War, all available resources were diverted to the war effort. Rationing was implemented nationwide on nearly everything that Americans consumed or used in their daily lives. One of the most important things rationed was gasoline. The Second World War was fought with mechanized infantry and artillery, and gasoline was essential for moving troops and equipment. In order to ensure that as much gasoline as possible was available for military use, the United States implemented a nationwide “Victory Speed” of thirty-five miles per hour and promoted carpooling through car sharing and car clubs. Through lowering the speed-limit and carpooling, Americans reduced the amount of gasoline they consumed which left more to be used by the military.

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L’OR COMBAT POUR LA VICTOIRE Abel Faivre, France, 1915 Publisher: Devambez This poster draws upon traditional French symbolism to encourage monetary donations for the war effort. A German soldier is seen cowering from a rooster on a French coin. The Gallic Rooster originated in the Middle Ages when it was used as a religious symbol. As France began to emerge as a nation during the Renaissance, the rooster became associated with France and was used by the Bourbon kings as a symbol of France. During the French Revolution, the rooster was featured on coins and the official seal of the Premier Consul, but was replaced by the eagle under Napoleon’s rule.

In the Second Republic (1848–1852) and Third Republic (1870–1940), the rooster returned as a national symbol. During the First World War, the Gallic Rooster was seen as an icon of French patriotism. The words “Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite” on the coin harken back to the French Revolution and were the official motto of the Third Republic.

Translation: Deposit your gold for France. Gold fights for victory.

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OF THE TROOPS AND FOR THE TROOPS Jes Wilhelm Schlaikjer, USA, 1942 Publisher: U. S. War Department, Bureau of Public Relations This poster is one in a series painted by Jes Wilhelm Schlaikjer and depicts the U.S. Army’s Corps of Military Police. The Military Police, or MPs, have been an integral part of the United States Army since the American Revolution. The forerunners of the MPs, known as provosts, policed camps to arrest and detain thieves, rioters, and fugitives as well as guarded prisoners of war. By the Second World War, the size and role of the Military Police had dramatically expanded. By mid-1942, there were seventeen battalions of MPs in the army. One battalion could have anywhere between 400 and 1,200 men and was commanded by a lieutenant colonel. They served a variety of functions including providing garrison forces, escort guards, guarding interior zones behind the front lines, guarding and transporting prisoners of war, and investigating criminal activity. By the end of the war, the corps of Military Police would be 200,000 men strong. The soldier in the poster can be identified as an MP by the black armband he wears on his left arm.

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PVT. JOE LOUIS SAYS… Unknown artist, USA, 1942 Publisher: Office of Facts and Figures, War Department

Joe Louis, nicknamed the Brown Bomber, was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title from June 1937 to March 1949. Louis enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 after the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Louis did not see combat, but his fame and status made him a perfect candidate for advertising war bonds. Utilizing a quote he said during a fundraiser as the caption, this poster shows Louis in full combat gear thrusting his bayonet-affixed rifle. The poster and slogan gained rapid popularity and helped the idea that the United States was on the right side of the war.

Further capitalizing on his popularity, Louis was assigned to an army-organized, all-black boxing group, which put on exhibition bouts in Europe and the United States.

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WEAPONS FOR LIBERTY Joseph Christian Leyendecker, USA, 1917 Publisher: American Lithographic Company, New York This poster is advertising the Third Liberty Loan, which began in April 1918. Like other Liberty Loans and War Drives, bonds were sold to the American public to raise money for the war effort.

This poster shows a Boy Scout, kneeling like a squire for a medieval knight in front of a female figure, possibly Lady Liberty. The Boy Scout is handing a sword with the Boy Scout motto to the female figure, who is dressed in an American flag. She also carries a gold shield with the seal of the United States on the front. The phrase at the bottom of the poster indicates that the funds raised were going to be used to purchase weapons for American soldiers.

Matt Luther, a native of Chesterfield, VA, graduated from William & Mary in 2019 with a B.A. in history with a second major in government. He is currently pursuing an M.A. in history with a concentration in public history at James Madison University. His research interests include U.S., European, and military history and his master’s thesis focuses on military training at colleges and universities in Virginia during World War I. 28

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MARSHALL FOUNDATION AWARDS

“THE CHARACTER OF THE MAN” Remarks from the 2022 George C. Marshall Foundation Awards As part of its commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the Marshall Plan, the George C. Marshall Foundation recognized two distinguished Americans on November 17, 2022, at a private ceremony in New York City. Kenneth C. Griffin, founder and CEO of Citadel, accepted the George C. Marshall Foundation Humanitarian Award. Dr. Condoleezza Rice, the 66th U.S. Secretary of State, received the George C. Marshall Foundation Award. Dr. Rice was honored for her career of distinguished public service in the tradition of George C. Marshall, for her dignity and integrity, for her commitment to education, and for her devotion to international relations and global peace efforts.

Their remarks, reprinted in the following pages, demonstrate the breadth and versatility of lessons leaders can draw from Marshall’s career, even at the highest levels of power.

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“I am deeply, deeply honored to receive this award, particularly on the 75th anniversay of the Marshall Plan. Every day when I went to the State Department as the Secretary of State, I would walk along a corridor that we called Mahogany Row, and along that corridor were the portraits of former Secretaries of State. Some of them you wouldn’t be able to pick out of a lineup of one because they’ve long since disappeared from our history, and a few that you wondered why they were still there, like that horrific portrait of John C. Calhoun, who actually tried to destroy the country. Then I would keep walking and enter my office where the pride of place was for George C. Marshall’s portrait. I could often stand in front of that portrait and wonder what it might have been like for him and for the people of the State Department in those rather dark days after the end of World War II. “We forget that just before Marshall would become Secretary of State, in 1946 the Italian communists would win 48 percent of the vote Marshall sits at his new desk as Secretary of State, May 14, 1947.

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and the French communists 46 percent of the vote. The question wasn’t would eastern Europe be communist, it was would western Europe be communist. Of course, Marshall would respond in 1947 by this remarkable idea, an idea of enlightened self-interest, that by rebuilding both friend who had been victorious and foe who had been vanquished, that we would make the world not just safer and better for them, but safer and better for us.

“Marshall would, of course, go on to face other challenges as Secretary of State: the Berlin crisis of 1948; the coup in Czechoslovakia that would take the last free country into the Soviet Bloc in 1948; and the outbreak of war in the Middle East. Of course in 1949, the Soviet Union would explode a nuclear weapon five years ahead of schedule, the Chinese communists would win, and Marshall would be called back to service when the Korean War broke out as Secretary of Defense.

“Who would have thought that the response

Marshall speaks at a celebration marking the half-way point of the Marshall Plan, April 3, 1950. Also in attendance are Paul Hoffman, Dean Acheson, and William C. Foster. to those dark days would end in 1989 to 1991, when I was fortunate to be the young Soviet specialist for the White House. It would end in 1989 with the liberation of Eastern Europe and the unification of Germany in 1990, completely and totally on Western terms. In fact, West Germany would emerge the successor state. East Germany would simply disappear. In 1991, the Soviet Union would collapse. In 2007, an American president would go to a NATO summit in Latvia. Who would have ever dreamed that in ‘46 or ‘47 or ‘48 or ‘49 or ‘50? Maybe not even in ‘60 or ‘70 or ‘80.

“You see, because of the wisdom and the strength of Marshall and others like him in those days after World War II, the understanding of enlightened self-interest; the understanding that democracy matters; that compassion matters in the lives of people; and the understanding that allies matter. Because of that, we harvested those great decisions in 1989, 1990, and 1991 that helped create a Europe whole, free, and at peace.

“But I have to say that in 1991, we would never have imagined the world in which we live today, a world in which war has returned to Europe, and not just war of the kind that we might have thought, fought somehow in cyberspace or fought somehow with advanced weapons. No, instead, a ground war in Europe in the service of imperial ambitions of a once-great power. As we face that world that we could not have imagined in 1991, as we face that world that we now need the kind of leadership that Marshall provided, I would suggest that we look back and we think again on what made it possible for Marshall to do what he did.

“First and foremost, it was the character of the man. It was also the experience of the man with war to recognize that out of war could come peace, but an understanding that a peace had to be just. If a peace was going to be just, it meant that men and women had to live in freedom because no one deserved to live in tyranny. But to understand that if men and women were to be

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free and to have the right to choose those who would govern them, they would expect that those who would govern them would also deliver for them. That was the genius of the Marshall Plan, to allow those democracies to get up off the mat, deliver for their people, and become strong and vital friends of the United States once again. We could do well to remember that today, because in times of crisis, you need to remember where you’ve been, you need to see where you are, and you need to see who you want to be in the future.

“In that regard, Marshall had one other extraordinary characteristic. He believed in the United States of America and its goodness. Today there are many who question our goodness. We have made our share of mistakes, but I do believe that, by and large, the United States of America

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has been a country that has tried to act on enlightened self-interest, realizing that when others are safe and secure and free, we too are safer, more secure, and freer. That, ladies and gentlemen, is an argument that we are going to have to make over and over and over again to our fellow citizens, because it fades with time that that is the true meaning of security, prosperity, and peace.

“As to believing in America, well, yes, our country was born with a birth defect of slavery and it marks us even to this day. But when we think about who we were, where we are now, and who we want to be, I always try to keep in my mind’s eye some moment when I realized how far America had come. For me, that was the day I was sworn in as Secretary of State.

“I stood there in a building that George Mar-

shall had once occupied. I stood there under a portrait of Benjamin Franklin. I stood there to be sworn in, taking an oath of office to a Constitution that once counted my ancestors as three–fifths of a man. I stood there to be sworn in by a Jewish woman Supreme Court justice, my neighbor, Ruth Bader Ginsburg. For one minute I thought what would old Ben have thought of this? Well, he is my favorite founding father. I would like to think he would have liked it, but in fact he would never have imagined it.

“Neither, frankly, would I have imagined it as a little girl growing up in segregated Birmingham, Alabama. I’m quite sure that Ruth, just trying to get her voice heard in law school, would never have imagined it either. Yet, there is that very special characteristic of the United States of America

that we somehow seem to make the impossible seem inevitable in retrospect. That was the genius of George C. Marshall.

“It must have seemed impossible in 1947. It must have seemed impossible that friend and foe, flattened by the horrors of World War II, would emerge strong and vibrant pillars of security, prosperity, peace, and freedom. That impossible did indeed come into being, but what we all need to remember is that actually it is not inevitable. It takes leadership and foresight and creativity, and that is what we celebrate in the 75th anniversary of the Marshall Plan and the legacy of George C. Marshall.”

Kenneth Griffin, Founder and CEO of Citadel, received the George C. Marshall Foundation Humanitarian Award. Mr. Griffin was rec-

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ognized for his extensive civic and philanthropic work to expand access and opportunity in America, including through efforts to broaden access to high-quality education at every level, advance medical research, reduce recidivism and violent crime, and support our country’s world-renowned cultural institutions and those who have served in our armed forces.

In his remarks, Mr. Griffin advocated for a commitment to following the the Marshall example, in part, by focusing on education. He described it as a key to national strength and prosperity calling for “teaching our students critical thinking skills instead of engaging in ‘culture wars’ in classrooms…closing the digital divide, working to increase instruction time, scaling tutoring, and greatly enhancing our emphasis on early literacy, math and science.” Only in this way, he stressed, can we maintain U.S. prosperity and leadership in a rapidly changing world.

The Marshall Award is presented to an individual for a career of distinguished public/civic service in the nonpartisan tradition of George C. Marshall, for dignity and integrity of character, and for devotion to creating and perpetuating

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free and democratic institutions and promoting appropriate economic development which will allow them to flourish. Past recipients include Madeleine Albright, Henry Kissinger, and Colin Powell.

The Marshall Humanitarian Award recognizes an individual or organization for their significant contributions to ameliorating “hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos” in the spirit of the Marshall Plan or otherwise creating conditions to improve the health and welfare of people in need of assistance. Conferring the award seeks to recognize significant humanitarian service, create public awareness of the accomplishments of the recipient individual or organization, and encourage other individuals and organizations to emulate those good works. Past recipients have been Michael Bloomberg and David Rubenstein. 

“ DON ’T FIG HT TH E PROB LE M , DECIDE IT.” G EO RG E C . MARS HALL

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FOUNDATION NEWS AND DONORS Dr. Frank Settle presents his interactive map at the Marshall Foundation Open House.

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An interactive map tracking over 130 events in the life and career of George C. Marshall is now available on the George C. Marshall Foundation website.

Developed and compiled by Dr. Frank M. Settle, professor emeritus of chemistry at Washington & Lee University and author of General George C. Marshall and the Atomic Bomb, the map replaces the website’s older visual timeline of Marshall’s biography. “While interesting, it was not engaging, just a lot of dates and short text,” said Dr. Settle. “However, it did reveal Marshall’s extensive travels from his birth in Uniontown to his Nobel Prize in Oslo. This caused me to envision an interactive Google map that would track significant locations in his life.”

The map provides a time line divided into six significant periods of his life (color coded). The events in each period are listed in chronological order. Each location contains a brief description of the event. Many locations include photographs and links to more detailed information. Clicking on a photograph produces a larger image and additional photos linked to the location.

“The research for my book gave me a deep ap-

preciation for his contributions and also insights into his personality,” Dr. Settle said. “I then began to think about how interactive, web based maps could be used to educate the public on Marshall and his era.”

The map was featured at the George C. Marshall Foundation Open House in Lexington, Virginia, in May. It is permanently available for use at http://bit.ly/43tkhS9, and can also be accessed by scanning the QR code below.

Left: Director of Library and Archives Melissa Davis presents a tour for lifelong learners.

DONOR SPOTLIGHT

Below: Donors Paul and Joanne Robblee

Paul and Joanne Robblee have given to the Marshall Foundation since 1996 and offer the following thoughts on why they support this important work: “President Harry S. Truman urged the establishment of the George C. Marshall Foundation so that the world would not be permitted to forget the legacy of America’s first five-star general, General of the Army George C. Marshall, VMI ’01, the selfless architect of victory in Europe and Japan in the Second World War. Later, as one of the nation’s greatest statesmen, he would propose what became known as the Marshall Plan for European recovery which prompted the creation of NATO. “No less a legacy for future generations are words which General Marshall penned only three months after the end of the war. There he expressed the necessity that America’s young be educated, made “fully informed citizens,” this as essential to ensure “the peace and prosperity of the world [to come].” Indisputably, the breadth of General Marshall’s legacy is of profound importance to the present. This is the work of the Foundation. For us, it is a privilege to be a small part of that worthy endeavor.” 

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Honor

A gift to the Marshall Foundation is a very meaningful way to honor or remember a friend or loved one. The following gifts were made in honor or in memory of the following individuals in 2022.

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In honor of John Bailey A.C. Arn In honor of Madison Cole Mr. & Mr. Laurence E. Mansfield III In honor of Melissa Davis Nell & Howard Cobb Mr. & Mrs. Reaves Crabtree Priscilla Jamison Karl Zeller Rockbridge Historical Society In honor of Mark Esper Steve M. Balentine In honor of Buck Fletcher IV Thomas H. Murphy In honor of C. Russell Fletcher III David Hein Thomas H. Murphy In honor of Mary Stuart Gilliam Walter Burn In honor of Maj Gen Max Guggenheimer, Jr., USA (Ret.) John J. Wranek III In honor of Rob Havers Larry S. Wiese In honor of David Hein John C. George D. Stuart Dunnan Peggy Dufour In honor of Kappa Alpha Order Darren Kay In honor of LTG John W. Knapp J. Hardin Marion In honor of Paul A. Levengood E. Claiborne Robins, Jr. Lee T. Ball John L. McElroy, Jr.

In honor of Steve Maconi John J. Wranek III In honor of Cynthia Marsteller Charles Bradshaw Peter C. Bance Henry & Hilary Long J. Clifford Foster In honor of Gen J. H. Binford Peay & Pamela Peay T. Carter Melton, Jr. Tom & Sally Moncure Col. & Mrs. Woodson A. Sadler, Jr. John J. Wranek III In honor of Col Paul A. Robblee, Jr. John J. Wranek III In honor of W. Gregory Robertson George H. Roberts, Jr. In honor of David Roll Mr. & Mrs. Mark J. Silverman In honor of Bennett L. Ross Col Thomas Greenwood A. Langley Kitchings Randall Morrow Michael M. Partain Steve Stine In honor of Dr. James M. Schmuck King Aiken Stephen LaFollette C. D. Simmons III Larry S. Wiese In honor of Laron Shannon John J. Wranek II In honor of C. D. Simmons III Larry S. Wiese

In honor of Thomas G. Slater, Jr. Donald Cowles In honor of Frederick Smith Col Peter T. Underwood USMC (Ret.) In honor of Stephen Steele Jeffrey Yoder In honor of James P. Totten John J. Wranek, III In honor of LTC Kyle Trottier Mr. & Mrs. Andre J. Trottier In honor of Spencer Tucker Laurent Boetsch, Jr. In honor of Salvatore Vitale Robert R. Reitz In honor of Richard Weede Col Peter T. Underwood USMC (Ret.) In honor of Larry S. Wiese Malcolm H. Liles Dr. James M. Schmuck In honor of John J. Wranek III Warren J. Bryan Paul & Joanne Robblee David B. Morris Dr. & Mrs. T. Joseph Pond In honor of Anthony Zinni Col Peter T. Underwood USMC (Ret.) In honor of The State Funeral for World War II Veterans Bill McNutt Susan McNutt Rabel McNutt Slone McNutt

Memory In memory of SEA 1 Richard Harold Baker Richard Baker In memory of Sgt Herbert Baker Charles H. Baker In memory of Charles Ballou Adelaide B. Ballou In memory of Dr. Larry I. Bland Joellen K. Bland Rachel Y. Thompson In memory of Omar Bradley Melanie Dorsey In memory of Ilbert D. Brayshaw John Brayshaw In memory of Ken Cade William Wieners In memory of Col Theodore J. Charney Col Douglas T. Charney, USA (Ret.) In memory of Col William W. Davis Thomas W. Davis In memory of Donald D. & Marjorie L. Denton Donald D. Denton, Jr. In memory of Maj Scott Devers Hugh R. Hill In memory of Arthur H. Easter John R. Easter In memory of Chester & Sophia Ezick Carol & Lyn Wheeler In memory of Mr. & Mrs. Henry J. Foresman George W. Foresman

In memory of William L. Fowler William T. Fowler In memory of Charles J. Fox Kim Fox In memory of Arthur Galloway Ken Houston In memory of Capt Alfred P Goddin C. Hobson Goddin In memory of Gen Andrew J. Goodpaster Daun Van Ee Susan & Roger Sullivan In memory of Floyd D. Gottwald, Jr. Frank & Carey Louthan In memory of Dr. Fred L. Hadsel Thomas W. Davis In memory of LCPL Calvin E. Hart USMC Clyde J. Hart, Jr. In memory of Robert Joyce & Jesse Hayes Dee Joyce-Hayes & Gary Hayes In memory of Kenneth Hinton Richard Wilson In memory of Richard Hinton Richard Wilson In memory of Richard Huntington Hobbs Melissa Davis In memory of Harrison Hubard C. Knox Hubard In memory of Kurt Iverson Joseph Spivey IV

In memory of Oliver E. Jordan Jordan Family Fund In memory of John Warren Kolmer Kelly & Warren Vrescak In memory of Robert F. Levin Mary Levin Koch In memory of Joseph M. Lingle, Jr. William A. Murphy In memory of Patricia G. Lynch Nancy T. Mastin In memory of Gen George C. Marshall Cody Youngblood In memory of Gen Frank McCarthy Frank J. McCarthy In memory of TC5 James C. McCarty James McCarty In memory of Albert Sidney McCown A. Lee McCown In memory of William J. McTague George W. Foresman In memory of Henry J. Miller III Robert Anderson Richard Boyle Alice & Jim Brogan Andrew Brown John Chesney Douglas Cox Diane & Jerry Hurd Renee B. Kleaveland Richard L. LaGrotte Robert Livingood Vincent Maiello Elizabeth J. Neary

Mel & Tim Porter Jim & Jane Ruggiero David Seltzer Helene Sirpis In memory of Col John D. Millett, AUS Allan R. Millett In memory of Robinson Moncure Tom & Sally Moncure In memory of Harold Montgomery Richard Wilson In memory of Sam Moore Donald P. Moore In memory of Gen James Morgan Shay K. Peters In memory of Merton Parlier Greg Parlier In memory of Andrew Percival William Percival In memory of Philip Peters Shay K. Peters In memory of Dr. Merrill F. Prugh Dr. & Mrs. Reed D. Prugh In memory of Thomas L. Rawlins Brent Rawlins In memory of Gen & Mrs. Matthew B. Ridgway & Matt Ridgway Michael & Linn Swanson In memory of Robert Lee Stevens, Jr. Carolyn Worrell In memory of MG Thomas Tait Frederick C. Vaughan

In memory of Sharon L. Taylor Douglas E. Taylor In memory of William C. Thompson Parker W. Duncan In memory of William W. Townes, Jr. W. Waverley Townes In memory of John & Kathryn Undercoffer Graham Undercoffer In memory of Thomas G. Underwood Col Peter T. Underwood, USMC (Ret) In memory of Barbara L. Vaughan Frederick C. Vaughan In memory of Sophia & Sam Waldmann Dr. Michael Farber In memory of Gen Albert C. Wedemeyer Bruce Colletti In memory of Anthony Wilson Richard Wilson In memory of Rose Page Wilson John Page Wilson In memory of DeWitt S. Worrell Carolyn Worrell

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$10,000+

$5,000 to 9,999

$2,500 to 4,999

$1,000 to 2,499

Madison F. Cole, Jr. Camden & Debra Fine Mr. & Mrs. C. Russell Fletcher III William & Cheryl Geffon Steven W. Guerrier Estate Walt & Suellen Jeffress John B. Kleinheinz Joseph A. Kruse Steve A. Lippman George W. Logan Tom & Sally Moncure Peter D. Prowitt & Lynn H. Thomson W. Gregory Robertson Mr. & Mrs. E. Claiborne Robins, Jr. Bennett L. Ross Katherine Farley & Jerry Speyer James J. Winn, Jr. The Yonce Family Anonymous

Steve M. Balentine Richard & Ellen Bernstein Bowlman T. Bowles, Jr. Robert & Michelle Elgin Mark Gonsalves Bruce C. Gottwald, Sr. Conrad M. Hall David Hein Sonia & Paul Jones Andrew G. Kumpuris MD J. Patterson Lawson William J. Lemon Dennis V. Maguire Cynthia Marsteller G. Gilmer Minor, III Jessine Monaghan Dr. & Mrs. T. Joseph Pond David L. Roll Thomas J. Scott, Jr. Michael & Linn Swanson Robert C. Troxler Peter T. Underwood Thomas & Nanette Watjen Alston & Philip Watt Edward W. White, Jr. Michael A. Williams Robert G. Woodward

John B. Adams, Jr. Laurent & Elizabeth Boetsch Paul A. Bouis Mr. & Mrs. Thomas E. Bulleit, Jr. Christine K. Carrico Buck Fletcher Rogers M. Fred, III M. David Gibbons John E. Kemper Frank & Carey Louthan Joseph Moan Thomas H. Murphy Maria P. & William M. S. Rasmussen Paul & Joanne Robblee Kenneth L. Roberts Daun Van Ee Felix Wolkowitz

Hunter A. Applewhite Joseph & Joyce Blandino Charles Branch Edward T. Brown Lissy S. Bryan Randall Burke Warren F. Chauncey James S. Corl Bobby Davison James F. Dittrich George B. Doggett Melanie Dorsey George W. Foresman J. Jeff Gausepohl Kim Golden Michael J. Ingelido Donald L. Jones John & Ellen Jumper Darren Kay Charles E. Kilbourne III Kevin & Diane Knotts Mr. & Mrs. Laurence E. Mansfield III T. Carter Melton Jr. Glenn P. Michael J. Clifford Miller III Thomas R. Morris

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Cindy & Grigg Mullen Terence Ormsby Gen. & Mrs. J. H. Binford Peay III George & Frances Phillips Amy Brody Poliakoff Steven Poliakoff Rozanne L. Ridgway James J. Schmuck Robert Shaw Craig R. Stapleton Salvatore J. Vitale Carl E. Vuono Hans & Anne Marie Wachtmeister John A. White, III William Wieners

$500 to 999 Nancy L. Kassebaum Baker Adelaide B. Ballou Mary J. Batsakis Albert J. Beveridge III Jay Biber Joellen K. Bland John M. Blankenship Mary L. Bowman Charles F. & Eileen Brower Leslie M. Burger Douglas T. Charney David & Bonnie Cluxton Thomas H. Conner Donald DeArmon Donald D. Denton, Jr. Peggy Dufour Charles W. & Ann Dyke C. Ernest Edgar IV Clifford M. Erickson Mark T. Esper Hugh M. Fain, III Bill & Gail Fisher Joseph N. Flanz William S. Gaskill Camilla & Leonardo Gazal Daniel R. Green Mr. & Mrs. James M. Hackman Dodd & Sophia Harvey Ottho Heldring Thomas J. Hickey Priscilla Jamison J. Kipling Jones L. Michael Kelly Wililam & Kathleen Kozak Henry & Hilary Long Mr. & Mrs. William E. Loughridge Peter Mangerian Caroline Marshall John L. McElroy, Jr. David L. Miller Nicolette Miller Paul G. Munch Harold & Connie Neale Stephen L. Neas, II William A. Paulette L. F. Payne Kenneth & Bettie Perry Nancy M. Poynor Dr. & Mrs. Charles D Price III Dr. & Mrs. Reed D. Prugh Mr. & Mrs. Howard I. Reynolds George H. Roberts, Jr. Raymond C. Saunders III Thomas G. Slater, Jr. Valentine & Lorie Southall Joseph M. Spivey, III David M. Thomas Max Toch Peter L. Trible Randolph W. Urmston Mr. & Mrs. Richard Werling Jerri & Larry Wetsel Stuart W. Whitehurst, Jr. Anne M. Whittemore Larry S. Wiese & Dawn Watkins Wiese Cedric T. Wins

$250 to 499 A.C. Arnn Bob D. Abbott Conor & Liz Ashby Lamar B. Bailey John E. Baker Lee T. Ball Rebeccah Ballo Peter C. Bance Nathan Bein Suzanne S. Blair

Charles E. Bradshaw III Gregg Brelsford Warren Bryan Col & Mrs. Mark Bryant Timothy J. Byrne C. Howard Capito John Caufield Ed & Linda Clark Bradley L. Coleman George J. Collins Terrie Conrad Don & Jane Cowles Mr. & Mrs. Reaves Crabtree Clifford A. Crittsinger Michael Dick Paul M. Dickinson Teresa R. DiMarco Joann & Kenneth Dudley John R. Easter John N. Edenfield David & Jane Ellington Paul X. English III Marietta M. Ethier Russell S. Evans, Jr. Jason J. Fagone George W. Gehr Robert Glidden Richard L. Goodall Thomas S. Greenspon Thomas C. Greenwood R. L. Hatcher Nathan V. Hendricks III Thomas & Margaret Henriksen C. Knox Hubard Jerry & Diane Hurd Thomas C. Jones Walter T. Judd Meade King John & Elizabeth Knapp Chip & Katharine Levengood Kristin & Paul Levengood Vernon Lochhausen Steve Loving Harrison McAlpine, Jr. Frank J. McCarthy Brian & Joyce McNeil Bill McNutt Paul L. Miles Shane M. Miller Rob Minor Miguel E. Monteverde, Sr. Bill & Lisa Moore Thomas Mulvoy John I. Orrison Greg Parlier M. Douglas Payne William B. Percival Ronald A. & Janet K. Perkins Shay Peters Michael E. Profenno Brent Rawlins James E. Riseley James A. & Mary D. Robertson Edward J. Ryan Col. & Mrs. Woodson Sadler Cynthia & Terry Secker Mr. & Mrs. Mark J. Silverman Helene V. Sirpis Joe O. Smith Susan Snow Steve Stine William M. Stokes, III James R. Stultz Roger & Susan Sullivan William H. Talley, IV Doris Tong & Teck Soo Charles L. Toomey Gary L. Trinkle Andre & Cherie Trottier Frederick C. Vaughan Tom Vossler Kelly & Warren Vrescak David & Becky Wallenborn

Harry & Sis Warner Carol & Lyn Wheeler Timothy P. White John P. Whittle W. Patrick Wilson Katherine T. Winn Andrew Wirths Carolyn Worrell John & Cathy Wranek

$150 to 249 Dan H. Akin Charles H. Baker Richard Baker Carl A. Benner Jack Bley Reed Bonadonna Jeffrey & Audrey Boobar Stephen A. Bourque Tom & Mary Ellen Bowers Jim & Alice Brogan Dr. & Mrs. Ralph Caldroney Chris Carson Col Gwyn & Mr. Morris Carver Chaplain & Mrs. Charles C. Caudill Stephen Chazen Nell & Howard Cobb Janet & Stuart Colby William J. Collins John J. Costello, Jr. Edwin Curle Thomas W. Davis Janes S. Delung Raymond Ediger Jordan Family Fund Mr. & Mrs. Robert E. Fleck C. Hobson Goddin Jeffrey & Julia Grossman David W. Gryska Evan & Margaret Haberman Patti Hammond Rich & Susie Hastings Rob Havers Dee Joyce-Hayes & Gary Hayes Brenda L. Heaster Glenn R. Henderson Edward Horton Rob & Cheryl Hughes Steven L. Irving Leon & Winifred Johenning Kenneth M. Jordan Joan Klussmann Steve Knight Philip & Susan Larson Howard C. Lawrence Sam O. Leake, Jr. Kay & Bob Lera Malcolm H. Liles Charles S. Markham David Martineau William R. McCall Richard D. McFarland Ryan D. Miccio Donald P. Moore Robert & Linda Moreschi David B. Morris Mr. & Mrs. William A. Oswald Michael M. Partain Frank J. Pinizzotto Ronald C. Plunkett James D. Polley, IV Lee J. Pryor John L. Rafferty, Sr. Robert A. Reitz Robert E. Richie, Jr. David P. Ridlon Gary S. Ross Carl & Betsy Sadler George E. Sanborn Charles S. Sanger Gus Scacco

Philip & Carol Schoner Paul P. Shu, P.E. C.D. Simmons III Mary & Dick Skutt John R. South Jim & Evelyn Stallard J. Owen Stinnette George W. Sydnor, Jr. William T. Talman, Jr. Rachel & Ken Thompson Wayne & Susie Thompson William H. Tyler Julia C. Van de Water Peter & Mary Lou Van Note David C. Wade III Richard L. Wiringa Dennis Witt Pat & Kathy Womack Jeffrey D. Yoder

$75 to 149 King V. Aiken Richard W. Anderson Robert Anderson Valerie Beaudoin Scott & Frances Belliveau Paul Bernard Jane & Buzz Birzenieks John S. Bolger, Jr. Terence L. Bowers Richard Boyle Andrew M. Brantley Sean Brennan Jane L. Brooke Andrew Brown M/M Ronald M. Bryan, Sr. Thomas S. Burack Walter Burns Dennis Bussey David J. Cade William A. Callison Brian Campbell Paul E. Campbell Manuel Capsalis Taylor E. Carney, III Marion Maxwell Caskie III, PhD John Chesney Richard M. Clary Matthew Coker Ralph F. Colin, Jr. Bruce Colletti Carroll R. Comstock Don & Judy Coombs Joan Robins & Malcolm Cothran Dwight L. Coulter Kristin & Trevor Cox Douglas Cox Ty Dickerson Scott Dubit Parker W. Duncan D. Stuart Dunnan Susan Earls Patrick & Della Edrington Michael Farber Russell A. Flugel Curtis S. Foltz J. Clifford Foster, IV Steven D. Fought William T. Fowler Kim Fox Harrison & Terry Fridley John C. George John R. Gibney Mary Stuart M. Gilliam Mike & Mary Anne Gilmore Jason Gordon Joseph N. Gorra Patrick J. Griffin Max Guggenheimer, Jr. David V. Harbach

Thomas H. Harrel, Jr. Clyde J. Hart, Jr. Joanne D. Hartog Terry & Amelia Hastings J. M. Henry III Garry W. Hess Paula Higgins Hugh Hill Randall L. Hoffman Pat & Don Holmes Winchester Hotchkiss Ken Houston Thomas Howard III Parker Hudson Richard Hulver Joe & Cindy Irby Donald E. Jakeway Ted Judt William H. Keech David R. King A. Langley Kitchings Renee B. Kleaveland Mary Levin Koch John A. Krebs, Jr. Michael Kromm Stephen LaFollette Richard L. LaGrotte Harry Landsiedel Ellen LeCompte William D. S. Lee Parker H. Lee III James J. Leech Irving W. Levinson Thomas S. Lilly Kenneth E. Lisle John M. Loveland Bruce MacQueen Vincent Maiello Linda M. & Paul B. Maini Cindy Donze Manto Douglas Marechal J. Hardin Marion Douglas Marshall Richard C. Marshall, IV Nancy T. Mastin W. Gene Matthews, Jr. James McCarty A. Lee McCown & Laura B. Cameron Roy H. McGrath Hank & Liesel Meijer Allan R. Millett Robert T. Mitchell, Jr. Mary A. Moffitt Bruce Moon Easley L. Moore, Jr. Constance A. Morella Dennis R. Morgan Michael Morrow Randall Morrow John W. Mountcastle William A. Murphy Kaete O’Connell Katherine T. Winn Ashton H. Ormes Richard H. Parker John Pasco James W Patterson James L. Patton Stephen P. Perkins Daniel H. Phlegar Gerald M. Pops Mel & Tim Porter Henry P. Porter, Jr. Jacquelyn Postell Stephen C. Price Mr. & Mrs. Walter M. Pulliam, Jr. Norman D. Radford, Jr. Shane L. Rexius David M. Roberts Gayle Rothrock John L. Rowe, Jr. 43

Rachel Rowland John A. Russell Jose Salazar Daniel J. Salvatore Steven Schneider Cameron Seay David Seltzer Mr. & Mrs. John Sherman, Jr. Thomas Silvis James A. Smith III Michael Smykla Pete R. Sniffin Michael Snyder Dan Sockle George T. Strickland Carl A. Strock Douglas E. Taylor Floyd T. Taylor W. Waverley Townes Idris R. Traylor, Jr. Walter Ulmer Graham L. Undercoffer Jerry & Kaaren Valenta Donald H. Walden George W. Warren, IV Bruce H. Weiner Anne Sharp Wells Dr. & Mrs. George White John M. White, Jr. Robert A. Wilkinson William B. Willard, Jr.

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J. Bolliing Williamson John P. Wilson James Wilson Richard Wilson Susan G. Winstead Sally C. Witt George B. Wolfe S. McClay Yonce Jr. Kristina A. Young Cody Youngblood Karl Zeller

Other donors Timothy K. Adams William Adams Thomas Arnold Paul & Debbie Barron Kerem S. Bilge Lawrence M. Bonafede John Brayshaw Carl Craig Melissa Davis George & Suzanne Elmore Edwin F. Fox, Jr. Lee & Patricia Fuller Mary & Steve Hodapp Vernon C. Honsinger Tracey Johnstone Daniel E. Karnes Winanne O. Kreger

Robert W. Livingood William J. Murdock Elizabeth J. Neary John Orrock Mr. & Mrs. Robert Priddy James E. Roberts Jim & Jane Ruggiero William F. Ryan Geoffrey & Betty Schelhorn Laron D. Shannon Donnie & Dianne Shelton Carl A. Singer Richard F. Southby Joseph Spivey IV David & Andrea Stinnette Patricia Tibbetts John A. Van Kesteren Patrick A. Vega Silvia Raffaela Verdoglia J. Robert Walker III David M. Warren John E. Woodward, Jr. Elise Woodworth Warren Wright Three Anonymous

Corporate sponsors Chevron Corporation Citi Private Bank Citadel & Citadel Securities Cliffwater LLC Dominion Energy and Charitable Foundation Ehrenkranz Partners LP Frist Foundation Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation Gordon Anderson Smith Trust Henry Repeating Arms Jack Rudin Family Foundation, Inc. Kappa Alpha Order Mary Morton Parsons Foundation Miller Foundation Moore & Van Allen Northbound Executive Search Northern Trust Peachtree House Foundation Pritzker Military Museum & Library

PwC Raytheon Company Ridgway Foundation Rockbridge Historical Society Ropes & Gray LLP Siguler Guff Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP Tishman Speyer TM Capital Virginia Military Institute VMI Alumni Agencies VMI Alumni Chapter - New York City - Long Island

We make every effort to ensure the accuracy of this listing. If you believe we have made an error, please accept our apologies and call Leigh McFaddin at 540.463.7103 ext. 138.

FOUNDATION STAFF Glen J. Carpenter

Director of Communications and Multimedia gcarpenter@marshallfoundation.org Melissa Davis

Director of Library and Archives mdavis@marshallfoundation.org Alice J. Lee

Special Projects Assistant leeaj@marshallfoundation.org Paul A. Levengood

President plevengood@marshallfoundation.org Leigh H. McFaddin

Associate Director of Development and Special Events mcfaddinlh@marshallfoundation.org Matthew M. Waldron

Chief Financial Officer mwaldron@marshallfoundation.org John J. Wranek III

Director of Development jwranek@marshallfoundation.org

BOARD OF TRUSTEES Bennett L. Ross Chairman Hunter A. Applewhite C. Russell Fletcher, III Chairman Emeritus George W. Foresman Walton M. Jeffress, Jr. Andrew G. Kumpuris Paul A. Levengood Cynthia Marsteller Jessine A. Monaghan Don Mosman Thomas H. Murphy Thomas A. Pritchard Peter Prowitt Maria P. Rasmussen David L. Roll James M. Schmuck Michael A. Williams James J. Winn, Jr. Cedric T. Wins Robert G. Woodward Clifford Miller Yonce

COUNCIL OF ADVISORS John B. Adams, Jr. Nancy K. Baker Mark Baruch Julius W. Becton, Jr. Ann L. Brownson Thomas S. Burack Christine K. Carrico Robert B. Charles Richard B. Cheney Richard A. Cody Madison F. Cole, Jr. William E. Dreyer Charles W. Dyke Gregory P. Gass David Hein Thomas H. Henriksen Paul R. Ignatius Walter H. Kansteiner, III John M. Keane John W. Knapp Volunteers Paul Barron Carroll Comstock Eryn Davis Rachel Rowland Frank Settle

William J. Lemon Constance A. Morella Thomas R. Morris Charles W. Payne, Jr L. F. Payne, Jr. Thomas R. Pickering Kurt A. Polk James E. Rogers Gordon R. Sullivan Richard F. Timmons Carl E. Vuono Harry H. Warner Olin L. Wethington Samuel B. Witt III John H. Zentay

Rose Mary Sheldon Elders from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

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P.O. Box 1600, Lexington, VA 24450

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