PLAN B: WATER ANALYSIS

Water in Bali CW1: Water Jingqi Tong 1824562 Chang Guan 1716378 Yidong Xu 1825655 Kaiwei Liu 1822948 Group 1 / team B

Introduction

p.

19/20

B

Location

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2021) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12285-8

Overview of water system

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: Google Earth

Overview of water system

Estimates of water resources structure Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Water consumption structure Source: NYOMAN RAI et al.（2015）DOI: 10.1134/S0097807815050127

Population density distribution

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: data from Provinsi Bali Dalam Angka 2021

Climate change

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Total rainfall in January, 2022

Source: https://www.ventusky.com/?p=-8.402;114.809;9&l=precipitation-anomaly&t=20220107/0000

Climate change

Total rainfall in April, 2022

Total rainfall in April, 2022 Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: https://www.ventusky.com/?p=-8.402;114.809;9&l=precipitation-anomaly&t=20220107/0000

Climate change

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/indonesia/bali https://www.holiday-weather.com/bali/averages/ https://www.meteoblue.com/en/climate-change/bali_cameroon_2235029

Land use

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: http://www.globallandcover.com/defaults.html?type=data&src= /Scripts/map/defaults/browse.html&head=browse&type=data

Overview of water system

Chang Guan 1716378 / group 1 / team B

Source: Sunarta, I. N., Rahman, A. and syakur, A.（2015）DOI: https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v2i1.19

Agricultural irrigation

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: Gao, et al.(2019) DOI: 10.13292/j.1000-4890.201903.032

Transportation

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: OpenStreetMap(2022) https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=10/-8.4635/115.0591

Tourism

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: http://bali.fuzhou61.com/bali-zi-xun/6.html

Tourism

Number of Foregin Visitor to Bali Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Water consumption – hotels

Source: Provinsi Bali Dalam Angka 2021./ 2030: A scenario planning of the sharing economy in Bali accommodation /Green Growth 2050 Roadmap For Bali Sustainable Tourism Development

B

Carbon Dioxide Fluxes from Water

Carbon Dioxide Fluxes – Water

Chang Guan 1716378 / group 1 / team B

Source: Carbon fluxes across countries and regions from inland water sources. Available at: http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/carbon-cascades (Accessed: 27 April 2022)

Carbon Dioxide Emission from Tourism

Carbon Dioxide Emission – Tourism

Chang Guan 1716378 / group 1 / team B

Source: Green Growth 2050 Roadmap For Bali Sustainable Tourism Development.

Water supply

2009

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Water supply

2013 20139

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Water demand

2009

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Water demand

2013

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Carrying capacity of water

2009

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Carrying capacity of water

2013

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Distribution map of the status of water carrying capacity of Bali

2009

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Distribution map of the status of water carrying capacity of Bali

2013

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source:E-Journal of Tourism Vol.2. No.1. (2015): 33-42 http://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/eot

Water spring potency

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: NYOMAN RAI et al.（2015）DOI: 10.1134/S0097807815050127

Monthly water potential

Dry season

Rainy season

Irrigation canal in subak

Jingqi Tong 1824562 / group 1 / team B

Source: NYOMAN RAI et al.（2015）DOI: 10.1134/S0097807815050127

Plastic leakage from river to ocean

Yidong Xu 1825655 / group 1 / team B

Plastic leakage from river to ocean While organic waste can be composted in local gardens or fields, plastic waste is harder to dispose of by individuals and is often illegally dumped, buried, or burned. This drastically increases the risks of plastic waste leaking into natural environment, and ultimately into the ocean.

Yidong Xu 1825655 / group 1 / team B

Ocean plastic priority regencies

Yidong Xu 1825655 / group 1 / team B

Ocean plastic priority regencies In Indonesia, some of the leading sources of plastic pollution include: 1. The continued use of organic waste disposal methods at the local level that don’t work for plastic 2. Foreign nations that export low-quality, contaminated plastic that can’t be recycled 3. Smuggling and illegal dumping in the global waste trade 4. Ocean currents and winds that carry foreign plastic to the coast 5. Insufficient waste management and recycling infrastructure that fails to contain plastic 6. Lax enforcement of environmental regulations

Yidong Xu 1825655 / group 1 / team B

Highest plastic leakage rivers

Yidong Xu 1825655 / group 1 / team B

Highest plastic leakage rivers

Rivers are the primary conduits for plastic waste to the seas.In tropical regions, rivers disgorge plastic into the seas continuously, while rivers in temperate regions can flush most plastic in a single month, usually August in the rainy season, or single events, such as flash floods.

Suggestions —Choose reusable straws instead of plastic.

—Have plenty of reusable water bottles at hand.

—Buy groceries in bulk as much as possible.

—Take advantage of recycling programs.

—Keep plastic films and other non-recyclables out of your recycling bin.

—Join a beach cleanup in your local community.

Yidong Xu 1825655 / group 1 / team B

Natural Disasters in Bali 1. The tropical climate of Bali brings a seasonal wet season, which increases the chances of cross-contamination of sewage and drinking water through increased flooding.

2. 260 of Bali’s 400 rivers had run dry, Lake Buyan, the island’s largest water reserve had dropped 3.5 metres and a falling water table was causing saltwater intrusion along Bali’s south coast.

3. El Nino phenomenon in 2019 has added drought to residents’ woes, creating a longer and hotter dry season.

Chang Guan 1716378 / group 1 / team B

Source: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/1/bali-the-tropicalindonesian-island-that-is-running-out-of-water https://science.nd.edu/undergraduate/minors/sustainability/capstoneprojects/2014/asbury/

Case Study: Turtle Island, Bali Province, Indonesia

Turtle Island, located in the south of Bali, is a 5.16 square kilometer island with an average temperature of 27.5°C. The rainy season is from November to March and the dry season is from April to October.

The average annual rainfall is 1544mm, of which rainfall in the rainy season accounts for 85%; the average annual evaporation is 1739mm, of which evaporation in the dry season accounts for 53%, with obvious seasonal differences.

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Source: Yu K. et.al (2013) Landscape Approach of Stormwater Management on Islands —Taking the KURA KURA Bali Island of Indonesia as An Example

Case Study: Turtle Island, Bali Province, Indonesia

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Type

Rainwater collection

Storage

Utilization

Wastewater Treatment

Building

Rooftop Garden, Surface infiltration collection

Water storage facilities

Toilet flushing, Irrigation, Car wash, etc.

Rooftop Garden, Flowerbeds to treat initial rainwater, Sewage pipes

Community

Road collection, Wetland collection, overflow rainwater of Building

Water storage facilities, Wetland

Irrigation, Pond landscape water, Floor washing

Rainwater Garden, Wetland，Green space purification， Sewage pipes

District

Wetland collection, overflow rainwater of Community

Wetland,Road infiltration collection facilities

Irrigation,Hydration

Wetland, Sewage pipes

Island

Landscape River, Lagoon

Landscape River, Lagoon

Landscape river recharge

Lagoon, Landscape River

Source: Yu K. et.al (2013) Landscape Approach of Stormwater Management on Islands —Taking the KURA KURA Bali Island of Indonesia as An Example

Case Study: Turtle Island, Bali Province, Indonesia

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Source: Yu K. et.al (2013) Landscape Approach of Stormwater Management on Islands —Taking the KURA KURA Bali Island of Indonesia as An Example

Case Study: Turtle Island, Bali Province, Indonesia

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Source: Yu K. et.al (2013) Landscape Approach of Stormwater Management on Islands —Taking the KURA KURA Bali Island of Indonesia as An Example

Case Study: Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China

The Project is located at the northern end of Honghu Park, Luohu District, Shenzhen City, south of Nigang East Road and east of Buji River. The designer intended to go beyond the engineering logic, and tried to create an aesthetic and community-friendly public space.

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Source: Landscape design for the upper part of Shenzhen lotus water culture base and water purification plant in Honghu Park Available at: https://www.gooood.cn/landscape-design-for-shenzhen-lotus-water-culture-base-and-ground-level-of-honghupark-water-purification-plant-china-by-node.htme: NYOMAN RAI et al.（2015）DOI: 10.1134/S0097807815050127

Case Study: Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China In the flood season every year, the water level of Buji River west of the site rises. When the water level reaches a certain height, the river water will flow into Honghu Lake where a flood storage area is formed to alleviate the water level rise in the flood season.In this case, the site landscape needed improvement while meeting the requirement on flood discharge passage as a buffer for flood d i s c h a r g e . To e n s u r e w a t e r s a f e t y, i t w a s fundamental to tackle the existing site elevation and designed ones with due care. The technical part for water treatment is a fully-buried double-layer frame structure, with the water treatment capacity of 50,000 m3 and 100,000 m3 per day in Phase I and long term respectively.

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Source: Landscape design for the upper part of Shenzhen lotus water culture base and water purification plant in Honghu Park Available at: https://www.gooood.cn/landscape-design-for-shenzhen-lotus-water-culture-base-and-ground-level-of-honghupark-water-purification-plant-china-by-node.htme: NYOMAN RAI et al.（2015）DOI: 10.1134/S0097807815050127

Case Study: Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China The project is located along the Huangbai River in Yiling District, Yichang City. It is divided into two sections, located in Xiaping Village and Caijiahe Village, with a total area of ​ about 154 hectares, of which the water area is about 35 hectares. The adjacent Nancaixia area is the core of the future northward expansion of Yichang city, and the city is closely related to the r i v e r. T h e r i v e r h a s o b v i o u s s e a s o n a l characteristics. In the flood season, a large amount of surface runoff can be collected in a short period of time, and the flow rate is large, and the sand carrying capacity and scouring capacity are strong; in the dry season, the water volume decreases sharply, and part of the riverbed is exposed. The project is essentially an ecological restoration project, and its primary purpose is to protect and restore the floodplain wetlands of the Huangbai River flowing through the urban area of Yichang, so that it can better play its ecological function.

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Source: Yichang Huangbai River Wetland Park Available at: https://www.gooood.cn/yichang-huangbai-river-wetland-park-china-by-hangzhoulandscape-architecture-design-institute.htm

Case Study: Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China Huangbai River is a mountain stream type river with huge water level difference between flood season and dry season, and the design range is located in the river channel delineated by the water conservancy department.

The natural base around the main river channel of the base is relatively good, and it has not been damaged by human interference. There are naturally formed shoal sandbars and vegetation, and waterbirds can be seen inhabiting. This is completely preserved and designated as an ecological conservation area. The pits and ponds left by sand excavation outside the main channel are dredged, communicated and connected in series, so that the water systems of the pits and the main river can be connected with each other, and the wetland vegetation is restored to transform it into a series of rain gardens, which can be used in heavy rains. Undertake the surrounding catchment, slow down the discharge to the main river to a certain extent, and also reduce the flow when the upstream floods, and increase the rainwater storage capacity during the flood season.

Kaiwei Liu 1822948 / group 1 / team B

Source: Yichang Huangbai River Wetland Park Available at: https://www.gooood.cn/yichang-huangbai-river-wetland-park-china-by-hangzhoulandscape-architecture-design-institute.htm

Case Study: Subak

The Subak is a set of rice paddy water management systems in the Indonesian province of Bali, developed in the 9th century AD. For the islanders, this long-established system not only provided irrigation for the crops, but also created a complex man-made ecosystem.

The system consists of rice terraces covering almost 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres) and religious temples.

Chang Guan 1716378 / group 1 / team B

Case Study: Subak

Location

Chang Guan 1716378 / group 1 / team B

Source: Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy. Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1194/multiple=1&unique_number=1836 (Accessed: 27 April 2022).

Strategy The overall water resource is mainly used by tourism and algriculture for there are few inmdustries in Bali.

Tourism is an important pillar of Bali's economy and water resources are not only relevant to the daily use of water by tourists, but also to the tourist landscape.

Through analysis of the overall water system in Bali, basic information like tourism, transportation and agricultural irrigation are put emphasis on. Then combining the current situation and case stidies, strategies are proposed.

Our strategy mainly focuses on the water resources include rainwater collection, seawater conservation and waste water recycling. At the same time, Bali is a world-renowned tourist destination, and it is important to maintain the original tourism style.