ProAgri Zambia 75

ProAg Pro Agri ri technology for the farmer

Z a m b i a No 75

How to control Gumboro disease in broilers

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John Deere earthmoving and construction equipment

Agritech news from around the world

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Cover LEMKEN is one of the companies offering tillage equipment and solutions to maintain moisture levels and improve biological soil structure. Read more on page 3.

Improving the sustainability of crop production

ProAgri technology for the farmer

I

mplements and machinery are one of the core elements of a farming operation.

According to Lux Research, an international research company specialising in technology innovation, in its recently published annual outlook report, ‘Foresight 2021: Top emerging technologies to watch’, the prominence of new technologies in agriculture is an indication of how fast and profoundly the food and farming industries are changing.

The report says that alternatives to the resource-intensive traditional meat industry are emerging rapidly, with immediate impact from plant-based proteins. The African continent has for a long time been affected by political turmoil, drought, and famine. Rapid changes in climate are putting even more pressure on food security on a continent where many are suffering from malnutrition and obesity. Despite Africa being an arid continent, it is very rich in biodiversity.

This biodiversity is waiting to be rediscovered. In this month’s edition we

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look at a new series on ancient African foods and how a shift towards these plants could improve not only food security, but also help mothers to provide healthy, nutritious food for their children.

ProAgri constantly stays abreast of tractor and equipment news, to help with mechanisation choices on small-, medium- and large-scale farms. In this month’s edition we look at LEMKEN’s innovative tillage machines for optimal reconsolidation of topsoil, John Deere’s mean yellow construction machines and the latest Agritech news from around the world.

Make sure you don’t miss out on the AgriTech Expo Zambia from 7 to 9 April 2022 at GART Research Centre farm in the Chisamba region of Zambia, located about 50 km out of Lusaka on the Great North Road.

For more information, visit www. agritech-expo.com Farm smartly! bianca@proagri.co.za

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For a firm and even seedbed get LEMKEN’s Rubin 12 and Karat 9 The trusted John Deere green now makes room for reliable yellow VST compact tractors and power tillers: Affordable mechanisation for small farmers Wood-Mizer resaw expands pallet manufacturer’s output sharply Tiger Animal Feeds: Enriching Zambian farmers with training What’s up? Agritech news from around the world Erosion control in Malawi Part 4: How to deal with steep slopes Ancient African food Part 1: The answer to Africa’s malnutrition and obesity Effective water harvesting techniques Part 3 Five vaccination tips to successfully control Gumboro Disease in broilers Processing of condiments Part 16: Bell pepper salsa

ProAgri Zambia 75

Z a m b i a

Nangwenya House No. 7352 Nangwenya Road Rhodespark +26 (0)97-769-9786 www.proagri.co.za Copyright © 2022. All rights r­ eserved. No m ­ aterial, text or p ­ hoto­graphs may be r­ eproduced, copied or in any other way t­ ransmitted without the written consent of the publisher. O ­ pinions ­expressed are not n ­ ecessarily those of the publisher or of the e ­ ditor. We recognise all trademarks and logos as the sole property of their r­ espective o ­ wners.

ProAgri shall not be liable for any errors or for any actions in reliance thereon.

ProAgri Zambia Editor Bianca Henning Reporters Benine Ackermann Maryna Steyn Natasha Kruger

> +27 82-326-2572 bianca@proagri.co.za > +27 73-105-6938 benine@proagri.co.za > +27 82-261-9177 maryna@proagri.co.za > +27 81-736-4236 natasha@proagri.co.za

Specialist Writer Annemarie Bremner > +27 82-320-3642 annemarie@proagri.co.za Senior Production Manager: Zainab Pandor > +26 (0)97-769-9786 zainab@proagri.co.za Client Relations Manager: Carin Swartz > +27 84-233-0123 carin@proagri.co.za Marketing Manager Diane Grobler > +27 82-555-6866 diane@proagri.co.za Marketing Xander Pieterse > +27 79-524-0934 xander@proagri.co.za Johan Swartz > +27 71-599-9417 johan@proagri.co.za Tiny Smith > +27 82-698-3353 tiny@proagri.co.za Lelani Botha > +27 74-424-0055 lelani@proagri.co.za Creative Director Christiaan Joubert > +27 72-419-3990 christiaan@proagri.co.za Design Michelle Kruger & Lizelle Erasmus Enquiries Engela Botha > +27 12-803-0782 engela@proagri.co.za Accounts Ronel Schluter > +27 12-803-0782 accounts@proagri.co.za Business Manager George Grobler

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ProAgri Zambia 75

Left: LEMKEN's Rubin 12 cuts the crop residues after harvest time and deposits it in the top soil.

by Benine Ackermann

For a firm and even seedbed get LEMKEN’s Rubin 12 and Karat 9

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t all starts with your seedbed. The seedbed largely determines the germination of your crops and the ultimate success of your harvest. That's why Skippies Joubert from Gideon Joubert Boerdery outside Luckhoff has been using LEMKEN's Rubin 12/500KUA and Karat 9/600KUA for the past few years to cultivate his land.

“My soil has never been so ready before planting time, and it has never been so easy to harvest. The stand is also better, almost too perfect,” he jokes.

“I bought the Rubin second-hand from a farmer in my area after seeing (at a demonstration day of LEMKEN) how well the machine works and how robust it is. After that I also bought a new Karat,” he says.

Skippies farms with maize and wheat.

He explains how LEMKEN fits into his farm: “I first use the Rubin 12 to cut maize residues after harvest and then (not the same day, because the land has to stand a bit) I use the Karat 9 to do the final mixing, because it works deeper.”

Previously, he burned his lands after harvesting and now he firmly believes that material should be placed back into the ground. The operation certainly brought an improvement in its returns.

According to Skippies, a farmer can only win with both tools from LEMKEN, because together they work better.

“The machines can cultivate 30 hec-

tares on a good day,” he says.

According to Thinus Oosthuizen, from GWK who markets LEMKEN's machines, the Rubin is also a moisture preservation tool. “Because the material enters the soil, it moistens the soil and the moisture stays in the soil longer.”

In turn, the Karat can work at different depths with different tine points, and its roller makes a firm seedbed. It has three different tine points: a broad point of 120 mm that can prepare wider and shallower seedbed and take care of weeds, a narrower one of 80 mm that works deeper, and then the narrowest point that can work between 60 mm and 400 mm deep.

“The narrowest one has a tungsten point on it. Such a point is rock hard which means it lasts a long time and the farmer does not have to swop the points while working,” says Thinus.

Skippies is very satisfied with LEMKEN's service. “They help me immediately if I have a problem. For example, if I have a question about an adjustment on one of the machines, I call them and explain to them over the phone what I need to do. They know their product and also always ask how they can still improve their machines.”

The parts are readily available at Luckhoff's GWK branch. “If it's something big we do not have, we order it and deliver it within a day,” says Thinus.

Skippies Joubert from Luckhoff and Thinus Oosthuizen, from GWK at the robust LEMKEN machines.

Why a farmer should buy a Rubin 12 and Karat 9: • The implements require less diesel for more work than other comparable equipment, which is very important with today's diesel prices.

• The machines improve the structure of the soil by reconsolidation and the moisture content with the material being returned.

• Better time management because fields need less tillage.

• The machines need little maintenance.

• Everything on the machines, including the teeth and dishes, is robust, with adequate breakaway action for protection.

• They fold up easily for transport and movement on the farm.

• An investment in blue ultimately means an investment in your harvest!

This is what the field looks like before the Rubin 12 and Karat 9 go through.

After the Rubin 12 and Karat 9 have done their bit, the land is ready for the next season.

The Karat 9 cultivates the soil after the Rubin 12 has been through for a finer and firmer seedbed.

ProAgri Zambia 75

You can also get a LEMKEN crop.

Contact Karel Munnik at +27(0)82-412-2577 or k.munnik@ lemken.com, or Blackie Swart at +27(0)-82-404-9651 or b.swart@lemken.com. The office number is +27(0)-86-267-5720.

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ProAgri Zambia 75

Left: A hardworking yellow John Deere TLB in action.

The trusted John Deere green now makes room for reliable yellow F

armers are excited about the good news that John Deere now also offers earthmoving and construction equipment for the farm.

This year, farmers can expect to see the yellow between the green at NAMPO from 16 to 20 May. NAMPO is one of the largest agricultural expos in South Africa and is held at NAMPO Park in Bothaville. During this event, John Deere’s yellow construction vehicles can be admired up close.

John Deere yellow machines include everything a farmer can possibly need for construction on the farm: Bulldozers, excavators, backhoe loaders and graders — you name them!

The best news of all is that the same technicians who keep agricultural equipment running also support these yellow ones! John Deere ensures that technicians are trained to service and repair construction vehicles alongside the agricultural machines. Machinespecific support systems, however, also exist within the dealership network.

“With this product range we are now a one-stop-shop for all equipment,” says Griffiths Makgate, Construction and Forestry Sales Manager for Africa and the Middle East area. “It is also important to note that the same farmers who experienced our capabilities before introducing the yellow machines, will receive the same level of service as on the agricultural machines.”

In fact, a farmer can rely on the same people who were there with him when he bought his first John Deere machine. They will take care of all his needs. Now, a farmer does not need to go to various companies, balancing

agriculture on the one hand and construction on the other. His trusted John Deere dealer provides both.

“In my opinion, it’s always best to purchase a vehicle if you can afford it, knowing that you can use it how you want to, when you want to,” Griffith explains.

One of the advantages that farmers enjoy is that used construction equipment can be resold at higher prices because of the bigger demand for this type of equipment; farmers look after their machines much better than construction crews. With the higher resell

price, farmers can easily invest in more modern machines with better functions and increased comfort.

Some of the John Deere construction machines allow you to choose the work mode you want to operate in. This enables farmers to be more productive and use less fuel.

More good news for farmers is that there is a financing option just for them. The aim behind John Deere Financial is to assist farmers and businesses through tailor-made asset financing. They ensure that every client receives the best service and business solutions. That is why John Deere Financial built their business model on the four pillars of comfort, devotion, competitiveness, and insight.

It is not only the interest rate that sets it apart from a bank, it is also the fact that a farmer can enjoy a more flexible structured loan. When he wants to make a bigger deposit on the equipment, then he will reap the benefits in the form of a lower interest rate.

John Deere wants to show the farmer that he receives the same level of service, support, and knowledge regardless of whether his equipment is green or yellow. John Deere is ready to grow with farmers.

JDLinkTM is a unique trait of John Deere machinery. It connects the client and his smart device with the equipment. Farmers can connect to any implement in their fleet that is compatible with that service without any additional cost.

With that, a farmer can operate any of his implements through the John Deere operating system account on the web or mobile app.

The John Deere yellow wheeled front loader is just what your farm needs.

For any additional information, send an e-mail to africa@johndeere.com, or phone them on +27-021-127-3759 or +27-021-127-3760.

ProAgri Zambia 75

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VST compact tractors and power tillers:

Affordable mechanisation for small farmers Article supplied

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xport Trading Group Logistics (ETGL) has entered into a distributorship agreement with VST Tillers Tractors, a leading farm equipment manufacturer from India, and a complete range of the VST compact tractors and power tillers is now available throughout Southern Africa.

VST SHAKTI is India's No 1 brand in power tillers (or walk-behind tractors).

A pioneer in compact four-wheel drive tractors, VST also offers the "Fieldtrac" range of compact and agricultural tractors. VST Tillers Tractors was established in 1967 by the VST Group of companies, a well-known century old

Fieldtrac 180D tractor.

business house in South India.

The compact tractors range covers outputs from 18,5 hp (14 kW) to 24 hp (18 kW), while the power tillers are available with outputs ranging from 13 hp (10 kW) to 16 hp (12 kW).

A range of implements such as ploughs, tillers, ridgers, planters, trailers, and slashers is also available to use with these machines. This range is ideally suited for small and emerging farmers where affordable mechanisation is a key requirement.

Antony Cherukara, CEO of VST Tillers Tractors Ltd, said: “VST is one of the fastest growing brands in the agriculture segment and commands a leadership position in power tillers and 4WD compact tractors. We are focussed on international business with exports of tractors, power tillers, power reapers and diesel engines to more than 40 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. Farm holding in most of the Southern

Fieldtrac 270D tractor.

African countries is dominated by small and marginal farmers, thereby making these small farm mechanisation technologies a truly relevant option.”

Rajeev Saxena, ETGL CEO, commented: “The expansion of our product offering will create more opportunities for the Group to delve deeper into the Southern and East African Farm Equipment Market, serving a wide range of agricultural customers.”

ETGL operates an established automotive and farm equipment distribution business in South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, Zambia, and Tanzania, with plans to increase their footprint in East and Southern Africa, amongst other regions.

Fieldtrac 224D tractor.

Fieldtrac with lawnmower.

ProAgri Zambia 75

For more information, contact Brian Mumford, Business Head of VST, ETGL South Africa on +27 72-5650505 or send an e-mail to Brian. mumford@etgworld.com

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ProAgri Zambia 75

Wood-Mizer resaw expands pallet manufacturer’s output sharply

Article supplied

G

ood news for farmers along the Orange River in the Northern Cape is that their constant need for pallets and crates for their products will now be satisfied quicker and easier.

The installation of a Wood-Mizer HR500 double-head resaw at a pallet manufacturing business in South Africa’s Northern Cape province, delivers a number of benefits for farmers in the area, as well as for the company.

South Africa’s Northern Cape province is the driest area in the country with an average rainfall of only 202 mm.

The dry conditions are not ideal for growing trees, with hardly any marketable timber available in the area except for firewood.

The lack of timber and the high demand for timber packaging to ship produce from the area to end-users gave Zak Gerber, the owner of JJZ Gerber Houtwerke BK in Upington, the idea to start a pallet manufacturing business.

A river runs through it Upington is located on the banks of the Orange River, South Africa’s largest river.

It flows for nearly 2 300 kms from the interior, past Upington to the Atlantic Ocean on South Africa’s West Coast.

The river is the lifeblood of the area.

The town and farmers use the river’s water to sustain the town and produce dessert wines, table grapes, dried fruits, and animal feed for livestock farming. The baking desert sun concentrates grapes into super sweet wines while the heat dries millions of tonnes of fruit into dried fruit products that are exported globally.

Farmers along the Orange River Valley depend on timber pallets, crates, and wooden packaging to dry fruit and transport their produce to market. Zak Gerber is one of the many successful grape and raisin farmers from a family that has farmed in the area for several generations.

While farming, he saw — and experienced — the need for pallets and crating. His passion for making furniture also gave him a taste for manufacturing. But to start a timber manufacturing busi-

The HR500 on its way to Upington.

The cargo includes 8 mm board that had to be bought from outside suppliers before the arrival of the HR500.

The same 8 mm board now being cut in Upington on the JJZ Gerber Houtwerke’s recently commissioned HR500 resaw.

The two-head HR500 can be expanded to a maximum of six heads to cut several precisely resawn boards in one pass. ness in an area with no timber would be tough — unless the timber scarcity could somehow be used as a springboard to success.

Using scarcity to start a business Before JJZ Gerber Houtwerke was started, pallets and crating came by road from suppliers several hundred kilometres away. The transport costs and delays to get ready-made pallets to farmers ate into budgets and made planning difficult.

Zak rethought the process and decided to build pallets, crates, and drying racks in Upington. Slashed pallet prices and zero delays were some of the immediate benefits that resulted from this.

But the real masterstroke was how Zak used the Northern Cape’s lack of timber to defend his business. Any competitor who wanted to copy his business model and match his successes, would first have to get raw timber to Upington cheaper, and build pallets that bettered Zak’s prices and quality.

Efficiency Setting up local manufacturing was the first step. To get control of the fixed costs like transport and the price of timber was the next step.

Zak can control the transport costs with his own fleet of trucks. To reduce the price of timber as much as possible, Zak uses a simple approach: Buy in

ProAgri Zambia 75

bulk and process as much timber as possible locally.

Timber blocks are easier to transport, cost less than ready sawn material, and can be cut into any size that manufacturing requires. This wasn’t always possible while the factory grew. A single head resaw made some custom cutting possible. But the 8 mm components used for drying racks still came from timber suppliers. The premium paid for these components was high and ate into Zak’s margins.

Wood-Mizer HR500 resaw JJZ Houtwerke’s new Wood-Mizer HR500 resaw has decreased the company’s timber costs and increased their production capacity significantly.

The HR500’s material processing capacity of 300 mm (wide) x 400 mm (high) allows them to seamlessly resaw the hardwood cants that arrive at the factory into several precisely resawn boards in one pass. (A cant is a partially sawn log with at least one flat side.)

The HR500’s heavy frame, steel belt conveyor and hold-down roller system makes it easy to cut hard wood into accurately resawn boards. The easyto-use electric head up-down control unit ensures consistent sizing and increased output.

The HR500 is a modular machine, which made it easy for Zak to buy one frame and then fit one or two heads.

He chose two heads and will later add a second frame to increase production even further.

The units are pre-wired to allow for easy installation and expansion to a maximum of six heads. The HR500 comes standard with a blade lubrication kit, which together with the hydraulic blade tensioning are centrally located to increase productivity and ease of access.

Zak also invested in a Wood-Mizer BMS200 bandsaw blade sharpener and BMT250 blade setter to service the blades used on the HR500.

High-quality, affordable drying racks manufactured in Upington on their way to dried fruit producers in the Orange River Valley.

For more information, contact Wood-Mizer at +27 (0)11-473-1313 or +27 (0)73-146-7322. Visit their website at woodmizerafrica.com.

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Tiger Animal Feeds: Enriching Zambian farmers with training

by Given Hamanungu, Tiger Feeds Technical Advisor

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n developing countries such as Zambia, poverty levels are increasing, especially among rural households, the majority of whom rely on agriculture as their main source of livelihood. One of the main contributing factors is climate change which has brought unpredictable weather patterns making farming planning very difficult. Therefore, there is need to find the best way of tackling this challenging global economic threat.

Tiger Animal Feeds, the leading feed manufacturer for all livestock species, is directly affected by climate change that has led farmers to scale down livestock farming activities due to increased cost. This is why Tiger Animal Feeds embarked on training farmers through seminars to improve their knowledge on how to cope with these changes.

Knowledge is a foundation for the competence and successful performance of a person. In the farming industry it consists of facts, concepts, as well as the understanding and application of information to farming businesses. There is no other route to successful farming than acquiring the correct knowledge which translates into farming skills.

“The beginning of knowledge is the discovery of something we do not understand.” - Frank Herbert.

Tiger Animal Feeds’ main value is to make sure a farmer’s knowledge is increased. It is acquired through education, training, and experience. By acquiring knowledge, a farmer’s ability to understand various concepts of farming improves.

On-site technical assistance.

Knowledge of the facts and concepts form the foundation for the ability to apply the skills to perform a specific task. Essentially, a person should gain the basic knowledge of how to do something before attempting the task.

Farmers listen attentively at a training session in Mwanachingwala chiefdom in Mazabuka.

“

We believe in equal growth opportunities for Tiger Animal Feeds and the farmer for continued business.

Together we develop the Zambian economy.

Group discussions during training in Chipata; the best method of interaction.

ProAgri Zambia 75

”

“The great aim of education is not knowledge but action.” - Herbert Spencer Tiger Animal Feeds values technical services to farmers as the best way of contributing to the growth of farmers to achieve success. Our ranges of feeds are of the highest quality to meet the farmers’ needs in achieving optimum production.

Remember, skill is a person’s ability to perform an activity or task.

Contact Tiger Animal Feeds as your friendly partner in training and farming business at +260-967-933-658 or +260-975403-834 or send an e-mail to givenhams@gmail.com.

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What’s up?

Agritech news from around the world

Combined Powers

Krone and LEMKEN literally combined powers to present a new autonomous system called Combined Powers. In this joint project an autonomous process unit consisting of a drive unit and various implements was developed.

After passing trials in cultivating, ploughing, sowing, mowing, tedding, and raking last year, the innovative concept will be integrated in the wellproven forage harvesting and tillage systems of the two companies.

Using a diesel-electric drive that generates up to 170 kW, the drive unit is designed to meet the power input requirements of the implements. The drive power is transferred electrically to the wheels and the pto and, from there to the implement which couples to a three-point linkage.

Multiple sensor systems monitor the immediate surroundings and the implement attached. Operators control and monitor the combination from a mobile device, transmitting jobs and job reports via a communication module and the agrirouter, the established data exchange hub.

The speciality of the process unit is that it is controlled by the implement and not vice versa. This detail was considered imperative for achieving optimum results. The implement and the drive unit act as one integrated smart system.

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Based on the long experience in the application of ISOBUS and TIM on Krone and LEMKEN machines, the drive unit and implement communicate and interact, sharing literally all types of data.

Intensive trialling in all types of conditions and seeking feedback from farmers and contractors will continue this year. Further information is available at www.combined-powers.com.

(Source: Combined Powers)

“Depending on the implement, the seed and fertiliser hoppers are often divided between two or more sections,” says Product Specialist Johan Grotell.

“Section control 96 can control each of these sections and feeders with centimetre accuracy.”

Operated from the touchscreen on the SmartTouch armrest, the interface is similar to the existing one (the tractor must have auto-guidance and ISOBUS implement control). (Source: Valtra)

The new JUMBO 8000 chops much shorter

Even more section control

The JUMBO 8000 high-performance loader wagons from Pöttinger chops forage almost 30 percent shorter: This means even higher forage quality without compromising on loading performance.

Protected to a torque of 3 500 Nm, the loader wagon can now deliver higher throughput rates than a selfpropelled forage harvester.

Section control on Valtra tractors has previously been able to divide an ISOBUS-compatible machine, such as a sprayer, into 24 or 36 sections. The latest version increases this to as many as 96, while the Multiboom feature makes it possible to simultaneously control up to three different booms fully automatically.

The function will be ideal for controlling ISObus-compatible seed drills, sprayers, fertiliser spreaders and row crop cultivators. Sections on the new version can be controlled by separate feeders in one, two or three consecutive rows. Alternatively, one implement can be in front of the tractor and the other at the rear.

On a seed drill, for example, fertiliser can be spread in the first feed system, seed in the next and starter fertiliser or small seed in the third.

Currently chopped lengths of 34 mm are possible with loader wagons. Thanks to the new drive concept, the rotor, and the chopping system with 65 knives, the JUMBO 8000 can now chop to lengths of 25 mm requiring only 15 percent more power.

The knives are individually protected and can simply move out of the way of foreign objects.

The automatic loading system now features an additional optional sensor on the rotor scraper carrier. This means that up to four sensors (torque on the rotor, hydraulic pressures, material loading, et cetera) are used to optimise the loading process.

The new sensor system detects the pre-compaction of the forage directly above the rotor and activates the scraper floor before any mechanical

Valtra:

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damage can occur. As a result, the JUMBO 8000 can always make optimum use of the space inside the loading chamber, regardless of the type of crop.

When harvesting grass silage, every farm manager wants to obtain the highest possible forage quality to increase profits. One of the main factors influencing feed quality is the theoretical chopped length. This is the advantage of the loader wagon with its short chopped length.

Short chopped forage can be compacted better, which leads to a quicker decrease in pH value. This reduces the risk of fermentation failure and has a positive effect on the stability of the grass silage and therefore on livestock health and performance.

Another yield-boosting advantage of a shorter chopped length is the 10 percent higher loading density compared to a loader wagon with a chopped length of 34 mm. The higher payload also adds up to greater cost effectiveness thanks to the higher density.

Despite the relatively small knife spacing of 25 mm, it is still possible to use the AUTOCUT automatic knife sharpening system. This saves diesel as well as time. AUTOCUT guarantees the knives are always sharp during operation. The power requirement and the fuel consumption can be reduced by up to 20 percent as a result.

The new technology will be available from August 2022. (Source: Pöttinger)

John Deere goes electrical

Autonomous electrical vehicles seem to be in the development scope of all major agricultural companies.

John Deere has released a video of a fully battery-powered tractor known as the SESAM2.

The SESAM2 prototype not only looks different, but has a much larger 1 000 kWh battery pack. 500 kW go to the all-electric powertrain with 500 kW available to power external machines.

This extra power should allow SESAM2 to work for up to 10 hours at 80% work capacity with a full battery.

A detachable cab and wireless communication from the machine are part of SESAM2, allowing for manual or automatic control – with or without cab.

In the field, the cab can be dropped off on the headland allowing the operator to keep an eye on the tractor and make adjustments where necessary. One operator can monitor and control multiple machines working in the same field.

This latest concept, which can also work autonomously, is a further development of the SESAM (Sustainable Energy Supply for Agricultural Machinery) project first previewed at SIMA 2017.

The diesel engine in a normal 6R was then swapped for a 130-kWh battery pack with four operating hours.

Based on a 6R, the first SESAM concept looked very much like a standard tractor with the diesel engine swapped for a battery pack.

(Source: profi)

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Erosion control in Malawi Part 4:

How to deal with steep slopes

by Tisha Steyn

P

Solution The solution was to construct grass fences by using branches and tall grass, and to install these along the contour lines of the eroded slope.

These fences slow down the rushing water, holding back topsoil and seeds while allowing the water to sink into the soil.

1. Make up a frame of light branches, tie the joins with sisal string or thin wire

600 mm

revention is always better than cure.

This is particularly true about soil erosion, where the slowing down of run-off water on a steep slope can prevent the formation of gullies and deep head-cuts.

Steep slopes that were stripped of plant material through the deforestation of the mountain slopes near the town of Mzuzu in Malawi, was tackled by the South African consultancy Conservation Management Services. Ken Coetzee and Wallie Stroebel were appointed by the Irish charity, Wells for Zoe, to help fight soil erosion in areas where the organisation is working on the Enyazini reforestation project.

Wells for Zoe focuses on providing wells and pumps for the community in this area, but they are also involved in restoring the soil by fighting erosion and the reforestation of the mountain slopes. For this purpose, they have set up a nursery where they are growing large numbers of indigenous trees.

In the previous two issues, we discussed how run-off water caused head-cuts and gullies which were successfully treated by using available plant material such as branches, grass, and shrubs. In this issue, we discuss how they prevent soil erosion by slowing down the rush of run-off water on steep slopes which have hardly any vegetation cover to keep the rushing water in check. This causes nutrientrich topsoil to wash away, ending up at the bottom of the slope and eventually in the nearest stream.

1,5 m

Examples of bare slopes where erosion control is needed.

Grass fences can be used on slopes and also on open ground where water run-off from irrigated agricultural fields often occurs.

Step by step treatment of a slope First, several grass fence sections must be constructed. This is done by tying thick bunches of tall grass to a frame of branches, as shown in the images to the right. The fences must be about 600 to 700 mm high and 1,5 m wide.

Lay out and mark the contour lines of the slope along which the grass fence structures will be constructed. The contour lines, and the grass fences, must be as level as possible.

Dig a foundation trench of between 300 mm to 400 mm deep and 200 mm

ProAgri Zambia 75

2. Lay thick bundles of long grass across the frame and secure to it with 3 more branches. Tie the branches together, through the grass bundles every 200 mm for extra strength.

Figure 1: The manufacture of grass fence sections: 1 – Making the frame and 2 – Fitting bundles of grass to the frame. (Illustrations provided by Conservation Management Services). wide along the contour line.

Fit the grass fence panels into the trench so that they overlap by 150 mm.

Hammer in support poles 1,2 m apart. Secure the grass fence panels to the support poles with wire or sisal string. The spacing of the support poles allows a 150 mm overlap on each side of the 1,5 m grass fence panels to make them sturdier.

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Fill the trench with the soil that was removed when the trench was dug, and compact the soil on both sides of the structure.

Pack brush or leafy branches on the bare soil on both sides of the fences where the soil has been disturbed by digging.

Lastly, the steeper the slope, the closer the grass-fences must be to each other. On steep slopes the fences must be no more than 5 m apart. Fences that are close together will prevent water from rushing down the slope, picking up momentum and accelerating the soil erosion problem.

Sections of grass-fence are installed overlapping

Additional poles are driven into the trench to secure the fence

Dig a narrow trench, 300 mm deep, in which to position the sections of grass-fence

When the grass-fence sections are in place and tied together, soil can be filled in on both sides of the fence and then compacted The fence can be made as long as is required but it must be installed level, on the contour

Figure 2: Installing the grass-fence sections in a trench with support poles.

First, sections of grass fence are made up out of thin branches and long bundles of grass. The joints are all tied with thin wire or sisal.

On the slope, ± 300 mm deep trenches are dug along the contour.

Important note The materials needed for the construction of the soil erosion control structures are all freely available locally, but care must be taken to cut the poles, branches, and brush-packing materials in such a way that the area near the working area is not stripped bare.

This may mean that plant material must be collected some distance Additional poles are hammered in near the end of each away from where section of the fence to stabilise it. Each pole is securely the fences are betied to the fence. ing constructed.

The community members are used to working in the fields with basic farming implements.

The instructions are easy to follow and simple to implement, but it is critical that erosion control must be followed up with inspection after rain, and that regular repairs must be done timeously.

The trench is filled in with soil on both sides and well compacted.

Contact details: Ken Coetzee, Wallie Stroebel and Bruce Taplin 4 Chestnut Street, Heather Park, George, 6529, South Africa Cell Ken: +27 76-227-5056; Wallie +27 82-493-1441

The sections of grass fence are fitted in the trench with the ends overlapping slightly.

A ground cover of grass or leafy branches is placed on the bare ground on both sides of each fence.

ProAgri Zambia 75

Website: www.conservationmanagementservices.co.za

19

Ancient African food Part 1:

The answer to Africa’s malnutrition and obesity

Market stalls in Zambia sell vegetables.

I

nteresting facts became known in Jurie van der Walt’s research on food in ancient cultures. He has published two books, namely The history of food and why we eat it (2020), and We need to revive the ancient indigenous food crops of Africa.

“I do most of my research on the internet but try to contact the authors of books and articles to get information from them,” says Jurie. “In many instances they refer me to more resources. In this way, I have contacted the Potato Centre in Peru, the University of Greenwich in London, World Vision in Australia, and the Virginia University in the USA.” His interest in ancient foods started in his mother’s kitchen. “My mother is an excellent cook and I learned by watching her. While working as a journalist in Africa, I became interested in how people in rural areas cooked and how the poor among them survived.

While farming rice in Mozambique, I learned most about how and what the people cultivate and eat. I have always liked to experiment; that nearly caused my death when I ate poisonous mushrooms!”

The African continent has for a long 20

time been affected by political turmoil, drought, and famine. Rapid changes in climate are putting even more pressure on food security on a continent where many are suffering from malnutrition and obesity.

But according to Jurie there is a solution at hand. “There are numerous neglected and forgotten plant species (NUS) in Africa that are simply not enjoying enough attention, considering their excellent nutritional value and how they can aid households to diversify their diets in an affordable and sustainable manner.”

Green Revolution It is a major challenge worldwide to provide enough, nutritious, and affordable food that is produced in a sustainable way. Although the number of people who are hungry has been halved since the Green Revolution, hunger and food insecurity remain and people are still poorly nourished.

The Green Revolution refers to the change in agricultural practices that American scientist Norman Borlaug started in Mexico in the 1940s. As a result of Borlaug’s combination of wheat varieties and mechanised agricultural

technologies, Mexico, who had to import wheat before, became an exporter by 1960, as the concept produced crops with a higher yield per hectare.

The highest-yielding varieties of rice, wheat and maize were selected and bred to be insensitive to the length of a day and the number of hours of available sunlight.

The development of irrigation systems, the storage of water in dams and the distribution of water to drier areas, reduced the dependence on regular rainfall. These crops, however, were dependent on fertiliser to maintain the higher yield, and some of them were more prone to pests, so the use of pesticides became the norm.

Although the Green Revolution has changed farming and reduced the likelihood of famine, it is criticised for having increased global overpopulation. It has also led to malnutrition and obesity, especially in developing countries. Also, farming methods are not climate-friendly and contribute to environmental issues, including loss of biodiversity, greenhouse gas emissions, the degradation of soil, water pollution, and air quality.

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Poor nourishment While the proportion of people who are hungry on our planet has halved since the early days of the Green Revolution, trends in hunger and food insecurity consistently reveal a situation in which populations remain poorly nourished.

This situation is set to become even more dire. Undernutrition of children in some African countries leads to stunted growth and half the deaths of children under the age of five.

Hungry children cannot learn and two in five children leave school without knowing how to read, write or count.

Very few, especially girls, attend secondary school.

This does not bode well for the youth of Africa, where the average age of the population is 19, and it is expected to get younger. Africa is also experiencing the highest population growth, and it is estimated that two out of every five children born in the world, will be in Africa by 2050.

In addition, Africa’s urban population is the fastest growing in the world, and by 2050, about 1,34 billion people will

live in urban areas in Africa. This is a major challenge to African countries to provide enough nutritious food for people in cities.

The main cause of malnutrition is a diet that is poor in nutrition. Although large quantities of food are produced, these foods do not contain enough nutrients. This situation can be rectified by reintroducing plants that have been cultivated by families on small farms for centuries.

“These plants offer more nutrients than monoculture crops and vegetables introduced from western countries during colonialisation, as well as bioactive non-nutrients that contribute to dietary health,” Jurie says. “This food diversity represents a natural wealth for many countries, yet most, if not all, fail to use them adequately for this purpose.”

Domestication Out of more than an estimated 300 000 plant species worldwide, only 7 000 have at some stage been used for food.

Up to 200 have been cultivated widely, while only about 150 have been

Ethiopian kale (Brassica carinata) is a popular leaf crop in Africa and its seeds are used as relief from stomach aches.

Bambara beans (Vigna subterranean) are dug from the ground like peanuts and boiled, roasted, fried, or ground into flour.

The amaranth (Amaranthus blitum). Several amaranth marog species are collected from the wild and only a few are cultivated.

ProAgri Zambia 75

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commercialised as food crops.

Today, only twelve plant crops and five animal species provide three-quarters of the world’s food. Wheat, maize, and rice supply half the daily calories (energy) of all the people on earth.

Despite the awareness of the nutritional value of these plants, there are some difficulties that need to be overcome. The early hunter-gatherers made use of a wide range of wild plants and animals, but through domestication of crops and livestock, the intake of a variety of foodstuffs changed.

Ongoing revolution, or development since the Neolithic period has led to the shrinking of the diversity. Neolithic refers to customs characteristic of the last phase of the Stone Age, an early period of human history when people used tools and weapons made of stone, not metal.

The Neolithic period started about 10 000 years ago and is characterised by the beginning of farming, domes-

tication of animals, and weaving and pottery. Over time, as food production changed, fewer plants were cultivated and the world started to rely on monoculture, which is high-yielding and genetically similar crops. As a result, NUS species started to fade into the background.

This occurred despite proof that ancient foods contain more nutrients than modern vegetables: • Amaranth (Amarnathus dubius) has 200 times more vitamin A and ten times more iron than the same portion of cabbage (Brassica oleracea); • Amaranth has nearly 3,5 times more beta-carotene than cabbage; • Malabar spinach (Basella alba) has 13,5 times more iron than cabbage; • Ethiopian kale (Brassica carinata) has 5,7 times as much beta-carotene as cabbage; • Jute mallow (Chorchorus olitorius) has 6,3 times more beta-carotene

Malabar spinach (Basella alba) is different from other spinach types because it is a perennial climbing herb.

The spider plant’s (Cleome gynandra) leaves and shoots are usually boiled or used to prepare soups.

The fruit of the baobab tree contains more vitamin C than oranges.

ProAgri Zambia 75

than cabbage; • Spider plant (Cleome gynandra) has 2,5 times more beta-carotene than cabbage; • Baobab (Adansonia digitata) has six times more vitamin C than oranges.

The genetic diversity and nutritional value of neglected and underutilised species have not been fully analysed, probably because it is costly, and it is not regarded as a priority. “Nevertheless, their inclusion in diets could reduce nutrient deficiencies and offer more local, sustainable and culturally acceptable solutions to problems of malnutrition in many parts of the world, including Africa,” says Jurie.

Dry, but rich in biodiversity Despite Africa being an arid continent, it is very rich in biodiversity. This biodiversity is waiting to be rediscovered. These plants can be successfully cultivated on small-scale farms in Africa, where it is mostly the women who farm. A shift towards these plants could improve not only food security, but also help mothers to provide healthy, nutritious food for their children.

In the next chapter, we shall discuss the plants people used to eat and their nutritional, medicinal and cultural value, the reasons why they ceased to be cultivated, and how the use of these plants can be brought back to smallscale farms and kitchens in Southern Africa. In follow-up chapters, ten of these plants, their value and how to cultivate, prepare and store them, will be discussed.

For more information contact Jurie van der Walt at jurievdw@ mweb.co.za.

References Briney, A. (2020, January 23).

History and overview of the Green Revolution: how agricultural practices changed in the 20th century.

Thoughtco.com www.thoughtco. com/green-revolution-overview-1434948 Definition of Stone Age. Collins Dictionary www.collinsdictionary. com/dictionary/english/stone-age Hajjar, B. (2020 January 13). The children’s continent: keeping up with Africa's growth. World Economic Forum www.weforum.org/ agenda/2020/01/the-children-scontinent/ McVeigh, K. (2018, November 1). Act now or a billion young Africans will be undone by 2050 – Mandela widow The Guardian www.theguardian.com/ global-development/2018/nov/01/ act-now-or-a-billion-young-africans-will-be-undone-by-2050-mandela-widow-graca-machel-africanchild-policy-forum-report 23

Effective water harvesting techniques Part 3: Spotter’s plough This plough works by allowing the tractor's hydraulic system to move up and down to create short, oblong trenches.

Water gathers in these trenches during rain showers, allowing for improved filtration. As a result of the improved soaking, the vegetation grows, preventing more water run-off.

Collection of water between rows of a vineyard. (Source: global.oup.com)

Plough with ripper tines (or sub-soiler) The ripper tine plough creates small dams in the same way that the spotting plough does, except the ripper tine stays in the soil permanently, and an oval wheel elevates the plough to create little rectangular dams. As a result, the operator does not have to operate the tractor's hydraulic system, and the tractor maintains consistent traction. The ripper tine loosens the soil between the little dams, allowing more water to penetrate. This method creates a superior seedbed for the development of vegetation.

Catchment areas In a natural catchment area, rain and run-off water will always flow downhill and collect in a body of water such as a stream, a river, or a dam. Man-made catchment areas follow the same rule, but in specific areas.

Water harvesting between tree rows that are widely spaced There is a run-off area and a collection area in this method. The run-off area must be large enough to provide enough water to the root zone on a regular basis. The soil must be able to easily absorb the water and hold the water in the storage area. Evaporation can be decreased by covering the collection area. Water penetration is increased by little dams surrounding the trees that are shaped in such a way that one runs into the other. The weir's height must be sufficient to manage a once-in-ten-year rainfall run-off.

Water harvesting between crop rows that are widely spaced In sand and clay soils, a Briggs Tied ridger is employed with great success to create dams to collect water and to prevent run-off. This device can be attached behind any implement and used during each tilling between plant rows that are widely spaced. The device is specifically designed with paddle wheels to form and press consistently sized and spaced dams. These weirs 24

generate little dams during thunderstorms, collecting water that reaches the root zone.

Water collection in an agricultural setting in an exposed area Farmers commonly employ three devices to keep rainwater from running off open fields:

A Briggs Tied ridger mounted behind a hoeing implement constructs little dams. (Source: briggsirrigation.co.uk) ProAgri Zambia 75

The micro catchment area is built with local materials. The illustration indicates how it works. (Source: unece.org)

As a result, for 1 hectare of irrigation under these conditions, a storage capacity of 0,58 x 10 000 = 5 800 m3 and a collection area of 1,45 hectares is required. A basic rule of thumb is that for every m2 of irrigation, a 2 m2 collection area is required. When applying this estimate, factors like run-off potential and storage capacity must be considered.

More precise computations can be made when particular long-term rain data is available.

Wheat and maize planter

Ploughing implements. (Source: everychina.com) Plough with a disc ripper A disc ripper plough is used in the same way as the two ploughs listed above, and it is particularly effective at re-establishing vegetation in some soils. This plough has the benefit of being easily built from discarded ploughs.

The major disadvantage of this plough is that it smears the sides of the small dams in some soils, causing the water to take too long to permeate the soil.

As a result, the seedlings become wet.

Water harvesting from micro catchment areas Same idea as in widely-spaced tree rows, with the exception that the runoff area can be much larger and it must serve a relatively small catchment area (see images above). The treated area must be completely devoid of vegetation and kept as dry as possible.

Area required for water collection The above-mentioned rainfall harvesting techniques can harvest a lot of water. This water can be used in a variety of ways. Over the course of six

months, plants require around 5 mm of irrigation every day. A rough calculation of the size of the run-off area for irrigating one square metre can be made if the run-off is 100% and the storage capacity is sufficient.

Use the following procedure:

The information provided in this article is credited to the Institute of the Agricultural Research Council (ARC). For more information, visit their website at www.arc.agric.za, contact them on +27-12-842-4000 or send an e-mail to iae@ing1. agric.za

Average rainfall per year Rainfall during growing season = 80% of 500 mm Irrigation requirement for plants per day Growing season Safety factors = 80% of 400 mm Volume of water needed for m2 per season = 0,005 x 180 Volume of additional water needed per m2 for growing season

500 mm (0,5 m) 400 mm 5 mm (0,005 m) 180 days 320 mm 0,9 m3 0,9 - 0,32 = 0,58 m3

Surface required in m½ to supply 0,58 m3 of water, if run-off is 100% and storage capacity is sufficient Water required (m3) Total rainfall x 80%

ProAgri Zambia 75

=

0,58 m3 0,5 m x 0,8

=

1,45 m½

25

Five vaccination tips to successfully control Gumboro Disease in broilers

by Dr Oscar Blanco (DVM, PhD), Phibro Animal Health Corporation

I

n our previous two articles (ProAgri Zambia 71 and 73), we have described the basis of Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) (or Gumboro Disease), the dynamics of antibodies in chickens, as well as the properties on Phibro’s MB vaccine strain. In this third article, we discuss five important tips to achieve successful immunisation against IBD. You may discuss them with your veterinary consultant and find the best way to implement them at your enterprise.

Tip 1: Ensure good levels of antibodies in broiler breeder flocks As discussed in our previous articles, hens transfer protection against IBD to the chicks in the form of maternal derived antibodies (MDAs) through the yolk. MDAs neutralise field viruses, stopping them from reaching and infecting the bursa of fabricius (target organ of this virus). MDAs also can neutralise vaccine viruses when applied at wrong times, resulting in vaccination failure. Solutions to this issue are discussed later in this article.

The MDAs titre of each chick at hatching determines the moment at which it will become susceptible to infection by field strains, as well as the time at which the bird should be vaccinated.

Such a level of MDAs is directly related to the levels of circulating antibodies in the breeder hens. To obtain high, persistent titres of antibodies against IBD in broiler breeders, they should be hyperimmunised during rearing by following a vaccination plan consisting of, at least two live vaccines, followed by two inactivated vaccines. An example is shown in table 1.

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Tip 2: Use a vaccine strain similar to the circulating field strains in your area In issue 71 of ProAgri, we published a graph representing the dynamics of MDAs in broiler chickens (Figure 1). After day 4 of life, there is a progressive reduction of MDAs. The persistence of MDAs in chicks will depend on their titres at hatching.

As the decline in MDAs progresses, vaccine strains and field strains begin to escape the neutralising effect of the MDAs at different times; the concentration of MDAs at which they can escape neutralisation is called breakthrough titre, and it is characteristic for each strain. Once the breakthrough titre is reached, the virus (vaccine or field strain) can move to the bursa and

multiply. As we discussed in issue 71 of ProAgri, once an IBD virus reaches the bursa, it colonises it and no other strain (neither vaccine, nor field strain) can enter after that.

In Zambia, very virulent IBDV field strains are the most commonly circulating strains. They have high breakthrough titres, so they can reach the bursa very early and produce infection.

Therefore, a successful vaccination programme requires the introduction of a vaccine strain that can also reach the bursa early, such as the MB strain. MB has very high breakthrough titre (800 IDEXX ELISA) that allows it to enter the bursa much earlier than other commonly used IBD vaccines, which explains why it is so successful in controlling IBD in Zambia.

ProAgri Zambia 75

Figure 1: IBD antibody dynamics in chicks, showing the moment in which vaccine is able to escape neutralisation by MDAs (maternal derived antibodies).

Tip 3: Decide the number and time of vaccination(s) based on the MDAs titre A factor to consider when planning the date(s) and number of vaccination(s) against IBD is the breakthrough titre of the vaccine. Vaccinating the birds before they reach the vaccine breakthrough titre will result in the vaccine being neutralised by the MDAs and wasted. If the vaccine is given too late, then it is likely that the field strain will reach the bursa before the vaccine, resulting in infection.

A second factor is the level of MDAs at hatch. The lower that level is, the earlier the chicks become susceptible to infection, and the earlier they need to be vaccinated. At the same time, less uniform titres of MDAs in a broiler flock may result in the need of vaccinating the flock more than once.

The ideal moment of vaccination can be estimated by using the Deventer formula. Based on the blood MDAs titres, measured by serology within the first four days of life, this formula estimates a first date of vaccination (aiming to protect the 25% of the birds that reach the breakthrough titre for the vaccine earlier), and a second date, aiming to protect the 75% of the flock.

When the estimated dates of vaccination are very close to each other, the farmer may be able to successfully control IBD with only one vaccination.

However, when the MDAs titres in a flock are very variable between chicks, two vaccinations may be needed, depending on the vaccines used.

Since MB can be applied much earlier than other vaccines and can spread from bird to bird very successfully, we find that, in most cases, a single vaccination is sufficient to provide solid protection. In any case, consult your veterinarian regarding the on-farm schedule of MB vaccinations.

If Day Old hatchery vaccine injection is done, MB-1 (the MB vaccine formulated for in-ovo and hatchery application) can simplify your vaccination programme, because the vaccine virus is released in the individual birds according to their MDA levels resulting in tailor-made protection. You can find more information on MB-1 in our article in Issue 73 of ProAgri Zambia.

Tip 4: Is it better to combine different vaccines in your programme or just use one strain?

The theory behind combining different vaccines is that you use a vaccine with

ProAgri Zambia 75

a high MDA breakthrough titre at an early age to allow for birds with lower MDA levels to be immunised and give a milder vaccine at a later age (when MDA levels are low) to immunise the rest of the birds in the flock. A second argument for this approach is that a “hotter” vaccine strain may damage the bursa in birds with low MDAs and that this may lead to immune suppression, whereas the milder vaccines do not cause any significant bursa damage so they can be used to immunise the birds when they are older and have no MDAs. The problem with this approach is that it tends to leave many birds open to challenge by the field strains in the period between the two vaccinations.

If the Deventer formula indicates that two vaccinations will be required, it will be more effective to use two doses of a vaccine like MB because it can be given early, it can spread from immunised birds to other birds as their MDA levels drop, and the fact that it will not cause any immune suppression in birds with very low MDA levels.

Tip 5: Verify the success of your IBD vaccination programme The quickest and easiest way to verify the efficacy of your IBD vaccination programme is to check what IBD strain is present in the bursa of the birds by means of PCR testing of the bursa, either from samples taken on farm or at the abattoir.

As mentioned above, the arrival and multiplication of a virus (vaccine or field strain) in the bursa excludes the entry of other viruses. Therefore, if PCR analysis of the bursa detects only vaccine strain (and no clinical signs of IBD are observed) it can be said the vaccination programme is working. However, if only the field strain is detected, then the programme needs to be re-evaluated.

It is also important to note, though, that no vaccine will ever be 100% effective. Therefore, there is always a possibility that field strain may be detected, even when using a vaccine like MB in your programme. The presence of field strain could be due to vaccination timing or application issues.

Ongoing field monitoring shows that the incidence of field strains is below 10% in programmes using MB or MB-1, compared to almost 80% when using some of the milder vaccines.

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ProAgri Zambia 75

ProAgri Zambia 75

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ProAgri Zambia 75

Processing of condiments Part 16:

Bell pepper salsa B

ell peppers can be preserved in the form of a sauce known as salsa.

Salsa is a spicy sauce that is served with meat and Mexican food. It is best served fresh, but can be frozen for later use. However, frozen salsa does not have the same consistency as the fresh product.

Peppers are chopped with tomatoes, onions, garlic, and spices such as fresh parsley, basil, or oregano. Interesting varieties can also be made by the addition of chilli and various fruits such as papaya and pineapple.

Harvesting of bell peppers Bell peppers are harvested by hand into pails that are emptied into bulk bins for transport to the packaging/ processing site. The peppers should be harvested by cutting the fruit from the plant with a sharp knife or scissors, and not pulled or twisted as this can easily damage or uproot the plant. The pickers should be trained to minimise handling damage.

The harvested peppers should be transported to the processing site or ProAgri Zambia 75

Process description Bell peppers Harvesting Inspection & sorting Washing (potable water) Trimming & chopping (other ingredients)

Mixing Packaging & labelling Refrigeration

Freezing

Pepper salsa

Frozen pepper salsa 31

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ProAgri Zambia 75

at least a shady location as soon as possible, since peppers are considerably more susceptible to water loss, sunscald and heat damage after picking than before.

The correct stage of maturity for harvesting depends on the use of the product. If full colour development is desired for an attractive display, the fruit is picked at >80% colouration.

Otherwise, the fruit is picked once the mature green (full size) has been reached.

Peppers ripen and colour more evenly in greenhouses compared to those cultivated in the field. Field peppers harvested in a green or nonuniform coloured state can be exposed to ethylene gas during storage to promote uniform ripening and colouring, if so desired.

Inspection and sorting of fresh bell peppers Only the best quality peppers should be used for the fresh market while minor defects and non-uniformities can be tolerated for slicing and dicing purposes. Selection criteria include uniformity in colour, maturity, shape and size, and freedom of defects. Any pepper showing signs of mechanical or insect damage, diseases, rot, or sunscald is discarded.

Bell pepper harvesting. (Image Source: sandyshore.ca)

Washing of bell peppers The harvested peppers are washed in a water bath assisted with soft rotating brushes or by gentle jet sprays.

Preparation of peppers and other salsa ingredients The peppers are topped and tailed using sharp stainless steel knives. The seed cavity is stripped from seeds and white flesh. The peppers are then finely chopped. Although green peppers are most commonly used, variety of coloured peppers may also be used.

The remaining ingredients, herbs and spices are also cleaned, peeled (where necessary) and finely chopped.

All the chopped ingredients are mixed together.

Refrigerated storage of pepper salsa (optional) The salsa has a storage life of five days in the refrigerator. Suitable packaging would be plastic tubs with sealable lids or glass bottles with screw-on caps.

Frozen storage of pepper salsa (optional) Salsa may be preserved by freezing, although the defrosted product does not have the same consistency as the original fresh product. Salsa is filled into plastic tubs or bags, leaving a small headspace for expansion during freezing. The package is sealed and placed in a freezer. Rapid freezing as performed by forced air freezers de-

Bell pepper plants. (Image Source: arvintejarat.co) Published with acknowledgement to the ARC Agricultural Engineering for the use of their manuals. Visit www. arc.agric.za for more information.

NoseRing NoseRing® • Wean with ease • No stress • Next to the mother

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liver a better quality product, but still freezing is also acceptable.

The product should be kept at – 18 °C to ensure a storage life of several months.

Labelling of packaging (optional) The packaging material or containers that are not pre-printed, are labelled and coded with the necessary information.

Various labelling and coding systems are available, depending on the type of label and container used.

ProAgri Zambia 75

Whole Concepts cc PO Box 1806, Vryburg,8600, South Afr

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ProAgri Zambia 75

All about growing As a basic producer and complete solution provider for all kinds of crop protection products, we develop and manufacture in a responsible way, ensuring that our products and production processes comply with the strictest quality standards.

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ProAgri Zambia 75

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ProAgri Zambia 75

SIMMER ENTERPRISES LIMITED Manufacturers of Agriculture Lime, (Calcitic Lime & Dolomitic Lime) Calcium Carbonate, Stockfeed Lime & Grit Suppliers of Agro Inputs, Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate) & all types of fertilizers

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ProAgri Zambia 75

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Drip pipes Designed to endure the elements and meet the requirements of your farm.

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ProAgri Zambia 75

THE TRUSTED COMPANY THAT’S A BREED APART. The TOPIGS Tempo boar is ideally adapted for African environmental conditions, this proven by our client list, their production results and profitability. Many top farmers in Africa have invested in the breed with huge success. The excellent health status of our genetics is considered a major competitive advantage. Many producers choose to repopulate with Topigs Norsvin genetics to reap the benefits of this advantage.

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TN70 & TN Tempo: The ultimate combination • TN Tempo brings robustness, uniformity and fast growth potential • The TN70 is and excellent mother which strengthens these qualities by contributing the best feed efficiency to the finisher compared to any other sow in the world • Together, the TN Tempo and TN70 offer you the potential to produce the most output against the lowest cost, combination unrivaled.

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ProAgri Zambia 75

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www.topigsnorsvin.co.za 41

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Wheat is produced as a winter crop in Zambia and is another cereal of importance in the country. The yield of a wheat crop is determined by a number of factors, amongst them is the tillering ability of a given variety. We focus on delivering the correct nutrients to the plant at the ideal stage to get the most out of your harvest.

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ProAgri Zambia 75

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Every drop is precious KSB has been providing pumps and valves for more than 60 years to the farming community and other industries in South Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Recent studies have confirmed the flavour enhancement properties of a cocktail of acids, rather than the use of only citric acid.

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ProAgri Zambia 75

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RUMAX 7m³

Round Bale Hammer Mill

Affordable mixer with exceptional cutting and mixing properties

Pellet Machines 2 Sizes Available • A smaller 11kW machine • 22kW machine

+27 23 342 6070 +27 86 626 8397

www.rumax.co.za 1 Samuel Walters Street, Worcester

PLANTING THE SEEDS FOR SUCCESS We are expanding into Africa.

Your business is not limited by borders, and neither is our coverage.

With us, your message reaches thousands of farmers throughout South Africa, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania, Mozambique, Angola, Kenya, Morocco, Cameroon, Senegal, Uganda, Ghana, Congo, Guinea, Liberia, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Nigeria and Sudan.

For the best value in the industry, contact: Diane Grobler

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+27 82 555 6866

diane@proagri.co.za

www.agri4all.com

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HOSE MASTER 50/100 PORTABLE IRRIGATION SYSTEM

RAINMAKER 200

HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL FARMING IRRIGATION

SPORTSMAN 120

CLUBMAN 100

SPORT FIELD AND GARDEN IRRIGATION

SMALL SCALE FARMING AND RECREATIONAL IRRIGATION

RHINO 300

CANE MASTER 300

HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL FARMING IRRIGATION

HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL FARMING IRRIGATION

Suitable for tall crops

The most effective and cost efficient travelling irrigation systems available ZAMBIA Lusaka

Patrick Moonga

Office: +260 (0) 211 241286

Mobile: +260 (0) 978 386660 E-mail: moonga@saroagri.co.zm

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www.rotrixafrica.co.za

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One machine countless materials.

BEST FORAGE QUALITY through bale silage COST EFFICIENT & EASY TRANSPORT MASSIVELY INCREASE MILK & MEAT YIELD

B Baal aal & Veehanteringstoerusting Veehanteringstoerusting

• Hemp Silage • Corn Silage • ...

Baler-Wrapper Combination // LT-Master & VARIO-Master

MANUFACTURER OF:

• Variable Bale Sizes (Diameter: 0,6 m - 1,4 m) • Maximum Bale Density • Many different Materials: Hemp ∙ Corn Silage CCM ∙ Alfalfa ∙ Grass

BALE LOADERS, WOOL PRESSES AND GENERAL CONVEYORS willa@kannaindustries.co.za www.kannaindustries.co.za 1 Samuel Walterstreet, Worcester

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WILLA NOLTE 072 333 1051 086 443 2720

Sugar Beet Pulp ∙ TMR (Total Mixed Ration) ∙ Whole Crop Silage ∙ And much more

021 010 0707

Your Contact: Pierre Payré E-Mail: sales@goeweil.com Tel.: +43 7215 2131 46 www.goeweil.com

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ProAgri Zambia 75

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SPEAK TO US FOR YOUR NEXT CENTRE PIVOT ENQUIRY

From only

K15 500 PM* FLEXIBLE FINANCING PLANS AVAILABLE Terms and conditions apply

Marius Tolken

+27 79 506 3400

marius.tolken@valmont .com

André van Wyk

+260 978 772 550

andre@irritechzm.co.zm

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