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Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

Chapter 08 The Unification of China

Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 153) Sima Qian was A. the founder of the Qin dynasty.

B. the leading Legalist scholar.

C. a great Chinese historian.

D. the Chinese rebel who seized control during the Han dynasty.

E. the Chinese heaven.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

2. (p. 154) The Qin and Han dynasties A. copied the ruling techniques of the Aryans.

B. did not push for centralization as thoroughly as the Achaemenids did.

C. imposed order on India.

D. never mastered the administrative brilliance and unification of the Zhou period.

E. went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

3. (p. 155) The collection of Confucian sayings and teachings is known as the A. Mencius.

B. Memoirs of a Philosopher.

C. Analects.

D. Reflections on a Quiet Life.

E. Reflections on Things at Hand.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

4. (p. 155) The philosophy of Confucius A. formed a thoroughly practical and secular approach to life.

B. called for a strict adherence to the will of the gods.

C. addressed abstruse philosophical questions.

D. was deeply religious.

E. was inspired by the Hindu Upanishads.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

5. (p. 155) Confucius believed that political and social harmony A. came from a retreat into a quiet life of meditation.

B. arose from the proper ordering of human relationships.

C. depended on the proper structuring of a strong centralized government.

D. was available to human beings if they expressed a deep devotion to the gods.

E. could only be imposed by a powerful king.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

6. (p. 155) Junzi A. were Chinese priests who argued that Confucius's philosophy was too secular.

B. was the honorific of the Qin emperor who united China for the first time.

C. was the classic compilation of Daoist thought.

D. were Confucian "superior individuals" who took an active role in public affairs.

E. were the Confucian model of enlightened thinkers who withdrew from society.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

7. (p. 155) The Chinese concept of filial piety, which was central to the family structure, was expressed by the word A. junzi.

B. ren.

C. li.

D. xiao.

E. vedas.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-2 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

8. (p. 155) When discussing qualities that were essential to good character, Confucius used which of the following terms to mean an attitude of kindness or a sense of humanity?

A. dao B. xiao C. maodun D. dasas E. ren

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

9. (p. 155) Which of the following Confucian terms, with its translation, is NOT correct?

A. ren—benevolence B. li—passion C. xiao—filial piety D. dao—way E. junzi—superior individuals

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

10. (p. 155) Through the efforts of Confucius, the literary works of the Zhou period A. became the core texts of traditional Chinese education.

B. were replaced by newer and more important texts.

C. were completely destroyed.

D. were translated from the original cuneiform.

E. were included in the Persian Gathas.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-3 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

11. (p. 156) The most learned man of the Period of the Warring States, who served as the chief spokesman for Confucius's philosophy, was A. Xunzi.

B. Mencius.

C. Laozi.

D. Shang Yang.

E. Shihuangdi.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

12. (p. 156) At the heart of Mencius's philosophy was the belief that A. human nature was essentially good.

B. it was better to withdraw from life and follow a path of inaction.

C. a repressive government was the best approach to curbing human selfishness.

D. deep devotion would bring reward from the gods.

E. human nature was essentially bad.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

13. (p. 157) The Chinese philosopher who proposed that strong social discipline was the best means of bringing society into order was A. Confucius.

B. Mencius.

C. Laozi.

D. Xunzi.

E. Shihuangdi.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-4 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

14. (p. 157) The philosophy that criticized social activism and, instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection was A. Legalism.

B. Confucianism.

C. Daoism.

D. Mencianism.

E. Platonism.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

15. (p. 157) According to tradition, the founder of Daoism is considered to be A. Xunzi.

B. Laozi.

C. Zhuangzi.

D. Mencius.

E. Wudi.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

16. (p. 157) Chinese philosophers often spoke of the following term, which means "the way."

A. junzi B. li C. ren D. dasas E. dao

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

17. (p. 157) The most important text of Daoism is the A. Book of Songs.

B. Wuwei.

C. Daodejing.

D. Analects.

E. Dao of Reflection.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-5 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

18. (p. 157) The Daoist thinkers spoke of wuwei, which stood for A. disengagement from the affairs of the world.

B. the mandate of heaven.

C. a socially active lifestyle.

D. the notion of filial piety.

E. a matriarchal world order.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

19. (p. 158) What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of the Warring States?

A. Confucianism B. Draconianism C. Daoism D. Legalism E. neo-Confucianism

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

20. (p. 158) What was the Chinese political philosophy that called for clear and strict laws?

A. Confucianism B. Legalism C. Daoism D. Buddhism E. Hinduism

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-6 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

21. (p. 158) Shang Yang and Han Feizi hoped to control China's subjects A. through religious devotion.

B. through ruthless strengthening and expansion of the state.

C. by adhering to certain classic Confucian concepts such as ren and li.

D. with a well-meaning government designed to bring out the inherent goodness of human beings.

E. by building peasant support through democratic reforms.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

22. (p. 159) In an effort to bring about effective governmental control, the Legalists A. relied on the example set by hard-working junzi.

B. stressed that the peasants should follow the Daoist doctrine of inaction.

C. established the principle of collective responsibility before the law.

D. stressed the need for education.

E. suggested that each individual Hindu focus on his or her caste duties.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

23. (p. 158) The Book of Lord Shang is a work that helped develop the doctrine of A. Legalism.

B. Confucianism.

C. Daoism.

D. Buddhism.

E. Zoroastrianism.

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

24. (p. 160) The man who first declared himself emperor of a unified China was A. Liu Bang.

B. Prince Wu. C. Qin Shihuangdi.

D. Wang Mang.

E. Prince Yu.

Topic: The Unification of China

8-7 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

25. (p. 160) How did Shang Yang weaken the economic position of the hereditary aristocratic classes in order to strengthen the Qin state?

A. imposing major tax increases on aristocrats B. ending the practice of hereditary inheritance C. forcing aristocrats to serve in the military D. burning aristocratic lands to reduce surpluses E. granting land rights to individual cultivators

Topic: The Unification of China

26. (p. 161) Which one of the following was NOT one of Qin Shihuangdi's policies?

A. strong centralized rule B. support of traditional learning C. huge public works projects D. disarming regional military forces E. building protective walls

Topic: The Unification of China

27. (p. 161) The Chinese emperor who was notorious for his hatred of Confucianism and for his burning of books was A. Qin Shihuangdi.

B. Wudi.

C. Liu Bang.

D. Wang Mang.

E. Jiang.

Topic: The Unification of China

8-8 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

28. (p. 161) Of the following, Qin Shihuangdi's most important contribution to China was A. building the precursor to the Great Wall.

B. his elaborate tomb, which tells us much about the Qin religious orientation.

C. his appreciation and support of education.

D. establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule.

E. his conversion to Buddhism.

Topic: The Unification of China

29. (p. 162) The Chinese script was standardized during the reign of A. Liu Bang.

B. Jiang.

C. Wang Mang.

D. Wudi.

E. Qin Shihuangdi.

Topic: The Unification of China

30. (p. 162) Fifteen thousand terra-cotta soldiers were unearthed in the tomb of A. Maodun.

B. Wang Mang.

C. Xiongnu.

D. Liu Bang.

E. Qin Shihuangdi.

Topic: The Unification of China

31. (p. 162) The founder of the Han dynasty was A. Wudi.

B. Liu Bang.

C. Shihuangdi.

D. Wang Mang.

E. Jiang Zemin.

Topic: The Unification of China

8-9 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

32. (p. 163) The dividing line between the Former Han and the Later Han is marked by A. a bloody civil war.

B. invasion by the Xiongnu.

C. the brief rule of an usurper.

D. a brief resurgence of Qin power.

E. the appearance of Buddhism in China.

Topic: The Unification of China

33. (p. 163) The Han philosophy of rule was A. the high point of Legalism.

B. dependent on the constant and unrelenting use of terror.

C. dependent on the social and political activism of Daoist ministers of state.

D. a continuation of Qin policies of centralization.

E. copied from Mauryan India.

Topic: The Unification of China

34. (p. 163) The greatest and most dynamic Han emperor, known for his administrative centralization and imperial expansion, was A. Wudi.

B. Liu Bang.

C. Wang Mang.

D. Shihuangdi.

E. Confucius.

Topic: The Unification of China

35. (p. 163) The Chinese emperor who started an imperial institute for higher learning was A. Han Wudi.

B. Qin Shihuangdi.

C. Liu Bang.

D. King Yu. E. Mencius.

Topic: The Unification of China

8-10 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

36. (p. 163) In 124 B.C.E., Han Wudi transformed China by A. allowing the peasants to divide up the land into privately owned plots.

B. establishing an imperial university.

C. completing the Great Wall.

D. creating a modern standing army.

E. invading and conquering Korea.

Topic: The Unification of China

37. (p. 164) Which group of people was the greatest military threat to the Han dynasty?

A. the Hmong B. the Koreans C. the Mongols D. the Japanese E. the Xiongnu

Topic: The Unification of China

38. (p. 165) Modu was the A. minister of state whose usurpation of the throne brought an end to the Former Han period.

B. most successful leader of the Xiongnu.

C. founder of the Han dynasty.

D. most powerful Han emperor.

E. last Qin emperor.

Topic: The Unification of China

39. (p. 166) Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women?

A. Analects B. Admonitions for Women C. Daodejing D. Book of Songs E. Lessons for Women

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

8-11 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

40. (p. 170) As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, A. the classically Confucian concern for peasants became more pronounced.

B. social distinctions became almost invisible.

C. the status of women improved dramatically.

D. the gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large.

E. Hinduism increasingly appealed to the lower classes.

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

41. (p. 171) Wang Mang A. was primarily known for his adherence to Legalist doctrines.

B. was famous for creating a new and lasting dynasty.

C. stood as the greatest single military threat during the Later Han period.

D. was a Daoist term referring to disengagement from the world.

E. carried out reforms so revolutionary that he is known as the "socialist emperor."

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

42. (p. 171) The Yellow Turban uprising resulted from problems stemming from A. the attacks of the Xiongnu.

B. limited social justice for women.

C. government corruption.

D. poverty and land distribution.

E. lack of public education.

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

True / False Questions 43. (p. 157) The legendary founder of Daoism was Laozi.

TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-12 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

44. (p. 155, 157) The Daoist virtue of removal from the affairs of the world was known as junzi.

FALSE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

45. (p. 155) Junzi were Confucian "superior individuals" who took an active role in public affairs.

TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

46. (p. 156) Mencius was the post-Confucian scholar who believed that human nature was basically good.

TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

47. (p. 158) Shang Yang was the most powerful Han emperor.

FALSE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

48. (p. 157) Xunzi was the post-Confucian scholar who believed that human beings selfishly pursued their own interests.

TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

49. (p. 162) Liu Bang was the founder of the Han dynasty.

TRUE

Topic: The Unification of China

8-13 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

50. (p. 160) The first proclaimed emperor of the unified Chinese state was Qin Shihuangdi.

TRUE

Topic: The Unification of China

51. (p. 171) Han Wudi was known as the "socialist emperor."

FALSE

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

52. (p. 155) Confucius was the philosopher who believed that political and social harmony arose from the proper ordering of human relationships.

TRUE

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

Essay Questions 53. In the Daodejing, Laozi stated, "There is nothing in the world more soft and weak than water, yet for attacking things that are hard and strong there is nothing that surpasses it." How is this statement representative of Daoist thought?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

54. The Chinese have, arguably, the longest-lasting and most stable political structure of any powerful state in world history. What factors might help to explain this fact?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China Topic: The Unification of China

8-14 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

55. Laozi stated in the Daodejing, ". . . practice non-interference in order to win the empire."

What did he mean by these words? How does this quote demonstrate the fundamental difference between Confucianism and Daoism?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

56. Describe Legalist philosophy and how it influenced the leaders that brought order and centralization to China after a long period of unrest.

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

57. Why did the political chaos of the Period of the Warring States give rise to philosophies such as Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

58. Compare and contrast the philosophies of Mencius and Xunzi. How did their contrasting views of human nature influence their political theories? In what ways were they still operating within a Confucian framework?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-15 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

59. Examine the Chinese view of action and inaction as expressed in philosophy. Could this view change the world for the better?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

60. Chinese Daoist philosophers spoke of the dao, meaning "the way." What did they mean by this word? How did they use their philosophy to attack the philosophies of others?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

61. Discuss the significance of social order in Chinese thought. What part does family life play in the Chinese concept of social order?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

62. Discuss the role that Qin Shihuangdi played in the unification of China. What were the foundations of his political philosophy?

Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

8-16 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

63. Discuss the role of human nature in Chinese philosophical thought. How did the major Chinese philosophies view human nature? Compare this view to those of other civilizations we have covered.

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

64. Discuss the political and social reforms of Wang Mang. What led to the need for these reforms? How successful were they?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

65. Examine the reign of Han Wudi. What challenges did he face and how did he overcome them? How has he influenced Chinese history?

Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

66. Examine the philosophical school known as Daoism. Who were the founding thinkers of this philosophy? What are the basic tenets of this thought? What would be the political consequences of being a Daoist?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-17 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

67. Examine the thought of Confucius. What are the basic tenets of this philosophy? How has his philosophy influenced Chinese history?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

68. Discuss the difference between the ruling philosophies of Qin Shihuangdi and the later Han emperors. Which emperors were more successful at maintaining order, and why?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

69. Examine Map 8.1, China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E. How was Qin Shihuangdi able to create a state that large? How successful were his methods in the long run?

Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

70. Examine the defensive walls on Map 8.1, China under the Qin dynasty, 221-207 B.C.E. Why were they constructed in the north? Were there reasons for constructing the walls other than purely defensive ones?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

8-18 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

71. Compare maps 8.1 and 8.2. How was the Han state different than the Qin? Discuss the threat posed by the Xiongnu.

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

72. Look at the illustration on page 162 of the terra-cotta army surrounding the tomb of Qin Shihuangdi. What could this picture tell us about the splendor of the First Emperor's reign?

Can this picture also give us an insight into the workings of Qin Shihuangdi's mind?

Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

73. What does the burial suit on page 164 tell us about the life and death of the wealthy classes during the Han period? How did this compare to the lives of peasants during this period?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

74. Examine the painting of Confucius on page 155. How is he represented in this picture?

There were no contemporary portraits of Confucius. What role might a later artist play in helping to create a lasting image of a historical figure?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

8-19 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

75. Examine the Han gentlemen represented in the illustration on page 170. How would their lives have been different from that of a peasant? What did Confucius mean when he discussed the creation of a gentleman?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

76. In the section from the Analects (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Confucius on Good Government), Confucius points out that, "When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be followed." How is this statement representative of Confucian thought? In what ways does it disagree with Legalist philosophy?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

77. Read the section from the Analects (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Confucius on Good Government). How do these quotes relate to basic Confucian notions such as ren, li, and junzi?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

78. Examine the feature on Laozi (see Textbook: Sources from the Past: Laozi on Living in Harmony with Dao). What is the Daoist view of virtue? How can it be used to rule a state?

Relate these ideas to those of Confucius.

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

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Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

79. What are the fundamental ideas and values of Confucianism? Make sure to include the concepts of ren, li, and xiao in your answer.

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

80. How does Daoism contrast with Confucianism?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

81. What were the fundamental principles of Legalism, and how do these differ from those of Confucianism and Daoism?

Answers will vary

Topic: Searching for Political and Social Order in China

82. Why does your book call Qin Shihuangdi "one of the most important figures in Chinese history"?

Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

83. How did the early Han contribute to the unification of China?

Answers will vary

Topic: The Unification of China

8-21 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Chapter 08 - The Unification of China

84. Discuss the role of the Xiongnu in the history of China during the Han. Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

85. What were the most significant technological developments during this period of Chinese history?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

86. How did the issue of uneven distribution of wealth contribute to the collapse of the Han? Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

87. How did the educational system develop in China during this period?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder Topic: The Unification of China

88. What was the role of the family in classical China?

Answers will vary

Topic: From Economic Prosperity to Social Disorder

8-22 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.